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10.Early documents and manuscripts were copied and recopied by
hand. Frequent copying mistakes were made from one edition to the next ; copies often differed significantly from the author’s original.早期的文件和原稿是通过手抄来复制和再复制的。一个版本到下一个版本的抄写错误时有发生。复制本经常与作者的原稿相差甚远。
11.The clay was fired to make it hard , and the individual pieces
were placed in an iron frame to create the printing form .黏土烧制成固体后，一个个单独的字块就拼合到一个铁框架里形成印版。
12.Because the pieces did not fit together perfectly , they were
embedded in a mixture of hot pine resin , wax , and paper ashes .
When cold , all the pieces held together perfectly tight , and the form was inked and printed.因为每个字块不能很完美的拼合在一起，所以加入热的松脂、蜡和纸屑的混合物使它们固定。当冷却的时候，所有字块就会完美的拼合在一起，
13.It is interesting to speculate whether Gutenberg learned of the
process from visits to Asia.
我们是不是可以做个有意思的设想，古登堡印刷设备的制作是在访问亚洲的时候学习的。
14.Printing has been identified as the single most significant technological
development in the history of the human species.
印刷在人类发展史上是一最有意义的技术发展。
6. Once ideas and information were made permanent and everyone had access to them , true science and technological development began.
一旦这个主意和信息被保存下来，每一个人都知道和记住它的时候，真正的科学技术就发展起来了。
7.The foundation , and power , of print is the ability to reproduce
graphic symbols and messages in large quantities.
印刷的基础和能量是可以大量的复制图像的符号和信息。
8.As early as 35000 B.C. people were drawing messages on cave
walls . These were probably intended to be temporary messages , but they became permanent . They were simple drawings-merely lines-but they carried meaning to the people of that period : “This is a mammoth ,”“Oh , what a feast we had ,”or “We hunted a great hairy beast . ”
早在公元前3500年，人们就在洞中画了一幅画，也许他们打算；临时记录信
息的但是它们变成了永久的。它们只是简单的图画，甚至仅仅是线条，“是一只猛犸”或者说“我们将有一个盛宴”。
9. Relief Printing process includes letterpress printing, flexographic printing,
transfers an image from a raised surface.
凸版印刷包括：文字印刷，柔版印刷和所有的以一个凸起的表面实现图像转移的印刷。
10. Intaglio printing is the reverse of relief printing. An intaglio image is transferred
from a sunken surface.
凹版印刷与凸版印刷是相反的印刷方式，是以凹下的表面来实现图像转移11. Screen Printing transfers an image by allowing ink to pass through openings in a
stencil that has been applied to a screen mesh.
丝网转移图像是通过让油墨通过一个已经设置在金属板子上的筛网。
12. A lithography image is transferred from a flat surface. Certain areas on the
surface are chemically treated to accept ink while other areas are left untreated so that they will repel ink. When the surface is inked, the ink remains in the ink-receptive areas, but not in the untreated areas. When a material such as paper contacts the surface, ink is transferred to the paper.
一个平版印刷的图像被转移到一个平整表面上，某些区域在表面经化学处理后亲墨，而其他地区未接受处理，因此他们排斥油墨，当表面被墨水覆盖，油墨仍在能容纳油墨的地方，但不在未经处理的区域，当一个材料例如纸张接触表面，油墨就转移到纸张上。
13. Electrostatic printing involves creating an image by electrostatically charging
areas of a special drum. As a result, the drum attracts a dry or liquid toner. The toner is then transferred and fused to a sheet of paper.静电复印通过一个特殊的鼓的静电炉料部分参与生成图像。结果，这鼓吸附一干燥的或液体的色料。
然后调色料就转印到一张纸上了。
14. The basic cycle of the printing industry has the following procedures:
identifying a need; creating an image design; reproducing the image design;
distributing the printed message.印刷生产的基本流程有以下步骤：确认印刷品、生成图像样品、样品复制、派发成品。
15. Printing Processes sequence consists of the following steps: image design,
image generation, image conversion; image assembly; image carrier preparation;
image transfer, finishing.印刷工艺流程由下面的步骤组成：图像设计、图像生成、图像转换、图像组合、图像运输准备、图像转移、完成。
Unit 2
1. The first high-speed printing press was designed around 1450 by Johannes
Gutenberg in Germany. Gutenberg tried several different designs, but he settled on the basic form of a wine press.第一台高速印刷机是1450年在德国由古登堡设计的。古登堡尝试了几种不同的设计，但他选定了葡萄酒压榨机的基本结构。
2. The basic steps of feeding the paper, registering the paper to the form, printing,
and finally delivering the sheet remain in printing today. Modern processes, however, are more accurate and more rapid than the modified wine press.输纸，
纸张定位，印刷到最后收纸的基本步骤在印刷里至今保留。然而，现代印刷比现代葡萄酒压榨机更加精确和快速。
3. The basic problems inherent in Platen Press design remain. The paper must be
inserted, held in place, and printed, and it must remain in place until the platen opens sufficiently for the sheet to be removed. It is slow. It is limited to the page size that can be printed. The platen press requires 175 pounds of pressure per square in to transfer ink from the type form to the press sheet. 固有的基本问题在平压平印刷中仍然存在。纸张必须插入、在指定位置固定、印刷，而且它必须保留在那个位置直到印版完全张开让纸张转移。平压平印刷方式需要每平方米175磅的压力来使油墨从印版转移到纸张上。
4. The design of Gutenberg’s original press has been refined a bit ,
but modern presses still perform the same basic operations of feeding , registering , printing , and delivering that Gutenberg’s press performed more than five centuries ago .
古登堡的原始的印刷机已经被改造了，但是现代的印刷机还是古登堡五百年前的输纸、定位、印刷、收纸机构组成的。
5. The goal of the feeding unit is to feed stock into the press
rapidly and uniformly .
输纸的目的是将一堆纸均匀准确的输入到印刷机。
6. The registration unit is designed to ensure that the press sheet
is held in the same position for each impression .
定位系统的设计是确保印刷机理的纸都在同一个位置
7. Once the sheet is held firmly in the proper position , the image
is transferred from the plate to the press sheet in the printing unit .
一旦纸张被牢牢的放在一个合适的位置，图像就从印版上转移到纸张上在印刷系统。
8. After printing , the completed sheet must be removed from the
press by the delivery unit .
印刷后，印好的纸张必须从印刷机的收纸系统移走。
9. Because only a very narrow portion of the sheet is being printed at any given
instant, much less pressure is required to transfer the image than is required for the platen design. After each impression, the cylinder raised automatically and rolls back to the starting point to receive another sheet. This motion is wasted.因为纸张上相当有限的部分被即刻印在特定的区域，更不用说用来转移图像的压力比施加到印版上的压力小得多。每印好一份后，滚筒自动凸起，滚回到开始的地方去接收另一张纸。这个动作被浪费掉了。
10. Rotary press is formed from two cylinders. It is efficient. One impression is
made with each cylinder rotation, there is no wasted motion. It is the only press design that can transfer an image to continuous roll of paper.圆压圆印刷方式由2个滚筒组成。它很有效率。一个印张是由每个轮流转动的滚筒制成的，没有被浪费掉的动作。它是唯一可以在卷筒纸上转移图像的印刷方式。11. Offset press transfers an image from an inked printing plate cylinder to a rubber
blanket cylinder. It can lengthen the life of the plate cylinder. The characters will
print in right-reading. A rubber blanket cylinder also tends to diminish unwanted background detail or “scum”that might accumulate on the printing plate.
胶印机是把图像从上了墨的印版滚筒转移到橡皮布滚筒上，延长了印版滚筒的寿命，那些字符是以正图方式印刷的。橡皮布滚筒可以消除不想要的背景、刮痕和有可能累积在印版滚筒上的细节
12. A rubber blanket cylinder also tends to diminish unwanted
background detail or “scum”that might accumulate on the printing plate .在印刷板材上橡皮布滚筒也趋向于减少可能会堆积的不必要的底色或“渣滓。”
Unit 3
1、The term viscosity is used to describe the body of ink accurately.术语黏性是用来
精确地描述墨体的。
2、Some ink are thick and heavy,and some are fluid and light.有些油墨浓又重的，有
些是流动性较好且轻的。
3、Tack can cause paper,especially labcoatesd paper,to adhere to the blanket of an
offset press.粘性会引起纸张，尤其是涂布纸粘到胶印机的滚筒上。
4、Ink that is excessively tacky may also pick the surface of the paper cause
misfeeding.油墨过分的粘性会使纸张掉毛掉粉而引起送纸失误。
5、Tack increases when one color is printed over another.当一个颜色覆盖另一个颜
色时粘性会增加。
6、When printing multicolor and process color work,decrease the amount of tack on
successive runs by adding a reducer.当印刷彩色、多色时，通过在不断的运转过程中加稀释剂来降低粘性。
7、First,ink should set or stick to the paper instantly.第一，油墨要立刻粘到或附着
在纸张上。
8、When ink on the press sheet is set,it can be handled without smearing.当油墨印
好，在纸张上粘牢时，纸张就得到了控制不会产生污点（油渍）了。
9、The second stage in the drying process is called hardening.干燥过程的第二步叫
固化。
10、When ink has hardened,the vehicle has solidified completely on the paper
sueface and will not transfer.当油墨固化时，连结料就在纸张表面完全变成固体不会转移了。
11、This transfer of wet ink from sheet to sheet is called set-off.湿的油墨从一张
纸转移到另一张叫蹭脏。
12、Most natural or synthetic inks that contain a drying oil set and harden by a
chemical process called oxidation.大部分天然的或合成的含干燥油的油墨通过叫氧化的化学过程使油墨附着和固化。
13、When the oxygen of the air combines with the ink’s drying oil,the vehicle of
the ink changes from a liquid to a solid.当空气中的氧气和油墨里的干燥油结合时，油墨里的连结料就从液体变成固体了。
14、When an ink is printed on an absorbent substrate,drying results from a
physical process called penetration.当油墨印到一个可吸收的承印物上时，油墨的干燥过程就成为叫渗透的物理过程。
15、Some inks dry by evaporation.Resinous and other film-forming solutions in
the ink vehicle pass off as vapor during the drying process.一些油墨的干燥是通过蒸发。溶解在油墨连结料里的树脂和其他的组成成分在干燥过程中通过水汽挥发掉。
16、Black pigments are produced by burning natural gas and oil onto a collecting
device.黑颜料是由天然气和石油在一特定的收集装置里燃烧产生的。
17、Furnace black,the most popular pigment,is made from oil in a continuous
furnace.炉黑——最受欢迎的颜料，是由一个连续不断燃烧石油的熔炉做成的。
18、White pigments containing opaque pigments is used when transferring an
image to cover a substrate or when overprinting another color.白颜料包括用于转移图像覆盖到承印物上或套印不同颜色的不透明颜料。
19、Transparents white pigments are used to allow the background material or
ink to be seen.透明的白颜料用于允许背景材料或油墨可以看到。
20、Transparents white are used to reduce the color strength of another ink,to
produce a tint of another color,and to extend or add to some of the more costly materials in the ink’s formular.白色透明的颜料用来减低其他油墨的浓度、生产出另一种颜色、提供或加到一些较贵的油墨配方里的原料。
21、All organic pigments contain carbon and hydrogen,and most are made from
petroleum.所有的有机颜料都包括碳和氢，它们大部分都由石油制成。
22、The major advantages organic pigments have over inorganic pigments is that
organic pigments provide a wider selection of colors and tends to be richer in color,brighter,more transparent,and purer.有机颜料的主要优势是它提供了一个广泛的颜色选择和有着多色彩的、更鲜艳光亮的、更透明的和更纯净的丰富多样的选择。
23、Inorganic pigmrnts are chemical compounds that are typically formed by
precipitation.无机颜料是通过一般的沉淀作用形成的化学复合物。
24、Inks made with inorganic pigments are less expensive to produce than those
made with organic pigments.无机颜料油墨的生产比那些有机颜料的油墨要便宜的多。
英语优美句子摘抄 1、I know someone in the world is waiting for me, although I've no i dea of who he is But I feel happy every day for this . 我知道这世上有人在等我，但我不知道我在等谁，为了这个，我每天都非常快乐。 2、When you are young, you may want several love experiences. But a s time goes on, you will realize that if you really love someone, the whol e life will not be enough. You need time to know, to forgive and to love. All this needs a very big mind. 年轻的时候会想要谈很多次恋爱，但是随着年龄的增长，终于领悟到爱一个人，就算用一辈子的时间，还是会嫌不够。慢慢地去了解这个人，体谅这个人，直到爱上为止，是需要有非常宽大的胸襟才行。 3、Happiness is not about being immortal nor having food or rights i n one's hand It's about having each tiny wish come true, or having somet hing to eat when you are hungry or having someone's love when you ne ed love. 幸福，不是长生不老，不是大鱼大肉，不是权倾朝野。幸福是每一个微小的生活愿望达成。当你想吃的时候有得吃，想被爱的时候有人来爱你。 4、We all live in the past. We take a minute to know someone, one h our to like someone, and one day to love someone, but the whole life to forget someone. 我们每个人都生活在各自的过去中，人们会用一分钟的时间去认识一个人，用一小
南昌大学 第五课 Traffic Engineering Introduction交通工程学概论 A.Text: Traffic Engineering Basics B.Reading Material: Highway Capacity Text Traffic Engineering Basics 1 Prediction of Traffic V olume Growth交通量增长预测 Traffic volume growth may be predicted using a number of methods but the two primary ones are the use of the ARTS long-range plan and manual methods. The ARTS plan may be used to establish average daily traffic volumes for streets within a study area for a future year as predicted by the ARTS model. This data can be used to develop a factor to apply to existing traffic counts to predict future-year traffic volumes. 使用了一些方法，可以预测交通量的增长，但两个主要的是远距离的艺术计划和手动的方法使用。艺术计划可能被用来建立一个研究区域内的街道由艺术模型预测未来一年的平均日均车流量。这些数据可以被用来开发适用于现有的交通计数的一个因素来预测未来年的交通量。 Manual extrapolation of existing data using growth factors may be available from the City, or the consultant may need to develop them. Growth factors may be and can be representative of a number of algebraic trends. Among these are the straight-line, exponential, and decaying-rate exponential trends. For a good discussion of these trend methods, see the Trip Forecasting Manual published by the Florida Department of Transportation. Generally, manual extrapolation of turning movement counts will not be accepted for periods of time exceeding five years. 手动现有数据推算，使用生长因子可能是从化市或顾问可能需要开发它们。生长因子可能是可以代表一些代数趋势。其中有直线，指数，腐烂率指数趋势。对于这些趋势的方法商量好了，看到的旅程预测佛罗里达运输部公布的手册。一般来说，手动外推转动计数将不被接受的时间周期超过五年。 2 Trip Generation Estimation 2出行生成估计 Trip generation may be estimated using the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Trip Generation. An accompanying publication, the Trip Generation Handbook provides additional information on how to use Trip Generation and how to apply adjustments such as pass-by trips.
高中英语作文万能句子英语优美句子摘抄 有很多的同学是非常的想知道，高中英语作文万能句子有哪些，英语优美句子是什么，小编整理了相关信息，希望会对大家有所帮助！ 高中英语作文万能句型 1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2.俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是…… Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。 Nowadays, it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______.
5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，…… People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢? According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph， it can be seen that ______ while. Obviously, ______, but why? 励志优美英语句子 1、 "The meeting was scheduled for two hours, but it is now over yet. 会议原定了两个小时，不过现在还没有结束。" 2、 Am I allowed to stay out past 10? 我可以十点过后再回家吗？ 3、 Are you sure you can come by at nine? 你肯定你九点能来吗？ 4、 When is the store closing? 这家店什么时候结束营业？ 5、 What is your plan? 你的计划是什么？ 6、 Where is your office? 你们的办公室在哪？ 7、Let’s have a beer or something. 咱们喝点啤酒什么的。 8、 Let me explain why I was late. 让我解释迟到的理由。
Financial management is an integrated decision-making process concerned with acquiring, financing, and managing assets to accomplish some overall goal within a business entity. 财务管理是为了实现一个公司总体目标而进行的涉及到获取、融资和资产管理的综合决策过程。 Decisions involving a firm’s short-term assets and liabilities refer to working capital management. 决断涉及一个公司的短期的资产和负债提到营运资金管理 The firm’s long-term financing decisions concern the right-hand side of the balance sheet. 该公司的长期融资决断股份资产负债表的右边。 This is an important decision as the legal structure affects the financial risk faced by the owners of the company. 这是一个重要的决定作为法律结构影响金融风险面对附近的的业主的公司。 The board includes some members of top management(executive directors), but should also include individuals from outside the company(non-executive directors). 董事会包括有些隶属于高层管理人员(执行董事)，但将也包括个体从外公司(非执行董事)。 Maximization of shareholder wealth focuses only on stockholders whereas maximization of firm value encompasses all financial claimholders including common stockholders, debt holders, and preferred stockholders. 股东财富最大化只集中于股东，而企业价值最大化包含所有的财务债券持有者，包括普通股股东，债权人和优先股股东。 Given these assumptions，shareholders’ wealth maximization is consistent with the best interests of stakeholders and society in the long run。 根据这些假设，从长期来看，股东财富最大化与利益相关者和社会的最好利润是相一致的。 No competing measure that can provide as comprehensive a measure of a firm’s standi ng. Given these assumptions, shareholders’ wealth maximization is consistent with the best interests of stakeholders and society in the long run. 没有竞争措施，能提供由于全面的一个措施的一个公司的站。给这些臆说，股东'财富最大化一贯不比任何人差项目干系人项目利益相关者的利益，社会从长远说来。 In reality, managers may ignore the interests of shareholders, and choose instead to make investment and financing decisions that benefit themselves. 在现实中，经理可能忽视股东的利益，而是选择利于自身的投资和融资决策。 Financial statements are probably the important source of information from which these various stakeholders(other than management) can assess a firm’s financial health. 财务报表可能是最重要的信息来源，除管理者以外的各种利益相关者可以利用这些报表来评估一个公司的财务状况。 The stockholders’ equity section lists preferred stock, common stock and capital surplus and accumulated retained earnings. 股东权益列示有优先股，普通股，资本盈余和累积留存收益。 The assets, which are the “things” the company owns, are listed in the order of decreasing liquidity, or length of time it typically takes to convert them to cash at fair market values, beginning with the firm’s current assets. 资产，也就是公司拥有的东西，是按照流动性递减的顺序或将它们转换为公允市场价值所需要的时间来排列的，通常从流动资产开始。The market value of a firm’s equity is equal to the number of shares of common stock outstanding times the price per share, while the amoun t reported on the firm’s balance sheet is basically the cumulative amount the firm raised when issuing common stock and any reinvested net income(retained earnings). 公司权益的市场价值等于其发行在外的普通股份数乘以每股价格，而资产负债表上的总额则主要是公司在发行普通股以及分配任何再投资净收益（留存收益）时累积的数额。 When compared to accelerated methods, straight-line depreciation has lower depreciation expense in the early years of asset life, which tends to a higher tax expense but higher net income. 与加速折旧法相比,直线折旧法在资产使用年限的早期折旧费用较低，这也会趋向于较高的税金费用和较高的净收入。 The statement of cash flows consists of three sections:(1)operating cash flows,(2)investing cash flows, and(3)financing cash flows. Activities in each area that bring in cash represent sources of cash while activities that involve spending cash are uses of cash. 该声明现金流量表包含三个部分:(1)经营现金流,(2)投资的现金流,(3)融资现金流。在每个地区活动带来现金来源的现金而代表活动涉及到花钱是使用现金 Financing activities include new debt issuances, debt repayments or retirements, stock sales and repurchases, and cash dividend payments. 筹资活动,包括发行新债券，偿还债务，股票销售和回购，以及现金股利支付。 Not surprisingly, Enron’s executives had realized some $750 million in salaries, bonuses and profits from stock options in the 12 months before the company went bankrupt. 毫不奇怪, 公司破产前的十二个月里，安然的高管们实现了7.5亿美金的工资、奖金和股票期权利润。First, financial ratios are not standardized. A perusal of the many financial textbooks and other sources that are available will often show differences in how to calculate some ratios. 首先,财务比率不规范。一个参考的许多金融教科书及来源,可将经常表现出差异如何计算一些率。 Liquidity ratios indicate a firm’s ability to pay its obligations in the short run. 流动性比率表明公司的支付能力在短期内它的义务。 Excessively high current ratios, however, may indicate a firm may have too much of its long-term investor-supplied capital invested in short-term low-earning current assets. 当前的比率过高,然而,可能表明,一个公司可能有太多的长期 investor-supplied资本投资于短期low-earning流动资产 In an inflationary environment, firms that use last-in, first-out(LIFO)inventory valuation will likely have lower current ratios than firms that use first-in, first-out(FIFO). 在一个通货膨胀的环境下,企业选择使用后进先出法对存货计价的公 司比采用先进先出法的公司有一个低的流动比率。 The cash ratio is too conservative to accurately reflect a firm’s liquidity position because it assumes that firms can fund their current liabilities with only cash and marketable securities. 流动比率太稳健不能正确反映一个公司的流动性状况，因为在这一比率假定公司仅仅用现金和有价证券就可以偿还流动负债。 Debt management ratios characterize a firm in terms of the relative mix of debt and equity financing and provide measures of the long-term debt paying ability of the firm. 描述一个公司债务管理比率从相对的混合的债务和股权融资的措施, 提供长期偿债能力的公司。 Total capital includes all non-current liabilities plus equity, and thus excludes short-term debt. 资本总额包括所有非流动负债加上股本,从而排除短期贷款。 Net profit margins vary widely by the type of industry. 有着很大的不同,其净利润为典型的产业。 Note that earnings before interest and taxes, rather than net income, Is used in the numerator because interest is paid with pre-tax dollars, and the firm’s ability to pay current interest is not affected by taxes. 注意,分子中用的是息税前利润而不是净收入，这是因为利息是税前支付的，公司支付现金利息的能力不受税收的影响。 Managers should analyze the tradeoff between any increased sales from a more lenient credit policy and the associated costs of longer collection periods and more uncollected receivables to determine whether changing the firm’s credit sales policy could increase shareholder’s we alth. 管理者应该分析权衡增加的销售从一个更为宽松的信贷政策和相关费用较长的周期和更多的应收账款收集来决定是否改变公司的信用销售的政策可能会增加股东的财富。 If the receivables collection period exceeds a firm’s credit terms this may indicate that a firm is ineffective in collecting its credit sales or is granting credit to marginal customers. 如果应收账款采集时间超过公司的信用条款这也许说明了企业信用销售收集它无效或给予客户信用边缘。 A low, declining ratio may suggest the firm has continued to build up inventory in the face of weakening demand or may be carrying and reporting outdated or obsolete inventory that could only be sold at reduced prices, if at all. 一个低税率、下降率可能显示这个公司已经持续不断地加强库存面对需求不断减弱或可能携带和报告过期或过时的库存,只能减价出售。Thus, the operating profit margin, which indicates the operating profit generated per dollar of net sales, measures t he firm’s operating profitability before financing costs. 因此,经营利润,预示着美元营业利润产生的净销售额,公司的经营利润措施在融资成本。 If the firm’s fixed assets are old and have been depreciated to a low book value, and the assets have not lost their productive ability, the low figure in the denominator will inflate ROA. 如果公司固定资产比较旧,分母的减少会是ROA折旧到低的账面价值，但是资产并没有失去生产能力。 Return on common equity(ROCE) focuses on just the return to common shareholders and is computed by removing the dividends to preferred shareholders from net income and dividing by the capital provided by common shareholders. 普通股权益报酬率仅仅关注普通股股东的报酬率，用净收入扣除优先股股利除以普通股股东提供的资本计算得到。 Dividend yield represents parts of a stock’s total return; another part of a st ock’s total return is price appreciation. 代表部分股息率的股票总回报;另一部分是一个股票的总回报价格上涨。 In fact, of all the concepts used in finance, none is more important than the time value of money, also called discounted cash flow(DCF) analysis. 事实上,财务上所有的概念中，货币时间价值是最重要的，也称作是折现调整现金流量折价分析。
Lesson 7 Transportation Systems交通运 输系统 Transportation system in a developed nation consists of a network of modes that have evolved over many years. The system consists of vehicles, guideways, terminal facilities and control systems: these operate according to established procedures and schedules in the air, on land, and on water. The system also requires interaction with the user, the operator and the environment. The systems that are in place reflect the multitude of decisions made by shippers, carriers, government, individual travelers, and affected nonusers concerning the investment in or the use of transportation. The transportation system that has evolved has produced a variety of modes that complement each other. 在发达国家，交通运输系统由网状结构组成的模式已经发展了好多年。这个系统由交通工具、轨道、站场设施和控制系统组成。这些依照空中、陆上和水上已制定的程序和计划运转。这个系统也需要和用户、司机和环境互动。现在的运输体系可以反映出与投资和使用有关的多方决定，包括运输业主、承运商、政府、每个出行者以及受影响的非使用者等。逐步发展的交通运输系统形成了各种互补模式。 The U. S. transportation system today is a highly developed, complex network of modes and facilities that furnishes shippers and travelers with a wide range of choices in terms of services provided. Each mode offers a unique set of service characteristics in terms of travel time, frequency, comfort, reliability, convenience and safety. The term level of service is used to describe the relative values of these attributes. The traveler or shipper must compare the level of service offered with the cost in order to make tradeoffs and mode selection. Furthermore, a shipper or traveler can decide to use a public carrier or to use private (or personal) transportation. For example, a manufacturer can ship goods through a trucking firm or with company trucks, a homeowner who has been relocated can hire a household moving company or rent a truck, and a commuter can elect to ride the bus to work or drive a car. Each of these decisions involves a complex set of factors that require
优美英语句子摘抄 The fact is that the world is out of everyone's expectation. But some learn to forget, but others insist. 事实上，这个世界不符合所有人的梦想。只是有人可以学会遗忘，有人却坚持。 No matter how cruel the destiny treats one with tribulation and misfortune, it will correspondingly treat him with happiness and sweetness. Even if the happiness is short and false, it's enough to light up the whole future life. 无论命运以怎样残忍的方式赐予一个人以磨难和不幸，但仍会相应地赐予他幸福与甜蜜，即使这幸福是如此短暂与不真实，也足以照亮他今后整个暗淡的人生。 I love you not because of who you are, but because of who I am with you. 我爱你，不是因为你是一个怎样的人，而是因为我喜欢与你在一起的感觉．No man or woman is worth your tears,and the one who is, won't make you cry. 没有人值得你流泪，值得你这么做的人不会让你哭泣． The worst way to miss someone is to be sitting right beside them knowing you can't have them. 失去某人，最糟糕的莫过于，他近在身旁却犹如远在天边． To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world . 对于世界而言，你是一个人；但是对于某个人，你是他的整天世界． Don't waste your time on a man/woman, who isn't willing to waste their time on you. 不要为那些不愿在你身上花费时间的人而浪费你的时间．
In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. 就电阻来说, 电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的 电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。 2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit. 或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。 Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits. 这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。 At unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle. 在功率因数为 1时,单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。 It should be noted that if the polarity of point Awith respect to N ( is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn opposite to, or 180? out of phase with, . 应该注意,如果把 A 点相对于 N 的极性(定为正半周,那么在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同相反,即相位差为 180? One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system. 对应于像广义放大器这样的电子装置,一个问题就是增益 AU 或者 AI ,它们取决于两输入端系统的内部特性。
经典英语句子摘抄大全 下面小编为大家带来经典英语句子摘抄大全，欢迎大家阅读! 经典英语句子摘抄大全1 1、Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不待人。 2、Never underestimate your power to change yourself. 永远不要低估你改变自我的能力。 3、Gods determine what youre going to be. 人生的奋斗目标决定你将成为怎样的人。 4、While there is life there is hope. 一息若存，希望不灭。 5、You never know how strong you really are until being strong is the only choice you have. 不到没有退路之时，你永远不会知道自己有多强大。 6、The unexamined life is not worth living. 混混噩噩的生活不值得过。 7、For man is man and master of his fate. 人就是人，是自己命运的主人。 8、Time past cant be called back again. 光阴一去不复返。 9、One today is worth two tomorrows.
一个今天胜似两个明天。 10、Life isnt about waiting for the storm to pass, its about learning to dance in the rain. 生活不是等待暴风雨过去，而是要学会在雨中跳舞。 11、Diligence is the mother of good fortune. 勤勉是好运之母。 12、The morning sun never lasts a day. 好景不常在。 13、Never give up, Never lose the opportunity to succeed 不放弃就有成功的机会。 14、You cannot change what you refuse to confront. 你不去面对又怎么能去改变呢。 15、Dont try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to. 不要着急，最好的总会在最不经意的时候出现。 16、Difficult circumstances serve as a textbook of life for people. 困难坎坷是人们的生活教科书。 17、Never deter till tomorrow that which you can do today. 今日事须今日毕，切勿拖延到明天。 18、Have you somewhat to do tomorrow, do it today. 明天如有事，今天就去做。
第二课 沥青及沥青混合料 Asphalt $ Mix Asphalt Text: Asphalt &Asphalt Paving Materials 1Asphalt Defined The black cementing agent known as asphalt has been used for road construction for centuries. Although there are natural deposits of asphalt , or rock asphalt , most used today is produced during the refining of crude oil. Asphalt is a constituent of most petroleums and is isolated through the refining process. Asphalt is called a bituminous material because it contains bitumen, a hydrocarbon material soluble in carbon disulfate. The tar obtained from the destructive distillation of soft coal also contains bitumen. Both petroleum asphalt and coal tar are referred to as bituminous materials. Because their properties differ greatly , petroleum asphalt should not be confused with coal tar . Petroleum asphalt is composed almost entirely of bitumen while the bitumen content in coal tar is relatively low. The two materials should be treated as separate entities. One of the characteristics and advantages of asphalt as an engineering construction and maintenance materials is its versatility. Although a semi-solid at ordinary temperratures , asphalt may be liquefied by applying heat, dissolving it in solvents, or emulsifying it. Asphalt is a strong cement that is readily adhesive and highly waterproof and durable, making it particularly useful in road building. It is also highly resistant to the actions of most acids, alkalis, and salts. 1.1Asphalt Binder Asphalt is produced in a variety of types and grades ranging from hard-brittle solids to near water-thin liquids. The semi-solid form known as asphalt binder is the basic material used in Hot-Mix Asphalt(HMA) pavements. Liquid asphalt is produced when asphalt binder is blended or “cut back” with petroleum distillates or emulsified with water and an emulsifying agent. At ambient air temperatures, asphalit binder is a black, sticky , highly viscous material. It is a strong and durable binder with excellent adhesive and waterproofing characteristics. Applying heat, which facilitates mixing with mineral aggregates to produce HMA , can readily liquefy asphalt binders. The largest use of asphalt binder is for HMA . After compacting and cooling to air temperature, HMA is a very strong material with the ability to sustain heavy traffic loads while remaining flexible enough to withstand ambient environmental conditions and stress. Over 96 percent of the hard-surfaced roads in the United States are paved using HMA. 1.2 Emulsified Asphalts Emulsified asphalts(also known as emulsions) are low-viscosity mixtures of tiny asphalt binder droplets, water and emulsifying agents. The emulsifying agent coats the surfaces of the asphalt droplets and keeps them suspended in the water prior to application. After application, the asphalt emulsion breaks and the water separates and evaporates. Emulsions are brownish in color during application, but after breaking, the asphalt binder returns to its original black color. Emulsions are used for a Tack Coat between subsequent layers of HMA to aid in binding the