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第四讲 商务文体的翻译(合同)

第四讲商务文体的翻译(合同)

合同的作用在于明确陈述和规定不同当事人在有关活动中的权利和义务,由于其涉及领域广泛,如商品、贸易、商检、运输、保险、技术、金融、法律等,因而涉及到不同领域的专业词语和术语。

1. Structure of Contract

1) 合同的开头

EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT (SALES)

EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________ (month), ____ (year), by and between: _______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Company"), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Employee"), an individual, with nationality of _________ (Passport No._____) residing at _____________.

本聘用协议于___年_月_日签订,双方当事人为:

依_州法律组织设立的________公司(以下简称本公司) ,主营业地为_______,与

___国籍的____ (护照号码: _____)(以下简称雇员), 居住于_________________。

2) Recitals

由数个以"Whereas"字样开头的句子所组合而成(这些句子俗称为"Whereas Clauses" 即鉴于条款)。"Whereas"的本义是"When in fact"、"considering that"、或"that being the case"的意思,所以"Whereas Clauses"就表示当事人乃是在基于对这些事实(例如订约的目的、背景、原由等)的共同认识,订立此合同。以下是一个补偿贸易合同(Compensation Trade Contract)的Whereas Clauses,很简单明了地表达了双方合作的意愿。

WITNESSETH

兹证明(通常不译)

Whereas Party B has machines and equipment, which are now used in Party B's manufacturing of steel wire rope, and is willing to sell to Party A the machines and equipment; and

鉴于乙方拥有用于生产钢丝绳的机械设备,愿向甲方出售该机械设备;Whereas Party B agrees to buy the products, steel wire rope, made by Party A using the machines and equipment Party B supplies, in compensation of the price of the machines and equipment, and

鉴于乙方同意购买甲方用乙方所供应的该机械设备生产的产品,钢丝绳来补偿该机械设备的价款;

Whereas Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the machines and equipment, and

鉴于甲方同意从乙方购买该机械设备;鉴于甲方同意向乙方出售产品钢丝绳以补偿乙方机械设备的价款;

Whereas Party A agrees to sell to Party B the products, the steel wire rope, in compensation of the price of Party B's machines and equipment;

Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows:

因此,基于上述诸点认识双方特立契约,约定如下:

Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows:

兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因,订约双方协议如下:

3) 正文(Hanbendum)

正文(Hanbendum) 部分, 也称为Body, 具体约定当事人的权利义务。各式各样的正文条款是合同中最核心的部份,也是篇幅最大的部份,与当事人的权利义务关系发生最直接、最密切的牵连。

英文合同中的正文条款分为两类:「特殊条款」与「一般条款」。所谓「特殊条款」指的是只有在某些特定性质的合同中才会出现的条款,例如劳动合同中通常会约定保密条款、竞业禁止条款,但是买卖同就不会有这些约定。反过来说,买卖合同中一般要记载交易标的、交易条件等等条款,在劳动合同中就不会出现。

相对于「特殊条款」的所谓「一般条款」,指的是不论合同性质如何,几乎所有的合同中都会记载的条款,例如违约条款等等。

4) 证明部分(Attestation)

英文合同结构中的最后一个部份就是结尾辞即证明部分与当事人的签名。所谓「结尾辞」指的是在当事人签名之前经常会出现一段文字,相当于中文合同中“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。除了表明签名人确实为正当授权的代表外,还会具明签名的日期。至于签名档的部份,如果当事人是公司的话,除了代表人的签名以外,还要加盖公司印鉴,并且通常会注明代表人的职务(title)。

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above.

___________________ ___________________

By: By:

Title: Title:

本协议由被授权之人,于本协议上述所记载日期,代表双方当事人缔结生效之,特此为证。

_________________ __________________

代表人:代表人:

职务:职务:

IN WITNESS WHEREOF

这三个词是英文合同结尾辞的标准模式,实体上讲并没有什幺特别的功能或意义,与中文合同里最后通常会记载的「恐口说无凭,特立契为证」很类似,也有用IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF 替代,意思也是一样的。

2. 文体特征

1)用词正式严谨

The Agreement shall commence on this day and automatically terminate upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of either of the parties hereto.

The participants in the joint venture shall commence discussion with regard to the extension of the period of existence of the venture and in the event of their agreeing upon such extension, they shall record such agreement in a written document signed by all of them not later than three years prior to the expiry of the current period. According to in accordance with

Be thought/considered be deemed

If/when in the event that/of

About in respect thereof

Friendly discussion amicable consultation

Noted/settled/if provided (that)

Buy purchase

Being talked about in question

If the Subcontractor fails to commence and satisfactorily continue correction of a default within three working days after Receipt by the Subcontractor of the notice issued under Article 10. 11, then the Contractor may, in lieu of or in addition to Article 10.11, issue a second written notice, by certified mail, to the Subcontractor and its surety, if any. 如果按照第10.11条款发出的通知被分包商收到后三天之内分包商未能开始并继续进行更正,那么承包商可以用挂号邮寄的方式向分包商或分包商的担保人(如

果有担保人的话)再寄一份书面通知,以替代或者补充条款10.11。

2)指称的间接性和词汇重复

Both Party A and Part B agree that a technology transfer agreement shall be signed between the joint venture company and Party C (or a third party)

甲、乙双方同意,由合营公司与丙方(或第三方)签订技术转让协议

The Buyer has the right to lodge a claim against the Seller and all the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the Seller. The claim mentioned above shall be regarded as being accepted if the Seller fails to reply within 15 days after the Seller received the Buyer’s claim.

If Party B asks to cancel the contract due to events beyond control, it should produce certification by the department concerned, obtain Party A’s consent, and pay the return expenses; if Party B cancels the contract without valid reason, it should pay the return expenses and pay breach penalty to Party A. If Party A asks to cancel the contract due to events beyond control,with the consent of Party B, it should pay Party B’s return expen ses; if Party A cancels the contract without valid reason, it should pay Party B’s return expenses and pay a breach penalty to Party B.

3) 词语并列

在商务合同英语中有词汇并列使用的现象(juxtaposition) ,即同(近) 义词或相关词往往由and 或or 连接并列使用,例如:covenants or agreements, stipulations and provisions; complaints and claims ,furnish and provide ,fulfill or perform , transferable or assignable , null and void ,in full force and effect等。

This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers, whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated below.

In case part of or all know-how of the above mentioned technical contents have been published by Licensor or any third party, Licensee obtains evidence of such publication, the licensee shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential.

4) 名词化结构

a.由of连接主谓关系

That the L/ C complies with what is stipulated in the Contract is of vital importance. The compliance of the L/ C with the stipulations of the Contract is of vital importance(名词结构) .

b. 由of连接动宾关系

One of the most important factors is that proceeds are transmitted from the buyer to the seller in transactions smoothly.

One of the most important factors is the smooth transmission of proceeds from the buyer to the seller in transactions(名词结构) .

c. 用of连接含有by 的短语,把从句转换成名词短语

The both parties fulfilled the contract satisfactorily will be the basis for the development of business and further cooperation.

The satisfactory fulfillment of the contract by both parties will be the basis for the development of business and further cooperation. (名词化结构)

d. 被动结构转换成名词

It has been agreed that Party B may use the trademarks owned by Party A for the sale of the Washing Machines covered herein within the validity.

An agreement has been made that Party B may use the trademarks owned by Party A for the sale of the Washing Machines covered herein within the validity. (名词化结构)

e. 副词与动词一起转换成名词词组

The quality, quantity , condition and/ or weight of the goods ordered by the buyer shall strictly conform to the Contract stipulations.

The quality, quantity , condition and/ or weight of the goods ordered by the buyer shall be in strict/ exact conformity with the Contract stipulations. (名词化结构)

[VIP专享]商务合同中英文翻译

汉译英 1.卖方将尽力在交货期内包装好所有货物。 The seller will endeavor to complete all packaging within time for the delivery date. 2.买方承担在货物运输和销售中的成本和费用。32 The buyer is responsible for the costs and charges incurred in the sale and transport of the goods. 3.卖方将一次性发送货物。到交货地的运输方式将由卖方决定。33 The seller will deliver the goods in a single shipment. The mode of transport to the point of delivery is at the seller’s discretion. 4.卖方应尽一切努力启运货物以便能及时交货。 The seller will make every effort to commence transport of the goods so that they will arrive by the delivery date. 5.如果推迟交货,卖方应立即告知买方推迟交货,预定的交货期和耽搁的理由。 If there is any delay, the seller will immediately notify the buyer of the delay, the expected time for delivery, and the reason for the delay. 买方有权就新的交货日期与卖方进行重新磋商,双方将以书面形式在协议上写下所做出的修改。或者,买方有权通知卖方终止合同。 The buyer will then have the option to renegotiate with the seller for a new delivery date, which the parties will confirm in writing as a modification to this agreement, or to notify the seller that the agreement is terminated. 6.为了自己的利益,买方将为运输中的货物投保。34 The buyer will obtain and pay, on its own account, for all insurance on the goods while in transit. 7.在货物运输前,保险人将把保险证明,如保单或由保险人所出具的其他证明交给买方。 Evidence of this insurance, in the form of a copy of the policy or other statement provided by the insurer, will be provided to the buyer before the goods are shipped. 8.买卖双方为自己的利益为货物所投保的险种将由其自行负担费用。 Each party is responsible for obtaining on its own account any other insurance coverage for the goods that he may desire. 9.如果买方已向卖方付款,在货物到达纽约港时货物的所有权将转移至买方。 Title to the goods will pass to the buyer at the time the goods are delivered to New York port provided the buyer has transmitted payment to the seller by that time. 10.如果延迟装运是由于买方无法及时提供此类证据,在这种情况下,卖方不违约。 If shipment is delayed because the buyer fails to furnish such proof timely, the seller will not be deemed to have breached the contract. 11.买方同意货物被运送到美国,并同意货物不会被运往其它国家。买方也不会在货物到达美国后再出口。 The buyer covenants that the goods will be shipped to and delivered in US and that the buyer will not ship or deliver the goods to any other country, nor will the buyer re-export the goods after delivery in US. 12.买方有权在卖方的营业地检验或让其代理人检验货物。36 The buyer is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the goods at the seller’s place of business. 13.在交货后90天内,卖方可免费为买方换任何有瑕疵的货物,由此所产生的运输费用由卖方承担。 Within 90 days after delivery, the seller will replace free of charges, including the cost of transportations, any part of the goods found defective. 14.卖方应补偿买方任何由此类诉讼所承担的责任、支付的赔偿、花费及诉讼费用。37 The seller will indemnify the buyer against any liability, damage, or expenses incurred in connection with any such suit and will pay any judgment entered against the buyer in such suit. 15.这一协议的生效条件是:买方获得美国政府部门签发的进口许可证,卖方获得中国政府部门签发的出口许可证。38 This agreement is subject to the issuance of an import license to the buyer by the appropriate agency of US government and the issuance of an export license to the seller by the appropriate agency of China government. 16.如果任何一方通知另一方不想或不能履行协议,收到通知的一方有权撤销协议。 If either party notifies the other party that it will not, or is unable to, perform this agreement the party receiving notices is entitled to cancel the agreement. 17.为了使撤销有效,撤销的一方应通知另一方协议已撤销。撤销的日期是收到不履行协议通知的日期。 To make the cancellation effective, the party seeking to cancel must give notice to the other party that the agreement is deemed canceled. The date of the cancellation will be the date on which the party receives the notice of the nonperformance.

商务英语合同翻译范本

合同 编号:日期: 买受人: 出售人: 本合同由买卖双方订立,根据本合同规定的条款,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售下述商品: 1.货名,规格,数量 2.单价,总价 3.生产国和制造商 4.包装 用坚固的新木箱包装,适宜长途海运,并具备良好的防潮,防震,防锈,耐粗暴搬运能力,由于包装不当而引起的货物损坏或由于防护措施不善而引起货物锈蚀,卖方应赔偿由此而造成的全部损失费用。 5.唛头 卖方应在每件包装上,用不褪色油墨清楚地标刷件号、尺码、毛重、净重、“此端向上”、“小心轻放”、“切勿受潮” 等字样。 6.运日期 7.装运港 8.目的港

9.保险装运后由买方投保。 10.支付条件 ⑴信用证付款,买方在收到卖方根据合同第12条规定的提前装运的通知后,应于运输的15日到20日之前,按货物总金额的全部。通过_______(银行),设立以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的信用证。卖方凭本合同第11条规定的装运单据及开出的即期汇票提交给开证银行贷款,信用证的有效期至货物运装后15天为止。 ⑵托收付款,卖方应把合第11条所规定的由_______(银行)开具的装运单据转交买方。 ⑶根据合同第11条货款应在收据收到的7天前生效。 11.单据 ⑴卖方应将下列单据提交付款银行托收付款,若以信汇付款,下列单据应寄买方: (a)填写通知目的口岸对外贸易运输公司的空白抬头、空白背 书的全套已装船的清洁提单,注明“运费到付”,并通知货口岸___________公司。 (b)发票五份,注明合同号,唛头。(唛头在一份以上,发票 需独立出具)。 (c)五份发票需注明货物重量,编号和发票相应的日期。 (d)按照本合同第16条第一项规定,提交由制造厂签发的质 量和数量/重量证明书及检验报告各两份。

系统功能语言学理论指导下的商务合同翻译

系统功能语言学理论指导下的商务合同翻译X 杨芳 (湖南税务高等专科学校长沙市410116) 摘要本文从韩礼德的系统功能语言学角度出发,用其语域理论对商务合同英语语篇进行分析,目的有三:(1)试图通过语言学分析揭示,对翻译文本进行语言分析可以帮助译者从新的角度审视翻译问题; (2)用系统功能语言学分析描述商务合同及其译文,可以检验系统功能语言学理论在语篇分析和翻译研究方面的可应用性和可操作性;(3)得出商务合同英语的忠实、准确、统一的翻译标准。 关键词商务合同英语翻译系统功能语言学语域特征 Abstract T his paper is an attempt to study the English tex t of business contract from the perspectiv e of reg-ister theory in systemic functional linguistics.T he t hree underlying pur poses o f this study are:(1)to show how a systemic functional analysi s can provide insight to the study of translation,(2)to test the applicability o f systemic functional ling uist ics in discourse analysis and translat ion studies,and(3)to show the translation standards of business contract in translation)/faithfulness,ex actness and consistency0. Key Words English of business contract translatio n systemic functional ling uist ics reg ister characterist ics 1引言 在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天,国际商务活动日益频繁。自然人或法人之间为实现一定的商务目的,按一定的合法手续达成的规定相互权利和义务的契约)))商务合同的翻译也日显重要。商务合同英语翻译在操作过程中必然要涉及到对英汉语言本质的认识及对两种语言使用规律的理解。同时,要做到对这种应用文体翻译的准确,译者应该找到符合目的语规范的译法,也就是要从语言学角度研究翻译问题。本文从系统功能语言学的角度出发,对商务合同英语进行语域特征分析,以求商务合同英语翻译的准确。 2语域理论简介 语域理论是以韩礼德(M.A.K.Halliday)为代表的系统功能语言学派的一个重要内容。它是韩礼德等语言学家在把语言同社会和人放在一起来加以考察和研究的过程中发展起来的。该学派特别重视语言发生的环境)))语境的作用,认为语言总是在一定的语境中发生,并在一定的语境中得以理解和解释。按照韩礼德的语域理论,决定语言特征的三大情景因素是:语场(field)即话语范围,语式(mode)即谈话方式,语旨(tenor)即谈话人关系。语境的这三个因素中任何一项改变,都会引起所交流意义的变化,从而引起语言的变异,产生不同类型的语域(register)。在实际交往中,语篇的语义功能与这三个因素有着某种对应关系:语场决定着概念功能的意义范围,语式决定着语篇功能的意义范围,语旨决定着人际功能的意义范围。因此,语域可以影响语篇(一个语义单位)的语体和结构。 笔者在研究语域问题时发现,语域理论这种将语言变体放在具体的文化语境和情景语境中进行研究,将逻辑概念意义、交际意义及语篇意义有机结合起来进行理解和解释,实际上就是兼顾了语言系统内部的纯语言意义与语言的社会意义与功能。这正是我们在翻译中所追求的。将这一理论引入翻译领域,可以为我们提供一种描述某些超语言因素的规范,帮助我们在翻译中成功地实现意义转换。 3商务合同语场、语式、语旨 商务合同是由一组与一定语境和上下文有联系的、在内容和结构上密切相关的、表达相对 第18卷1期2005年2月 中国科技翻译 CH INES E SC IE NCE&TECHNOLOGY TRANSLAT ORS JOURNAL Vol.18.No.1 Feb.2005 X收稿日期:2004)07)10/42

商务合同英文翻译注意事项(实例讲解)

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商务合同英文翻译注意事项(实例讲解)

商务合同英译的注意事项(实例版) 、尸■、亠 前言 英译商务合同貌似简单,实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体,重在记实,用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。 本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例,从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。 一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词 商务合同属于法律性公文,所以英译时,有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上,这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多,而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where 等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如:从此以后、今后:hereafter; 此后、以后:thereafter ;在其上:there on thereup on ; 在其下:thereunder; 对于这个:hereto; 对于那个:whereto ;在上文: here in abovehere in before ;在下文:herei nafterherei nbelow ;在上文中、在上一部分中:thereinbefore ;在下文中、在下一部分中:thereinafter.现用两个实例,说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例1:本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer andthe Builder. 例2:下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is moreappropriate are made in China. 二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语

英文商务合同范本

合同 CONTRACT 日期:合同号码: Date: Contract No.: 买方:(The Buyers) 卖方:(The Sellers) 兹经买卖双方同意按照以下条款由买方购进,卖方售出以下商品: This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers; whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned goods subject to the terms and conditions as stipulated hereinafter: (1) 商品名称: Name of Commodity: (2) 数量: Quantity: (3) 单价: Unit price: (4) 总值: Total Value: (5) 包装: Packing: (6) 生产国别: Country of Origin : (7) 支付条款: Terms of Payment: (8) 保险: Insurance: (9) 装运期限: Time of Shipment: (10) 起运港: Port of Lading:

(11) 目的港: Port of Destination: (12)索赔:在货到目的口岸45天内如发现货物品质,规格和数量与合同不符,除属保险公司或船方责任外,买方有权凭中国商检出具的检验证书或有关文件向卖方索赔换货或赔款。 Claims: Within 45 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination, should the quality, Specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable. The Buyers shall, have the right on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the C.C.I.C and the relative documents to claim for compensation to the Sellers. (13)不可抗力:由于人力不可抗力的原由,发生在制造、装载或运输的过程中导致卖方延期交货或不能交货者,卖方可免除责任。在不可抗力发生后,卖方须立即电告买方及在14天内以空邮方式向买方提供事故发生的证明文件,在上述情况下,卖方仍须负责采取措施尽快发货。 Force Majeure: The sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-deli-very of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. The sellers shall advise the Buyers immediately of the occurrence mentioned above the within fourteen days there after. The Sellers shall send by airmail to the Buyers for their acceptance certificate of the accident. Under such circumstances the Sellers, however, are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods. (14)仲裁:凡有关执行合同所发生的一切争议应通过友好协商解决,如协商不能解决,则将分歧提交中国国际贸易促进委员会按有关仲裁程序进行仲裁,仲裁将是终局的,双方均受其约束,仲裁费用由败诉方承担。 Arbitration: All disputes in connection with the execution of this Contract shall be settled friendly through negotiation. In case no settlement can be reached, the case then may be submitted for arbitration to the Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission. The Arbitration committee shall be final and binding upon both parties. And the Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing parties.

商务英语合同翻译策略——以同义互训词语分类应用为例

Business Collection 商务必读 https://www.doczj.com/doc/f512809374.html, 2012年3月 237 商务英语合同翻译策略 -以同义互训词语分类应用为例 江西电力职业技术学院 谢雯 王懿华 摘 要:作为商务合同或者法律文件需要有着非常严谨的语言和用词,这就需要在使用同义词时要特别注意,本文主要探讨了商务英语合同中的同义互训词语的基本类别,它主要包含了显性同义互训、隐性同义互训,显性同义互训的有相对同义、换位同义和相关同义互训。隐性互训主要包含语篇同义互训。通过对这些同义互训词语的分析,以求在最大程度上完整并准确地表达出原文的本意。关键词:商务英语 合同 同义互训中图分类号:F724 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-5800(2012)03(c)-237-021 语篇同义互训 语篇同义互训则体现为一种更为隐蔽的语义关系,其不以短距 离的词汇衔接纽带表达语义,出现的语境更加宽泛,不仅仅限制于 同一句子中,还可能延伸到其他的句子甚至是整个语篇中,因此属 于隐性同义互训。通常以长距离的词汇衔接纽带构成语篇贯穿始终 的线索,从而来实现语境的统一和语篇的连贯。胡壮麟等也指出同 义互训是一种体现语篇功能的方式,因为“经常同现的词汇也具有 连句成篇的作用”。下面我们结合具体实例分析相应的翻译方法。 例:Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract, except for the Force Majeure cases, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on the condition that the Seller agrees to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation. The rate of penalty is charged at 0.5% of the total value of the contracted goods whose delivery has been delayed .The total amount of penalty shall not ,however ,exceed 5% of the total value of goods invovled in late delivery . 译文:除不可抗力外,如果卖方未按合同规定按时交货,买方应同 意卖方在支付罚款的条件下延期交货,而罚金由付款行从议付款中直 接扣除。罚款率是迟交货物总价的0.5%,但不得超过货款总价的5%。 在这个语篇中我们发现仅有几百字中,频繁出现相同语义但 是表达并不一样的表达方式, “fail to make delivery ”,“postpone the delivery ”,“delivery has been delayed ”,和“late delivery ”。这些词语在空 间位置上并不是特别相近,但是在语义关系上相互照应,在突出语篇 的主题中发挥着非常重要的作用,即“迟交货物”,使各个部分有机地 组合起来,从而完成了语篇的衔接连贯。在翻译语篇同义互训词语时,最重要的是注意句与句之间的衔接与全文的连贯。因此“fail to make delivery ”,“postpone the delivery ”我们分别选择同义动词短语“未按时 交货”、“延期交货”来翻译。而后面两个同义互训短语的词性稍有不 同,因此用“迟交货物”来翻译更符合汉语习惯。 “late delivery ” 与前句中的“delivery has been delayed ”指称相互照应,翻译时可以采用省略 法,仅用“货款总价”翻译“late delivery ”即可。这样,译文在实现语篇功 能的同时,又能达到语言流畅自然且不乏变化。 2 相对同义互训 对于这类同义词的翻译,可以进一步分为两种情况。 第一种是以几个词项共同限定唯一的、确切的含义。首先可以 根据语境分析出各个词项的义项,再选取义项之间互相交叉的部分,这样就可以做到准确地传达原义了,如下例所示:例(1) This agreement or any part of this agreement shall not be assigned or transferred by either party without the prior written consent of the other party.原译:本协议或本协议中的任何一部分条款,任何一方在没有得到对方事先的书面同意之前,不得出让或转让给他人。改译:任何一方在没有得到对方事先的书面同意之前不得将本协议或本协议中的任何一部分条款转让给他人。例(2) Any dispute or controversy between the parties with respect to this Contract shall be determined in accordance with the laws. 译文:本合同的任何纠纷应依法处理。“dispute ”是一个多义词,根据《牛津英汉双解商务英语词典》,其义项包括“质疑”、“争论”、“辩论”和“纠纷”,而“controversy ”则包括“争论”、“辩论”和“纠纷”。当它们组合为一个同义互训结构时,两个词项的义项会发生相交叉的情况,由此形成一个交集,包括“争论”、“辩论”和“纠纷”三个义项,而“质疑”这个义项就暂时被悬置(suspense)起来。这时再根据词项出现的语境或上下文,从三个义项中选择最合适的一个进行翻译。因此,这里的“dispute or controversy ”可以翻译为“纠纷”,这种翻译方法可以称为义项交叉法(acceptance intersection)。同样,既然是相对同义,首先需要进行义项的分析。”Assign ”包括“分配”、“指定”、“把什么归于某人”等义项,“transfer ”则包括“调动” 、“转校”、“改变”、“迁移”等。当然在进行义项分析时,没有必要把所有的义项一一罗列,主要是要找到两个词项之间交叉的部分。根据《牛津英汉双解商务英语词典》,“assign ”和“transfer ”两个词项存在一个义项交集,即“of ? cially arrange for sth to belong to sb else or for sb else to control sth ”,都可指将商品、财产或利益所有权合法出让、转让给他人。由于在汉语中,出让和转让也是同义词,翻译时最好不要译为并列的词组,以免语义重复,因此可以将两个词项调整为一个词项,合译为“转让”即可。可以看出,上述同义互训词的特点,即同义互训的词项之间存在一个义项的交集,换句话说,词项的意义是相容的,因此这类同义互训又可称为相容性(compatible)相对同义。然而,需要指出的是,并不是所有相对同义的同义互训词语处理方式都千篇一律,请看下例:例(3) The sellers shall be liable for any damage and loss of the 作者简介:谢雯(1966-) ,女,江西宜春人,硕士 ,副教授,副院长。 主要从事英语教学研究和管理工作。

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