英汉语言对比-习题_+答案.doc

英汉语言对比英汉语言对比一、关于比较和对比一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才显出来。

——吕叔湘我相信，对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。

——吕叔湘You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages.——Engels语言对比是指不同语言间的对比分析，通常是通过compare 和contrast两种途径。

*比较语言学（Comparative linguistics）的主要任务是寻找不同语言间的共性。

*对比语言学(contrastive linguistics)是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时的对比研究，描述它们之间的异同特别是不同之处。

二、中西方思维模式的差异对语言形式的影响1.主体性思维& 客体性思维中国传统思维把主体自身作为宇宙的中心，认为认识了自身，也就认识了自然界和宇宙的基本规律，主张“天人合一”，做事往往从主体自身出发。

这种自我体验反思，以情为主导，主观情感使传统思维带有浓厚的主体意识；西方英语民族由于受形式逻辑和理性主义的影响，把主体作为旁观者，对客体尤其是本质世界进行探究，认为只有认识自然，才能把我自然，只有探索自然才能征服自然，因而强调主体与客体的绝对分开。

因此，西方注重科学的思维模式，明确区分主体和客体，强调客观性。

思维的差异必然导致语言文化的差异，这一思维差异使得汉英具有不同的句子结构：汉语倾向于从自我出发叙述客观事物，具有主观性；而英语的句子则常以物体、抽象概念、抽象名词做主语，具有客观性。

汉语习惯于用表示人或生物的词(animate)做主语，强调主题，而英语则常用非生物名词(inanimate)做主语，强调主语，即汉语重人称，英语重物称。

例如“Misfortune accompanied me.”，汉语则表达为“我经历了重重不幸”。

汉语常常认为人和自然是一个有机的整体，主张主客一体，因此常以有生命的名词充当主语，句子的语态不是很明显，被动语态使用就不是很多。

英汉语言对比与翻译练习注意事项：１．英汉语言句法／句式差别；２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律；Sentences:1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in mostcases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。

3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marchingrapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointedto a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and thekind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated inthe United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.11.Starvation was a remote threat.12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on thephone.14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.15.She was always a crier any way.16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he wasvery hungry because he had had no food for two days.18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office andno returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities iscompounded by the paucity of the information media.20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depressionat coming to Prague.21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of theoil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had meltedto a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% ofthose surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been a garden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( Tess of the D’urberville P60)25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraordinary appearance of Car’s back;which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hairreflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神.28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖，忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗，瞪着眼，准对伊冲过来，便十分害怕，不敢说完话，回身走了。

英汉语言对比一．英汉语音对比英语和汉语是非亲属语言。

从语言形态学分类来说，英语属于印欧语系，汉语属于汉藏语系，两者差别较大。

语音是语言的物质外壳，具有一切声音所共有的属性，即音色、音高、音强和音长。

音色是各种语言都重视的。

正因为语音有各种不同的音色，而各种语言所选择的具体音位又不同，这才构成各种语言不同的音位系统。

对于其他3种要素，英汉两种语言的敏感程度就不同，它们在两种语言中所起的作用也不同。

英语对音强变化非常敏感，它强调重音的作用，因此被列为重音语言。

汉语则对音高变化十分敏感，音高的区别即为声调，因此汉语是典型的声调语言，对于音长的敏感程度汉语不及英语强烈。

1.英汉元、辅音系统对比英语的元音系统比较简单，由12个单元音和8个双元音组成。

汉语（以北京普通话为主）的元音系统较为复杂。

汉语的每个音节由声母和韵母组成，而韵母又分为单韵母、复韵母和鼻韵母，分别由单元音、复元音及元音加鼻辅音n 或ng充当。

英语有辅音24个，汉语有22个（包括作韵尾的ng）。

2.英汉音节结构对比英语和汉语各自有一套区别词义的音位，不仅如此，各个音位在音节中分布的位置和聚合方式，两种语言也各有特点。

比如说，汉语里辅音只有n和ng可以出现在音节末尾，如ān安、áng昂，而英国英语的辅音除/h、j、w、r/外，都可出现载词末位置上（美国英语中/r/可以再次为出现）。

汉语构成音节的方法非常简单：前声后韵，声调则附于整个音节之上。

汉语音节结构简单，加上声韵配合的受限性，使得汉语音节数目小得很，据一中国学者（1957）统计，除儿化音和轻音外、不分声调的音节只有432个，分声调的有1376个；而1950年美国出版的《普通语音学》（General Phonetics）一书中，则认为汉语若不算声调，共有411个音节，如附上四声，则有1644个音节。

这两组数字虽然不完全相同，但如果拿来与英语近万的音节数相比，无论如何只能算是一个很小的数目。

第二章英汉语言对比A Comparison between English and Chinese第二部分Part TwoProcedures of today:●Differences between English and Chinese syntax●Differences between English and Chinese rhetoric●Differences between English and Chinese discourse●Exercises in class●Assignments of today●“…so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.”E. A. Nida●就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别，就是形合和意合的对比。

Differences between syntax:●形合与意合（hypotaxis and parataxis): 英汉两种语言最本质的区别●Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, e.g.I shall despair if you don‟t come.●形合指句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形式手段（如连词或关联词）连接起来，表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。

●Parataxis: The juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions, e.g.The rain fell; the river flooded; the houses were washed away.●意合指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达。

第三章英汉语言对比汉语属汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan Family）英语印欧语系（Indo-European Family）一、语音（phonetics）汉语的音素分为元音和辅音两大类。

汉语的音节有四种类型：V；CV；VC；CVC。

元音占优势。

没有复辅音英语的音素也分为元音和辅音两大类。

英语的音节构成却复杂得多。

除了上述四种，还可由三个辅音或四个辅音连缀在一起，如：汉语是声调语言（tone language），有四声：阴平，阳平，上声和去声。

英语不是声调语言，而是语调语言（intonation language）。

语调既有语法作用，能分开陈述句、疑问句或反意问句，也有独特的表意作用，具有很强的表情功能，不同的语调可以表示不同的态度、口气和思想感情。

英语的单词没有声调，但有重音（stressed syllable），重音有规则的排列是英语的重要语音特征。

双音节词和三音节词的重音一般在第一音节，四音节和四音节以上的词的重音一般在倒数第三个音节。

二、词汇（vocabulary）公元前206年，世界上的第一部解释词义的专著《尔雅》。

公元100年，许慎的《说文解字》汉语和英语的词类划分有同有异。

汉语分实词（content word）和虚词（empty word）两大类。

实词有名词、形容词、数词、代词、动词、副词和量词，虚词有介词、连词、叹词和助词（结构助词“的地得”，时态助词“着了过”，情态（语气）助词“吗呢吧啊嘛了[语气词]”等）。

英语也分实词和虚词两大类，实词也是名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词和数词，英语没有量词；虚词又称功能词（function word）或形式词（form word），包括介词、连词、感叹词和冠词等。

汉语没有冠词。

单音节发展为双音节，双音节占优势。

英语句子中，名词与介词占优势；汉语句子中，动词占优势。

三、语法（grammar）汉语语法呈隐含性（covertness），英语语法呈外显性（overtness）。

《英汉对比研究》试题一、简单解释下列术语（40%）：1．对比语言学与比较语言学2．历时与共时研究3．显性与隐性4．形合和意合二、通过汉英版本对比，简略说明汉英中的柔性与刚性的语法特征（15%）：远书归梦两悠悠，只有空床敌素秋。

阶下青苔与红树，雨中寥落月中愁。

（李商隐《端居》）Staying Idle in My RoomLetters from my wife and old dreams with herAre both remote and vague.There is only clear autumnTo accompany me on my empty bed.With crimsoned trees and Green mossesUnder the stepping-stone.I feel solitary during the rainAnd melancholy under the moon.三、试用分析下列英汉版本，总结替代和重复在英汉话语组织法方面的特征（15%）：After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the rows of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “Carry it carefully,” I cautioned.他们注视着那些鱼类好一会儿后，便要我给他们几对不同的鱼，一面在水箱之间走来走去，一面将所有的鱼指出来，我把他们选定的鱼用网捞出来，先放在一个让他带回去的容器中，再(…) 装进一个不漏水的袋子里，以便携带，然后将袋子交给那个男孩儿。