当前位置:文档之家› Burst on Hurst algorithm for detecting activity patterns in networks of cortical neurons

Burst on Hurst algorithm for detecting activity patterns in networks of cortical neurons

Burst on Hurst algorithm for detecting activity patterns in networks of cortical neurons
Burst on Hurst algorithm for detecting activity patterns in networks of cortical neurons

Burst on Hurst algorithm for detecting activity patterns in networks of cortical neurons

G. Stillo, L. Bonzano, M. Chiappalone, A. Vato, F. Davide, and S. Martinoia

Abstract—Electrophysiological signals were recorded from primary cultures of dissociated rat cortical neurons coupled to Micro-Electrode Arrays(MEAs).The neuronal discharge patterns may change under varying physiological and pathological conditions. For this reason, we developed a new burst detection method able to identify bursts with peculiar features in different experimental conditions (i.e. spontaneous activity and under the effect of specific drugs).The main feature of our algorithm (i.e. Burst On Hurst), based on the auto-similarity or fractal property of the recorded signal, is the independence from the chosen spike detection method since it works directly on the raw data.

Keywords— Burst detection, cortical neuronal networks, Micro-Electrode Array (MEA), wavelets.

I.I NTRODUCTION

UE to its extreme complexity, nowadays the neural code

(i.e.,how neurons in the brain represent, store and process information) is still poorly understood. A way to approach the problem consists in the study of the behavior of reduced and simplified systems, such as in-vitro networks of neurons, where the properties of the nervous system can be qualitatively characterized and modulated [1].

Neuronal networks process information by generating action potentials(i.e. spikes) and propagating them through spatio-temporal patterns of electrical activity that change with the development of the network and are modulated by external chemical and electrical stimulations.

Manuscript received November 12, 2004.

This work was supported in part by the NeuroBit project IST-2001-33564,“A bioartificial brain with an artificial body: training a cultured neural tissue to support the purposive of an artificial body”.

L. Bonzano’s Ph.D. fellowship is sponsored by Telecom Italia S.P.A.

G.Stillo is with Telecom Italia Learning Services (TILS), 00148, Roma, Italy, (e-mail: ue002493@guest.telecomitalia.it).

L.Bonzano is with the Neuroengineering and Bio-nanoTechnologies (NBT)group at DIBE, University of Genova, 16154, Genova, (e-mail: laura.bonzano@dibe.unige.it).

M.Chiappalone is with the Neuroengineering and Bio-nanoTechnologies (NBT)group at DIBE, University of Genova, 16154, Genova, (e-mail: michela@dibe.unige.it).

A. Vato is with the Neuroengineering and Bio-nanoTechnologies (NBT) group at DIBE, University of Genova, 16154, Genova, (corresponding author phone +390103532761; fax +390103532133; e-mail: vato@dibe.unige.it).

F. Davide is with Telecom Italia Learning Services (TILS),00148,Roma, Italy, (e-mail: fabrizio.davide@telecomitalia.it).

S. Martinoia is with the Neuroengineering and Bio-nanoTechnologies (NBT)group at DIBE, University of Genova, 16154, Genova, (e-mail: martinoia@dibe.unige.it).

Electrophysiological activity is characterized by single spikes, bursts and silent periods. Commonly the term burst is used to identify a period in which a spike train is characterized by a much higher firing rate than other periods in the same train [2]. Using this qualitative definition,the detection of a burst is neither easy nor unambiguous.

In this work, we present a new method to identify the neuronal network bursting activity; we developed an algorithm based on the self-similarity property of the recorded electrophysiological signals and on the observation of the fractal-likeness increase during the “bursting” active state.

To confirm the efficacy of this new algorithm, a comparison with the results obtained using a spike analysis-based approach is presented.

II.M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS

A.Neuronal preparation and experimental set-up

Neuronal cultures were taken from cerebral cortices of embryonic rats at gestation day 18 (E18). The cerebral cortex was dissociated using Trypsin. Cells were plated on60 channels Micro-Electrode Arrays (MultichannelSystems, Reutlingen, Germany), pre-coated with adhesion promoting molecules (Poly-D-Lysine and Laminin), at the final density of 6-8 104cells/device and maintained in Neurobasal medium (Gibco) supplemented with 2% B-27 and 1%Glutamax-I (both Gibco). Measurements were carried out in physiological medium(NaCl 150mM, CaCl2 1.3mM, MgCl2 0.7mM, K Cl 2.8mM, Glucose 10mM, HEPES buffer 10mM).

The electrophysiological signals were recorded using a standard commercially available experimental set-up for extracellular measurements (MultichannelSystems).Each channel was sampled at a frequency of 10 kHz.

B.Data set

Extracellular neuronal recordings were obtained by dissociated cultures of cortical neurons coupled to MEAs.

The data set employed to test the presented algorithm consists of electrophysiological signals recorded in three different experimental conditions: spontaneous activity (control), activity under addition of 30μM BIC (bicuculline, an antagonist of the GABA A receptor), activity under the addition of 100μM DL-TBOA (d,l-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate, a neuronal and glial inhibitor of glutamate transport). Recordings lasting 5 minutes of each experimental phase were considered for this analysis.

D

The choice of these drugs is motivated by the fact that they produce very specific burst patterns, as shown by the spike trains represented in Fig. 1. Whereas the effect of BIC is widely explained and motivated in the literature [3,4],less it is known about the effects of DL-TBOA, acting both on the neuronal and glial cells [5-7].Interestingly,the neuronal network behavior under TBOA addition is characterized by very long bursts, often not appropriately recognized by

classical burst detection methods [8].

Fig. 1: Spikes trains of the sixty channels in the first60 seconds of the experimental phases: control condition (a), TBOA addition (b), BIC addition (c).

C.Bust detection algorithms

As underlined in the introduction, bursting activity plays an important role during development and it is greatly influenced by chemical stimulation.A first step in the characterization of the network behavior is the capability to reliably detect and characterize such an activity.

To this end, several algorithms have been developed to extract burst features.

1)Classical Approaches

Many burst detection algorithms are based on the spike analysis and use a window to integrate the spike train signal and a threshold to detect the burst occurrence.In this paper the pseudo-integration algorithm (shortly BDPI algorithm) has been taken into consideration. A user-defined window shifts along the spike train at a step length, which is shorter than the window, generating a partial overlap between two successive windows. The spikes within each window are aggregated, generating the Activity Profile. Using a threshold it is possible to detect the presence of a burst obtaining the so-called Burst Occurrences Signal. It could be noted that the output sequence cardinality is lower than the input(spike train cardinality), i.e. the sequence has been “decimated”.

2)Wavelet-based approach.

Self-similarity is a common property of many natural phenomena, explained by the simple following relationship: given the temporal process ()

k

X X kT

(a continuous process()

X t

sampled at T), if the aggregated process

|

km

m

k

j

j

m

k

X

X

1

)1

(

)

(with (1)

=

k

satisfies the following property

f

o

#

m

X

X

m

k

m

k

H,

)

((2) then the process X k can be defined self similar, where H is the Hurst parameter containing the degree of auto-similarity of the process (H [0,1], H=1 means completely auto-similar process). Observing that the fractal-likeness of the signal increases during the“bursting”active state, it is possible to characterize the bursting activity by evaluating a simple estimator E, based on wavelet decomposition,of the Hurst parameter H in a variable step window.

Fig.2shows an example of the application of the algorithm to an electrophysiological signal: it is important to remark that this method rejects automatically the noise through aggregation,being noise a random process, typically short range dependent.

The estimator is expressed by the following:

1

?

2

M

H

+

=(3) where M is defined by [8]:

2

2

1

log,

x

k

j

jM C d j k

n

§·

ao

¨?

??

¨?

?1

|(4)

where ,

x

d j k is th

e k-th coefficient o

f the detail of level j-th computed from the wavelet decomposition of the signal X.

Fig.2:An example of recorded signal and its corresponding Hurst parameter estimation.

This evaluation produces an estimate of H for each temporal window with length j. A burst is detected when the amplitude of estimator is over an empirical threshold.

?H

One of the advantages of this approach is that it is faster than the traditional one, consisting of filtering plus analysis of timing and amplitude of spike trains.Moreover a lower

sensitivity to noise is documented (see Fig. 3).

Fig. 3: Network activity estimated through the 1st traditional algorithm(based on the spikes timing and the amplitude) and the2nd one (based on WMRA estimation of Hurst parameter). Burst occurs when the activity is over a threshold.

It is straightforward the implementation of (3) and (5) on a DSP based system,with the result of saving computing time with respect to other techniques.

III.R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION

A.Classical burst detection

To extract bursts using the classical algorithm we performed the following elaboration steps:

1.Extraction of firing events (spike detection)

Spike detection was performed using an algorithm

based on a Differential Threshold and on a refractory

period.

2.Construction of the activity profile (pseudo integration

of spikes)

The spike train obtained from calculation (a) was

aggregated for partially overlapping moving windows

(the partial overlap reduced jitter).

The calculation was based on the following parameters:

x window: 500 ms

x step: 50 ms

3.Application of a threshold to the activity profile and

identification of bursts.

B.Burst on Hurst

The Burst on Hurst (BOH) algorithm uses a single pass to compute activity. The following parameters were set:

x Window: 500 ms (as in the previous example)

x Step: 50 ms (as in the previous example)

x Discrete Wavelet Decomposition level: 4

x Wavelet function: Haar

x interpolated octaves: from 2 to 4

The results of both algorithms were normalized to allow the comparison between them.

The duration of a burst was equal in both cases to the interval in which the Activity Profile was over the threshold value set at 1.33 (one third higher than the normalized maximum baseline activity).

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f07110121.html,parison

The results of the comparison between the two adopted algorithms are shown in Fig.4,Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, in which raw data, activity profiles and detected bursts are shown for the three analysed recordings: control condition, TBOA addition and BIC addition respectively.

For recordings in control condition and TBOA addition,the results obtained with BOH were practically matching those with the classical approach. BOH also guarantees a high level of noise re-injection.As a process totally devoid of self-similarity, it has no effect on the estimation of the H coefficient [9]. At the same time, however, it fails to detect the

burst events in the recording with BIC.

Fig. 4: Raw data (a), activity profile(b)and burst occurrences (c) elaborated using BDPI and BOH for 60 seconds of recordings in control condition (one selected channel).

Fig. 5: Raw data (a), activity profile (b)and burst occurrences (c) elaborated using BDPI and BOH for 60 seconds of

recordings with TBOA addition (one selected channel).

Fig. 6: Raw data (a), activity profile (b)and burst occurrences (c) elaborated using BDPI and BOH for 60 seconds of recordings with BIC addition (one selected channel).

The reason for this failure is that in recording with BIC addition, the GABA antagonist (bicuculline) significantly reduces the duration of burst events. Maybe the problem could be related to the acquisition frequency; in fact when these events are sampled at 10 KHz, they show no self-similarity at any scale. It seems reasonable to suppose that at a higher sampling frequency BOH would give good results even in these conditions and that a higher frequency would in general improve the overall algorithm performance.

TABLE I

NUMBER OF DETECTED BURSTS AND THEIR AVERAGE

DURATION IN MS.

It could be noted that the length of burst events can be correctly estimated only if it is clearly comparable with shifting window length (in this case 500 ms). So the estimations obtained in recordings in control condition and with TBOA addition is not accurate using a 500ms window. Thus it is important to remark how both algorithms (both applying the same step and windows) estimate the same durations.

IV.C ONCLUSION

The advantage of this wavelet-based algorithm, with respect to classical spikes-analysis based algorithms, is the fact that it is directly applied on the recorded raw signals.

This is very important for extracellular recordings, because the spike detection can be source of ambiguity,since

electrophysiological signals are embedded in a high level of noise.

The next step is to test the Burst On Hurst algorithm in different experimental conditions and verify the efficiency of the algorithm and the robustness when applied in the presence of different bursts shapes and frequencies.

R EFERENCES

[1]

V. Sanguineti, M. Giugliano, M. Grattarola, and P. Morasso,"Neuro-Engineering: from neural interfaces to biological

computers," in Communications through Virtual Technologies , G. Riva and F. A. Davide, Eds. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2001, pp. 233-246.

[2]Y. Kaneoke and J. L. Vitek, "Bursts and oscillation as disparate neuronal properties,"J. Neurosci. Methods , vol. 68, pp. 211-223,1996.

[3] E. W. Keefer, Gramowski, and G. W. Gross, "NMDA receptor-dependent periodic oscillations in cultured spinal cord networks," Journal of Neurophysiology , vol. 86, pp. 3030-3042, 2001.

[4]G. W. Gross, H. M. E. Azzazy, M. C. Wu, and B. K. Rhodes, "The use of neuronal networks on multielectrode arrays as biosensors," Biosensors & Bioelectronics , vol. 10, pp. 553-567, 1995.

[5]

D. Jabaudon, K. Shimamoto, Y. Yasuda-Kamatani, M. Scanziani,B. H. G?hwiler, and U. Gerber, "Inhibition of uptake unmasks rapid extracellular turnover of glutamate of nonvesicular origin,"Neurobiology , vol. 96, pp. 8733-8738, 1999.

[6]

N. Nakamichi, H. Ohno, Y. Nakamura, T. Hirai, K. Kuramoto, and Y. Yoneda, "Blockade by ferrous iron of Ca2+ influx through N-methyl-D aspartate receptor channels in immature cultured rat cortical neurons,"Journal of Neurochemistry , vol. 83, pp. 1-11,2002.

[7]

S. Mennerick, W. Shen, W. Xu, A. Benz, K. Tanaka, K.

Shimamoto, K. E. Isenberg, J. E. Krause, and C. F. Zorumski,"Substrate turnover by transporters curtails synaptic glutamate transients,"J Neurosci , vol. 19, pp. 9242-9251, 1999.

[8]J.H. Cocater-Zilgien and F. Delcomyn, "Identification of bursts in spike trains", J. Neurosci. Methods , vol. 41, pp.19-30, 1992.[9]

Abry P.,Veitch D. “Wavelet analysis of long-range-dependent traffic” 2 IEEE transactions on information theory, vol. 44, 1,1998.

Recording [300 s]Bursts Detected Av. Duration [ms]Control BDPI 73482.88Control BOH 74441.1TBOA BDPI 451037.2TBOA BOH 46888.15BIC BDPI 27475.76BIC BOH

-

数字信号处理常用公式(不惧怕繁琐的推导)

数学信号处理基本公式 1、傅里叶变换定义 连续正变换:X j ω = x t e ?j ωt dt ∞ ?∞ 连续反变换:x t =1 2π X j ω e j ωt d ω∞ ?∞ 离散正变换:21 ()(),0,1,,1N j nk N N N n X k x n W W e k N π--== ==-∑ 离散反变换:210 1()(),0,1,,1N j nk N N N n x n X k W W e n N N π---====-∑ 2、傅里叶变换性质 线性:[] )]([)]([))()((t g F t f F t g t f F βαβα+=+ 位移:)]([)]([0 0t f F e t t f F t j ω-=-; )]([)]([1010ωωωωF F e F F t j --=-. 尺度:设)]([)(t f f F =ω, )(||1)]([a F a at f F ω= . 微分:)]([)]('[t f F j t f F ω=,要求0)(lim =∞ →t f t )]([)()]([)(t f F j t f F n n ω=,要求()lim ()0(1,2,1)k t f t k n →+∞ ==- 积分:)]([1 ])([ t f F j dt t f F t ω= ? ∞ -,要求lim ()0t t f t dt -∞→+∞=? 帕塞瓦尔等式: () 2 2 1 ()()2f t dt F d ωωπ +∞ +∞ -∞-∞ = ?? ,)]([)(t f f F =ω 频率位移:若()ωj e X n x ?)(,则()() 00)(ωωω-?j n j e X n x e 时间共轭:若() ωj e X n x ?)(,则() ,)(**ωj e X n x -? 频率共轭:若()ω j e X n x ?)(,则()ω j e X n x * * )(?- 序列卷积:若)()()(n y n x n w *=,则)()()(z Y z X z W = 序列乘积:若)()()(n y n x n w =,则++---<

解析几何公式大全

解析几何中的基本公 式 1、两点间距离:若)y ,x (B ),y ,x (A 2211,则212212)()(y y x x AB -+-= 2、平行线间距离:若0C By Ax :l , 0C By Ax :l 2211=++=++ 则:2 2 21B A C C d +-= 注意点:x ,y 对应项系数应相等。 3、点到直线的距离:0C By Ax :l ),y ,x (P =++οο 则P 到l 的距离为:2 2 B A C By Ax d +++= οο 4、直线与圆锥曲线相交的弦长公式:???=+=0 )y ,x (F b kx y 消y :02=++c bx ax ,务必注意.0>? 若l 与曲线交于A ),(),,(2211y x B y x 则:2122))(1(x x k AB -+= 5、若A ),(),,(2211y x B y x ,P (x ,y )。P 在直线AB 上,且P 分有向线段AB 所成的比为λ, 则??? ????λ+λ+=λ+λ+=112121y y y x x x ,特别地:λ=1时,P 为AB 中点且??????? +=+=2221 21y y y x x x

变形后:y y y y x x x x --=λ--= λ21 21或 6、若直线l 1的斜率为k 1,直线l 2的斜率为k 2,则l 1到l 2的角为),0(,π∈αα 适用范围:k 1,k 2都存在且k 1k 2≠-1 , 2 11 21tan k k k k +-= α 若l 1与l 2的夹角为θ,则= θtan 2 1211k k k k +-,]2,0(π ∈θ 注意:(1)l 1到l 2的角,指从l 1按逆时针方向旋转到l 2所成的角,范围),0(π l 1到l 2的夹角:指 l 1、l 2相交所成的锐角或直角。 (2)l 1⊥l 2时,夹角、到角= 2 π 。 (3)当l 1与l 2中有一条不存在斜率时,画图,求到角或夹角。 7、(1)倾斜角α,),0(π∈α; (2)]0[,π∈θθ→ →,,夹角b a ; (3)直线l 与平面]2 0[π ∈ββα,,的夹角; (4)l 1与l 2的夹角为θ,∈θ]2 0[π ,,其中l 1//l 2时夹角θ=0; (5)二面角,θ],0(π∈α; (6)l 1到l 2的角)0(π∈θθ,, 8、直线的倾斜角α与斜率k 的关系

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法: 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which(最为正式的用法) 3)the way + 省略(最为自然的用法) 举例:I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法: 在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2)The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3)The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4)The way =because

水处理常用计算公式汇总

水处理常用计算公式汇总 水处理公式是我们在工作中经常要使用到的东西,在这里我总结了几个常常用到的计算公式,按顺序分别为格栅、污泥池、风机、MBR、AAO进出水系统以及芬顿的计算,大家可有目的性的观看。 格栅的设计计算 一、格栅设计一般规定 1、栅隙 (1)水泵前格栅栅条间隙应根据水泵要求确定。 (2)废水处理系统前格栅栅条间隙,应符合下列要求:最大间隙40mm,其中人工清除 25~40mm,机械清除16~25mm。废水处理厂亦可设置粗、细两道格栅,粗格栅栅条间隙 50~100mm。 (3)大型废水处理厂可设置粗、中、细三道格栅。 (4)如泵前格栅间隙不大于25mm,废水处理系统前可不再设置格栅。 2、栅渣 (1)栅渣量与多种因素有关,在无当地运行资料时,可以采用以下资料。 格栅间隙16~25mm;0.10~0.05m3/103m3(栅渣/废水)。 格栅间隙30~50mm;0.03~0.01m3/103m3(栅渣/废水)。 (2)栅渣的含水率一般为80%,容重约为960kg/m3。 (3)在大型废水处理厂或泵站前的大型格栅(每日栅渣量大于0.2m3),一般应采用机械清渣。3、其他参数 (1)过栅流速一般采用0.6~1.0m/s。 (2)格栅前渠道内水流速度一般采用0.4~0.9m/s。 (3)格栅倾角一般采用45°~75°,小角度较省力,但占地面积大。 (4)机械格栅的动力装置一般宜设在室内,或采取其他保护设备的措施。 (5)设置格栅装置的构筑物,必须考虑设有良好的通风设施。 (6)大中型格栅间内应安装吊运设备,以进行设备的检修和栅渣的日常清除。 二、格栅的设计计算 1、平面格栅设计计算 (1)栅槽宽度B 式中,S 为栅条宽度,m;n 为栅条间隙数,个; b 为栅条间隙,m;为最大设计流量, m3/s;a 为格栅倾角,(°);h为栅前水深,m,不能高于来水管(渠)水深;v 为过栅流速, m/s。 (2)过栅水头损失如

解应用题必备的公式

解应用题必备的公式 【求分率、百分率问题的公式】 比较数÷标准数=比较数的对应分(百分)率; 增长数÷标准数=增长率; 减少数÷标准数=减少率。 或者是 两数差÷较小数=多几(百)分之几(增); 两数差÷较大数=少几(百)分之几(减)。 【增减分(百分)率互求公式】 增长率÷(1+增长率)=减少率; 减少率÷(1-减少率)=增长率。 比甲丘面积少几分之几?” 解这是根据增长率求减少率的应用题。按公式,可解答为百分之几?” 解这是由减少率求增长率的应用题,依据公式,可解答为【求比较数应用题公式】 标准数×分(百分)率=与分率对应的比较数; 标准数×增长率=增长数; 标准数×减少率=减少数; 标准数×(两分率之和)=两个数之和; 标准数×(两分率之差)=两个数之差。 【求标准数应用题公式】 比较数÷与比较数对应的分(百分)率=标准数; 增长数÷增长率=标准数; 减少数÷减少率=标准数; 两数和÷两率和=标准数; 两数差÷两率差=标准数; 【方阵问题公式】

(1)实心方阵:(外层每边人数)2=总人数。 (2)空心方阵: (最外层每边人数)2-(最外层每边人数-2×层数)2=中空方阵的人数。 或者是 (最外层每边人数-层数)×层数×4=中空方阵的人数。 总人数÷4÷层数+层数=外层每边人数。 例如,有一个3层的中空方阵,最外层有10人,问全阵有多少人? 解一先看作实心方阵,则总人数有 10×10=100(人) 再算空心部分的方阵人数。从外往里,每进一层,每边人数少2,则进到第四层,每边人数是 10-2×3=4(人) 所以,空心部分方阵人数有 4×4=16(人) 故这个空心方阵的人数是 100-16=84(人) 解二直接运用公式。根据空心方阵总人数公式得 (10-3)×3×4=84(人) 【利率问题公式】利率问题的类型较多,现就常见的单利、复利问题,介绍其计算公式如下。 (1)单利问题: 本金×利率×时期=利息; 本金×(1+利率×时期)=本利和; 本利和÷(1+利率×时期)=本金。 年利率÷12=月利率; 月利率×12=年利率。 (2)复利问题: 本金×(1+利率)存期期数=本利和。 例如,“某人存款2400元,存期3年,月利率为10.2‰(即月利1分零2

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义(二) 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语: 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势,忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

Hurst指数的Matlab实现

% The Hurst exponent %-------------------------------------------------------------------------- % The first 20 lines of code are a small test driver. % You can delete or comment out this part when you are done validating the % function to your satisfaction. % % Bill Davidson, quellen@https://www.doczj.com/doc/f07110121.html, % 13 Nov 2005 function []=hurst_exponent() disp('testing Hurst calculation'); n=100; data=rand(1,n); plot(data); hurst=estimate_hurst_exponent(data); [s,err]=sprintf('Hurst exponent = %.2f',hurst);disp(s); %-------------------------------------------------------------------------- % This function does dispersional analysis on a data series, then does a % Matlab polyfit to a log-log plot to estimate the Hurst exponent of the % series. % % This algorithm is far faster than a full-blown implementation of Hurst's % algorithm. I got the idea from a 2000 PhD dissertation by Hendrik J % Blok, and I make no guarantees whatsoever about the rigor of this approach % or the accuracy of results. Use it at your own risk. % % Bill Davidson % 21 Oct 2003 function [hurst] = estimate_hurst_exponent(data0) % data set data=data0; % make a local copy [M,npoints]=size(data0); yvals=zeros(1,npoints); xvals=zeros(1,npoints); data2=zeros(1,npoints); index=0;

指数对数概念及运算公式

指数函数及对数函数重难点 根式的概念: ①定义:若一个数的n 次方等于),1(* ∈>N n n a 且,则这个数称a 的n 次方根.即,若 a x n =,则x 称a 的n 次方根)1*∈>N n n 且, 1)当n 为奇数时,n a 的次方根记作n a ; 2)当n 为偶数时,负数a 没有n 次方根,而正数a 有两个n 次方根且互为相反数,记作 )0(>±a a n . ②性质:1)a a n n =)(; 2)当n 为奇数时,a a n n =; 3)当n 为偶数时,???<-≥==) 0() 0(||a a a a a a n 幂的有关概念: ①规定:1)∈???=n a a a a n ( N * , 2))0(10 ≠=a a , n 个 3)∈=-p a a p p (1 Q ,4)m a a a n m n m ,0(>=、∈n N * 且)1>n ②性质:1)r a a a a s r s r ,0(>=?+、∈s Q ), 2)r a a a s r s r ,0()(>=?、∈s Q ), 3)∈>>?=?r b a b a b a r r r ,0,0()( Q ) (注)上述性质对r 、∈s R 均适用. 例 求值 (1) 3 28 (2)2 125 - (3)()5 21- (4)() 43 8116- 例.用分数指数幂表示下列分式(其中各式字母均为正数) (1)43a a ? (2)a a a (3)32 )(b a - (4)43 )(b a + (5)32 2b a ab + (6)42 33 )(b a + 例.化简求值

(1)0 121 32322510002.08 27)()()()(-+--+---- (2)2 11 5 3125.05 25 .231 1.0)32(256) 027.0(?? ????+-+-????? ?-- (3)=?÷ ?--3133 73 32 9a a a a (4)21 1511336622263a b a b a b ??????-÷- ??? ??????? = (5)6323 1.512??= 指数函数的定义: ①定义:函数)1,0(≠>=a a a y x 且称指数函数, 1)函数的定义域为R , 2)函数的值域为),0(+∞, 3)当10<a 时函数为增函数. 提问:在下列的关系式中,哪些不是指数函数,为什么? (1)2 2 x y += (2)(2)x y =- (3)2x y =- (4)x y π= (5)2y x = (6)2 4y x = (7)x y x = (8)(1)x y a =- (a >1,且2a ≠) 例:比较下列各题中的个值的大小 (1)1.72.5 与 1.7 3 ( 2 )0.1 0.8 -与0.2 0.8 - ( 3 ) 1.70.3 与 0.93.1 例:已知指数函数()x f x a =(a >0且a ≠1)的图象过点(3,π),求 (0),(1),(3)f f f -的值. 思考:已知0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8,0.8, 1.2,a b c ===按大小顺序排列,,a b c . 例 如图为指数函数x x x x d y c y b y a y ====)4(,)3(,)2(,)1(,则 d c b a ,,,与1的大小关系为 O x y a d c b

解方程的公式

解方程的公式: 1. 加法方程,求加数加数=和-另一个加数 如:x+3.7=9.2 1.8+x=11.6 解:x=9.2-3.7 解:x=11.6-1.8 x=x= 2. 减法方程,求减数减数=被减数-差求被减数被减数=差+减数 如:15.6-x=10 如:x-3.6=1.8 解:x=15.6-10 解:x=1.8+3.6 x=x= 3. 乘法方程求因数因数=积÷另一个因数 如: 3.5x=7 解:x=7÷3.5 x= 4. 除法方程,求被除数被除数=商×除数求除数除数=被除数÷商 如:x÷6.3=5 如:21.7÷x=7 解:x=5×6.3 解:x=21.7÷7 x=x= 用方程解决应用题 1、审:审题,分析题中已知什么,求什么,明确各数量之间的关系. 2.、设:设未知数(可分直接设法,间接设法) 3、列:根据题意列方程. 4、解:解出所列方程.5、检:检验所求的解是否符合题意. 6、答:写出答案(有单位要注明答案) 解方程的公式: 1. 加法方程,求加数加数=和-另一个加数 如:x+3.7=9.2 1.8+x=11.6 解:x=9.2-3.7 解:x=11.6-1.8 x=x= 2. 减法方程,求减数减数=被减数-差求被减数被减数=差+减数 如:15.6-x=10 如:x-3.6=1.8 解:x=15.6-10 解:x=1.8+3.6 x=x= 3. 乘法方程求因数因数=积÷另一个因数 如: 3.5x=7 解:x=7÷3.5 x= 4. 除法方程,求被除数被除数=商×除数求除数除数=被除数÷商 如:x÷6.3=5 如:21.7÷x=7 解:x=5×6.3 解:x=21.7÷7 x=x= 用方程解决应用题 1、审:审题,分析题中已知什么,求什么,明确各数量之间的关系. 2.、设:设未知数(可分直接设法,间接设法) 3、列:根据题意列方程. 4、解:解出所列方程.5、检:检验所求的解是否符合题意. 6、答:写出答案(有单位要注明答案)

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法: 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

污水处理基本计算公式

污水处理基本计算公式 水处理公式是我们在工作中经常要使用到的东西,在这里我总结了几个常常用到的计算公式,按顺序分别为格栅、污泥池、风机、MBR、AAO进出水系统以及芬顿、碳源、除磷、反渗透、水泵和隔油池计算公式,由于篇幅较长,大家可选择有目的性的观看。 格栅的设计计算 一、格栅设计一般规定 1、栅隙 (1)水泵前格栅栅条间隙应根据水泵要求确定。 (2) 废水处理系统前格栅栅条间隙,应符合下列要求:最大间隙40mm,其中人工清除25~40mm,机械清除16~25mm。废水处理厂亦可设置粗、细两道格栅,粗格栅栅条间隙50~100mm。 (3) 大型废水处理厂可设置粗、中、细三道格栅。 (4) 如泵前格栅间隙不大于25mm,废水处理系统前可不再设置格栅。 2、栅渣 (1) 栅渣量与多种因素有关,在无当地运行资料时,可以采用以下资料。 格栅间隙16~25mm;0.10~0.05m3/103m3 (栅渣/废水)。 格栅间隙30~50mm;0.03~0.01m3/103m3 (栅渣/废水)。

(2) 栅渣的含水率一般为80%,容重约为960kg/m3。 (3) 在大型废水处理厂或泵站前的大型格栅(每日栅渣量大于0.2m3),一般应采用机械清渣。 3、其他参数 (1) 过栅流速一般采用0.6~1.0m/s。 (2) 格栅前渠道水流速度一般采用0.4~0.9m/s。 (3) 格栅倾角一般采用45°~75°,小角度较省力,但占地面积大。 (4) 机械格栅的动力装置一般宜设在室,或采取其他保护设备的措施。 (5) 设置格栅装置的构筑物,必须考虑设有良好的通风设施。 (6) 大中型格栅间应安装吊运设备,以进行设备的检修和栅渣的日常清除。 二、格栅的设计计算 1、平面格栅设计计算 (1) 栅槽宽度B

七年级数学列方程解应用题的常用公式梳理

关于一元一次方程所涉及的各种问题的公式 一元一次方程应用题 1.列一元一次方程解应用题的一般步骤 (1)审题:弄清题意.(2)找出等量关系:找出能够表示本题含义的相等关系.(3)设出未知数,列出方程:设出未知数后,表示出有关的含字母的式子,?然后利用已找出的等量关系列出方程.(4)解方程:解所列的方程,求出未知数的值.(5)检验,写答案:检验所求出的未知数的值是否是方程的解,?是否符合实际,检验后写出答案. 2.和差倍分问题 增长量=原有量×增长率现在量=原有量+增长量 3.等积变形问题 常见几何图形的面积、体积、周长计算公式,依据形虽变,但体积不变. ①圆柱体的体积公式V=底面积×高=S?h=r2h ②长方体的体积V=长×宽×高=abc 4.数字问题 一般可设个位数字为a,十位数字为b,百位数字为c. 十位数可表示为10b+a,百位数可表示为100c+10b+a. 然后抓住数字间或新数、原数之间的关系找等量关系列方程. 5.市场经济问题 (1)商品利润=商品售价-商品成本价(2)商品利润率=×100% (3)商品销售额=商品销售价×商品销售量 (4)商品的销售利润=(销售价-成本价)×销售量 (5)商品打几折出售,就是按原标价的百分之几十出售,如商品打8折出售,即按原标价的80%出售. 6.行程问题:路程=速度×时间时间=路程÷速度速度=路程÷时间 (1)相遇问题:快行距+慢行距=原距 (2)追及问题:快行距-慢行距=原距 (3)航行问题:顺水(风)速度=静水(风)速度+水流(风)速度 逆水(风)速度=静水(风)速度-水流(风)速度抓住两码头间距离不变,水流速和船速(静不速)不变的特点考虑相等关系. 7.工程问题:工作量=工作效率×工作时间 完成某项任务的各工作量的和=总工作量=1 8.储蓄问题 利润=本金×利润率利息=本金×利率×期数

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“theway+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Read the followingpassageand talkabout it wi th your classmates.Try totell whatyou think of Tom and ofthe way the childrentreated him. 在这个句子中,the way是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1.the way之后,引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此,<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的:This is thewayhowithappened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2.在正式语体中,that可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中,that则往往省略。由此我们得到theway后接定语从句时的三种模式:1) the way+that-从句2)the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如:The way(in which ,that) thesecomrade slookatproblems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法

不对。 Theway(that ,in which)you’re doingit is comple tely crazy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Weadmired him for theway inwhich he facesdifficulties. Wallace and Darwingreed on the way inwhi ch different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way(that) hedid it. I likedthe way(that) sheorganized the meeting. 3.theway(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如: That’s the way(that) shespoke. = That’s how shespoke.

指数的计算公式

体重指数的计算公式 计算公式如下: 体重指数(BMI)=体重(公斤)/(身高(米)×身高(米)) 亚裔成年人请参考以下判定标准: <18.5 过轻某些疾病和某些癌症患病率增高 18.5~22.9 正常中等 23~24.9 过重增高 25~39.9 肥胖高 >30 痴肥严重 体形最美女士的体重=19×身高(米)×身高(米) 体形最美男士的体重=22×身高(米)×身高(米) 倚窗远眺,目光目光尽处必有一座山,那影影绰绰的黛绿色的影,是春天的颜色。周遭流岚升腾,没露出那真实的面孔。面对那流转的薄雾,我会幻想,那里有一个世外桃源。在天阶夜色凉如水的夏夜,我会静静地,静静地,等待一场流星雨的来临… 许下一个愿望,不乞求去实现,至少,曾经,有那么一刻,我那还未枯萎的,青春的,诗意的心,在我最美的年华里,同星空做了一次灵魂的交流…

秋日里,阳光并不刺眼,天空是一碧如洗的蓝,点缀着飘逸的流云。偶尔,一片飞舞的落叶,会飘到我的窗前。斑驳的印迹里,携刻着深秋的颜色。在一个落雪的晨,这纷纷扬扬的雪,飘落着一如千年前的洁白。窗外,是未被污染的银白色世界。我会去迎接,这人间的圣洁。在这流转的岁月里,有着流转的四季,还有一颗流转的心,亘古不变的心。 When you are old and grey and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face; And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how love fled And paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.

Excel公式处理文本有妙招

前面我们在《菜鸟进阶:Excel公式应用初步》中介绍了Excel公式应用的基础知识,以及几个简单实用的实例剖析:《销售情况统计》、《家庭收支管理》和《业绩奖金计算》等,并介绍了Excel日期与时间计算的常见实例,今天我们介绍Excel公式处理文本的实例剖析。文章末尾提供原文件供大家下载参考。 阅读导航: 一、判断单元格数据类型是否为文本 有时,我们需要判断单元格中是否包含文本,这时可以借助ISTEXT函数。 二、确定文本字符串的长度 当需要确定文本字符串的长度时,利用LEN函数可以很容易得出答案。 三、从文本字符串中提取字符 有时我们可能需要从文本字符串中提取字符,比如从姓名字符串中提取出姓,从包含国家和城市的字符串中提取出城市名等等。在这种情况下,可以供我们使用的常用函数有三个:LEFT、RIGHT和MID。 下面我们用三个实例进一步的体会它们的使用方法: 1. 使用LEFT函数提取姓名字符串中的姓字符 2. 使用RIGHT函数提取城市名称 3. 使用MID函数提取区域字符参阅专题: Excel常用函数 及实例剖析 四、将数值转换为文本并以指定格式显示 在某些任务中,我们需要将数值转换为文本,并以指定的格式显示,比如在将金额小写转换为大写格式的过程中,就有这种需求。这时在公式中利用TEXT函数可以很好地解决问题。 五、在文本中进行替换 某些情况下,我们需要将文本字符串中的一部分替换为其他文本,可以在公式中使用这两个函数:SUBSTITUTE和REPLACE。 一、判断单元格数据类型是否为文本 有时,我们需要判断单元格中是否包含文本,这时可以借助ISTEXT函数(具体函数功能以及用法请参阅《Excel常用函数及实例剖析》),如图1所示,在B2单元格中输入公式“=ISTEXT(A2)”。如果单元格中包含文本,则返回值为TRUE,反之,返回值为FALSE。

解一元二次方程公式法

公式法解一元二次方程 一、教学目标 (1)知识目标 1.理解求根公式的推导过程和判别公式; 2.使学生能熟练地运用公式法求解一元二次方程. (2)能力目标 1.通过由配方法推导求根公式,培养学生推理能力和由特殊到一般的数学思 想. 2.结合的使用求根公式解一元二次方程的练习,培养学生运用公式解决问题的能力,全面培养学生解方程的能力,使学生解方程的能力得到切实的提高。 (3)德育目标 让学生体验到所有一元二次方程都能运用公式法去解,形成全面解决问题的积极情感,感受公式的对称美、简洁美,产生热爱数学的情感. 二、教学的重、难点及教学设计 (1)教学的重点 1.掌握公式法解一元二次方程的一般步骤. 2.熟练地用求根公式解一元二次方程。 (2)教学的难点: 理解求根公式的推导过程及判别公式的应用。 (3)教学设计要点 1.情境设计 上课开始,通过提问让学生回忆一元二次方程的概念及配方法解一元二次方程的一般步骤。利用昨天所学“配方法”解一元二次方程,达到“温故而知新”的目的和总结配方法的一般步骤,为下一步解一般形式的一元二次方程做准备。 然后让学生思考对于一般形式的一元二次方程ax2+bx+c=0(a≠0) 能否用配方法求出它的解?引出本节课的内容。 2.教学内容的处理 (1)回顾配方法的解题步骤,用配方法来解一般形式的一元二次方程ax2+bx+c=0(a≠0)。 (2)总结用公式法解一元二次方程的解题步骤,并补充理解判别公式的分类与应用。 (3)在小黑板上补充课后思考题:李强和萧晨刚学了用公式法解一元二次方程,看到一个关于x 的一元二次方程x2+(2m-1)x+(m-1)=0, 李强说:“此方程有两个不相等的实数根”,而萧晨反驳说:“不一定,根的情况跟m的值有关”.那你们认为呢?并说明理由. 3.教学方法 在教学中由特殊的解法(配方法)引导探究一般形式一元二次方程的解的形

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”,注意以下用法: 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式,通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如: Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法,其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如: It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词),也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句,但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如: 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正:I don’t like the way he spoke. 正:I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正:I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误:I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法: That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看,你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题: ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A,而不选其他几项,则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法,下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示:在一定程度上,从某方面说。如: In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注:in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示:即将来(去),就要来(去)。如: Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示:在路上,在行进中。如: He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示:(婴儿)尚未出生。如: She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子,现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children,and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了,另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法

价格指数的计算方法

(四)价格指数计算方法 1.价格指数的概念 居民消费价格指数是度量消费商品及服务项目的价格水平随时间而变动的相对数,反映居民家庭购买的消费品及服务价格水平的变动情况。它是宏观经济分析和调控、价格总水平监测以及国民经济核算的重要指标。其变动率在一定程度上反映了通货膨胀(或紧缩)的程度。根据建立大都市统计指标体系的要求,北京市增加了高、中、低收入层居民消费价格指数分组指标。 商品零售价格指数是反映工业、商业、餐饮业和其他零售企业向居民、机关团体出售生活消费品和办公用品价格水平变动情况的相对数,以此反映市场商品零售价格的变动趋势和变动程度。其目的在于掌握商品价格的变动趋势,为国家宏观调控和国民经济核算提供参考依据。 居民基本生活费用价格指数是反映城镇居民家庭维持基本生活水准所需消费项目的价格变动趋势和变动程度的相对数。它从家庭支出角度出发,反映了生活必需消费项目价格变动对特定消费阶层居民生活的影响程度,为制定最低工资标准及最低社会保障线提供重要依据。 2.价格指数的编制单位 市局、总队负责编制全市居民消费价格指数、商品零售价格指数、居民基本生活费用价格指数,并对区县价格调查实行统一的组织管理。 3. 权数资料来源与计算 计算居民消费价格指数所用的权数,根据城市居民家庭住户调查资料整理得出,必要时辅以典型调查数据或专家评估补充和完善。 计算商品零售价格指数所用的大类权数,根据商业统计资料整理得出,小类及基本分类的权数参考居民消费价格指数中的相关权数进行调整,并辅之以典型调查资料。 计算居民基本生活费用价格指数所用的权数,根据城市居民家庭支出调查资料中20%的低收入户居民的消费结构来确定,必要时辅以典型调查数据或专家评估补充和完善。 4.价格指数的计算方法 (1)代表规格品平均价格的计算 代表规格品的月度平均价采用简单算术平均方法计算,首先计算规格品在一个调查点的平均价格,再根据各个调查点的价格算出月度平均价。 ∑∑∑=====m j m j n k ijk i Pij m P n m P 1 111)1(1 其中: P ijk 为第i 个规格品在第j 个价格调查点的第k 次调查的价格; P ij 为第i 个规格品第j 个调查点的月度平均价格; m 为调查点的个数,n 为调查次数。 (2)基本分类指数的计算

解一元二次方程(公式法)

“用求根公式法解一元二次方程”教学设计 【摘要】 数学是一种逻辑性较强的科目,有较强的规律可探索,而探索与猜想不仅要体现数学知识的应用,而且要注重在观察实践中抽象出规律。在计算量较大时,规律的探索显得尤为重要,本节课是一元二次方程求根公式的推导和应用,教师通过引导学生自主探究推导出公式,按照:质疑—猜想—类比—探索—归纳—应用的教学流程,让学生进一步体会公式法由配方法产生,且优于配方法,从而达到知识正迁移的目的。【关键词】 猜想探索配方交流矫正归纳拓展应用 【正文】 一、使用教材 新人教版义务教育课程标准实验教科书《数学》九年级上册 二、素质教育目标 (一)知识教学点 1、一元二次方程求根公式的推导 2、利用公式法解一元二次方程 (二)能力训练点 通过配方法解一元二次方程的过程,进一步加强推理技能训练,同时发展学生的逻辑思维能力。 (三)德育渗透点 向学生渗透由特殊到一般的唯物辩证法思想。 三、教学重点、难点、关键点 1、教学重点:一元二次方程的求根公式的推导过程

2、教学难点:灵活地运用公式法解一元二次方程 3、教学关键点: (1)掌握配方法的基本步骤 (2)确定求根公式中 a 、 b 、 c 的值 四、 学法引导 1、教学方法:指导探究发现法 2、学生学法:质疑探究发现法 五、教法设计 质疑—猜想—类比—探索—归纳—应用 六、 教学流程 (一) 创设情境,导入新课: 前面我们己学习了用配方法解一元二次方程,想不想再探索一种比配方法更简单,更直接的方法? 大家一定想,那么这节课我们一同来研究。 < 设计意图 > 数学是一种逻辑性较强的科目,并且有时计算量较大,如果能简化计算,那是我们所期望的,逐步激发学生的学习欲望。 教师;下面我们先用配方法解下列一元二次方程 学生;(每组一题,每组派一名同学板演) 1.2x 2-4x-1=0 2. x 2+1.5=-3x 3.02 122=+-x x 4. 4x 2-3x+2=0 完成后小组内进行交流,并进行反馈矫正。 学生:总结用配方法解一元二次方程的步骤 教师板书:(1)移项; (2)化二次项系数为1; (3)方程两边都加上一次项系数的一半的平方;

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档