As the latest World Economic Outlook from the International Monetary Fund remarks, ”the world economy has entered new and precarious territory”. What are perhaps most remarkable are the contrasts between booming commodity prices and credit-market collapses and between buoyant growth in emerging economies and incipient recession in the US. So where are we? How did we get here? And what should we be doing?
正如国际货币基金组织在最新发布的《世界经济展望》中说道：“世界经济已经进入了一个全新的不稳定的领域。。”最显著的部分也许在于一些矛盾现象：当大件商品价格激增是，信贷市场却面临崩塌；当新兴经济体迅速发展是，美国却步入初期衰退。那么，我们现在究竟处于何种境地呢？为何我们会走到这一步？我们现在应该采取什
么行动？
The WEO’s answer to the first question is that the US economy may shrink by 0.7 per cent between the fourth quarter of last year and the fourth quarter of 2008. This is a big shift from the 0.9 per cent increase over that period forecast in the January WEO Update. Moreover, growth is expected to be only 1.6 per cent over the following four quarters. Meanwhile, the e urozone’s growth is expected to fall to just 0.9 per cent between the fourth quarter of 2007 and the fourth quarter of 2008.
对于第一个问题，《世界经济展望》给出的答案是，在去年第四季度到今年第四季度期间，美国经济可能会下降0.7%。这是一个很大的转变，因为根据一月份《世界经济展望》的最新报告，在该时期美国经济预计将增长0.9%。此外，在接下来的四个季度中，美国经济增长预计只有1.6%。于此同时，在去年第四季度到今年第四季度期间，欧元区经济增长预计将降至仅为0.9%。
While the most important high-income countries stumbles, the picture for the emerging economies is of modestly diminished growth: 7.5 per cent growth in emerging Asia this year, with China on 9.3 per cent and India on 7.9 per cent; 6.3 per cent in Africa; and 4.4 per cent in the western hemisphere.
在最重要的高收入国家经济触礁只时，新兴经济体的增长率却只会微有下降：今年，亚洲新兴经济体的增长率为7.5%，其中中国为9.3%，印度为7.9%；非洲经济增长率为6.3%；西半球经济增长率为4.4%。
In all, growth of the world economy is forecast to slow considerably, from 4.9 per cent last year to 3.7 per cent in 2008(measured at purchasing power parity exchange rates). In terms of growth at marker exchange rates the slowdown is more significant, down from 3.7 per cent in 2007 to
2.6 per cent. Even so, global growth would remain well above levels in 2001 and 2002(see chart).
总体而言，世界经济增长率预计将有大幅度的下降，从去年的4.9%降至今年的3.7%（以购买力评价汇率计算）。以市场汇率计算的跌幅更为明显：从去年的3.7%降至今年的2.6%。即便如此，世界经济增长率仍将远远超过2001年与2002年得水平（见图表）。
This, then, would be a case of “large earthquakes; not too many hurt”. Yet these forecasts coincide with two huge events: the financial crisis and the commodity price shock. The first is described by the WEO as “the largest financial shock since the Great Depression”. The second is the result either of a gathering inflationary storm or of reaching limits to the rate of growth(or, more plausibly, of both).
因此，这将会是“大地震，但不会导致很多伤亡”。然而，这些预测恰好伴随着两大事件：金融危机和大件商品价格震荡。《世界经济展望》形容前者为“大萧条以来最大的金融震荡”。至于后者，则既可能是因为一场“愈演愈烈”的通货膨胀风暴，也可能是因为到达了经济增长的极限（或者，更为合理的解释是,由两者共同导致）。
Not surprisingly, the WEO concludes that risks are tilted to the downside. So many can be listed: worsening financial conditions; inflation risks; further adverse shocks in the oil market; and disorderly
unwinding of global payments “imbalances”, particularly if investors decide that the Federal Reserve has abandoned its duty to conserve the purchasing power of the dollar.
毫不奇怪地，《世界经济展望》的结论是，风险更倾向于向不利面发展。这里可以列出很多：金融状况日趋衰退；通货膨胀危机；石油市场遭受进一步打击；以及全球收支不平衡无序扩散，尤其是当投资者认定美联储已经放弃履行其维持美元购买力的职能的话。
What has brought us to this point has at least five components: the accelerated growth of emerging economies, especially China; the emergence of a huge surplus of savings over investment in significant emerging economies, particularly China and the oil exporters; a long period of low inflation and relatively stable economic activity in
high-income countries; financial liberalization and innovation; and accommodative monetary policies.
我们走到这一步至少有五个原因：新兴经济加速发展，尤其是中国；大型新兴经济体储蓄大大高于投资，尤其是中国及石油输出国；高收入国家长期地通货膨胀和相对较稳定的经济活动；金融自由化和创新；以及宽松的货币政策。
Emerging economies have been the engines of growth over the past five years: China accounted for a quarter; Brazil, India and Russia for
almost another quarter; and all emerging and developing countries together for about two-thirds(measured at PPP exchange rates)of world growth. Furthermore, notes the WEO, these economies” account for more than 90 per cent of the rise in consumption of oil products and metals and 80 per cent of the rise in consumption of grains since 2002” (with scandalously wasteful biofuel programs contributing most of the remainder).
在过去的五年中，新兴经济体一直是经济增长的发动机：中国占了全球增长的四分之一；巴西，印度和俄罗斯占了近四分之一；且所有新兴经济体和发展中国家经济增量约占了全球增量的三分之一（以购买力平价汇率计算）。此外，《世界经济展望》还提到，自2002年以来，这些经济体占了全球石油及金属产品消费总增量的90%，且占全球粮食消费增量的80%（其余主要由浪费极其严重的生物燃料工程所贡献）。
Emerging economies have also been huge exporters of capital. China’s current account surplus was 11.1 per cent of gross domestic product last year. Higher prices of petroleum have also shifted income to high-saving countries. the IMF forecasts the aggregate current account surplus of emerging and developing countries at $729 this year.
新兴经济体也一直是资本输出大国。去年，中国的经常性账户盈余占国内生产总值的11.1%，石油价格的上升也已经将收入转移到高
储蓄的国家中去，国际货币基金组织预测，今年，所有新兴经济体和发展中国家的经常性账户盈余总额将达到7290亿美元。
The excess savings have been largely absorbed by those
high-income countries with liberalized financial systems adept at channeling credit to those people interested in borrowing on the needed scale: households.
大部分过剩的储蓄已经为那些高收入国家所吸收，因为这些国家拥有自由化的金融体系，能以所需的规模熟练地将信贷过渡给那些有意借贷的人们：家庭。
The US has been overwhelmingly the most important of these countries (see chart). The Federal Reserve, obliged to keep domestic output more or less in line with potential, accommodated the capital inflow. But in an environment of financial liberalization and innovation, the resultant excesses produced the disarray we see today.
毋庸置疑，美国已经成为这些国家中最重要的一个（见图表）。为了使国内产出尽可能地保持在潜力水平上下，美联储容纳了流入的资本。但是，在金融自由化和创新化的大环境下，最终过剩的结果导致了我们今天所面临的混乱状况。
What, fina lly, should we be doing? The WEO supports the Fed’s monetary activism and recommends easing to the ECB, as well; it suggests discretionary fiscal stimulus in some countries. it also proposes further currency appreciation and higher interest rates for some emerging economies, notably China.
最后，我们该怎么做呢？《世界经济展望》支持美联储积极的货币政策，同时也建议欧洲央行方框货币政策。它建议某些国家采取谨慎的财政刺激，它也提议，一些新兴经济体（尤其是中国）进一步升值货币和提高利率。
Yet what shine out to me from this analysis are four longer-term policy questions.
The first is whether the pattern of global payments can or will adjust smoothly, without triggering another round of financial crises, probably in emerging economies, some years hence. Are the latter now financially robust enough to run current account deficits safely?
然而，在我看来，从这一分析折射出的，是四个长期性的政策问题。
首先，全球收支模式能否顺利地调整，而在今后几年中引起另一轮金融危机（可能发生在新兴经济体）。这些新兴经济体现在的金融状况是否已经足够强大，来安全地应对经常性账户赤字？
The second question is how to run monetary policy when a large commodity price shock is under way. Inflation hawks argue that the rate of rise in the prices of everything else should be driven down. The result would be a sustained period of weak growth. At the same time, the longer the rise in commodity prices continues the more difficult it becomes to resist this argument.
第二个问题是，在大件商品价格震荡的情况下，如何实施货币政策？通胀鹰派人士认为其他一切商品的价格增长率都应该下调，结果将会导致一段较长时期地低增长。于此同时，大件商品价格增长持续的时间越长，抵制这一论断就变得越困难。
The third is what to do about a financial system that has misbehaved so spectacularly. How radically should regulation be changed? Is there, indeed, anything to be done that can make it less crisis-prone, while remaining innovative and flexible?
第三点是，要采取何种措施来应对一个已经如此混乱的金融体系？如何从根本上改善监管？是否真的有方法能既减小金融体系的风险，又保持其创新性和灵活性？
Financially and most fundamentally, will it be possible to retain a political consensus in high-income countries in favor of a liberalized and globally integrated economy? How do we persuade citizens that the rise
of the emerging countries that the rise of the emerging countries, the brightest story of our era, is to be welcomed, rather than resented or even resisted, when what they experience is financial disarray, falling house prices, recession and soaring costs of essential commodities?
最后也是最根本的一点，是否有可能在高收入国家中达成一个政治共识，支持建立一个自由化的，全球一体化的经济体系？对于那些经历了金融混乱，房价下跌，经济衰退和必要商品价格激增的公民们，我们要如何使他们相信，新兴经济体的涌现，是我们这个时代最美好的篇章，应当受到欢迎，而不是遭到厌恶，甚至是反对？
This year is a turning point. It is up to us to make it turn in the right direction. It will not be easy.
今年是一个转折点，能否是使之走向正确的方向，取决于我们。这并非易事。
In the last week the whole world has seen the UK’s “good Gordon” in action. Confronted by the implosion of the country’s financial system, Gordon Brown, the British prime minister, acted. The plan his government came up with is comprehensive and bold. It will also be expensive. But the cost will be much less than the alternative- a depression- would have been.
上周, 全世界已经看到英国“好样的戈登”行动起来了。面对整个国家金融体系崩塌的局面，英国首相戈登·布朗开始行动了。布朗政府提出的计划既全面，有大胆，同时，也将需要巨大花费。但是，这些花费比起其可能的替代物——经济萧条所带来的损失，要少得多。
More important, others now agree. The meetings of financial policymakers in Washington over the weekend bore fruit, first in a general communiqué and then in detailed programs of action. The European agreement is particularly impressive. Mr. Brown can rightly claim to have been the leader. The world has, as a result, stepped away from an abyss, though the road ahead remains strewn with obstacles.
更重要的是，其他国家现在达成了共识。上周末在华盛顿召开的金融政策制定者会议有了成果，首先发布了一份概括性公报，接着确定了具体的行动方案。其中，欧洲国家达成的共识尤为令人印象深刻。而布朗先生也成了当之无愧的领导者。因此，尽管前路仍充满荆棘，世界已经远离了深渊。
Policymakers finally realized that a plan for dealing with such a severe financial crisis must contain those elements that are individually necessary and collectively sufficient. Two elements are necessary: massive provision of liquidity and recapitalization of financially weak institutions. Two other elements will help, dependent on the
circumstances: guarantees to lenders and purchases of defective assets. The U.S., with its complex financial system and bad mortgage assets, will find blanker guarantees hard to manage but may benefit from purchases. Europeans seem to be in the opposite situation.
最终，政策制定者意识到，对如此严重的金融危机所采取的计划，必须包含这些条件：既是个体所必须的，总体上又很充足。对此，两大必要条件是：提供大规模的流动性与改变财务状况不佳的机构的资本结构。另外有两个条件可能会有帮助，但要视情况而定：为放贷者做出担保与购买缺陷资本。由于拥有复杂的金融体系及不良抵押贷款资产，美国将很难做出全面担保，不过可能会从购买不良贷款中获利。欧洲国家的情况似乎相反。
The announced programs are in scale and construction, what is needed. Difficulties will arise in containing the distorting effects of the guarantees and arranging an exit from a partially nationalized system into one better regulated than before. But the announcements made this week, not least in the U.S., epicenter of the storm, should abate the panic.The U.S. Treasury’s program is at last, suitably comprehensive. The European announcements, with promises to spend more than ￠1873bn are also impressive. Meanwhile, the UK has already invested ￡37bn in three of the country’s biggest banks.
从规模和可行性方面来看，已经发布的正是所需要的方案。遏制担保所产生的扭曲影响及从部分国有化的体系中退出，使之转变为较之前受到更好监管的体系，这正是困难所在。但是，本周发布的声明应该打消了这种恐惧，尤其对处于暴风中的美国来说。美国财政局的最后方面是相对比较全面的。欧洲国家发布声明，承诺增加1.873万亿欧元，这也同样令人印象深刻。与此同时，英国已为全英三大银行投资370亿英镑。
These are extraordinary actions for extraordinary times. But will they work? Two risks remain: first, worry may shift from the creditworthiness of banks to that of governments; second, economies may weaken far more profoundly than policymakers believe. These risks are real, but containable.
这些事非常时期的非常手段。不过，它们真的会起作用吗？这里有两个风险：首先，人们对信誉的担忧，可能会从对银行转移到对政府上来；其次，经济衰退的程度，可能比政策制定者所想的要深得多。这些风险其实存在，但是是可以遏制的。
Can governments afford the money they are about to spend? Yes is my answer. Indeed, governments should be able to get all the money they are now laying out back from their banking industry. Assume the economies have a future. If so, core banking franchises will make money,
as they have in the past. If banks can make money, they can repay. The task is merely one of designing the support to ensure they do.
政府有能力承担他们未来的花费吗？我的答案是，有。事实上，政府可以收回其拨给银行业的全部资金。让我们假设，经济会有未来。如果真是这样，核心银行业务会像从前一样盈利。如果银行可以盈利，他们就可以偿还政府投资。现在的任务，仅仅需要为确保他们盈利提供支持。
The question of affordability is, therefore, one of fiscal credibility: if markers became sufficiently worried about the outlays, particularly at a time of large fiscal deficits, the impact on interest and exchange rates might make a default- either via inflation or even more directly- conceivable. But this still seems extremely unlikely.
In its new Global Financial Stability Report, the International Monetary Fund re-estimates losses on US loans at $425bn and mark-to- market losses on US mortgage, consumer and corporate debt at $980bn, for a total $1405bn, up from $945bn last April. How much of this will be realized is unknown. It could be substantially less. If the economy went into a deep recession, however, it could be considerably more. But, at this point, this is “only” 10 per cent of US gross domestic product.
因此，负担能力问题就成了有关财政信誉的问题：如果市场变得极其担心花费，尤其在有巨大财政赤字的情况下，对利率和汇率的影
响可能会导致违约——或是以通胀的方式，或是以更直接可感的方式。不过，这是极不可能的。
在其最新的《全球金融稳定性报告》中，国际货币基金组织重新评估了美国在贷款方面和按市值计算的抵押贷款，消费者及企业债务方面的损失分别为4250亿美元和9800亿美元，总损失将由去年四月份的9450亿美元升至1.405万亿美元。这其中多少能实现仍然是个未知数，实际可能会少得多，但如果经济进入严重衰退，那么，这一损失将大大增加。从这一点看来，这些也“仅仅“占了美国国内生产总值的10%。
This is not by any means extraordinary for a big financial crisis. Moreover, close to half of these losses will fall outside the US (the joy of risk diversification!). So the total losses are now”only”5 per cent of combined US and European GDP, moreover, of the total loss has already been made good, by raising about $430 in additional capital (on what mostly turned out to be catastrophic terms for shareholders).
这些对于一场大地金融危机而言，绝不算特别。而且，其中近一半的损失将由除美国外地其他国家承担（得益于风险多样化！）。因此，总损失现在“仅“占美欧国内生产总值之和的5%。此外，通过融集4300亿美元的外资（对股东而言，其中大部分最后变成恶灾难性条款），一部分损失已经得到了补偿.
Against this, four concerns must be registered: first, additional losses are likely on already contracted domestic European mortgage debt and as a result of the economic slowdown under way; second, countries with exceptionally large banking systems and exceptionally high domestic indebtedness may find fiscal burdens far heavier; third, the banking sector also needs extra capital, to offset the collapse of the so-called “shadow” banking sector; and, finally, the sector also needs to be substantially better capitalized.
对此，有四个问题必须考虑：首先，由于目前的经济衰退，已签订的欧洲国内抵押贷款合约很可能遭受额外损失；其次，拥有大规模银行业体系和高额内债的国家，可能会面临更沉重的财政负担；再次，银行部门也需要额外资金，来抵消所谓的阴暗的银行业崩塌的影响；最后，该部门需要大规模改善资本结构。
Informed observers suggest an additional $1500bn in capital might be needed for such reasons. So double this and assume it all comes from the state: it would still “only” be 10 per cent of US and European GDP. If the real interest rate were 2 per cent, this would be a permanent increase in public spending of 0.2 per cent of GDP. Moreover, this would not be extra demand for resources. It would be recognition of past errors: a part of what people thought was private lending turned out to be public spending. Stuff indeed happens！
资深地观察家认为，基于这些原因，再追加1.5万亿美元的资金是需要的。那么，将这一数目加倍，并且假设其全由国家提供，它仍将“仅”占美欧两国国内生产总值之和的10%。如果实际利率为2%，这将使占国内生产总值0.2的公共支出持续增长。此外，这并不需要额外资源。它将是人们对过去错误的重新认知：即人们认为是私有接二代的部分资金最终成了公共支出。这样的是确实发生了！
Nearly all western governments ought to be able to get away with what they are doing. But some help might have to go to weak neighbors, notably in central and Eastern Europe.
以目前的方式，几乎所有的西方政府应该都可以摆脱困境。不过，相邻的弱国（尤其是中欧和西欧的国家）可能需要一些帮助。
Whether this relative optimism proves justified also depends on the severity of the recession. In its latest World Economic Outlook, the IMF could best be described as concerned but not apocalyptic: advanced economies are forecast to grow by 0.5 per cent in 2009, with the US on 0.1 per cent and the eurozone on 0.2 per cent; and emerging economies are forecast to grow 6.1 per cent next year, with developing Asia on 7.7 per cent. Overall, world output, at market exchange rates, is forecast to grow at 1.9 per cent in 2009, down from 2.7 per cent in 2008 and 3.7 per cent in 2007.
同样地，这一相对乐观的态度是否恰当，取决于这场衰退的严重性。在最新的《世界经济展望》报告中，国际货币基金组织的态度可以认为是关心而非灾难性的：
预计发达国家明年的经济增长率为0.5%，其中美国为0.1%，欧元区国家为0.2%；预计新兴经济体明年的经济增长率为0.5%，其中亚洲发展中的国家为7.7%。总体而言，预计明年全球以市场汇率计算的经济增长率为1.9%，低于2008年的2.7%和2007年得3.7%。
It is easy to tell a far worse story, with further collapses in asset prices shattering confidence and so generating big cutbacks in consumption and investment. But it is also easy to tell a better story: weakening commodity prices free central banks to pursue aggressive monetary policies, accelerating the recapitalization of the banks, helping sustain credit and so minimizing the chances of a big overshoot in asset prices on their necessary way down.
随着资本价格进一步崩塌，市场信心五爱街，消费投在大量减少，情况很容易变得更糟糕。但是，情况也很容易好转：由于大件商品价格降低，中央银行得以推行扩张的货币政策，加速银行业资本格局的改变，帮助维持信誉，并且在资本价格必要下调的过程中减小其过度下跌的风险。
Western governments have decides to throw all their vast resources at their demanded financial sectors. A great deal of pain will still come. At some point partial nationalization of finance must also be replaced by privatization and better regulation. But the tide in this crisis has turned.
西方政府已经决定将其大量资源全部投入到受损的金融部门中区。巨大的伤痛将随之而来。从某种程度上看来，部分国有化的金融业必须为私有化及更好的监管所取代。但现在，这场危机的浪潮已经转向了。
1. scramble：The diary, whose copyright status was uncertain, became the object of a publishing scramble. 这本日记虽然不版权归属尚不确定，但已成了出版社炙手可热的争抢对象。 hectic: Things have been so hectic here his week, we hope they’ll simmer down after the holidays. 这个礼拜事情闹得沸反盈天，但愿假期过后情况会平静下来。 norm: Nowadays air-conditioned buses for tourists have become the norm. 如今游客作的客车都有空调，这已成为一种惯例。 dwindle: The ongoing investigation dwindled and died, finding no evidence that laws had been violated. 所作的调查没有发现任何人违法的证据，最后不了了之。 want for: She was kind enough to see that we wanted for nothing. 她很热心，尽量使我们什么都不缺。fraught: The field of corpus linguistics is fraught with unsolved questions. 语料库语言学领域有着许多尚未解决的问题。 let up: slow down The doctor has been working for fifty hours without letting up. 那医生已连续工作了50个小时没有休息。 disorient: He seems disoriented since he left the army, and doesn’t know what to do next. 自从退役以来，他似乎茫无头绪，不知下一步该做些什么。 carve out: He carved out a name/ place for himself in the engineering business. 他在工程技术领域干出了名气（争得了一席之地）。 burn out: Stop working and have a rest, or you’ll burn out. 停下来歇歇吧，不然要累垮的。 act out: psychiatry. to express unconsciously (a repressed impulse or experience ) in overt behaviour In the enclosed life of this small village, many passions are brought to the surface and acted out. 在这个与世隔绝的小村庄里，人们的七情六欲溢于言表，又表现得淋漓尽致。 dispense: The Red Cross dispensed food and clothing to the flood victims. 红十字会向水灾难民分发食品和衣物。 Druggists must dispense medicines with the greatest care. 药剂师配药必须一丝不苟。 2 modify: Human action can be modified to some extent, but human nature cannot be changed. 人类的行为可以作一定程度的改变，但人类的本性是不可变的。 provided: I’ll forgive her for her mistake provided that she apologizes to me. 只要她向我道歉，我就原谅她的过失。 atrophy: Skills atrophy from lack of practice. 技艺不练就荒疏。 diminish: Familiarity with the routine did not diminish his horror of living in prison. 尽管他对铁窗生活的一套常规耳熟能详，但也没有减轻身陷囹圄的恐惧感。 at heart: He seems friendly, but he is just a ruthless businessman at heart. 他看上去面善，但骨子里却是一个心狠手辣的商人。 precarious: The national leadership in the country was in precarious hands. 该国国家的领导权掌握在一些危险分子的手里。 predicate: The publicity predicated the novel’s success. 这部小说的成功取决于推广宣传。 embark: Our paper is embarking on a nation-wide campaign for increased circulation. 我们的报纸正在全国掀起一个扩大发行量的运动。 Mary embarked on her marriage with many hopes and fears. 玛丽怀着许多希望和忧虑开始了婚姻生活。actuality: A trip to the moon is now an actuality. 登月旅行现在已成为事实。 endow: Nature endowed her with beauty and wit. 她天生才貌双全。
Lesson 8 Three Cups of Tea (Excerpts) Translation 1. 当他被人从河里救出来时，几乎半死不活了。 2. 在我上一次访问这个村子时，那里还没有学校。现在一所小学已经屹立在山顶上。 3. 他恢复了知觉，睁开眼睛，想努力搞清楚发生了什么事，为什么他躺在那里。 4. 展览会上最吸引观众的是新奇的电子产品。 5. 温室里的许多奇花异草引起大家争先拍照。 6. 这位作家出生于一个大家庭，他的家谱可以追溯到十五代以前。 7. 当地少数民族在杀牲口前，先要举行一番宗教仪式，请求上苍允许他们杀生。 8. 村民们贫穷的事实并非说明他们就愚昧无知。 9. 志愿者们的共同努力使得项目开展起来了。 10. 登山者感到头晕，几乎站立不住，一是由于过度疲劳，也是因为太饥饿了。 参考译文 1. When he was saved from the river, he was more dead than alive. 2. On my previous visit, there was no school, but now one stands on the mountain. 3. As he came to himself, he opened his eyes, trying to figure out waht had happened and why he was lying there. 4. At the exhibition there were many novel electronic products that attracted the attention of visitors. 5. People were keen on taking pictures of the many exotic flowers and plants in the greenhouse. 6. This writer came from a large, prominent family whose genealogy streches back fifteen generations. 7. Before killing an animal, the indigenous ethnic people usually hold rituals to request permission from their God. 8. The fact that the villagers are poor doesn’t mean they are ignorant or stupid. 9. The volunteers made concerted efforts and got the project off the ground. 10. The climber felt so dizzy that he could hardly stand up, as much from over exhaustion as from starvation. 1.他把网上的流传当成一个笑话，不予理睬。（dismiss as） He dismissed the story circulating on the Internet as a joke. 2.马克?吐温的《竞选州长》是一篇着名的短篇故事。(run for) Mark Twain’s “Running for Governor” is a famous short story. 3.对于遭受灾难的人们，我们应该毫无保留地帮助他们。(reach out to) We should reach out to those who suffer from disasters without reservation. 4.考虑到他们没有经验，他们的工作成绩还是相当不错的。(given) Given their lack of experience, their work should be considered as quite good. 5.她是在华裔人占主导地位的社区里长大的。(predominantly) She grew up in a community where the inhabitants were predominantly of Chinese origin. 6.心情不好不能成为你对同事粗暴的理由。(justify) Being in a bad mood cannot justify your rude attitude toward your colleagues 7.警方把这件事视作“误解”而草草了事。(dismiss...as) The police dismissed the incident as a case of misunderstanding.
这是我整理的，希望对大家有用。蓝色部分是重点词汇。 第一课 1、一条蜿蜒的小路隐没在树荫深处。 A winding path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2、集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有。 At the bazaar, there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3、我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 I really don’t know what it is that has made him so angry. 4、新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，可有精细、复杂的传统图案。 The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. … 5、在山的那一边是一望无际的大草原。 Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6、他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 They decided to buy that house with a garage attached. 7、教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 The teachers make a point of be ing strict with the students. 8、这个小女孩很喜欢她的父亲。 The girl is very much attached to her father. 9、为了实现四个现代化，我们认为有必要学习国外的先进科学技术。 To achieve the four modernization, we make a point of learn ing from the advanced science and technology of other countries. | 10、黄昏临近时，天渐渐暗下来了。 As dusk fell, daylight faded away. 11徒工仔细地观察他的师傅，然后照着干。 The apprentice watched his master carefully and then followed suit. 12、吃完饭弗兰克常常帮助洗餐具。 Frank often took a hand in the washing-up after dinner.
青年人的四种选择 Lesson 2: Four Choices for Young People 在毕业前不久，斯坦福大学四年级主席吉姆?宾司给我写了一封信，信中谈及他的一些不安。 Shortly before his graduation, Jim Binns, president of the senior class at Stanford University, wrote me about some of his misgivings. 他写道：“与其他任何一代人相比，我们这一代人在看待成人世界时抱有更大的疑虑 ,, 同时越 来越倾向于全盘否定成人世界。” “More than any other generation, ” he said, “ our generation views the adult world with great skepticism, there is also an increased tendency to reject completely that world. ”很 明显，他的话代表了许多同龄人的看法。 Apparently he speaks for a lot of his contemporaries. 在过去的几年里，我倾听过许多年轻人的谈话，他们有的还在大学读书，有的已经毕业，他 们对于成人的世界同样感到不安。 During the last few years, I have listened to scores of young people, in college and out, who were just as nervous about the grown world. 大致来说，他们的态度可归纳如下：“这个世界乱糟糟的，到处充满了不平等、贫困和战争。 对此该负责的大概应是那些管理这个世界的成年人吧。如果他们不能做得比这些更好，他们又能拿 什么来教育我们呢？这样的教导，我们根本不需要。” Roughly, their attitude might be summed up about like this:“ The world is in pretty much of a mess, full of injustice, poverty, and war. The people responsible are, presumably, the adults who have been running thing. If they can’ t do better than that, what have they got to teach our generation? That kind of lesson we can do without. ” 我觉得这些结论合情合理，至少从他们的角度来看是这样的。 There conclusions strike me as reasonable, at least from their point of view. 对成长中的一代人来说，相关的问题不是我们的社会是否完美（我们可以想当然地认为是这 样），而是应该如何去应付它。 The relevant question for the arriving generation is not whether our society is imperfect (we can take that for granted), but how to deal with it. 尽管这个社会严酷而不合情理，但它毕竟是我们惟一拥有的世界。 For all its harshness and irrationality, it is the only world we’ ve got. 因此，选择一个办法去应付这个社会是刚刚步入成年的年轻人必须作出的第一个决定，这通 常是他们一生中最重要的决定。 Choosing a strategy to cope with it, then, is the first decision young adults have to make, and usually the most important decision of their lifetime. 根据我的发现，他们的基本选择只有四种： So far as I have been able to discover, there are only four basic alternatives: 1）脱离传统社会
1、这家公司是由几名有事业心得年轻人创立的。 This company was started by a couple of enterprising young men. 2、那是他唯一一次自己在午夜前睡觉的，因为他实在太累了。 It was the only time when he went to bed of his own accord before midnight, because he was really too tired. 3、经过长时间的仔细酝酿，书才得以完成。 Many hours of meticulous preparation have gone into writing the book.. 4、她从头到脚穿着一身黑。 She was attired from head to foot in black. 5、为攒我们去度假的钱，我节衣缩食整整一年。 I have been scrimping and saving all the year to pay for our holiday. 6、我知道他是好意，但我希望他别来管我们。 I know he is well-meaning, but I wish he’d leave us alone. 7、当有人指出他犯错误时，他非常生气。 He became very indignant when it was suggested he had made a mistake. 8、说了多少次了，安东尼，刀子和叉子要放入中间的抽屉。 I have told you for umpteen th times, Anthony, knives and forks go in the middle drawer. 9、缝纫恐怕不是我的专长。 I am afraid sewing is not my forte. 10、观众热烈的欢迎使她十分高兴。 She was buoy ed by the warm reception her audience gave her. 1、他一直努力把自己重新塑造成一名演员。 She kept trying to reinvent herself as an actress. 2、导演的新片回归到早期的电影风格。 The director’s latest film harks back to the early years of cinema. 3、教授指出了那位博士提出的新理论中一些内在的缺陷。 The professor pointed out some of the inherent defects of the new theory proposed by that doctor. 4、即便是在今天，有些传统风俗在农村地区仍然流行着。 Even today, some of the traditional customs still prevail in rural areas. 5、禁烟运动对年轻人产生了不小的影响。 The anti-smoking campaign made quite an impact on young people. 6、她的报道文章言简意赅。 Her newspaper articles are terse and to the point. 7、这一事件引发了一场两国之间的外交争端。 The incident sparked a diplomatic controversy between the two countries. 8、他的英语作文错误很多，因为他是在截止日期前匆匆写出来的。 There are many mistakes in his English composition ,because he had dashed it off just before the deadline. 9、所有的售货员似乎都带着同样假惺惺的微笑。 All sales people seem to have the same phony smile. 10、你有没有想过从事工程师这一行。 Have you ever thought of taking up engineering? 1、她欣然接受了那笔钱。 She accepted the money with alacrity.
Lesson 1 1) Little donkeys thread their way among the throngs of people. little donkeys went in and out among the people and from one side to another 2) Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. Then as you pass through a big crowd to go deeper into the market, the noise of the entrance gradually disappear, and you come to the much quieter cloth-market. 3) they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down they drop some of items that they don't really want and begin to bargain seriously for a low price. 4) he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining He will ask for a high price for the item and refuse to cut down the price by any significant amount. 5) As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear As you get near it, a variety of sounds begin to strike your ear. X．1)一条蜿蜒的小路淹没在树荫深处 A zig-zag path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2)集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有 At the bazaar there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3) 我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 I really don't know what it is that has made him so angry. 4)新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，刻有精细、复杂的传统图案。 The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. 5)在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。 Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6)他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 They decided to buy that house with. a garage attached. 7）教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 The teachers make a point of being strict with the students. 8）这个小女孩非常喜欢他的父亲。 This little girl is very much attached to her father.
高级英语第二册课文翻译 Unit1 Pub Talk and the King's English 酒吧闲聊与标准英语 亨利?费尔利 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit
高英答案翻译
Lesson10 The Trial That Rocked the World I． 1)In the 1920s，when he was a teacher at a secondary school in Dayton，a little town in the mountains of Tenessee，he was charged with teaching evolution and had to be present in the court．The trial。however，rocked the world．After the trial，he studied at the University of Chicago and became a geologist for an oil company later． 2)The struggles were in fact struggles between ignorance and wisdom．religion and science．That showed the spread of science and truth was no easy task．3)Because the result would effect the whole country，even the world． 4)Darrow and Malone thought that the Bible could co—exist with the Evolution Theory and it was acceptable for a Christion to be an evolutionist．Besides，the Bible should not be interpreted and accepted literally．Bryan just thought the opposite way. 5) The trial began with prayer by a local
II . 1) little donkeys thread their way among the throngs of people. little donkeys went in and out among the people and from one side to another 2) Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. Then as you pass through a big crowd to go deeper into the market, the noise of the entrance gradually disappear, and you come to the much quieter cloth-market. 3) they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down they drop some of items that they don't really want and begin to bargain seriously for a low price. 4) he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining He will ask for a high price for the item and refuse to cut down the price by any significant amount. 5) As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear As you get near it, a variety of sounds begin to strike your ear. X．1) 一条蜿蜒的小路淹没在树荫深处 A zig-zag path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2) 集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有At the bazaar there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3) 我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。I really don't know what it is that has made him so angry. 4) 新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，刻有精细、复杂的传统图案。The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. 5) 在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6) 他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。They decided to buy that house with. a garage attached. 7 )教师们坚持对学生严格要求。The teachers make a point of being strict with the students.
第一课 1)一条蜿蜒的小路淹没在树荫深处。 A zig-zag path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2）集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有。 At the bazaar there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3）我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 I really don't know what it is that has made him so angry. 4）新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，刻有精细、复杂的传统图案。The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. 5）在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。 Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6）他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 They decided to buy that house with. a garage attached. 7）教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 The teachers make a point of being strict with the students. 8）这个小女孩非常喜欢他的父亲。 This little girl is very much attached to her father. 9）为实现四个现代化，我们认为有必要学习外国的先进科学技术。 To achieve the four modernization, we make a point of learning
《高级英语》课文逐句翻译（12） 我为什么写作 Lesson 12：Why I Write 从很小的时候，大概五、六岁，我知道长大以后将成为一个作家。 From a very early age，perhaps the age of five or six，I knew that when I grew up I should be a writer. 从15到24岁的这段时间里，我试图打消这个念头，可总觉得这样做是在戕害我的天性，认为我迟早会坐下来伏案著书。 Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to adandon this idea，but I did so with the consciousness that I was outraging my true nature and that sooner or later I should have to settle down and write books. 三个孩子中，我是老二。老大和老三与我相隔五岁。8岁以前，我很少见到我爸爸。由于这个以及其他一些缘故，我的性格有些孤僻。我的举止言谈逐渐变得很不讨人喜欢，这使我在上学期间几乎没有什么朋友。 I was the middle child of three，but there was a gap of five years on either side，and I barely saw my father before I was eight- For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely，and I soon developed disagreeable mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. 我像一般孤僻的孩子一样，喜欢凭空编造各种故事，和想像的人谈话。我觉得，从一开始，我的文学志向就与一种孤独寂寞、被人冷落的感觉联系在一起。我知道我有驾驭语言的才能和直面令人不快的现实的能力。这一切似乎造就了一个私人的天地，在此天地中我能挽回我在日常生活中的不得意。 I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons，and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. 我知道我有驾驭语言的才能和直面令人不快的现实的能力。这一切似乎造就了一个私人的天地，在此天地中我能挽回我在日常生活中的不得意。 I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts，and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure 还是一个小孩子的时候，我就总爱把自己想像成惊险传奇中的主人公，例如罗宾汉。但不久，我的故事不再是粗糙简单的自我欣赏了。它开始趋向描写我的行动和我所见所闻的人和事。
高英汉译英 第二单元 1、And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything a Nippon railways official might say. 其次，则是因为我当时心情沉重，喉咙哽噎，忧思万缕，几乎顾不上去管那日本铁路官员说些什么。 2、The very act of stepping on this soil, in breathing this air of Hiroshima, was for me a far greater adventure than any trip or any reportorial assignment I'd previously taken. Was I not at the scene of the crime? 踏上这块土地，呼吸着广岛的空气，对我来说这行动本身已是一套令人激动的经历，其意义远远超过我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动。难道我不就是在犯罪现场吗? 3、The tall buildings of the martyred city flashed by as we lurched from side to side in response to the driver's sharp twists of the wheel. 出租车穿过广岛市区狭窄的街巷全速奔驰，我们的身子随着司机手中方向盘的一次次急转而前俯后仰，东倒西歪。与此同时，这座曾惨遭劫难的城市的高楼大厦则一座座地从我们身边飞掠而过。 4、Quite unexpectedly, the strange emotion which had overwhelmed me at the station returned, and I was again crushed by the thought that I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment, where thousands upon thousands of people had been slainin one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony . 出人意料的是，刚到广岛车站时袭扰着我的那种异样的忧伤情绪竟在这时重新袭上心头，我的心情又难受起来，因为我又一次意识到自己置身于曾遭受第一颗原子弹轰击的现场。这儿曾有成千上万的生命顷刻之间即遭毁灭，还有成千上万的人在痛苦的煎熬中慢慢死去。5、Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its--- oysters". 难得有个城市像广岛这样闻名遐迩。我既高兴而又自豪地欢迎诸位来到广岛。令广岛如此举世闻名的乃是它的——牡蛎。 6、There are two different schools of thought in this city of oysters, one that would like to preserve traces of the bomb, and the other that would like to get rid of everything, even the monument that was erected at the point of impact. 我之所以对您讲起这些，是因为我已差不多步入老年了。在这个以牡蛎闻名的城市里有两种截然不同的意见，一种主张保存原子弹爆炸留下的痕迹，另一种则主张销毁一切痕迹，甚至要拆除立于爆炸中心的纪念碑。 7、"If you write about this city, do not forget to say that it is the gayest city in Japan, even if many of the town's people still bear hidden wounds, and burns." “假如您要描写这座城市的话，千万别忘记告诉人们这是日本最快乐的城市，尽管这里的市民许多人身上还带着暗伤和明显的灼伤。” 8、But later my hair began to fall out, and my belly turned to water. 但到后来，我的头发开始脱落，腹内开始出水