Abstract Interest Management Middleware for Networked Games
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17© Shreekant W Shiralkar 2016S. W. Shiralkar, IT Through Experiential Learning , DOI 10.1007/978-1-4842-2421-2_3C ontext:C ollaborative Learning and Collective Understanding of E RPDuring our school days, my friends and I frequently engaged in discussing specific topics from our textbooks. Each one of us comprehended a specific aspect of the larger subject, and when we shared understanding or knowledge of the topic, we found that our collective understanding helped us raise each individual’s understanding much faster and deeper than individually struggling to comprehend the subject. Later, we even formalized the process during the examination period as we found the process helping learn quickly. During my college days, we practiced the technique further by forming study groups, and when having difficulty understanding a topic, we broke it into subtopics and distributed among the group for learning parts individually and then collectively sharing it with the rest of the group. The process helped each one of us in comprehending knowledge which appeared difficult and complex to us as individuals. The results of learning through a process of discussion were impressive and gave me insight into a few aspects of the concept formally known as “cooperative learning,” which defines the process of learning together rather than being passive individual receivers of knowledge (e.g., teacher lecturing and students hearing). This process allows learners to use cognitive skills of questioning and clarifying, extrapolating and summarizing.I n one of my assignments, I was engaged to train the top management of an organization on ERP and the impact of its implementation. I anticipated that it would be a huge challenge to engage top executives in this training, as most would have had some understanding already, and applying a conventional training process risked losing their attention if my co-trainer or I fell short of their expectations. While individually each top executive may have had generic knowledge of ERP , they certainly lacked comprehensive knowledge, and more specifically a seamless collective understanding of the subject, without any gaps due to individual interpretations or exposures. The task, therefore, was multifaceted: on one hand, I had to get them interested in learning aspects of which they lacked knowledge, and on the other, I had to encourage them to share their individual understandings of the subject, facilitating development of a collective learning.CHAPTER 3 ■ BIDDING GAME18F or a top executive, it is expected that he or she needs to take calculated risks inalmost every key decision, whether it’s bidding for a large contract or establishing price point while taking a privately held organization for public trading. The process of bidding involves awareness of collective knowledge of capability, assessment about competition, and expertise to apply judgment based on rational (and some irrational) criteria. In the knowledge-driven economy, the contributions of each employee, regardless of level, add up to the collective capability of the organization.W ith a view to facilitate collective learning in the shortest possible time for these top executives, I conceived a “Bidding Game” that leveraged cooperative learning to teach the ERP solution and the impact of its implementation in one session. The result in of Bidding Game was outstanding.T his is the premise of the game that will be explained in this chapter. The game also helps induce elements of social skills like effective communication and interpersonal and group skills in learning an otherwise abstract and complex subject.T he Bidding Game is a game played by all the participants divided into two or more teams. Teams compete on the strength of their collective knowledge of the subject. The game concludes after the collective learning on a specific subject is acquired to the appropriate level on all the essential aspects. The game format provides encouragement to each participant to contribute his or her knowledge of the subject and helps the team to win. A notional value attached to the correct and complete response helps measure the level of knowledge among participants. The competition is premised on the accuracy of the initial bid, which adds a flavor of bidding.F igure 3-1will help you visualize the setting created for the participants of the Bidding Game.F igure 3-1.I nstructor inviting b idsCHAPTER 3 ■ BIDDING GAME19In a hall, participants will be seated in a U-shaped arrangement, facing the projector screen. The hall will have two whiteboards on either side of the projector screen. One of the whiteboards will be titled “Knowledge Bid” and will display the bids by participating t eams.T he second whiteboard will record the actual earnings or the SCORE for each of the teams. The projector screen will be used to publish the question for each of the bid, and the instructor will allow the teams to respond in sequence and will record the score on the whiteboard on the basis of the accuracy and completeness of response by the team (Figure 3-2).F igure 3-2.I nstructor inviting response to q uestion In designing the Bidding Game, the elements of competition and encouraging discussion on each aspect form the core theme. The competitive aspect triggers speed, the game element induces interest without force or pressure, and finally discussions and sharing of knowledge facilitate desired coverage of the subject—for instance, technical nuances and features offered by new technology and/or processes, channelling an accelerated Learning and Collective Understanding new technology and/or p rocesses .B idding Game Design To design the Bidding Game, I recommend ensuring that the pace of learning is accelerated gradually, and that learning begins with basic aspects and moves on to the advanced and complex aspects in sequence instead of beginning with complex subjects and then concluding with basics. In the design of the sequence, care has to be exercised in segregating the basic and must-learn aspects from the “nice-to-know” aspects, andCHAPTER 3 ■ BIDDING GAME20design should ensure accomplishing learning of basic and must-learn ones whileprovisioning for nice-to-know types based on the interest and appetite of the participants. Design the sequence in such a way that initially the participant need to spend less time and are encouraged toward the game and competition, while later parts of the sequence should ensure that participants spend more time in discussions and staying ahead of competition.T he objective—rapid development of collective learning of technology and/or new processes—necessitates a short duration of the Bidding Game.L et us now examine the task-level details of the Bidding Game beginning with preparation/planning, recommended rules, and then the process for its execution,including steps to consolidate learning after conclusion. An overview of the entire game is depicted in Figure 3-3 .C omplete details of the activities in the process flow are described in detail in the following sections.P reparation/Planning •D ivide the subject into 20 subtopics that cover the subject comprehensively. • C reate a question for each of the subtopics.•C reate a sequence of questions in a way that gradually raises the level of knowledge. •S egment the questions into three levels: Rookie, Advanced, and Expert.•A ssign different values to questions from the three sets, for example, $100 per question from the Rookie level, $200 perquestion from the Advanced level, and $300 per question from the Expert level. •D evelop a clear rule set for the Bidding Game that can be used to explain the game to the participants.F igure 3-3.B idding Game p rocess flowCHAPTER 3 ■ BIDDING GAME • H ave a scoreboard that displays the bid value of the team and alsotheir score during the progress of the game (use the whiteboardmarker pens).• H ave a large clock for monitoring time and identify assistants forkeeping time and recording the score.R ecommended Rules• T he winner is chosen on the basis of two parameters: high scoreas well as that which is closest to its bid.• E ach wrong or incomplete response has a loss of value (i.e.,negative marking); for example, a $50 penalty for each wrong orincomplete response.• $50 is deducted from the value of a passed-over question or apartly answered question.• T he completeness of the response to a question can be challengedby competing teams to apply penalty and reduce the score.• T here’s a limit of 5 minutes for responding to each question. Eachround could begin sequence in a way that provides a fair chanceto all the teams.O nce all the preparation is completed, the game can begin.E xecution1. A ll the participants are told the context and rationale for thegame (i.e., what ERP is and the importance of each of themhaving a collective understanding of the subject, which wouldmaximize benefit from its implementation). Also, it shouldbe explained how playing a game such as this can increaseindividual understanding much faster and more deeply thanindividually struggling to comprehend the subject in isolation.2. P articipants are divided into teams. Team formation canbe done in any way that generates nearly equal numbers ofparticipants for each team (dividing the room, counting off bytwos, etc.)3. T he instructor/quiz master (QM) invites bids from each of theteams, which are recorded on the whiteboard for everyone tosee.4. T he instructor launches the first question on the screen andinvites the first team to take its chance, while the timekeepermonitors the time taken by the responding team.21CHAPTER 3 ■ BIDDING GAME225. O n the basis of correctness and completeness of the response,the instructor assigns a score to the team, which is recordedon the second whiteboard.6. I n case the question is passed to the second team and they areable to respond correctly and completely, the reduced score isrecorded.7. I n case the question is not answered or is incompletelyresponded by any of the teams, the instructor shares the correctand complete answer and the subject is discussed and clarified.8. T he process continues until the subject is completely covered.9. T he instructor tallies the scores for the teams and announcesthe winner on the basis of the high score and the bid a ccuracy .O nce the game is over, observations from experience are collected and crystallized inlearning in the next section.C onclusion• T he learning gained through the game needs to be articulatedand consolidated. Debrief is a process that will aid in articulatinglearning that participants gained during the game.• T he process of debrief begins with each participant sharinglearning, specifically something that has changed theirunderstanding about the subject during the game.• E ach participant would have learned something new, be it a verybasic addition to earlier knowledge of the subject or very complexinformation that the participant hadn’t ever known before.• T he individual learnings are recorded on a whiteboard, whichhelps in crystallizing and consolidating collective understandingon the subject.• O nce the game is over, the learning can be consolidated bypresenting additional material by way of slides, videos, and so on.S ample ArtifactsW ith a view to facilitate the immediate application of the approach in the chapter, a sample list of questions on ERP and Big Data along with an illustrative score sheet with result, are provided in the following section. The correct responses from multiple choices, are identified in bold.CHAPTER 3 ■ BIDDING GAMES ample Question Cards:ERP1. W hat is the extended form of ERP?a. E nterprise Retail Processb. E nterprise Resource Planningc. E arning Revenue and Profitd. N one of the above2. R eal time in the context of ERP relates to which of thefollowing?a. T ime shown in the computer system synchs with yourwatchb. P rocesses/events happen per transaction at the sameinstantc. B oth of the aboved. N one of the above3. W hat does “SOA” stand for in relation to ERP systemarchitecture?a. S ervice-Oriented Architectureb. S ystem of Accountsc. S tatement of Accountd. N one of the above4. W hich of these is not a packaged ERP?a. S APb. O raclec. W indowsd. J D Edwards5. I n the context of packaged ERP, do “Customization” and“Configuration” refer to the same process, or are theydifferent?a. S ameb. D ifferentc.D on’t know23CHAPTER 3 ■ BIDDING GAME246. M aterials Management in ERP helps to/esnure ?a. I ncrease of inventoryb. I nventory is well balancedc. B oth of the aboved. N one of the above7. S ales and Distribution Module in ERP helps in which of thefollowing?a. I ncreased customer serviceb. R educed customer servicec. B oth of the aboved. N one of the above8. F inancial and Controlling Module in ERP helps in which ofthe following?a. E valuating and responding to changing businessconditions with accurate, timely financial datab. E asy compliance with financial reporting requirementsc. S tandardizing and streamlining operationsd. A ll of the abovee. N one of the above9. G ain from implementation of ERP results in which of thefollowing?a. I mproved business performanceb. I mproved decision makingc. I ncreased ability to plan and growd. A ll of the aboveS ample Question Cards:B ig Data1. W hat is Big Data?a. D ata about big thingsb. D ata which is extremely large in size (in petabytes)c. D ata about datad. N one of the aboveCHAPTER 3 ■ BIDDING GAME2. W hich are not characteristics of Big Data?a. V olumeb.V elocityc. V irtualityd.V ariety3. W hich are key inputs for Big Data?a.I ncreased processing powerb. A vailability of tools and techniques for Big Datac. I ncreased storage capacitiesd. A ll of the above4. W hich are applications of Big Data?a. T argeted advertisingb.M onitoring telecom networkc. C ustomer sentimentsd. A ll of the above5. W hich tools are used for Big Data?a. N oSQLb. M apReducec. H adoop Distributed File Systemd. A ll of the above6. S ocial media and mobility are key contributors to Big Data:true or false?a. T rueb. F alse7. W hich is not a term related to Big Data?a. D atabasesMongoDBb. D ata T riggerc. P igd. S PARK25CHAPTER 3 ■ BIDDING GAME26B enefit Assessment After consolidation of the learning, it’s recommended to conduct a benefit assessment exercise to measure the gains from application of the game-based approach. Theassessment could be in form of a written quiz on the subject with multiple-choice answers.。
多用户MIMO-MEC网络中基于APSO的任务卸载研究顾敏;徐雅男;王辛迪;花敏;周雯【期刊名称】《无线电工程》【年(卷),期】2024(54)3【摘要】在移动边缘计算(Mobile Edge Computing,MEC)系统中引入多输入多输出(Multiple Input Multiple Output,MIMO)技术与数据压缩技术,能够降低数据冗余度和提高数据传输速率,从而降低任务的执行时延与能耗。
针对具备数据压缩功能的多用户MIMO-MEC网络,研究了多用户任务卸载问题。
通过联合优化任务卸载比例、数据压缩比例、发送功率、计算频率和信道带宽,来最小化系统总时延。
在能耗、功率和带宽等约束条件下,将任务卸载归纳为一个非凸优化问题。
由于能耗约束较为复杂,构造罚函数将其归并,得到一个相对简单的等价问题。
将所有优化变量视为一个粒子,基于自适应粒子群优化(Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization,APSO)框架提出多用户的任务卸载方法。
由于粒子更新时可能违反约束条件,提出的方法对粒子越界的情形进行了特别处理。
该方法能自适应地调整惯性权重来提高寻优能力和收敛性,通过不断迭代最终获得最优或者次优解。
仿真实验评估了所提卸载方法的性能,分析了用户数、任务计算强度等参数对系统性能的影响。
结果表明,提出的方法优于本地计算、传统粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)算法等对比方案,能够有效降低系统的任务执行时延。
【总页数】8页(P711-718)【作者】顾敏;徐雅男;王辛迪;花敏;周雯【作者单位】南京林业大学信息科学技术学院;安徽大学互联网学院【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN929.5;TP18【相关文献】1.基于延迟接受的多用户任务卸载策略2.基于稳定匹配的多用户任务卸载策略3.基于深度强化学习多用户移动边缘计算轻量任务卸载优化4.基于深度强化学习的多用户边缘计算任务卸载调度与资源分配算法5.基于博弈论的多服务器多用户视频分析任务卸载算法因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
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AND SYSTEMSInternational Arab Journal of Information TechnologyACM Transactions on Privacy and SecurityInternational Journal of Web Services ResearchRAIRO-THEORETICAL INFORMATICS AND APPLICATIONSIEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGINFORJOURNAL OF DATABASE MANAGEMENTINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COOPERATIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMSJournal of Statistical SoftwareARCHIVES OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN ENGINEERINGIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGINGCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERINGIEEE Transactions on Industrial InformaticsMEDICAL IMAGE ANALYSISCOMPUTERS & EDUCATIONJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL INFORMATICS ASSOCIATIONENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWAREJOURNAL OF NETWORK AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONSAPPLIED SOFT COMPUTINGJournal of CheminformaticsNEUROINFORMATICSIEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health InformaticsJournal of Chemical Information and ModelingCOMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONSINTEGRATED COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERINGJournal of InformetricsROBOTICS AND COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURINGSOCIAL SCIENCE COMPUTER REVIEWADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARECOMPUTERS & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERINGCOMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICSCOMPUTERS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGCOMPUTERS & OPERATIONS RESEARCHINDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT & DATA SYSTEMSCOMPUTERS & STRUCTURESJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICSSTRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATIONJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICSCOMPUTERS IN INDUSTRYAstronomy and ComputingCOMPUTATIONAL GEOSCIENCESCOMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINEElectronic Commerce Research and ApplicationsMATCH-COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL AND IN COMPUTER CHEMISTRYCOMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCESIEEE-ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and BioinformaticsCOMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURESOFT COMPUTINGJOURNAL OF COMPUTER-AIDED MOLECULAR DESIGNSAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCHCOMPUTERS & FLUIDSSCIENTOMETRICSCOMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINESIMULATION MODELLING PRACTICE AND THEORYIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPLICATIONSInternational Journal of Computational Intelligence SystemsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURINGCOMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERINGMEDICAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTINGMolecular InformaticsENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERSJournal of Computational ScienceJOURNAL OF MOLECULAR GRAPHICS & MODELLINGIEEE Transactions on Learning TechnologiesJOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERINGJOURNAL OF HYDROINFORMATICSDigital InvestigationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & DECISION MAKINGCOMPUTERS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDSComputers and ConcreteEarth Science InformaticsJOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERINGSPEECH COMMUNICATIONJOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MODELINGBig DataMATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATIONCONCURRENT ENGINEERING-RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONSJOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMPUTING AND ELECTRONIC COMMERCECOMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRYINFORMS JOURNAL ON COMPUTINGVIRTUAL REALITYR JournalCOMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICSINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RF AND MICROWAVE COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERINGJournal of SimulationJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGYCOMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS & DATA ANALYSISENGINEERING COMPUTATIONSQUEUEING SYSTEMSCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATIONCOMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERINGCIN-COMPUTERS INFORMATICS NURSINGAI EDAM-ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN ANALYSIS AND MANUFACTURING JOURNAL OF NEW MUSIC RESEARCHJOURNAL OF VISUALIZATIONSIMULATION-TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY FOR MODELING AND SIMULATION INTERNATIONAL ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer SimulationJOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL OPTIMIZATIONINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS CJOURNAL OF STATISTICAL COMPUTATION AND SIMULATIONStatistical Analysis and Data MiningCurrent Computer-Aided Drug DesignComputer Supported Cooperative Work-The Journal of Collaborative Computing Language Resources and EvaluationComputational and Mathematical Organization TheoryMATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER MODELLING OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMSCOMPUTER MUSIC JOURNALInternational Journal on Artificial Intelligence ToolsCOMPEL-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR COMPUTATION AND MATHEMATICS IN ELECTRICAL AND ACM Journal on Computing and Cultural HeritageAPPLICABLE ALGEBRA IN ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTINGIEEE Transactions on Services ComputingIEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure ComputingACM TRANSACTIONS ON GRAPHICSJOURNAL OF NETWORK AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONSIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIAIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERINGADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWAREIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICSCOMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACMCOMPUTER-AIDED DESIGNEMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERINGACM TRANSACTIONS ON MATHEMATICAL SOFTWAREIEEE SOFTWAREIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITYMATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMINGINFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGYINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCESIAM Journal on Imaging SciencesJOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWAREIMAGE AND VISION COMPUTINGSIMULATION MODELLING PRACTICE AND THEORYCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUMACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and ApplicationsACM TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND METHODOLOGYCOMPUTERIEEE INTERNET COMPUTINGJOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL IMAGING AND VISIONIEEE MICROIEEE MULTIMEDIACOMPUTER LANGUAGES SYSTEMS & STRUCTURESJOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATIONAutomated Software EngineeringREQUIREMENTS ENGINEERINGJOURNAL OF THE ACMACM Transactions on Internet TechnologySoftware and Systems ModelingInternational Journal of Information SecurityIEEE COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND APPLICATIONSIT ProfessionalSOFTWARE QUALITY JOURNALSOFTWARE TESTING VERIFICATION & RELIABILITYMULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONSCOMPUTER AIDED GEOMETRIC DESIGNAdvances in ComputersACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from DataMATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATIONCOMPUTER STANDARDS & INTERFACESBIT NUMERICAL MATHEMATICSVIRTUAL REALITYTSINGHUA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYJournal of Web SemanticsScientific ProgrammingSOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCESIGMOD RECORDIEEE SECURITY & PRIVACYCOMPUTERS & GRAPHICS-UKOPTIMIZATION METHODS & SOFTWAREJournal of Software-Evolution and ProcessACM Transactions on the WebACM Transactions on Embedded Computing SystemsWORLD WIDE WEB-INTERNET AND WEB INFORMATION SYSTEMSCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCEFrontiers of Computer ScienceInternational Journal on Software Tools for Technology TransferInternational Journal of Web and Grid ServicesJOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL COMPUTER SCIENCEVISUAL COMPUTERGRAPHICAL MODELSACM TRANSACTIONS ON DATABASE SYSTEMSRANDOM STRUCTURES & ALGORITHMSJOURNAL OF VISUAL LANGUAGES AND COMPUTINGACM Transactions on Applied PerceptionIBM JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTIET SoftwareSIMULATION-TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY FOR MODELING AND SIMULATION INTERNATIONAL ACM Transactions on StorageInformation VisualizationJOURNAL OF SYSTEMS ARCHITECTUREFrontiers of Information Technology & Electronic EngineeringIEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in GamesJOURNAL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYTHEORY AND PRACTICE OF LOGIC PROGRAMMINGACM TRANSACTIONS ON DESIGN AUTOMATION OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMSFORMAL ASPECTS OF COMPUTINGCOMPUTER JOURNALInternational Journal of Data Warehousing and MiningACM TRANSACTIONS ON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND SYSTEMSSCIENCE OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMINGFUNDAMENTA INFORMATICAEJOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMINGCOMPUTER ANIMATION AND VIRTUAL WORLDSALGORITHMICAComputer Science and Information SystemsDISCRETE MATHEMATICS AND THEORETICAL COMPUTER SCIENCEInternational Journal of Wavelets Multiresolution and Information Processing DESIGN AUTOMATION FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMSIEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMSPRESENCE-TELEOPERATORS AND VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTSInternational Journal of Web Services ResearchINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING ICGA JOURNALJournal of Web EngineeringPROGRAMMING AND COMPUTER SOFTWAREJOURNAL OF DATABASE MANAGEMENTIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATIONIEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning SystemsIEEE Transactions on Cloud ComputingInformation FusionIEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and SecurityACM COMPUTING SURVEYSFuture Generation Computer Systems-The International Journal of eScience IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMSSwarm and Evolutionary ComputationHUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTIONINFORMATION SYSTEMS FRONTIERSIEEE-ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKINGCOMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACMFOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICSINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL SYSTEMSIEEE Cloud ComputingJournal of Grid ComputingFUZZY SETS AND SYSTEMSCOMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINEEVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATIONJOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWAREInternational Journal of Bio-Inspired ComputationSemantic WebINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS SCIENCEIMAGE AND VISION COMPUTINGMULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSINGACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPLICATIONSWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Data Mining and Knowledge DiscoveryJournal of Computational ScienceIEEE MULTIMEDIASTATISTICS AND COMPUTINGJOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTINGPERFORMANCE EVALUATIONACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER SYSTEMSJOURNAL OF THE ACMMULTIMEDIA SYSTEMSInternational Journal of Information SecurityCOMPUTINGCluster Computing-The Journal of Networks Software Tools and Applications QUANTUM INFORMATION & COMPUTATIONREAL-TIME SYSTEMSMULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONSJOURNAL OF SUPERCOMPUTINGJOURNAL OF COMPUTER AND SYSTEM SCIENCESBig DataGenetic Programming and Evolvable MachinesEXPERT SYSTEMSACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive SystemsCryptography and Communications-Discrete-Structures Boolean Functions and Sequences ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code OptimizationJOURNAL OF HEURISTICSCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCEDESIGNS CODES AND CRYPTOGRAPHYFrontiers of Computer ScienceMATHEMATICAL STRUCTURES IN COMPUTER SCIENCEINFORMATION AND COMPUTATIONJOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL COMPUTER SCIENCEJOURNAL OF CRYPTOLOGYMICROPROCESSORS AND MICROSYSTEMSInternational Journal of Unconventional ComputingIBM JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTPARALLEL COMPUTINGCONNECTION SCIENCEDISTRIBUTED AND PARALLEL DATABASESSIAM JOURNAL ON COMPUTINGARTIFICIAL LIFEINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PARALLEL PROGRAMMINGIET Information SecurityTHEORY AND PRACTICE OF LOGIC PROGRAMMINGNatural ComputingCOMPUTER SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGDISTRIBUTED COMPUTINGFORMAL METHODS IN SYSTEM DESIGNCOMPUTER JOURNALApplied OntologyTHEORETICAL COMPUTER SCIENCEJOURNAL OF SYMBOLIC COMPUTATIONJOURNAL OF LOGIC AND COMPUTATIONINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM INFORMATIONACM Transactions on Computational LogicNEW GENERATION COMPUTINGCOMBINATORICS PROBABILITY & COMPUTINGDISCRETE & COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY。
1000 A+B Problem 送分题1001 Exponentiation 高精度1003 Hangover 送分题1004 Financial Management 送分题1005 I Think I Need a Houseboat 几何1006 Biorhythms 送分题1007 DNA Sorting 送分题1008 Maya Calendar 日期处理1010 STAMPS 搜索+DP1011 Sticks 搜索1012 Joseph 模拟/数学方法1014 Dividing 数论/DP?/组合数学->母函数?1015 Jury Compromise DP1016 Numbers That Count 送分题1017 Packets 贪心1018 Communication System 贪心1019 Number Sequence 送分题1020 Anniversary Cake 搜索1023 The Fun Number System 数论1025 Department 模拟1026 Cipher 组合数学1027 The Same Game 模拟1028 Web Navigation 送分题1031 Fence 计算几何1034 The dog task 计算几何1037 A decorative fence DP/组合数学1039 Pipe 几何1042 Gone Fishing 贪心/DP1045 Bode Plot 送分题(用物理知识)1046 Color Me Less 送分题1047 Round and Round We Go 高精度1048 Follow My Logic 模拟1049 Microprocessor Simulation 模拟1050 To the Max DP1053 Set Me 送分题1054 The Troublesome Frog 搜索1060 Modular multiplication of polynomials 高精度1061 青蛙的约会数论1062 昂贵的聘礼DP1064 Cable master DP/二分查找1065 Wooden Sticks DP1067 取石子游戏博弈论1068 Parencodings 送分题1069 The Bermuda Triangle 搜索1070 Deformed Wheel 几何1071 Illusive Chase 送分题1072 Puzzle Out 搜索1073 The Willy Memorial Program 模拟1074 Parallel Expectations DP1075 University Entrance Examination 模拟1080 Human Gene Functions DP->LCS变形1082 Calendar Game 博弈论1084 Square Destroyer 搜索?1085 Triangle War 博弈论1086 Unscrambling Images 模拟?1087 A Plug for UNIX 图论->最大流1088 滑雪DFS/DP1090 Chain ->格雷码和二进制码的转换1091 跳蚤数论1092 Farmland 几何1093 Formatting Text DP1094 Sorting It All Out 图论->拓扑排序1095 Trees Made to Order 组合数学1096 Space Station Shielding 送分题1097 Roads Scholar 图论1098 Robots 模拟1099 Square Ice 送分题1100 Dreisam Equations 搜索1101 The Game 搜索->BFS1102 LC-Display 送分题1103 Maze 模拟1104 Robbery 递推1106 Transmitters 几何1107 W's Cipher 送分题1110 Double Vision 搜索1111 Image Perimeters 搜索1112 Team Them Up! DP1113 Wall 计算几何->convex hull1119 Start Up the Startup 送分题1120 A New Growth Industry 模拟1122 FDNY to the Rescue! 图论->Dijkstra 1125 Stockbroker Grapevine 图论->Dijkstra 1128 Frame Stacking 搜索1129 Channel Allocation 搜索(图的最大独立集)1131 Octal Fractions 高精度1135 Domino Effect 图论->Dijkstra1137 The New Villa 搜索->BFS1141 Brackets Sequence DP1142 Smith Numbers 搜索1143 Number Game 博弈论1147 Binary codes 构造1148 Utopia Divided 构造1149 PIGS 图论->网络流1151 Atlantis 计算几何->同等安置矩形的并的面积->离散化1152 An Easy Problem! 数论1157 LITTLE SHOP OF FLOWERS DP1158 TRAFFIC LIGHTS 图论->Dijkstra变形1159 Palindrome DP->LCS1160 Post Office DP1161 Walls 图论1162 Building with Blocks 搜索1163 The Triangle DP1170 Shopping Offers DP1177 Picture 计算几何->同等安置矩形的并的周长->线段树1179 Polygon DP1180 Batch Scheduling DP1182 食物链数据结构->并查集1183 反正切函数的应用搜索1184 聪明的打字员搜索1185 炮兵阵地DP->数据压缩1187 陨石的秘密DP(BalkanOI99 Par的拓展)1189 钉子和小球递推?1190 生日蛋糕搜索/DP1191 棋盘分割DP1192 最优连通子集图论->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->BellmanFord 1193 内存分配模拟1194 HIDDEN CODES 搜索+DP1197 Depot 数据结构->Young T ableau1201 Intervals 贪心/图论->最长路->差分约束系统1202 Family 高精度1209 Calendar 日期处理1217 FOUR QUARTERS 递推1218 THE DRUNK JAILER 送分题1233 Street Crossing 搜索->BFS1245 Programmer, Rank Thyself 送分题1247 Magnificent Meatballs 送分题1248 Safecracker 搜索1250 T anning Salon 送分题1251 Jungle Roads 图论->最小生成树1271 Nice Milk 计算几何1273 Drainage Ditches 图论->最大流1274 The Perfect Stall 图论->二分图的最大匹配1275 Cashier Employment 图论->差分约束系统->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->Bellman-Ford1280 Game 递推1281 MANAGER 模拟1286 Necklace of Beads 组合数学->Polya定理1288 Sly Number 数论->解模线性方程组1293 Duty Free Shop DP1298 The Hardest Problem Ever 送分题1316 Self Numbers 递推同Humble Number一样1322 Chocolate 递推/组合数学1323 Game Prediction 贪心1324 Holedox Moving BFS+压缩储存1325 Machine Schedule 图论->二分图的最大匹配1326 Mileage Bank 送分题1327 Moving Object Recognition 模拟?1328 Radar Installation 贪心(差分约束系统的特例)1338 Ugly Numbers 递推(有O(n)算法)1364 King 图论->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->BellmanFord1370 Gossiping (数论->模线性方程有无解的判断)+(图论->DFS)2184 Cow Exhibition DP2190 ISBN 送分题2191 Mersenne Composite Numbers 数论2192 Zipper DP->LCS变形2193 Lenny's Lucky Lotto Lists DP2194 Stacking Cylinders 几何2195 Going Home 图论->二分图的最大权匹配2196 Specialized Four-Digit Numbers 送分题2197 Jill's Tour Paths 图论->2199 Rate of Return 高精度2200 A Card Trick 模拟2210 Metric Time 日期处理2239 Selecting Courses 图论->二分图的最大匹配2243 Knight Moves 搜索->BFS2247 Humble Numbers 递推(最优O(n)算法)2253 Frogger 图论->Dijkstra变形(和1295是一样的)2254 Globetrotter 几何2261 France '98 递推2275 Flipping Pancake 构造2284 That Nice Euler Circuit 计算几何2289 Jamie's Contact Groups 图论->网络流?2291 Rotten Ropes 送分题2292 Optimal Keypad DP2299 Ultra-QuickSort 排序->归并排序2304 Combination Lock 送分题2309 BST 送分题2311 Cutting Game 博弈论2312 Battle City 搜索->BFS2314 POJ language 模拟2315 Football Game 几何2346 Lucky tickets 组合数学2351 Time Zones 时间处理2379 ACM Rank T able 模拟+排序2381 Random Gap 数论2385 Apple Catching DP(像NOI98“免费馅饼”)2388 Who's in the Middle 送分题(排序)2390 Bank Interest 送分题2395 Out of Hay 图论->Dijkstra变形2400 Supervisor, Supervisee 图论->二分图的最大权匹配?2403 Hay Points 送分题2409 Let it Bead 组合数学->Polya定理2416 Return of the Jedi 图论->2417 Discrete Logging 数论2418 Hardwood Species 二分查找2419 Forests 枚举2421 Constructing Roads 图论->最小生成树2423 The Parallel Challenge Ballgame 几何2424 Flo's Restaurant 数据结构->堆2425 A Chess Game 博弈论2426 Remainder BFS2430 Lazy Cows DP->数据压缩1375 Intervals 几何1379 Run Away 计算几何->1380 Equipment Box 几何1383 Labyrinth 图论->树的最长路1394 Railroad 图论->Dijkstra1395 Cog-Wheels 数学->解正系数的线性方程组1408 Fishnet 几何1411 Calling Extraterrestrial Intelligence Again 送分题1430 Binary Stirling Numbers 日期处理1431 Calendar of Maya 模拟1432 Decoding Morse Sequences DP1434 Fill the Cisterns! 计算几何->离散化/1445 Random number 数据结构->碓1447 Ambiguous Dates 日期处理1450 Gridland 图论(本来TSP问题是NP难的,但这个图比较特殊,由现成的构造方法)1458 Common Subsequence DP->LCS1459 Power Network 图论->最大流1462 Random Walk 模拟+解线性方程组1463 Strategic game 贪心1466 Girls and Boys 图论->n/a1469 COURSES 贪心1475 Pushing Boxes DP1476 Always On the Run 搜索->BFS1480 Optimal Programs 搜索->BFS1481 The Die Is Cast 送分题1482 It's not a Bug, It's a Feature! 搜索->BFS1483 Going in Circles on Alpha Centauri 模拟1484 Blowing Fuses 送分题1485 Fast Food DP(似乎就是ioi2000的postoffice)1486 Sorting Slides 图论->拓扑排序1505 Copying Books DP+二分查找1510 Hares and Foxes 数论1512 Keeps Going and Going and ... 模拟1513 Scheduling Lectures DP1514 Metal Cutting 几何1515 Street Directions 图论->把一个无向连通图改造成为有向强连通图1517 u Calculate e 送分题1518 Problem Bee 几何1519 Digital Roots 送分题(位数可能很大)1520 Scramble Sort 排序1547 Clay Bully 送分题1555 Polynomial Showdown 送分题(非常阴险)1563 The Snail 送分题1601 Pizza Anyone? 搜索1604 Just the Facts 送分题1605 Horse Shoe Scoring 几何1606 Jugs 数论/搜索1631 Bridging signals DP+二分查找1632 Vase collection 图论->最大完全图1633 Gladiators DP1634 Who's the boss? 排序1635 Subway tree systems 图论->不同表示法的二叉树判同1637 Sightseeing tour 图论->欧拉回路1638 A number game 博弈论1639 Picnic Planning 图论->1641 Rational Approximation 数论1646 Double Trouble 高精度1654 Area 几何1657 Distance on Chessboard 送分题1658 Eva's Problem 送分题1660 Princess FroG 构造1661 Help Jimmy DP1663 Number Steps 送分题1664 放苹果组合数学->递推1677 Girls' Day 送分题1688 Dolphin Pool 计算几何1690 (Your)((Term)((Project))) 送分题1691 Painting A Board 搜索/DP1692 Crossed Matchings DP1693 Counting Rectangles 几何1694 An Old Stone Game 博弈论?1695 Magazine Delivery 图论->1712 Flying Stars DP1713 Divide et unita 搜索1714 The Cave 搜索/DP1717 Dominoes DP1718 River Crossing DP1719 Shooting Contest 贪心1729 Jack and Jill 图论->1730 Perfect Pth Powers 数论1732 Phone numbers DP1734 Sightseeing trip 图论->Euler回路1738 An old Stone Game 博弈论?1741 Tree 博弈论?1745 Divisibility DP1751 Highways 图论->1752 Advertisement 贪心/图论->差分约束系统1753 Flip Game 搜索->BFS1755 Triathlon 计算几何?1770 Special Experiment 树形DP1771 Elevator Stopping Plan DP1772 New Go Game 构造?1773 Outernet 模拟1774 Fold Paper Strips 几何1775 Sum of Factorials 送分题1776 T ask Sequences DP1777 Vivian's Problem 数论1870 Bee Breeding 送分题1871 Bullet Hole 几何1872 A Dicey Problem BFS1873 The Fortified Forest 几何+回溯1874 Trade on Verweggistan DP1875 Robot 几何1876 The Letter Carrier's Rounds 模拟1877 Flooded! 数据结构->堆1879 Tempus et mobilius Time and motion 模拟+组合数学->Polya定理1882 Stamps 搜索+DP1883 Theseus and the Minotaur 模拟1887 Testing the CATCHER DP1889 Package Pricing DP1893 Monitoring Wheelchair Patients 模拟+几何1915 Knight Moves 搜索->BFS1916 Rat Attack 数据结构->?1936 All in All DP?1946 Cow Cycling DP1947 Rebuilding Roads 二分1985 Cow Marathon 图论->有向无环图的最长路1995 Raising Modulo Numbers 数论->大数的幂求余2049 Finding Nemo 图论->最短路2050 Searching the Web 模拟(需要高效实现)2051 Argus 送分题(最好用堆,不用也可以过)2054 Color a Tree 贪心2061 Pseudo-random Numbers 数论2080 Calendar 日期处理2082 Terrible Sets 分治/2083 Fractal 递归2084 Game of Connections 递推(不必高精度)2105 IP Address 送分题2115 C Looooops 数论->解模线性方程2136 Vertical Histogram 送分题2165 Gunman 计算几何2179 Inlay Cutters 枚举2181 Jumping Cows 递推2182 Lost Cows ->线段树/=============================================1370 Gossiping (数论->模线性方程有无解的判断)+(图论->DFS)1090 Chain ->格雷码和二进制码的转换2182 Lost Cows ->线段树/2426 Remainder BFS1872 A Dicey Problem BFS1324 Holedox Moving BFS+压缩储存1088 滑雪DFS/DP1015 Jury Compromise DP1050 To the Max DP1062 昂贵的聘礼DP1065 Wooden Sticks DP1074 Parallel Expectations DP1093 Formatting Text DP1112 Team Them Up! DP1141 Brackets Sequence DP1157 LITTLE SHOP OF FLOWERS DP1160 Post Office DP1163 The Triangle DP1170 Shopping Offers DP1179 Polygon DP1180 Batch Scheduling DP1191 棋盘分割DP1293 Duty Free Shop DP2184 Cow Exhibition DP2193 Lenny's Lucky Lotto Lists DP2292 Optimal Keypad DP1432 Decoding Morse Sequences DP1475 Pushing Boxes DP1513 Scheduling Lectures DP1633 Gladiators DP1661 Help Jimmy DP1692 Crossed Matchings DP1712 Flying Stars DP1717 Dominoes DP1718 River Crossing DP1732 Phone numbers DP1745 Divisibility DP1771 Elevator Stopping Plan DP1776 T ask Sequences DP1874 Trade on Verweggistan DP1887 Testing the CATCHER DP1889 Package Pricing DP1946 Cow Cycling DP1187 陨石的秘密DP(BalkanOI99 Par的拓展)1485 Fast Food DP(似乎就是ioi2000的postoffice) 2385 Apple Catching DP(像NOI98“免费馅饼”) 1064 Cable master DP/二分查找1037 A decorative fence DP/组合数学1936 All in All DP?1505 Copying Books DP+二分查找1631 Bridging signals DP+二分查找1159 Palindrome DP->LCS1458 Common Subsequence DP->LCS1080 Human Gene Functions DP->LCS变形2192 Zipper DP->LCS变形1185 炮兵阵地DP->数据压缩2430 Lazy Cows DP->数据压缩1067 取石子游戏博弈论1082 Calendar Game 博弈论1085 Triangle War 博弈论1143 Number Game 博弈论2311 Cutting Game 博弈论2425 A Chess Game 博弈论1638 A number game 博弈论1694 An Old Stone Game 博弈论?1738 An old Stone Game 博弈论?1741 Tree 博弈论?2083 Fractal 递归1104 Robbery 递推1217 FOUR QUARTERS 递推1280 Game 递推2261 France '98 递推2181 Jumping Cows 递推1316 Self Numbers 递推同Humble Number一样2084 Game of Connections 递推(不必高精度) 1338 Ugly Numbers 递推(有O(n)算法)2247 Humble Numbers 递推(最优O(n)算法)1322 Chocolate 递推/组合数学1189 钉子和小球递推?1947 Rebuilding Roads 二分2418 Hardwood Species 二分查找2082 Terrible Sets 分治/1001 Exponentiation 高精度1047 Round and Round We Go 高精度1060 Modular multiplication of polynomials 高精度1131 Octal Fractions 高精度1202 Family 高精度2199 Rate of Return 高精度1646 Double Trouble 高精度1147 Binary codes 构造1148 Utopia Divided 构造2275 Flipping Pancake 构造1660 Princess FroG 构造1772 New Go Game 构造?1005 I Think I Need a Houseboat 几何1039 Pipe 几何1070 Deformed Wheel 几何1092 Farmland 几何1106 Transmitters 几何2194 Stacking Cylinders 几何2254 Globetrotter 几何2315 Football Game 几何2423 The Parallel Challenge Ballgame 几何1375 Intervals 几何1380 Equipment Box 几何1408 Fishnet 几何1514 Metal Cutting 几何1518 Problem Bee 几何1605 Horse Shoe Scoring 几何1654 Area 几何1693 Counting Rectangles 几何1774 Fold Paper Strips 几何1871 Bullet Hole 几何1875 Robot 几何1873 The Fortified Forest 几何+回溯1031 Fence 计算几何1034 The dog task 计算几何1271 Nice Milk 计算几何2284 That Nice Euler Circuit 计算几何1688 Dolphin Pool 计算几何2165 Gunman 计算几何1755 Triathlon 计算几何?1379 Run Away 计算几何->1113 Wall 计算几何->convex hull1434 Fill the Cisterns! 计算几何->离散化/1151 Atlantis 计算几何->同等安置矩形的并的面积->离散化1177 Picture 计算几何->同等安置矩形的并的周长->线段树2419 Forests 枚举2179 Inlay Cutters 枚举1025 Department 模拟1027 The Same Game 模拟1048 Follow My Logic 模拟1049 Microprocessor Simulation 模拟1073 The Willy Memorial Program 模拟1075 University Entrance Examination 模拟1098 Robots 模拟1103 Maze 模拟1120 A New Growth Industry 模拟1193 内存分配模拟1281 MANAGER 模拟2200 A Card Trick 模拟2314 POJ language 模拟1431 Calendar of Maya 模拟1483 Going in Circles on Alpha Centauri 模拟1512 Keeps Going and Going and ... 模拟1773 Outernet 模拟1876 The Letter Carrier's Rounds 模拟1883 Theseus and the Minotaur 模拟2050 Searching the Web 模拟(需要高效实现)1012 Joseph 模拟/数学方法1086 Unscrambling Images 模拟?1327 Moving Object Recognition 模拟?1893 Monitoring Wheelchair Patients 模拟+几何1462 Random Walk 模拟+解线性方程组2379 ACM Rank T able 模拟+排序1879 Tempus et mobilius Time and motion 模拟+组合数学->Polya定理1520 Scramble Sort 排序1634 Who's the boss? 排序2299 Ultra-QuickSort 排序->归并排序1008 Maya Calendar 日期处理1209 Calendar 日期处理2210 Metric Time 日期处理1430 Binary Stirling Numbers 日期处理1447 Ambiguous Dates 日期处理2080 Calendar 日期处理2351 Time Zones 时间处理1770 Special Experiment 树形DP1916 Rat Attack 数据结构->?1197 Depot 数据结构->Young T ableau1182 食物链数据结构->并查集2424 Flo's Restaurant 数据结构->堆1877 Flooded! 数据结构->堆1445 Random number 数据结构->碓1023 The Fun Number System 数论1061 青蛙的约会数论1091 跳蚤数论1152 An Easy Problem! 数论2191 Mersenne Composite Numbers 数论2381 Random Gap 数论2417 Discrete Logging 数论1510 Hares and Foxes 数论1641 Rational Approximation 数论1730 Perfect Pth Powers 数论1777 Vivian's Problem 数论2061 Pseudo-random Numbers 数论1014 Dividing 数论/DP?/组合数学->母函数?1606 Jugs 数论/搜索1995 Raising Modulo Numbers 数论->大数的幂求余2115 C Looooops 数论->解模线性方程1288 Sly Number 数论->解模线性方程组1395 Cog-Wheels 数学->解正系数的线性方程组1000 A+B Problem 送分题1003 Hangover 送分题1004 Financial Management 送分题1006 Biorhythms 送分题1007 DNA Sorting 送分题1016 Numbers That Count 送分题1019 Number Sequence 送分题1028 Web Navigation 送分题1046 Color Me Less 送分题1053 Set Me 送分题1068 Parencodings 送分题1071 Illusive Chase 送分题1096 Space Station Shielding 送分题1099 Square Ice 送分题1102 LC-Display 送分题1107 W's Cipher 送分题1119 Start Up the Startup 送分题1218 THE DRUNK JAILER 送分题1245 Programmer, Rank Thyself 送分题1247 Magnificent Meatballs 送分题1250 T anning Salon 送分题1298 The Hardest Problem Ever 送分题1326 Mileage Bank 送分题2190 ISBN 送分题2196 Specialized Four-Digit Numbers 送分题2291 Rotten Ropes 送分题2304 Combination Lock 送分题2309 BST 送分题2390 Bank Interest 送分题2403 Hay Points 送分题1411 Calling Extraterrestrial Intelligence Again 送分题1481 The Die Is Cast 送分题1484 Blowing Fuses 送分题1517 u Calculate e 送分题1547 Clay Bully 送分题1563 The Snail 送分题1604 Just the Facts 送分题1657 Distance on Chessboard 送分题1658 Eva's Problem 送分题1663 Number Steps 送分题1677 Girls' Day 送分题1690 (Your)((Term)((Project))) 送分题1775 Sum of Factorials 送分题1870 Bee Breeding 送分题2105 IP Address 送分题2136 Vertical Histogram 送分题1555 Polynomial Showdown 送分题(非常阴险) 2388 Who's in the Middle 送分题(排序)1519 Digital Roots 送分题(位数可能很大)1045 Bode Plot 送分题(用物理知识)2051 Argus 送分题(最好用堆,不用也可以过) 1011 Sticks 搜索1020 Anniversary Cake 搜索1054 The Troublesome Frog 搜索1069 The Bermuda Triangle 搜索1072 Puzzle Out 搜索1100 Dreisam Equations 搜索1110 Double Vision 搜索1111 Image Perimeters 搜索1128 Frame Stacking 搜索1142 Smith Numbers 搜索1162 Building with Blocks 搜索1183 反正切函数的应用搜索1184 聪明的打字员搜索1248 Safecracker 搜索1601 Pizza Anyone? 搜索1713 Divide et unita 搜索1129 Channel Allocation 搜索(图的最大独立集)1190 生日蛋糕搜索/DP1691 Painting A Board 搜索/DP1714 The Cave 搜索/DP1084 Square Destroyer 搜索?1010 STAMPS 搜索+DP1194 HIDDEN CODES 搜索+DP1882 Stamps 搜索+DP1101 The Game 搜索->BFS1137 The New Villa 搜索->BFS1233 Street Crossing 搜索->BFS2243 Knight Moves 搜索->BFS2312 Battle City 搜索->BFS1476 Always On the Run 搜索->BFS1480 Optimal Programs 搜索->BFS1482 It's not a Bug, It's a Feature! 搜索->BFS 1753 Flip Game 搜索->BFS1915 Knight Moves 搜索->BFS1017 Packets 贪心1018 Communication System 贪心1323 Game Prediction 贪心1463 Strategic game 贪心1469 COURSES 贪心1719 Shooting Contest 贪心2054 Color a Tree 贪心1328 Radar Installation 贪心(差分约束系统的特例)1042 Gone Fishing 贪心/DP1752 Advertisement 贪心/图论->差分约束系统1201 Intervals 贪心/图论->最长路->差分约束系统1097 Roads Scholar 图论1161 Walls 图论1450 Gridland 图论(本来TSP问题是NP难的,但这个图比较特殊,由现成的构造方法)2197 Jill's Tour Paths 图论->2416 Return of the Jedi 图论->1639 Picnic Planning 图论->1695 Magazine Delivery 图论->1729 Jack and Jill 图论->1751 Highways 图论->1122 FDNY to the Rescue! 图论->Dijkstra1125 Stockbroker Grapevine 图论->Dijkstra1135 Domino Effect 图论->Dijkstra1394 Railroad 图论->Dijkstra1158 TRAFFIC LIGHTS 图论->Dijkstra变形2395 Out of Hay 图论->Dijkstra变形2253 Frogger 图论->Dijkstra变形(和1295是一样的)1734 Sightseeing trip 图论->Euler回路1466 Girls and Boys 图论->n/a1515 Street Directions 图论->把一个无向连通图改造成为有向强连通图1635 Subway tree systems 图论->不同表示法的二叉树判同1275 Cashier Employment 图论->差分约束系统->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->Bellman-Ford1274 The Perfect Stall 图论->二分图的最大匹配1325 Machine Schedule 图论->二分图的最大匹配2239 Selecting Courses 图论->二分图的最大匹配2195 Going Home 图论->二分图的最大权匹配2400 Supervisor, Supervisee 图论->二分图的最大权匹配?1637 Sightseeing tour 图论->欧拉回路1383 Labyrinth 图论->树的最长路1094 Sorting It All Out 图论->拓扑排序1486 Sorting Slides 图论->拓扑排序1149 PIGS 图论->网络流2289 Jamie's Contact Groups 图论->网络流?1192 最优连通子集图论->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->BellmanFord 1364 King 图论->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->BellmanFord1985 Cow Marathon 图论->有向无环图的最长路1087 A Plug for UNIX 图论->最大流1273 Drainage Ditches 图论->最大流1459 Power Network 图论->最大流1632 Vase collection 图论->最大完全图2049 Finding Nemo 图论->最短路1251 Jungle Roads 图论->最小生成树2421 Constructing Roads 图论->最小生成树1026 Cipher 组合数学1095 Trees Made to Order 组合数学2346 Lucky tickets 组合数学1286 Necklace of Beads 组合数学->Polya定理2409 Let it Bead 组合数学->Polya定理1664 放苹果组合数学->递推。
2009and2010Papers:Big-4Security ConferencespvoOctober13,2010NDSS20091.Document Structure Integrity:A Robust Basis for Cross-site Scripting Defense.Y.Nadji,P.Saxena,D.Song2.An Efficient Black-box Technique for Defeating Web Application Attacks.R.Sekar3.Noncespaces:Using Randomization to Enforce Information Flow Tracking and Thwart Cross-Site Scripting Attacks.M.Van Gundy,H.Chen4.The Blind Stone Tablet:Outsourcing Durability to Untrusted Parties.P.Williams,R.Sion,D.Shasha5.Two-Party Computation Model for Privacy-Preserving Queries over Distributed Databases.S.S.M.Chow,J.-H.Lee,L.Subramanian6.SybilInfer:Detecting Sybil Nodes using Social Networks.G.Danezis,P.Mittal7.Spectrogram:A Mixture-of-Markov-Chains Model for Anomaly Detection in Web Traffic.Yingbo Song,Angelos D.Keromytis,Salvatore J.Stolfo8.Detecting Forged TCP Reset Packets.Nicholas Weaver,Robin Sommer,Vern Paxson9.Coordinated Scan Detection.Carrie Gates10.RB-Seeker:Auto-detection of Redirection Botnets.Xin Hu,Matthew Knysz,Kang G.Shin11.Scalable,Behavior-Based Malware Clustering.Ulrich Bayer,Paolo Milani Comparetti,Clemens Hlauschek,Christopher Kruegel,Engin Kirda12.K-Tracer:A System for Extracting Kernel Malware Behavior.Andrea Lanzi,Monirul I.Sharif,Wenke Lee13.RAINBOW:A Robust And Invisible Non-Blind Watermark for Network Flows.Amir Houmansadr,Negar Kiyavash,Nikita Borisov14.Traffic Morphing:An Efficient Defense Against Statistical Traffic Analysis.Charles V.Wright,Scott E.Coull,Fabian Monrose15.Recursive DNS Architectures and Vulnerability Implications.David Dagon,Manos Antonakakis,Kevin Day,Xiapu Luo,Christopher P.Lee,Wenke Lee16.Analyzing and Comparing the Protection Quality of Security Enhanced Operating Systems.Hong Chen,Ninghui Li,Ziqing Mao17.IntScope:Automatically Detecting Integer Overflow Vulnerability in X86Binary Using Symbolic Execution.Tielei Wang,Tao Wei,Zhiqiang Lin,Wei Zou18.Safe Passage for Passwords and Other Sensitive Data.Jonathan M.McCune,Adrian Perrig,Michael K.Reiter19.Conditioned-safe Ceremonies and a User Study of an Application to Web Authentication.Chris Karlof,J.Doug Tygar,David Wagner20.CSAR:A Practical and Provable Technique to Make Randomized Systems Accountable.Michael Backes,Peter Druschel,Andreas Haeberlen,Dominique UnruhOakland20091.Wirelessly Pickpocketing a Mifare Classic Card.(Best Practical Paper Award)Flavio D.Garcia,Peter van Rossum,Roel Verdult,Ronny Wichers Schreur2.Plaintext Recovery Attacks Against SSH.Martin R.Albrecht,Kenneth G.Paterson,Gaven J.Watson3.Exploiting Unix File-System Races via Algorithmic Complexity Attacks.Xiang Cai,Yuwei Gui,Rob Johnson4.Practical Mitigations for Timing-Based Side-Channel Attacks on Modern x86Processors.Bart Coppens,Ingrid Verbauwhede,Bjorn De Sutter,Koen De Bosschere5.Non-Interference for a Practical DIFC-Based Operating System.Maxwell Krohn,Eran Tromer6.Native Client:A Sandbox for Portable,Untrusted x86Native Code.(Best Paper Award)B.Yee,D.Sehr,G.Dardyk,B.Chen,R.Muth,T.Ormandy,S.Okasaka,N.Narula,N.Fullagar7.Automatic Reverse Engineering of Malware Emulators.(Best Student Paper Award)Monirul Sharif,Andrea Lanzi,Jonathon Giffin,Wenke Lee8.Prospex:Protocol Specification Extraction.Paolo Milani Comparetti,Gilbert Wondracek,Christopher Kruegel,Engin Kirda9.Quantifying Information Leaks in Outbound Web Traffic.Kevin Borders,Atul Prakash10.Automatic Discovery and Quantification of Information Leaks.Michael Backes,Boris Kopf,Andrey Rybalchenko11.CLAMP:Practical Prevention of Large-Scale Data Leaks.Bryan Parno,Jonathan M.McCune,Dan Wendlandt,David G.Andersen,Adrian Perrig12.De-anonymizing Social Networks.Arvind Narayanan,Vitaly Shmatikov13.Privacy Weaknesses in Biometric Sketches.Koen Simoens,Pim Tuyls,Bart Preneel14.The Mastermind Attack on Genomic Data.Michael T.Goodrich15.A Logic of Secure Systems and its Application to Trusted Computing.Anupam Datta,Jason Franklin,Deepak Garg,Dilsun Kaynar16.Formally Certifying the Security of Digital Signature Schemes.Santiago Zanella-Beguelin,Gilles Barthe,Benjamin Gregoire,Federico Olmedo17.An Epistemic Approach to Coercion-Resistance for Electronic Voting Protocols.Ralf Kuesters,Tomasz Truderung18.Sphinx:A Compact and Provably Secure Mix Format.George Danezis,Ian Goldberg19.DSybil:Optimal Sybil-Resistance for Recommendation Systems.Haifeng Yu,Chenwei Shi,Michael Kaminsky,Phillip B.Gibbons,Feng Xiao20.Fingerprinting Blank Paper Using Commodity Scanners.William Clarkson,Tim Weyrich,Adam Finkelstein,Nadia Heninger,Alex Halderman,Ed Felten 21.Tempest in a Teapot:Compromising Reflections Revisited.Michael Backes,Tongbo Chen,Markus Duermuth,Hendrik P.A.Lensch,Martin Welk22.Blueprint:Robust Prevention of Cross-site Scripting Attacks for Existing Browsers.Mike Ter Louw,V.N.Venkatakrishnan23.Pretty-Bad-Proxy:An Overlooked Adversary in Browsers’HTTPS Deployments.Shuo Chen,Ziqing Mao,Yi-Min Wang,Ming Zhang24.Secure Content Sniffing for Web Browsers,or How to Stop Papers from Reviewing Themselves.Adam Barth,Juan Caballero,Dawn Song25.It’s No Secret:Measuring the Security and Reliability of Authentication via’Secret’Questions.Stuart Schechter,A.J.Bernheim Brush,Serge Egelman26.Password Cracking Using Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars.Matt Weir,Sudhir Aggarwal,Bill Glodek,Breno de MedeirosUSENIX Security2009promising Electromagnetic Emanations of Wired and Wireless Keyboards.(Outstanding Student Paper)Martin Vuagnoux,Sylvain Pasini2.Peeping Tom in the Neighborhood:Keystroke Eavesdropping on Multi-User Systems.Kehuan Zhang,XiaoFeng Wang3.A Practical Congestion Attack on Tor Using Long Paths,Nathan S.Evans,Roger Dingledine,Christian Grothoff4.Baggy Bounds Checking:An Efficient and Backwards-Compatible Defense against Out-of-Bounds Errors.Periklis Akritidis,Manuel Costa,Miguel Castro,Steven Hand5.Dynamic Test Generation to Find Integer Bugs in x86Binary Linux Programs.David Molnar,Xue Cong Li,David A.Wagner6.NOZZLE:A Defense Against Heap-spraying Code Injection Attacks.Paruj Ratanaworabhan,Benjamin Livshits,Benjamin Zorn7.Detecting Spammers with SNARE:Spatio-temporal Network-level Automatic Reputation Engine.Shuang Hao,Nadeem Ahmed Syed,Nick Feamster,Alexander G.Gray,Sven Krasser8.Improving Tor using a TCP-over-DTLS Tunnel.Joel Reardon,Ian Goldberg9.Locating Prefix Hijackers using LOCK.Tongqing Qiu,Lusheng Ji,Dan Pei,Jia Wang,Jun(Jim)Xu,Hitesh Ballani10.GATEKEEPER:Mostly Static Enforcement of Security and Reliability Policies for JavaScript Code.Salvatore Guarnieri,Benjamin Livshits11.Cross-Origin JavaScript Capability Leaks:Detection,Exploitation,and Defense.Adam Barth,Joel Weinberger,Dawn Song12.Memory Safety for Low-Level Software/Hardware Interactions.John Criswell,Nicolas Geoffray,Vikram Adve13.Physical-layer Identification of RFID Devices.Boris Danev,Thomas S.Heydt-Benjamin,Srdjan CapkunCP:Secure Remote Storage for Computational RFIDs.Mastooreh Salajegheh,Shane Clark,Benjamin Ransford,Kevin Fu,Ari Juels15.Jamming-resistant Broadcast Communication without Shared Keys.Christina Popper,Mario Strasser,Srdjan Capkun16.xBook:Redesigning Privacy Control in Social Networking Platforms.Kapil Singh,Sumeer Bhola,Wenke Lee17.Nemesis:Preventing Authentication and Access Control Vulnerabilities in Web Applications.Michael Dalton,Christos Kozyrakis,Nickolai Zeldovich18.Static Enforcement of Web Application Integrity Through Strong Typing.William Robertson,Giovanni Vigna19.Vanish:Increasing Data Privacy with Self-Destructing Data.(Outstanding Student Paper)Roxana Geambasu,Tadayoshi Kohno,Amit A.Levy,Henry M.Levy20.Efficient Data Structures for Tamper-Evident Logging.Scott A.Crosby,Dan S.Wallach21.VPriv:Protecting Privacy in Location-Based Vehicular Services.Raluca Ada Popa,Hari Balakrishnan,Andrew J.Blumberg22.Effective and Efficient Malware Detection at the End Host.Clemens Kolbitsch,Paolo Milani Comparetti,Christopher Kruegel,Engin Kirda,Xiaoyong Zhou,XiaoFeng Wang 23.Protecting Confidential Data on Personal Computers with Storage Capsules.Kevin Borders,Eric Vander Weele,Billy Lau,Atul Prakash24.Return-Oriented Rootkits:Bypassing Kernel Code Integrity Protection Mechanisms.Ralf Hund,Thorsten Holz,Felix C.Freiling25.Crying Wolf:An Empirical Study of SSL Warning Effectiveness.Joshua Sunshine,Serge Egelman,Hazim Almuhimedi,Neha Atri,Lorrie Faith Cranor26.The Multi-Principal OS Construction of the Gazelle Web Browser.Helen J.Wang,Chris Grier,Alex Moshchuk,Samuel T.King,Piali Choudhury,Herman VenterACM CCS20091.Attacking cryptographic schemes based on”perturbation polynomials”.Martin Albrecht,Craig Gentry,Shai Halevi,Jonathan Katz2.Filter-resistant code injection on ARM.Yves Younan,Pieter Philippaerts,Frank Piessens,Wouter Joosen,Sven Lachmund,Thomas Walter3.False data injection attacks against state estimation in electric power grids.Yao Liu,Michael K.Reiter,Peng Ning4.EPC RFID tag security weaknesses and defenses:passport cards,enhanced drivers licenses,and beyond.Karl Koscher,Ari Juels,Vjekoslav Brajkovic,Tadayoshi Kohno5.An efficient forward private RFID protocol.Come Berbain,Olivier Billet,Jonathan Etrog,Henri Gilbert6.RFID privacy:relation between two notions,minimal condition,and efficient construction.Changshe Ma,Yingjiu Li,Robert H.Deng,Tieyan Li7.CoSP:a general framework for computational soundness proofs.Michael Backes,Dennis Hofheinz,Dominique Unruh8.Reactive noninterference.Aaron Bohannon,Benjamin C.Pierce,Vilhelm Sjoberg,Stephanie Weirich,Steve Zdancewicputational soundness for key exchange protocols with symmetric encryption.Ralf Kusters,Max Tuengerthal10.A probabilistic approach to hybrid role mining.Mario Frank,Andreas P.Streich,David A.Basin,Joachim M.Buhmann11.Efficient pseudorandom functions from the decisional linear assumption and weaker variants.Allison B.Lewko,Brent Waters12.Improving privacy and security in multi-authority attribute-based encryption.Melissa Chase,Sherman S.M.Chow13.Oblivious transfer with access control.Jan Camenisch,Maria Dubovitskaya,Gregory Neven14.NISAN:network information service for anonymization networks.Andriy Panchenko,Stefan Richter,Arne Rache15.Certificateless onion routing.Dario Catalano,Dario Fiore,Rosario Gennaro16.ShadowWalker:peer-to-peer anonymous communication using redundant structured topologies.Prateek Mittal,Nikita Borisov17.Ripley:automatically securing web2.0applications through replicated execution.K.Vikram,Abhishek Prateek,V.Benjamin Livshits18.HAIL:a high-availability and integrity layer for cloud storage.Kevin D.Bowers,Ari Juels,Alina Oprea19.Hey,you,get offof my cloud:exploring information leakage in third-party compute clouds.Thomas Ristenpart,Eran Tromer,Hovav Shacham,Stefan Savage20.Dynamic provable data possession.C.Christopher Erway,Alptekin Kupcu,Charalampos Papamanthou,Roberto Tamassia21.On cellular botnets:measuring the impact of malicious devices on a cellular network core.Patrick Traynor,Michael Lin,Machigar Ongtang,Vikhyath Rao,Trent Jaeger,Patrick Drew McDaniel,Thomas Porta 22.On lightweight mobile phone application certification.William Enck,Machigar Ongtang,Patrick Drew McDaniel23.SMILE:encounter-based trust for mobile social services.Justin Manweiler,Ryan Scudellari,Landon P.Cox24.Battle of Botcraft:fighting bots in online games with human observational proofs.Steven Gianvecchio,Zhenyu Wu,Mengjun Xie,Haining Wang25.Fides:remote anomaly-based cheat detection using client emulation.Edward C.Kaiser,Wu-chang Feng,Travis Schluessler26.Behavior based software theft detection.Xinran Wang,Yoon-chan Jhi,Sencun Zhu,Peng Liu27.The fable of the bees:incentivizing robust revocation decision making in ad hoc networks.Steffen Reidt,Mudhakar Srivatsa,Shane Balfe28.Effective implementation of the cell broadband engineTM isolation loader.Masana Murase,Kanna Shimizu,Wilfred Plouffe,Masaharu Sakamoto29.On achieving good operating points on an ROC plane using stochastic anomaly score prediction.Muhammad Qasim Ali,Hassan Khan,Ali Sajjad,Syed Ali Khayam30.On non-cooperative location privacy:a game-theoretic analysis.Julien Freudiger,Mohammad Hossein Manshaei,Jean-Pierre Hubaux,David C.Parkes31.Privacy-preserving genomic computation through program specialization.Rui Wang,XiaoFeng Wang,Zhou Li,Haixu Tang,Michael K.Reiter,Zheng Dong32.Feeling-based location privacy protection for location-based services.Toby Xu,Ying Cai33.Multi-party off-the-record messaging.Ian Goldberg,Berkant Ustaoglu,Matthew Van Gundy,Hao Chen34.The bayesian traffic analysis of mix networks.Carmela Troncoso,George Danezis35.As-awareness in Tor path selection.Matthew Edman,Paul F.Syverson36.Membership-concealing overlay networks.Eugene Y.Vasserman,Rob Jansen,James Tyra,Nicholas Hopper,Yongdae Kim37.On the difficulty of software-based attestation of embedded devices.Claude Castelluccia,Aurelien Francillon,Daniele Perito,Claudio Soriente38.Proximity-based access control for implantable medical devices.Kasper Bonne Rasmussen,Claude Castelluccia,Thomas S.Heydt-Benjamin,Srdjan Capkun39.XCS:cross channel scripting and its impact on web applications.Hristo Bojinov,Elie Bursztein,Dan Boneh40.A security-preserving compiler for distributed programs:from information-flow policies to cryptographic mechanisms.Cedric Fournet,Gurvan Le Guernic,Tamara Rezk41.Finding bugs in exceptional situations of JNI programs.Siliang Li,Gang Tan42.Secure open source collaboration:an empirical study of Linus’law.Andrew Meneely,Laurie A.Williams43.On voting machine design for verification and testability.Cynthia Sturton,Susmit Jha,Sanjit A.Seshia,David Wagner44.Secure in-VM monitoring using hardware virtualization.Monirul I.Sharif,Wenke Lee,Weidong Cui,Andrea Lanzi45.A metadata calculus for secure information sharing.Mudhakar Srivatsa,Dakshi Agrawal,Steffen Reidt46.Multiple password interference in text passwords and click-based graphical passwords.Sonia Chiasson,Alain Forget,Elizabeth Stobert,Paul C.van Oorschot,Robert Biddle47.Can they hear me now?:a security analysis of law enforcement wiretaps.Micah Sherr,Gaurav Shah,Eric Cronin,Sandy Clark,Matt Blaze48.English shellcode.Joshua Mason,Sam Small,Fabian Monrose,Greg MacManus49.Learning your identity and disease from research papers:information leaks in genome wide association study.Rui Wang,Yong Fuga Li,XiaoFeng Wang,Haixu Tang,Xiao-yong Zhou50.Countering kernel rootkits with lightweight hook protection.Zhi Wang,Xuxian Jiang,Weidong Cui,Peng Ning51.Mapping kernel objects to enable systematic integrity checking.Martim Carbone,Weidong Cui,Long Lu,Wenke Lee,Marcus Peinado,Xuxian Jiang52.Robust signatures for kernel data structures.Brendan Dolan-Gavitt,Abhinav Srivastava,Patrick Traynor,Jonathon T.Giffin53.A new cell counter based attack against tor.Zhen Ling,Junzhou Luo,Wei Yu,Xinwen Fu,Dong Xuan,Weijia Jia54.Scalable onion routing with torsk.Jon McLachlan,Andrew Tran,Nicholas Hopper,Yongdae Kim55.Anonymous credentials on a standard java card.Patrik Bichsel,Jan Camenisch,Thomas Gros,Victor Shouprge-scale malware indexing using function-call graphs.Xin Hu,Tzi-cker Chiueh,Kang G.Shin57.Dispatcher:enabling active botnet infiltration using automatic protocol reverse-engineering.Juan Caballero,Pongsin Poosankam,Christian Kreibich,Dawn Xiaodong Song58.Your botnet is my botnet:analysis of a botnet takeover.Brett Stone-Gross,Marco Cova,Lorenzo Cavallaro,Bob Gilbert,MartinSzydlowski,Richard A.Kemmerer,Christopher Kruegel,Giovanni VignaNDSS20101.Server-side Verification of Client Behavior in Online Games.Darrell Bethea,Robert Cochran and Michael Reiter2.Defeating Vanish with Low-Cost Sybil Attacks Against Large DHTs.S.Wolchok,O.S.Hofmann,N.Heninger,E.W.Felten,J.A.Halderman,C.J.Rossbach,B.Waters,E.Witchel3.Stealth DoS Attacks on Secure Channels.Amir Herzberg and Haya Shulman4.Protecting Browsers from Extension Vulnerabilities.Adam Barth,Adrienne Porter Felt,Prateek Saxena,and Aaron Boodman5.Adnostic:Privacy Preserving Targeted Advertising.Vincent Toubiana,Arvind Narayanan,Dan Boneh,Helen Nissenbaum and Solon Barocas6.FLAX:Systematic Discovery of Client-side Validation Vulnerabilities in Rich Web Applications.Prateek Saxena,Steve Hanna,Pongsin Poosankam and Dawn Song7.Effective Anomaly Detection with Scarce Training Data.William Robertson,Federico Maggi,Christopher Kruegel and Giovanni Vignarge-Scale Automatic Classification of Phishing Pages.Colin Whittaker,Brian Ryner and Marria Nazif9.A Systematic Characterization of IM Threats using Honeypots.Iasonas Polakis,Thanasis Petsas,Evangelos P.Markatos and Spiros Antonatos10.On Network-level Clusters for Spam Detection.Zhiyun Qian,Zhuoqing Mao,Yinglian Xie and Fang Yu11.Improving Spam Blacklisting Through Dynamic Thresholding and Speculative Aggregation.Sushant Sinha,Michael Bailey and Farnam Jahanian12.Botnet Judo:Fighting Spam with Itself.A.Pitsillidis,K.Levchenko,C.Kreibich,C.Kanich,G.M.Voelker,V.Paxson,N.Weaver,S.Savage13.Contractual Anonymity.Edward J.Schwartz,David Brumley and Jonathan M.McCune14.A3:An Extensible Platform for Application-Aware Anonymity.Micah Sherr,Andrew Mao,William R.Marczak,Wenchao Zhou,Boon Thau Loo,and Matt Blaze15.When Good Randomness Goes Bad:Virtual Machine Reset Vulnerabilities and Hedging Deployed Cryptography.Thomas Ristenpart and Scott Yilek16.InvisiType:Object-Oriented Security Policies.Jiwon Seo and Monica m17.A Security Evaluation of DNSSEC with NSEC3.Jason Bau and John Mitchell18.On the Safety of Enterprise Policy Deployment.Yudong Gao,Ni Pan,Xu Chen and Z.Morley Mao19.Where Do You Want to Go Today?Escalating Privileges by Pathname Manipulation.Suresh Chari,Shai Halevi and Wietse Venema20.Joe-E:A Security-Oriented Subset of Java.Adrian Mettler,David Wagner and Tyler Close21.Preventing Capability Leaks in Secure JavaScript Subsets.Matthew Finifter,Joel Weinberger and Adam Barth22.Binary Code Extraction and Interface Identification for Security Applications.Juan Caballero,Noah M.Johnson,Stephen McCamant,and Dawn Song23.Automatic Reverse Engineering of Data Structures from Binary Execution.Zhiqiang Lin,Xiangyu Zhang and Dongyan Xu24.Efficient Detection of Split Personalities in Malware.Davide Balzarotti,Marco Cova,Christoph Karlberger,Engin Kirda,Christopher Kruegel and Giovanni VignaOakland20101.Inspector Gadget:Automated Extraction of Proprietary Gadgets from Malware Binaries.Clemens Kolbitsch Thorsten Holz,Christopher Kruegel,Engin Kirda2.Synthesizing Near-Optimal Malware Specifications from Suspicious Behaviors.Matt Fredrikson,Mihai Christodorescu,Somesh Jha,Reiner Sailer,Xifeng Yan3.Identifying Dormant Functionality in Malware Programs.Paolo Milani Comparetti,Guido Salvaneschi,Clemens Kolbitsch,Engin Kirda,Christopher Kruegel,Stefano Zanero4.Reconciling Belief and Vulnerability in Information Flow.Sardaouna Hamadou,Vladimiro Sassone,Palamidessi5.Towards Static Flow-Based Declassification for Legacy and Untrusted Programs.Bruno P.S.Rocha,Sruthi Bandhakavi,Jerry I.den Hartog,William H.Winsborough,Sandro Etalle6.Non-Interference Through Secure Multi-Execution.Dominique Devriese,Frank Piessens7.Object Capabilities and Isolation of Untrusted Web Applications.Sergio Maffeis,John C.Mitchell,Ankur Taly8.TrustVisor:Efficient TCB Reduction and Attestation.Jonathan McCune,Yanlin Li,Ning Qu,Zongwei Zhou,Anupam Datta,Virgil Gligor,Adrian Perrig9.Overcoming an Untrusted Computing Base:Detecting and Removing Malicious Hardware Automatically.Matthew Hicks,Murph Finnicum,Samuel T.King,Milo M.K.Martin,Jonathan M.Smith10.Tamper Evident Microprocessors.Adam Waksman,Simha Sethumadhavan11.Side-Channel Leaks in Web Applications:a Reality Today,a Challenge Tomorrow.Shuo Chen,Rui Wang,XiaoFeng Wang Kehuan Zhang12.Investigation of Triangular Spamming:a Stealthy and Efficient Spamming Technique.Zhiyun Qian,Z.Morley Mao,Yinglian Xie,Fang Yu13.A Practical Attack to De-Anonymize Social Network Users.Gilbert Wondracek,Thorsten Holz,Engin Kirda,Christopher Kruegel14.SCiFI-A System for Secure Face Identification.(Best Paper)Margarita Osadchy,Benny Pinkas,Ayman Jarrous,Boaz Moskovich15.Round-Efficient Broadcast Authentication Protocols for Fixed Topology Classes.Haowen Chan,Adrian Perrig16.Revocation Systems with Very Small Private Keys.Allison Lewko,Amit Sahai,Brent Waters17.Authenticating Primary Users’Signals in Cognitive Radio Networks via Integrated Cryptographic and Wireless Link Signatures.Yao Liu,Peng Ning,Huaiyu Dai18.Outside the Closed World:On Using Machine Learning For Network Intrusion Detection.Robin Sommer,Vern Paxson19.All You Ever Wanted to Know about Dynamic Taint Analysis and Forward Symbolic Execution(but might have been afraid to ask).Thanassis Avgerinos,Edward Schwartz,David Brumley20.State of the Art:Automated Black-Box Web Application Vulnerability Testing.Jason Bau,Elie Bursztein,Divij Gupta,John Mitchell21.A Proof-Carrying File System.Deepak Garg,Frank Pfenning22.Scalable Parametric Verification of Secure Systems:How to Verify Ref.Monitors without Worrying about Data Structure Size.Jason Franklin,Sagar Chaki,Anupam Datta,Arvind Seshadri23.HyperSafe:A Lightweight Approach to Provide Lifetime Hypervisor Control-Flow Integrity.Zhi Wang,Xuxian Jiang24.How Good are Humans at Solving CAPTCHAs?A Large Scale Evaluation.Elie Bursztein,Steven Bethard,John C.Mitchell,Dan Jurafsky,Celine Fabry25.Bootstrapping Trust in Commodity Computers.Bryan Parno,Jonathan M.McCune,Adrian Perrig26.Chip and PIN is Broken.(Best Practical Paper)Steven J.Murdoch,Saar Drimer,Ross Anderson,Mike Bond27.Experimental Security Analysis of a Modern Automobile.K.Koscher,A.Czeskis,F.Roesner,S.Patel,T.Kohno,S.Checkoway,D.McCoy,B.Kantor,D.Anderson,H.Shacham,S.Savage 28.On the Incoherencies in Web Browser Access Control Policies.Kapil Singh,Alexander Moshchuk,Helen J.Wang,Wenke Lee29.ConScript:Specifying and Enforcing Fine-Grained Security Policies for JavaScript in the Browser.Leo Meyerovich,Benjamin Livshits30.TaintScope:A Checksum-Aware Directed Fuzzing Tool for Automatic Software Vulnerability Detection.(Best Student Paper)Tielei Wang,Tao Wei,Guofei Gu,Wei Zou31.A Symbolic Execution Framework for JavaScript.Prateek Saxena,Devdatta Akhawe,Steve Hanna,Stephen McCamant,Dawn Song,Feng MaoUSENIX Security20101.Adapting Software Fault Isolation to Contemporary CPU Architectures.David Sehr,Robert Muth,CliffBiffle,Victor Khimenko,Egor Pasko,Karl Schimpf,Bennet Yee,Brad Chen2.Making Linux Protection Mechanisms Egalitarian with UserFS.Taesoo Kim and Nickolai Zeldovich3.Capsicum:Practical Capabilities for UNIX.(Best Student Paper)Robert N.M.Watson,Jonathan Anderson,Ben Laurie,Kris Kennaway4.Structuring Protocol Implementations to Protect Sensitive Data.Petr Marchenko,Brad Karp5.PrETP:Privacy-Preserving Electronic Toll Pricing.Josep Balasch,Alfredo Rial,Carmela Troncoso,Bart Preneel,Ingrid Verbauwhede,Christophe Geuens6.An Analysis of Private Browsing Modes in Modern Browsers.Gaurav Aggarwal,Elie Bursztein,Collin Jackson,Dan Boneh7.BotGrep:Finding P2P Bots with Structured Graph Analysis.Shishir Nagaraja,Prateek Mittal,Chi-Yao Hong,Matthew Caesar,Nikita Borisov8.Fast Regular Expression Matching Using Small TCAMs for Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems.Chad R.Meiners,Jignesh Patel,Eric Norige,Eric Torng,Alex X.Liu9.Searching the Searchers with SearchAudit.John P.John,Fang Yu,Yinglian Xie,Martin Abadi,Arvind Krishnamurthy10.Toward Automated Detection of Logic Vulnerabilities in Web Applications.Viktoria Felmetsger,Ludovico Cavedon,Christopher Kruegel,Giovanni Vigna11.Baaz:A System for Detecting Access Control Misconfigurations.Tathagata Das,Ranjita Bhagwan,Prasad Naldurg12.Cling:A Memory Allocator to Mitigate Dangling Pointers.Periklis Akritidis13.ZKPDL:A Language-Based System for Efficient Zero-Knowledge Proofs and Electronic Cash.Sarah Meiklejohn,C.Chris Erway,Alptekin Kupcu,Theodora Hinkle,Anna Lysyanskaya14.P4P:Practical Large-Scale Privacy-Preserving Distributed Computation Robust against Malicious Users.Yitao Duan,John Canny,Justin Zhan,15.SEPIA:Privacy-Preserving Aggregation of Multi-Domain Network Events and Statistics.Martin Burkhart,Mario Strasser,Dilip Many,Xenofontas Dimitropoulos16.Dude,Where’s That IP?Circumventing Measurement-based IP Geolocation.Phillipa Gill,Yashar Ganjali,Bernard Wong,David Lie17.Idle Port Scanning and Non-interference Analysis of Network Protocol Stacks Using Model Checking.Roya Ensafi,Jong Chun Park,Deepak Kapur,Jedidiah R.Crandall18.Building a Dynamic Reputation System for DNS.Manos Antonakakis,Roberto Perdisci,David Dagon,Wenke Lee,Nick Feamster19.Scantegrity II Municipal Election at Takoma Park:The First E2E Binding Governmental Election with Ballot Privacy.R.Carback,D.Chaum,J.Clark,J.Conway,A.Essex,P.S.Herrnson,T.Mayberry,S.Popoveniuc,R.L.Rivest,E.Shen,A.T.Sherman,P.L.Vora20.Acoustic Side-Channel Attacks on Printers.Michael Backes,Markus Durmuth,Sebastian Gerling,Manfred Pinkal,Caroline Sporleder21.Security and Privacy Vulnerabilities of In-Car Wireless Networks:A Tire Pressure Monitoring System Case Study.Ishtiaq Rouf,Rob Miller,Hossen Mustafa,Travis Taylor,Sangho Oh,Wenyuan Xu,Marco Gruteser,Wade Trappe,Ivan Seskar 22.VEX:Vetting Browser Extensions for Security Vulnerabilities.(Best Paper)Sruthi Bandhakavi,Samuel T.King,P.Madhusudan,Marianne Winslett23.Securing Script-Based Extensibility in Web Browsers.Vladan Djeric,Ashvin Goel24.AdJail:Practical Enforcement of Confidentiality and Integrity Policies on Web Advertisements.Mike Ter Louw,Karthik Thotta Ganesh,V.N.Venkatakrishnan25.Realization of RF Distance Bounding.Kasper Bonne Rasmussen,Srdjan Capkun26.The Case for Ubiquitous Transport-Level Encryption.Andrea Bittau,Michael Hamburg,Mark Handley,David Mazieres,Dan Boneh27.Automatic Generation of Remediation Procedures for Malware Infections.Roberto Paleari,Lorenzo Martignoni,Emanuele Passerini,Drew Davidson,Matt Fredrikson,Jon Giffin,Somesh Jha28.Re:CAPTCHAs-Understanding CAPTCHA-Solving Services in an Economic Context.Marti Motoyama,Kirill Levchenko,Chris Kanich,Damon McCoy,Geoffrey M.Voelker,Stefan Savage29.Chipping Away at Censorship Firewalls with User-Generated Content.Sam Burnett,Nick Feamster,Santosh Vempala30.Fighting Coercion Attacks in Key Generation using Skin Conductance.Payas Gupta,Debin GaoACM CCS20101.Security Analysis of India’s Electronic Voting Machines.Scott Wolchok,Erik Wustrow,J.Alex Halderman,Hari Prasad,Rop Gonggrijp2.Dissecting One Click Frauds.Nicolas Christin,Sally S.Yanagihara,Keisuke Kamataki3.@spam:The Underground on140Characters or Less.Chris Grier,Kurt Thomas,Vern Paxson,Michael Zhang4.HyperSentry:Enabling Stealthy In-context Measurement of Hypervisor Integrity.Ahmed M.Azab,Peng Ning,Zhi Wang,Xuxian Jiang,Xiaolan Zhang,Nathan C.Skalsky5.Trail of Bytes:Efficient Support for Forensic Analysis.Srinivas Krishnan,Kevin Z.Snow,Fabian Monrose6.Survivable Key Compromise in Software Update Systems.Justin Samuel,Nick Mathewson,Justin Cappos,Roger Dingledine7.A Methodology for Empirical Analysis of the Permission-Based Security Models and its Application to Android.David Barrera,H.Gunes Kayacik,Paul C.van Oorschot,Anil Somayaji8.Mobile Location Tracking in Metropolitan Areas:malnets and others.Nathanial Husted,Steve Myers9.On Pairing Constrained Wireless Devices Based on Secrecy of Auxiliary Channels:The Case of Acoustic Eavesdropping.Tzipora Halevi,Nitesh Saxena10.PinDr0p:Using Single-Ended Audio Features to Determine Call Provenance.Vijay A.Balasubramaniyan,Aamir Poonawalla,Mustaque Ahamad,Michael T.Hunter,Patrick Traynor11.Building Efficient Fully Collusion-Resilient Traitor Tracing and Revocation Schemes.Sanjam Garg,Abishek Kumarasubramanian,Amit Sahai,Brent Waters12.Algebraic Pseudorandom Functions with Improved Efficiency from the Augmented Cascade.Dan Boneh,Hart Montgomery,Ananth Raghunathan13.Practical Leakage-Resilient Pseudorandom Generators.Yu Yu,Francois-Xavier Standaert,Olivier Pereira,Moti Yung14.Practical Leakage-Resilient Identity-Based Encryption from Simple Assumptions.Sherman S.M.Chow,Yevgeniy Dodis,Yannis Rouselakis,Brent Waters15.Testing Metrics for Password Creation Policies by Attacking Large Sets of Revealed Passwords.Matt Weir,Sudhir Aggarwal,Michael Collins,Henry Stern16.The Security of Modern Password Expiration:An Algorithmic Framework and Empirical Analysis.Yinqian Zhang,Fabian Monrose,Michael K.Reiter17.Attacks and Design of Image Recognition CAPTCHAs.Bin Zhu,JeffYan,Chao Yang,Qiujie Li,Jiu Liu,Ning Xu,Meng Yi18.Robusta:Taming the Native Beast of the JVM.Joseph Siefers,Gang Tan,Greg Morrisett19.Retaining Sandbox Containment Despite Bugs in Privileged Memory-Safe Code.Justin Cappos,Armon Dadgar,JeffRasley,Justin Samuel,Ivan Beschastnikh,Cosmin Barsan,Arvind Krishnamurthy,Thomas Anderson20.A Control Point for Reducing Root Abuse of File-System Privileges.Glenn Wurster,Paul C.van Oorschot21.Modeling Attacks on Physical Unclonable Functions.Ulrich Ruehrmair,Frank Sehnke,Jan Soelter,Gideon Dror,Srinivas Devadas,Juergen Schmidhuber22.Dismantling SecureMemory,CryptoMemory and CryptoRF.Flavio D.Garcia,Peter van Rossum,Roel Verdult,Ronny Wichers Schreur23.Attacking and Fixing PKCS#11Security Tokens.Matteo Bortolozzo,Matteo Centenaro,Riccardo Focardi,Graham Steel24.An Empirical Study of Privacy-Violating Information Flows in JavaScript Web Applications.Dongseok Jang,Ranjit Jhala,Sorin Lerner,Hovav Shacham25.DIFC Programs by Automatic Instrumentation.William Harris,Somesh Jha,Thomas Reps26.Predictive Black-box Mitigation of Timing Channels.Aslan Askarov,Danfeng Zhang,Andrew Myers27.In Search of an Anonymous and Secure Lookup:Attacks on Structured Peer-to-peer Anonymous Communication Systems.Qiyan Wang,Prateek Mittal,Nikita Borisov28.Recruiting New Tor Relays with BRAIDS.Rob Jansen,Nicholas Hopper,Yongdae Kim29.An Improved Algorithm for Tor Circuit Scheduling.Can Tang,Ian Goldberg30.Dissent:Accountable Anonymous Group Messaging.Henry Corrigan-Gibbs,Bryan Ford31.Abstraction by Set-Membership—Verifying Security Protocols and Web Services with Databases.Sebastian Moedersheim。
Rapid prototyping of Matlab/Java Distributed Applications using theJavaPorts components frameworkElias S. ManolakosElectrical and Computer Engineering DepartmentCountry of Citizenship: USAAreas:Networked Embedded SystemsSoftware Architecture, Reusablity, Scalability, and StandardsMiddleware Libraries and Application Programming InterfacesPreference: Oral PresentationOverviewAlthough PC clusters have become a commodity, there is still a lack of software technologies for the rapid prototyping and evaluation of end-to-end distributed computation strategies for heterogeneous clusters. Such applications may involve a large number of tasks (depicted as small circles in the task graph of Figure 1) which interact while running in the different nodes of a heterogeneous network, that possibly includes smart sensors, embedded controllers, various types of PCs, compute/data servers etc.At Northeastern University we are developing JavaPorts (JP) [1] [2], a novel component-based distributed processing framework which provides to application developers:• The capability to create, modify and reuse across applications and platforms softwareJavaPorts makes it easy for a team of collaborators with limited expertise in distributed processing to: (a) define an application in a top-down fashion, (b) to generate software components (for each task), (c) to execute the components at any node in the network without having to change any part of the source code. The high level of task location transparency supported by JP minimizes the human effort and the cost of software re-engineering, thus allowing more application design iterations in a fixed amount of time. During the last year we have completed a new JP software release v 2.1 in which we added:• a graphical tool for visual application (task graph) development and management. • an automatically implemented scheme for launching and terminating gracefully a distributed application. Releasing the code developer from the distributed termination responsibility removes a major headache in developing programs for clusters (as it can be attested by users of message passing systems such as MPI and PVM).• Run-time support for a variety of networks of workstations, including Linux- and Solaris-based clusters (with and without NFS capabilities)With Matlab v. 6 now available (which supports Java) we have also achieved the full integration of Matlab components into the JavaPorts framework. A developer can mix, into the same distributed application, any number of Matlab and Java components that may interact directly (not via files) and pass messages anonymously to each other using the JavaPorts communication API. Such a capability is essential because although the Matlab code base is increasing rapidly there is still no easy mechanism for integrating Matlab functions into a distributed computation without investing a substantial effort in re-coding. JavaPorts not only allows us to implement arbitrary patterns of component interactions but also supports the development of mixed Java/Matlab distributed applications for heterogeneous clusters with computers running under different operating systems and possibly including reconfigurable hardware boards (FPGAs) to accelerate a specific part of the overall network computation (joint work with Prof. M. Leeser, Northeastern University [3]). In the presentation we will discuss different application examples and present encouraging performance data.References[1] E. S. Manolakos, D. Galatopoullos, A. Funk, "Component-based peer-to-peer distributed processing in heterogeneous networks using JavaPorts", Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Network Computing, pp. 234-237, February 2002.[2] E. S. Manolakos, D. Galatopoullos, A. Funk, "JavaPorts: An Environment for the Rapid Prototyping of Heterogeneous Network-centric Distributed Processing Applications" in the Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on High Performance Embedded Computing (HPEC-01), pp. 149-151, MIT Lincoln Labs, Lexington, MA, November 2001.[3] L. A. King, H. Quinn, M. Leeser, D. Galatopoullos, E.S. Manolakos, "Runtime Execution of Reconfigurable Hardware in a Java Environment" in the Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD-01), pp. 380-385, September 2001.。
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NASA Technical Memorandum 112871Lyceum: A Multi-Protocol Digital Library GatewayMing-Hokng MaaMassachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Sandra L. EslerUniversity of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AlabamaMichael L. NelsonLangley Research Center, Hampton, VirginiaJuly 1997National Aeronautics andSpace AdministrationLangley Research CenterHampton, Virginia 23681-0001Lyceum: A Multi-Protocol Digital Library GatewayMing-Hokng Maammaa@Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139Sandra L. Eslersesler@University of AlabamaTuscaloosa, AL 354877Michael L. Nelsonm.l.nelson@NASA Langley Research Center, MS 124Hampton, VA 23681AbstractLyceum is a prototype scalable query gateway that provides a logically central interface to multi-protocol and physically distributed, digital libraries of scientific and technical information. Lyceum processes queries to multiple syntactically distinct search engines used by various distributed information servers from a single logically central interface without modification of the remote search engines. A working prototype (/lyceum/) demonstrates the capabilities, potentials, and advantages of this type of meta-search engine by providing access to over 50 servers covering over 20 disciplines.IntroductionInternet document and information archival, indexing, and distribution is typically embodied in widely heterogeneous and distributed information servers, employing search engines with user interfaces and query syntax that vary significantly. The incompatibility and non-interoperability between search engines and the lack of a common and unified interface between users and distributed information servers present a significant challenge to the design of meta-search engines and the indexing and retrieval of comprehensive and apropos information on the Internet. Because of this growing problem we developed Lyceum(/lyceum/),a working scalable query gateway meta-search engine that provides a common and unified interface to widely heterogeneous and distributed information servers.DesignA number of digital libraries exist on the World Wide Web (WWW). However, many overlap with other information servers and are incomplete, both in terms of the content they provide and the subject areas they cover. This requires the user to have detailed knowledge of where the various digital libraries are and what resources can be found in them. In short, users must perform extensive integration of the information they receive from various sources (Figure 1). In addition, these information servers often utilize different search engines to index their information. Various search engines, e.g., Harvest [Bowman, et al., 1995], Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) [Kahle, et al., 1992], freeWAIS-sf [Pfeifer, et al., 1995]. often require different syntax for search functions such as Boolean searches, result limiting and ranking, case sensitivity, search method, and other miscellaneous return options. This variability has typically discouraged attempts to implement meta-search engines. We have previously examined various digital library architectures and have found the distributed architecture with the contributors being the authoring organization or individuals as the most desirable architecture (Esler & Nelson, 1997). There are two primary advantages to distributing information among multiple servers versus implementing one centralized information server:1. Each information server is now responsible only for maintaining information localto an organization.2. One canonical information server or database which covers the entire spectrum ofscientific research is patently neither feasible nor desirable.What is needed is a logically central interface to physically distributed and heterogeneous databases. As a gateway server, Lyceum allows users to query syntactically distinct search engines from a single interface by formatting a userÕs query submission to conform to the appropriate search engine query syntax and options (Figure 2).Because of the rapid pace with which new information servers are established, Lyceumwas designed for scalability. The ability to add both individual information servers and other meta-search engines similar to Lyceum enables Lyceum to access many already cataloged information servers by taking advantage of pre-existing services such as NCSTRL [Davis, et al., 1995],building on the work of others rather than recompiling databases of individual information servers.Within a distributed architecture, there are two methods to aggregating digital library resources:1. Encourage the proliferation and wide spread adoption of a single digital library protocol2. Provide a protocol conversion functionality to gateway between heterogeneous resourcesFigure 1: User Performs Multiple SearchesFigure 2: Lyceum Performs Multiple Searches for the UserThe first method is what is employed by NCSTRL and NCSTRL+ [Nelson, et al., 1997]. The second method is that adopted by Lyceum. Finally, Lyceum was designed to require no special input or coordination from the remote information servers. Inclusion of and gatewaying to the remote information servers is performed without any action from the remote servers. Indeed,direct queries from users or from Lyceum are indistinguishable to the remote servers.ImplementationLyceum runs on a UNIX platform as a package of Perl Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts separated into client, server database, and administration scripts. Because Lyceum typically gateways to numerous information servers per query, Lyceum sends queries to information servers in parallel. This significantly reduces the userÕs idle time by shifting the time dependence of query results away from slow bottleneck servers and stalled connections towards a process where query results are returned as soon as they are available. In addition, this also prevents bad Internet connections from deadlocking the entire query. The Lyceum client,therefore, is a multi-forking client designed to gateway query requests in parallel. As users submit queries to Lyceum, the client forks and submits an individually tailored query (dependent on the requirements of each search engine) to each information server. When all requests have been forked, the client waits for the results of each query, post-formatting and merging the returned query results, and displaying the results to the user as they return. This implementation is similar to the parallel search algorithm implemented in the NASA Technical Report Server (NTRS)[Nelson & Maa, 1996].Secondly, Lyceum was written with the goal of data type independence. Because Lyceum does not explicitly maintain records of the information type archived at various information servers, Lyceum may be used to index not only scientific information, but any arbitrary indexed information. To achieve data type independence, the server database, which maintains information on each of the information servers accessed by Lyceum, simply consists of a structured directory tree (Figure 3). Renaming the directory structure automatically changes the information type that users see. Each file in this directory structure is a record for an information server, containing relevant descriptors and most importantly, the unique uniform resource locator (URL) that is used to query the serverÕs search engine. This form URL stores the syntax rules by which to format a userÕs query string for compatibility with a particular search engine. Figure 4 shows an example of the data files used to describe individual servers in Lyceum. Although new values can be added, the following values are currently used:Type : WAIS, Glimpse, Split, Other Category : aerodynamics, aeronautics, astronautics, biology, chemistry, computer,earth, economics, energy, engineering, environmental, geography, geology,hierarchy, materials, mathematics, medicine, meteorology, multi-categories,nonlinear, physical, physics, psychology, social, zoology Sub-Category : Technical-Reports, Journals, Proceedings, Bibliographies,Newsletters, OtherObjectsaeronautics. . .. . .chemistry physicsindex.html chemistry.1chemistry.2. . .Figure 3: Objects Placed in the Subject CategoriesFinally, Lyceum was designed to be as maintenance free as possible. All system administration takes place through a WWW interface, providing a flexible layer that shields the administrator from the programming code (Figure 5). All query interfaces are generated on the fly according to the contents of the server database, erasing the need for periodic updating of the server database. Because query interfaces are generated on the fly (Figures 6 & 7), delays slightly increase as the server database populates. Currently, the delay is minimal, but if LyceumÕs population grew to the point where the dynamic construction of the interface became noticeable to the user, we could switch the interface construction to be static and periodically regenerated (e.g.,every 12 hours). The search results interface is a concatenation of what the various servers would return if they had been searched individually. Typical examples are too lengthy to be placed in a typical figure, so the reader is encouraged to experiment.Figure 5: The Lyceum Administrative Interface and FunctionsName: Electronic Conference on Trends in Organic Chemisty (ECTOC)Category: chemistry Sub-Category: Proceedings Description:Home: /ectoc/Date: Fri Aug 2 10:11:40 EDT 1996Form: /cgi-bin/pursuit-ectoc?$keywords Type: Other:+Boolean: YES POC:POCemail:POCphone:Comments:Figure 4: File Format for an ObjectFigure 6: Initial Lyceum Interface Figure 7: Lyceum Interface, 2 Subjects ChosenRelated WorkFew digital library projects attempt to build a multi-discipline digital library. The University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignÕs portion of the Digital Library Initiative (DLI) [Shatz, et al., 1996] does, but it has explicit agreements with various journal publishers to provide their titles using a homogeneous protocol. Similarly, the NCSTRL+ project builds its multi-discipline project using a homogeneous protocol, but has the authoring organizations as participants instead of traditional publishers.Perhaps the most similar to Lyceum is StanfordÕs STARTS: Stanford Protocol Proposal for Internet Retrieval and Search project [Gravano, et al., 1997]. STARTS proposes to implement a minimally common query language and protocol based on a simple subset of the Z39.50-11995 type-101 [Z39.50, 1995] query language and the Government Information Locator Service (GILS) attribute set [Christian, 1996]. In order for a search engine to support meta-searching, it must be actively modified to support this basic query language and protocol. In contrast, Lyceum requires no modifications on the part of information servers or the search engines that are used. Rather, knowledge of the query syntax of a particular search engine enables Lyceum to format the query into an equivalent and valid query to each of the remote information servers. While this method may not provide a permanent or long-term solution to distributed document indexing and retrieval, it does provide an efficient and working interim solution.A historically similar project was the Unified Computer Science Technical Report Index (UCSTRI) [Van Heyningen, 1994]. UCSTRI would use a collection of heustrics to index various computer science department anonymous ftp servers, parsing their README and abstracts files. UCSTRI was similar to Lyceum in that both require no coordination or modification with the provider of the original server. UCSTRI is still functional, but has been superseded by NCSTRL. Discussion and Future WorkVariability in search syntax, search options, and output is inherent with different search engines. To provide a common gatewaying interface to multiple distributed information servers, Lyceum must by necessity either ignore or modify certain options that are available in certain search engines but missing in others. For example, while nearly all modern search engines provide Boolean searches, some older search engines do not. For this particular situation, in formatting the user query by the appropriate syntax rules, Lyceum filters out the Boolean syntax from query strings sent to search engines that do not support Boolean searches.Increased protocol and syntax conversion is an area for improvement with Lyceum. Other areas include obtaining user feedback about improved formatting of search and results interfaces, more automation in the areas of maintenance and resource discovery, and more sophisticated cataloging techniques. Currently, Lyceum gateways to 56 information servers spanning 22 scientific and engineering disciplines ranging from aeronautics to zoology. The information servers included range in diversity from government data servers to journal archives. While this has been sufficient to demonstrate Lyceum conceptually, in order for Lyceum to demonstrate true application, many more information servers must be included. We encourage others to test, evaluate, and contribute resources to Lyceum.ConclusionWe developed Lyceum, a working prototype of a scalable query gateway that provides a logically common and local interface to widely heterogeneous and physically distributed scientific and technical digital libraries. Lyceum allows users to query multiple, syntactically distinct search engines used by various distributed information servers from a single logically central interface without modification of the remote search engines. The current working prototype, incorporating more than 56 information servers and meta-servers across 22 scientific and technical disciplines, demonstrates the capabilities, potentials, and advantages of this type of meta-search engine. Suggestions and contributions to Lyceum are welcome. Contact the authors for more information.ReferencesBowman, C. Mic; Danzig, Peter B.; Hardy, Darren R.; Manber, Udi ; Schwartz, Michael F. & Wessels, Duane P. (1995). Harvest: A Scalable, Customizable Discovery and AccessSystem. University of Colorado Computer Science Technical Report CU-CS-732-94. Christian, Elliot (1996). GILS: What is it? Where is it going?, D-lib Magazine, December 1996, /dlib/december96/12christian.htmlDavis, James R.; Krafft, Dean B.; & Lagoze, Carl (1995). Diesnt: Building a Production Technical Report Server. Advances in Digital Libraries, Springer-Verlag, pp. 211-222. Esler, Sandra L. & Nelson, Michael L. (1997). The Evolution of Scientific and Technical Information Distribution, to appear in the Journal of the American Society forInformation Science.Gravano, L.; Chang, C.-C. K.; Garcia-Molina, H.; Paepcke, A. (1997). STARTS: Stanford Proposal for Internet Meta-Searching, Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Management of Data (SIGMOD), May 12-15, Tuscon, AZ.Kahle, Brewster; Morris, Harry; Davis, Franklin; Tine, Kevin; Hart, Clare & Palmer, Robin (1992). Wide Area Information Servers: An Executive Information Systemfor Unstructured Files. Electronic Networking: Research, Applications, and Policy,2(1), pp. 59-68.Nelson, Michael L. & Maa, Ming-Hokng (1996). Optimizing the NASA Technical Report Server, Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 6(1), pp. 64-70. Nelson, Michael L.; Maly, Kurt; Shen, Stewart N. T. (1997). Buckets, Clusters, and Dienst.Old Dominion University Computer Science Technical Report 97-30 and NASATM-112877.Pfeifer, Ulrich; Fuhr, Norbert; & Huynh, Tung (1995). Searching Structured Documents with the Enhanced Retrieval Functionality of freeWAIS-sf and Sfgate. Computer Networksand ISDN Systems, 27, pp. 1027-1036.Schatz, B.; Mischo, W. H.; Cole, T. W.; Hardin, J. B.; Bishop, A. P. & Chen, H. (1996).Federating Diverse Collections of Scientific Literature. IEEE Computer, 29(5), pp. 28-36. Van Heyningen, Marc (1994). The Unified Computer Science Technical Report Index: Lessons in indexing diverse resources. Proceedings of the Second International World Wide Web Conference, Chicago, IL, October 19-21, 1994, pp. 535-543.Z39.50-1995 Maintenance Agency (1995). /z3950/agency/1995doce.htmlREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.1. AGENCY USE ONLY(Leave blank)2. REPORT DATEJuly 19973. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Technical Memorandum4. TITLE AND SUBTITLELyceum: A Multi-Protocol Digital Library Gateway5. FUNDING NUMBERS6. AUTHOR(S)Ming-Hokng Maa, Sandra L. Esler, Michael L. Nelson7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, VA 23681-21998. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationWashington, DC 20546-000110. SPONSORING/MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER NASA TM-11287111. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESMing-Hokng Maa, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA; Sandra L. Esler, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL; Michael L. Nelson, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTUnclassifiedÐUnlimitedSubject Category 82 Distribution: NonstandardAvailability: NASA CASI (301) 621-039012b. DISTRIBUTION CODE13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)Lyceum is a prototype scalable query gateway that provides a logically central interface to multi-protocol and physically distributed, digital libraries of scientific and technical information. Lyceum processes queries to multiple syntactically distinct search engines used by various distributed information servers from a single logically central interface without modification of the remote search engines. A working prototype(/lyceum/) demonstrates the capabilities, potentials, and advantages of this type of meta-search engine by providing access to over 50 servers covering over 20 disciplines.14. SUBJECT TERMSWWW, Digital Libraries, STI, Distributed Information Retrieval 15. NUMBER OF PAGES916. PRICE CODEA0217. SECURITY CLA SSIFICATIO NOF REPORTUnclassified 18. SECURITY CLA SSIFICATIO NOF THI S PAGEUnclassified19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONOF ABSTRACTUnclassified20. LIMITATIONOF ABSTRACTNSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z-39-18298-102。
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Interest Management Middleware for Networked Games Graham Morgan, Fengyun Lu, Kier Storey School of Computing Science, University of Newcastle, UK
Abstract In this paper we present an implementation of an interest management scheme using standard message oriented middleware (MOM) technologies to provide scalable message dissemination for networked games. The aim of all interest management schemes is to identify when objects that inhabit a virtual world should be interacting and to enable such interaction via message passing while preventing objects that should not be interacting from exchanging messages. The time taken by existing interest management schemes to resolve which objects influence each other may be too large to enable the desired interaction to occur. Furthermore, existing interest management implementations tend to be proprietary and are built directly on top of networking protocols. In this paper we present an approach to interest management based on the predicted movement of objects. Our approach determines the frequency of message exchange between objects on the likelihood that such objects will influence each other in the near future. We then demonstrate, via implementation and experimentation, how existing middleware standards provide a suitable platform for the deployment of our interest management scheme.
Keywords: middleware, games, networking CCS: D.2.12 Interoperability - Distributed objects, I.3.2 Graphics Systems - Distributed/network graphics, C.2.4 Distributed Systems - Distributed applications
1 Introduction Networked games allow a geographically dispersed set of players to participate in a shared gaming environment. A gaming environment may provide a virtual world that presents some geographic model populated with moving objects with game play achieved by players influencing the state of the virtual world. Typically, a player’s console holds a sub-set of game state with players informing each other of their actions via the exchange of state update messages between consoles (either directly or indirectly via some intermediary server). The ability to allow players to maintain a mutually consistent view of the virtual world and still allow players to influence the virtual world in a timely manner are requirements that need to be satisfied to ensure players receive an appropriate gaming experience [Singhal and Zydra 1999]. A game may be played out in real-time, requiring
player directed changes of the virtual world to be propagated to other players in real-time. In early versions of such games [Sweany 1999], the number of players that could participate in a virtual world was limited to relatively low numbers (e.g., less than 16) with the geographic placement of players restricted to the same LAN to guarantee the most satisfying gaming experience. Recently, higher bandwidth, lower latency networks to the home have allowed one or two hundred geographically distributed players to participate in games of this genre (e.g., [Sony 2004]). However, this is still viewed as limiting as the desire of players to participate in large, complex, virtual spaces with thousands of other players have provided a substantial demand for large scale networked games.
The scalability issues presented by a networked game relate, primarily, to the number of players and the complexity of the game (e.g., number of objects populating the virtual world). An increase in the number of players may lead to an increase in network traffic as a player’s console attempts to propagate local game state updates to other players. If an attempt is not made to identify appropriate message recipients and so inhibit the sending and processing of unnecessary messages, then providing participation for many hundreds or thousands of players will not be possible. The process of identifying appropriate message recipients, referred to as interest management, introduces further computation and must be successfully completed in a timely manner to ensure the real-time and consistency requirements of a networked game are satisfied.
At present, networked games are built on standard protocols provided by existing network infrastructures (e.g., TCP/IP for the Internet) to ensure they are widely available for public use and so commercially viable. This approach results in enabling technologies that are proprietary and tend not to be suited to heterogeneous environments (i.e., deployment across varying platforms). Furthermore, programming distributed applications in this manner is a time consuming, non-trivial exercise. Therefore, middleware standards have been proposed (e.g., [OMG 2003]) that provide standard interfaces to services (e.g., location and discovery, security, inter-process communication) that ease the development of distributed applications. However, even the most recent networked games tend to be built directly above network layer protocols and do not benefit from the interoperability provided by existing middleware technologies.