阅读技能训练-- 长难句分析
S t r a t e g i e s o f S e n t e n c e s A n a l y s i n g
编写人：李荣荣
教师寄语：T h e m o s t g l o r i o u s m o m e n t s i n y o u r l i f e a r e n o t t h e s o-c a l l e d d a y s o f s u c c e s s,b u t r a t h e r t h o s e d a y s w h e n o u t o f d e j e c t i o n a n d d e s p a i r y o u f e e l r i s e i n y o u a c h a l l e n g e t o l i f e,a n d t h e p r o m i s e o f f u t u r e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t.(G u s t a v e F l a u v e r t,F r e n c h w r i t e r)人的一生中，最为辉煌的一天并不是功成名就的那些天，而是从悲叹与绝望中产生对人生的挑战和未来的辉煌的期盼的那些日子。（法国作家福楼拜G）
高考导航：
在阅读理解中，考生经常碰到许多结构复杂的句子，也就是所谓的长难句。命题者在句子理解难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考察考生综合阅读能力的目的。长难句在阅读理解中容易给考生造成阅读障碍，形成心理压力，使考生失分。
高考对接：
(2016全国I，B）1）"In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn't get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own," says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents. "We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when you‘re raising children.”
27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?
A. They were unsure of themselves
B. They were eager to raise more children.
C. They wanted to live away from their parents.
D. They had little respect for their grandparents.
(2016全国I，C）2）She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed (改道) me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.
31. Which flight did the woman put Peter on first?
A. To London.
B. To Newark.
C. To Providence.
D. To Washington.
(2016全国I，D）3）Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, whena person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.
33. Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?
A.The Chinese.
B. The French.
C. The Mexicans.
D. The Russians.
(2016全国I，D）4）Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient's silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.
A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.
34. What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?
A.Let it continue as the patient pleases.
B. Break it while treating patients.
C. Evaluate its harm to patients.
D. Make use of its healing effects.
高考指南：句子过长或者句式复杂的主要原因是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分，如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等等。这些附属成分常有逗号或分隔符号与句子隔开，且插在一个句子中间，使本来完整的句子被断开，因而增加
句意理解的难度。
长难句的基本特征
(一) 含多种从句和修饰语的复合句
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生不明白整个句子结构。考生应通过仔细分析找出主干和修饰成分，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
(二) 分隔结构和成分省略的干扰
为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，英语中将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。
(三)正常语序的改变
改变语序主要指倒装句式。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现。希望考生能结合阅读实践来体会上述句法特征。
阅读中常见长难句分类：结构分割，语序改变，成分省略，包含多个成分或从句的复合句，含多个简单或复合句的并列句，带有较多成分的简单句
长难句分析步骤
1、首先确定句子是简单句、并列句或复合句。
2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入
较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。
3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。
4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。
长难句分析的注意事项：在分析句子成分时，还应特别注意下列几点：
1、是否有同位语和插入语。
2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。
3、替代词的所指对象。
4、判断并列成分的层次。
5、句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。
6、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。
7、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。
8、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。
高考策略指导
任务一头脑风暴（回忆简单句的五种基本句型结构并且确保自己能区分简单句，并列句和复合句）
简单句的五种基本句型
1. 主语(S)＋谓语(不及物动词V)
The sun rises. 太阳升起来了。
2. 主语(S)＋谓语(及物动词V)＋宾语(O)
During holidays, he enjoys music every day.
假期的每天他都在享受音乐。
I feel a bit cold.
3. 主语(S)＋系动词(V)＋表语(P)
4. 主语(S)＋谓语(及物动词V)＋间接宾语(IO)＋直接宾语(DO)
Mother sent me an email about her coming yesterday.
昨天我妈妈给我发了一封她要来的电子邮件。
5. 主语(S)＋谓语(及物动词V)＋宾语(O)＋宾语补足语(OC)
I saw him sleeping.
任务二自主探究下列句子结构然后尝试翻译大概意思（探究指导：自主探究通过标志词判断整体句子属于简单句，并列句还是复杂句，并且注意没有省略或倒装情况）
任务三合作探究正确分析每个句子结构的方法并且核对答案（探究指导：小组合作探究快速正确找到标志词的方法并且用红笔标出自己的错误之处）
1、带有较多成分的简单句
任务：a.请勾画出句子主谓，再翻译句子。 b. 判断非谓语动词充当的成分。
1）Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used.
2、含有多个简单句的并列句。
任务：a. 请勾画出并列连词 b. 勾画出所有分句的主谓，再翻译句子。
2）In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful
children，but he was terribly unhappy.
2、含有多个简单句的并列句。
任务：a. 请勾画出并列连词 b. 勾画出所有分句的主谓，再翻译句子。
3）Discrimination isn’t their only concern; almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s gene(基因) develops symptoms during middle age，and doctors can do nothing to help.
3、包含多个从句的复合句
任务：a. 请用不同形式勾画出所有从句
b. 圈出从句修饰的词，并判断从句性质，再翻译句子。
4)I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.
3、包含多个从句的复合句。
任务：a. 请用不同形式勾画出所有从句
b. 圈出从句修饰的词，并判断从句性质，再翻译句子。
5)However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them.
4. 并列句中包含复合句。
任务：a. 请勾画出并列连词， b. 勾画出并列分句中的从句
c.圈出从句修饰的词，并判断从句性质。
6) I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.
5、含有多个插入成分或分隔成分的句子。
任务：a. 请将插入成分划掉，再来翻译句子。
7)His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.
6、含有改变了语序的句子。
8）Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.
6、含有改变了语序的句子。
9）Rising through the roof is the Tower of the Sun, inside which stands a 160-–foot –tall Tree of Life.
任务四写出一个最近阅读题中碰到的印象深刻的长难句与大家一起分享（方法指导：分享时先不要着急揭秘答案）
Try to analyze the sentences
1.Can you can a can as a canner can can a can?
2.The teacher said that that that that that student said was true.
高考策略检测：
1.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B篇) Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where ——luckily for me ——I was planning to have dinner that very night.
2. (2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解C篇) The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more.
3.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读七选五) But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.
4.(2015全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解B篇) Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(难为情) when they’re in poorly lit places ——and so more likely to eat lots of food.
5.(2014全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B篇) It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons –a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world.
6.(2014全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解C篇) This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best , the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information .
重要提醒：在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。在处理长难句时，如果既能正确理解句意，又能将其准确地译成中文，那是最好了。但是，对于有些长难句，要在较短时间内（如在参加考试时）将其译成中文比较困难，此时只要能正确理解其意思就
行了。