第一部分案例通常由下列几个部分组成
一、案例名称（Case Name）；例如：Marbury v. Madison （马伯里诉麦迪逊）, v is short for versus.是“诉”的意思。
二、判决法院（Court rendering the opinion）；例如：New Jersey Supreme Court （新泽西最高法院）。
三、卷宗号；案号（Citation）；例如：93 N.J324, 461 A. 2d 138 （1983），这说明该案出自《新西汇编》第93卷，第324页，以及《大西洋汇编》第二辑第138页，该案判决于1983年。此处，A 是Atlantic Reporter的缩写。像这种指明两个或两个以上出处的卷宗号叫作：“平行卷宗号”，其英语表达为“parallel citation”，意思是“An additional reference to a case that has been reported in more than more reporter.”广义上卷宗号包括上述一、案例名称；二、判决法院。
四、主审法官姓名（Justice wrote the opinion）。
五、判决书（opinion: stating the issue raised, describing the parties and facts, discussing the relevant law, and rendering judgment.）判决书是整个案例的主体部分，其中包括法律争议（Issue）、双方当事人情况、事实经过、判决采用的相关法律以及判决结果。
判决书的阅读过程之中，要注意以下几点：1. 时态主审法官的意见用现在时态；前审法院的意见用过去时态。2. 主审法官的意见是法院意见。3除法院意见外还有两种意见，它们被称为“反对意见”（dissenting opinion or dissent）与“配合意见”（concurring opinion）。Dissenting opinion: opinion offered by a judge disagreeing with the majority panel of judges' conclusion; “反对意见”指不同意大多数法官判决结论之某一法官的意见；Concurring opinion: opinion written by a judge agreeing with the majority's conclusion but not its reasoning. “配合意见”是指同意大多数法官的意见，但是不同意判决结论的推理之某一法官的意见。
六、法庭投票（Votes of the court）例如在七名大法官审理的情况下，有几名法官的意见是“维持原判”（affirmance），有几名法官的意见是“撤销原判、发回重审”（reversal and remandment）。
第二部分
一、什么是citation?
由于卷宗号这一块涉及内容庞杂，这里再逐一特别说明一下。我们首先来看一下《布莱克法律字典》中citation的定义：A reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or treatise, that either substantiates or contradicts a given position. （p.237） 7th edition. 由于a citation is a reference to a legal authority，因此，citation必须要有一个标准，这样以后的参考者才容易检索得到。正如《布莱克法律字典》所指出的一样，Citation formats exist for many different types of legal
sources including cases, statutes and secondary legal materials. Understanding the basic format for each of these different types of sources will enable the researcher to more independently locate materials in the law library.7 l1
案例之中的卷宗号通常包括下列几个部分：
a. 案件双方当事人姓名（the names of the parties involved in the lawsuit）；
b. 包含案件全文的汇编卷号（ the volume number of the reporter containing the full text of the case）；
c. 该案例汇编的缩写名称（the abbreviated name of that case reporter）；
d. 案例开始的页码数（the page number on which the case begins）；
e. 案件判决年份（the year the case was decided）；有时还包括
f. 案件判决法院（the name of the court deciding the case）。
举例说明: Hebb v. Severson, 201 P.2d 156 （Wash. 1948）. 在这个例子当中，Hebb 是原告（plaintiff），Severson 是被告（defendant）。我们可以在《太平洋汇编》第二辑201卷第156页（volume 201 of the Pacific Reporter Second Series beginning on page 156）找到这一案例。该案是由华盛顿州最高法院（Washington State Supreme Court）于1948年判决的。
二、如何阅读案例（cases）之中的citation?
确定卷宗号之中的缩略码。请对照下列列表，找出缩略码（abbreviation）的汇编全称（full reporter title）.
Abbreviation Title 汉语汇编名称）
EA. Atlantic Reporter 大西洋汇编
A. 2d. Atlantic Reporter, 2d Series 大西洋汇编第二辑
Cal. Rep. California Reporter 加利福尼亚州汇编
F. Federal Reporter 联邦汇编
F. 2d. Federal Reporter, 2d Series 联邦汇编第二辑
F. 3d. Federal Reporter, 3d Series 联邦汇编第三辑
F. Supp. Federal Supplement 联邦补充案例
L. Ed. U.S. Supreme Court Decisions, Lawyers' Edition 美国最高法院案例汇编，律师版
L. Ed. 2d. U.S. Supreme Court Decisions, Lawyers Edition, 2d Series 美国最高法院案例汇编，律师版第二辑
N. E. Northeastern Reporter 东北汇编
N. E. 2d. Northeastern Reporter, 2d Series 东北汇编第二辑
N. W. Northwestern Reporter 西北汇编
N. W. 2d. Northwestern Reporter, 2d Series 西北汇编第二辑
N. Y. S. New York Supplement 纽约补充案例
N. Y. S. 2d. New York Supplement, 2d Series 纽约补充案例第二辑
Pacific Reporter 太平洋汇编
2d. Pacific Reporter, 2d Series 太平洋汇编第二辑
S. Ct. Supreme Court Reporter 最高法院案例汇编
S. E. Southeastern Reporter 东南汇编
BS. E. 2d. Southeastern Reporter, 2d Series 东南汇编第二辑
So. Southern Reporter 南方汇编
So. 2d. Southern Reporter, 2d Series 南方汇编第二辑
QS. W. Southwestern Reporter 西南汇编
S. W. 2d. Southwestern Reporter, 2d Series 西南汇编第二辑
U. S. United States Reports 美国案例汇编
再举两例说明，例如：Morgan v. United States, 298 U.S.468, 56 S. Ct 906, 80L.Ed. 1288 （1936）表示：摩根诉美国，收集在美国案例汇编第298卷，468页开始；最高法院案例汇编第56卷906页开始；美国最高法院案例汇编律师版第80卷，1288页开始，1936年判决。 For example, a popular name for a Supreme Court case is:
Which translates as Plaintiff versus Defendant
原告罗诉被告魏德
The official citation for this Supreme Court decision is:
410 U.S. 113
Which translates as Volume 410 United Stated Reports Page 113
410卷美国案例汇编 113页
There are several different publishers for legal documents such as court decisions. （Libraries usually only carry one of these published versions.） These publishers may be referred to in parallel citations for this case.
例如，该案的平行汇编是：
93 S. Ct. 705
Which translates as Volume 93 Supreme Court Reporter Page 705, g7
第93卷最高法院案例汇编 705页4 ]
Or
35 L. Ed. 2d 147
Which translates as Volume 35 U.S. Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers Edition, 2nd Series Page 147第35卷美国最高法院案例汇编律师版第二辑 147页
该案完整的卷宗号（full citation）就是：
Roe v. Wade 410 U.S. 113 93 S. Ct. 705 35 L. Ed. 2d.147 1972
Case name Official citation Parallel citation parallel citation Date of opinion
魔域私服https://www.doczj.com/doc/f51085416.html,/t6NqB0FRx5YZ
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
初中英语教学案例分析 思考的问题： 1．如何创造有利于学生学习的心理状态，形成积极的学习态度？ 案例片段描述：曾经听过两节课，期间两位老师都谈到一个话题“肥胖”。 片段一，教师在讲到stop sb. from doing sth.这个短语时，让学生来造句，有一位学生站起来，与老师发生了这样一段对话： Student: My mother often stops me from eating meat. Teacher: Why? Student: Because my mother says I’m too fat. 全班同学哄堂大笑，这位学生很难为情，但老师下面的一句话马上将气氛缓和了过来。 Teacher: But I don’t think you are too fat. You are strong. 片段二，教师组织学生表演自己创作的“看病”对话，想找一位较胖的学生来担任“患者”，有一位长得胖呼呼的学生自告奋勇站起来，于是发生这样一段对话：Teacher: Ok! Who will act the sick people? Any volunteers? Student: I will. Teacher: Good! I think you are fat. You are the right person!
当时全班同学哄堂大笑，这位学生一脸的尴尬，一个劲地挠头。 教学反思：两位老师在处理一个相同的话题时运用了两种截然不同的方法，毋庸置疑，前者的处理有利于学生的学习，而后者的处理则会对心理比较脆弱的学生产生负面的影响。语言教学在很大程度上依赖于学生与教师之间的团结、合作、相互支持的人际关系，而这种关系时刻都受到彼此情感的影响，恰当、合理地使用语言，有助于沟通情感，增进友谊和相互尊重，改善这种人际关系,同时还可以创建一种和谐的语言活动氛围，努力产生浸润性的效果，让学生愉快地沉浸在英语的氛围中。在课上，教师要善于调控学生的情感态度，建立融洽、、团结、相互尊重的氛围，创造有利于学习的心理状态，形成积极的学习态度，让学生学得主动，学得愉快。 案例片段（二） 思考的问题： 1．如何将科学性和思想性统一的教学原则贯穿于课堂教学之中, 拓展英语学科的育人价值？ 案例片段描述：我在授课时设计了以下三个片段： 片段一，为了引出“birthday”这一话题，我与学生进行了以下对话：Teacher: Excuse me. When is your birthday? Student A: On February the eleventh
1 我的世界不允许你的消失，不管结局是否完美。 No matter the ending is perfect or not, you cannot disappear from my world. 2 爱情是一个精心设计的谎言。 Love is a carefully designed lie. 3 承诺常常很像蝴蝶，美丽地盘旋然后不见。 Promises are often like the butterfly, which disappear after beautiful hover. 4 凋谢是真实的，盛开只是一种过去。 Fading is true while flowering is past. 5 为什么幸福总是擦肩而过，偶尔想你的时候就让回忆来陪我。 Why I have never catched the happiness? Whenever I want you ,I will be accompanyed by the memory of... 6 如果你为错过夕阳而哭泣，那么你就要错过群星了。 If you weeped for the missing sunset,you would miss all the shining stars. 7 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 If we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then I wish we had never encountered. 8 宁愿笑著流泪，也不哭著说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ I would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry,when my heart is broken ,is it needed to fix? 9 天空没有翅膀的痕迹，而鸟儿已飞过。 There are no trails of the wings in the sky, while the birds has flied away. 10 当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害。 When a cigarette falls in love with a match,it is destined to be hurt. 11 人活着，总是要得罪一些人的，就要看那些人是否值得得罪。 When alive ,we may probably offend some people.However, we must think about whether they are deserved offended. 12 命里有时终需有，命里无时莫强求。 You will have it if it belongs to you,whereas you don''t kveth kvetch for it if it doesn''t appear in your life. 13 没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 No one indebted for others,while many people don''t know how to cherish others. 14 永远不是一种距离，而是一种决定。 Eternity is not a distance but a decision. 15 在回忆里继续梦幻不如在地狱里等待天堂。 Dreaming in the memory is not as good as waiting for the paradise in the hell. 16 哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹。 Where there is great love, there are always miracles. 17 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 Love is like a butterfly. It goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 18 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 If I had a single flower for every time I think about you, I could walk forever in my garden. 19 有了你，我迷失了自我；失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。 Within you I lose myself, without you I find myself wanting to be lost again. 20 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。
Friends or 'Enemies?' When I was younger, my Dad used to tell me: "Boys don't want to be your friend." He then left the rest to my imagination. At the time, I didn't agree. I thought: I can crack a good joke, I know how to shoot a hoop, and I'm a cheerful person (but not in an annoying way). What kind of boy wouldn't want to be around that kind of girl? Turns out, my Dad was right. Not to be all "Samantha Brick" about it, but in my experience, single, heterosexual men aren't actively looking for an exclusively platonic relationship with a woman they find sexually attractive. This of course is not a revolutionary concept. In fact, it seems pretty natural to me. Now, I will be the first to say that it is really and truly the most wonderful thing in the world if the attraction is mutual. But the Powers That Be seem to like to play these complicated little mating games with humans where the guy we want to re-enact scenes from 9? Weeks with sees our attractiveness level as akin to that of a discarded dishcloth, and the most physical we could see ourselves being with the guy who actually likes us is a game of ping pong over an especially long table. All of which means that someone usually ends up getting rejected. I'm sure I'm not alone when I say I have struggled with the scenario where I am not interested in a man romantically, but I want to keep him as a friend because he is funny and I enjoy his company, or he has shown himself to be that rare specimen known as "a nice, genuine person, " or he simply doesn't mention his therapist in every other sentence. Rather than string him along and give him hope, I feel compelled to somehow communicate to him sooner rather than later that we'll just be staying friends, nothing more. Otherwise, I think I am being unfair to him. Why should he waste his romantic stamina on me when there are loads of other single women out there who might fall instantly in love with him? The thing is, it can sometimes be tricky to reject a man and keep him as a friend. If the operation is not executed carefully, you may end up creating a "menemy." It requires a certain amount of skill to be able to turn down a man's sexual advances or romantic gestures and then get him to agree to meet you for blueberry pancakes the following weekend and chat about the latest Woody Allen film. Some men aren't satisfied with just that. I'm not clear why. What's so bad about friendship? Everyone needs buddies. But I've seen men react poorly or simply fall off the face of the earth. I get it -- their feelings are hurt. None of us likes getting rejected. But in my experience, some men find it especially soul-crushing. I am only bringing all of this up because I recently had to go through this scenario again. I had spent some time cultivating a friendship with a man who, in my defense, I thought was gay. So I didn't see the harm in him buying me the occasional falafel, or accepting an invitation to see a film with him. Isn't that what friends are for? But a mutual friend shed light on his sexual orientation (straight) and suggested that his intentions -- and attentions -- weren't platonic. He had never "made the moves" but now it was all crystal clear -- that explains the way he had looked at me that time the tahini sauce dribbled down my chin! Since he had clearly been too timid to express his feelings, I thought I would be clever this time and subtly mention the dates I had been going on, focusing on the one guy I was kind of keen on, so that he would know that I was "unavailable" for heavy petting and those sorts of activities, but that I was available for things like roller skating, falafel-eating and shooting the breeze. Doesn't that sound nice? That way, he would known not to try to lean in for a kiss, and I wouldn't have to pull the Stevie Wonder dance and dodge him went he went for it. It was like pre-rejection, yet I was sparing his feelings because he didn't even have to put himself out there! I really thought I was being brilliant. It backfired, of course. Said man ended up sending me an email rant accusing me of being insensitive by talking about other men when he had "feelings for me." As if I am psychic, by the way, just because I am a woman! How was I supposed to know that? I think in his mind we were dating. In my mind, he was my new gay BFF. In the end, I got mad at him for getting mad at me, and now the friendship has ended. And I have created yet another "menemy." Look, I have also tried the direct thing: "I really like you, but only as a friend, " but you can only do that when the guy has made his intentions clear, and in my experience, they either cope okay (though rarely do I feel much enthusiasm for friendship after that), or they really don't cope well. I also tried the thing where you make them think they are rejecting you, but it gets quite confusing and only works if the guy isn't very sharp, and why would I -- or you -- be hanging out with someone not that sharp in the first place? As we all remember, Billy Crystal's character says men and women can't be friends in When Harry Met Sally because the sex stuff gets in the way. I do have single, male, heterosexual friends with whom I have an easy, non-romantic rapport, but I honestly don't know if they would walk away if I was sprawled naked on a bed calling out to them. I may not be everybody's cup of tea, but sometimes, I wonder if they wonder. And they may wonder if I wonder. If so, I hope they'll keep it to
Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all
Case 1 The shipping agent is serving the customers in the way that is considered efficient in Venezuelan culture. To the Canadian, however, this is unfocused activity that is not nearly as efficient as it would be — particularly from her point of view — if the agent simply dealt exclusively with her scheduled appointment. In Canada, businesspeople typically write appointments and activities into the day’s agenda every day. They then work sequentially through the agenda until they have completed each task or the day is over. In other words, Canadians prefer to do one thing at a time, while the South Americans, including Venezuelans, tend to do a few things simultaneously. Case 2 As a Westerner, the American visiting professor does not quite understand the collective ownership of information in some other cultural environments. What made her annoyed is a different attitude toward information about people. In the United States, it is generally assumed that personal matters are private. Teachers go through elaborate procedures to assure that students do not have access to each other’s grades. In business it is the same. Evaluations are confidential. Case 3 As a matter of fact, the American woman was not being disrespectful. However, it is clear that her way of showing respect and welcome was different from the ancient tradition of keeping physical distance from superiors, which is still widely observed, especially when royalty is involved. Paul Keating, the Australian prime minister, may have intended to suggest by his gesture that Australia would no longer accept the queen as head of state but just as one of their honored guests. Obviously, the British would not like it at all. Sometimes, such seemingly trivial things can influence relations between countries. That’s why protocol is taken seriously and people who are to hold diplomatic posts will be given detailed and careful instructions. Case 7 When the Canadian young man said, “Who took my peanut butter?”, what he really meant was “Where is my peanut butter? I can’t find it.”The Chinese doctor felt upset because in Chinese culture questions like this, especially expressed in the way the young Canadian man did, often imply that someone is to blame. Chinese culture prohibits direct accusing unless a person has been targeted for shame. However, true to her learned cultural behavior of never showing anger in public, the Chinese doctor didn’t say anything, though she was deeply distressed. Later, the physiotherapist was making a joke when she said the Chinese doctor had “three hands”. She wasn’t serious, of course, and expected the patient to be amused by her explanation for his pain: that the doctor on the other side of the room could have reached an imaginary hand out to touch him. She didn’t know that in Chinese a “three-handed person” is a slang for a thief. Case 8 In American culture, people’s personal goals take priority over their allegiance to groups like the family or the employer. The loyalty of individuals to a group is usually weak. Americans are apt to change their relationship if it suits their individual needs, and they are not likely to be emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions. In Japanese society, the relationship between an employee and the firm is much more interdependent, somewhat similar to a child-mother relationship where the mother (firm) is obliged to take care of her children (employees) and children (employees) have to obey and follow the commands of their mother (firm).
电影台词及句子翻译 1.Dear Leonard, to look life in the face… always to look life in the face, and to know it for what it is. At last, to know it, to love it for what it is and then to put it away.--
精心整理 Whatsportsandotheractivitiesdoyouparticipatein?Whatkindsoffoodsdoyoueat?Whatkindofpe opledoyouspendtimewith?Youranswerstotheseandsimilarquestionsreflectyourtotalhealth.He alth is acombinationofphysical,mental/emotional,andsocialwell-being.Thesepartsofyourhea lthworktogethertobuildgoodoverallhealth. 你参加过什么体育活动和其他活动吗？你吃什么食物？你和什么样的人在一起？你对这些问题或者类似的问题的回答反映出了你整体的健康状况。健康是身体、心里和社会安宁感的集合。这些健康的部分结合起来搭建了一个完整的健康体系。 通常，觉更好， t 身体须要远离有害的物质像烟草、酒精和其他毒品。他们用体育运动的时间去平衡他们看电视或玩电脑游戏的时间。体育运动包括做特殊的运动，远足，健身操，游泳，跳舞和做一份工作。通过远离有害物质和坚持体育运动，你可以保持身体健康。另外一种说法就是，要想身体健康就要多运动。 Doyoufeelgoodaboutwhoyouare?Doyouknowhowtohandlestressfulsituations?Doyouhaveapositiv eattitudeaboutlife?Youranswerstothesequestionswilltellyousomethingaboutyourmental/emo tionalhealth.Mental/emotionalhealthismeasuredbythewayyouthinkandexpressyourfeelings.Y oucandevelopgoodmental/emotionalhealthbylearningtothinkpositivelyandtoexpressyourfeel ingsinhealthyways.Positivethinkingisagoodstrategytousewhenyouarefeelingsadordown.Tryf ocusingyourattentiononallofthegoodthingsinyourlife,suchasyourfriends,family,andactivi tiesyouenjoy.Thenthecauseofyoursadnessmightnotseemsobad.Likewise,recognizingandbuildi