19.The president is _____C______ a v isit to China.
C. on
20.______A____ held a meeting in the hall last night.
A.It was we who
21.The way _C____ y ou are doing it is completely crazy.
C.in which
22.She was glad to see her child ___C_____.
C. taken care of
23. I was ill that day, otherwise I __C_______ the sports meet.
C. would have taken part in
24.Y our application w ill be considered ____C__ y our file is completed.
C. as soon as
25.The company is very famous ___C___ the high quality of its products.
C. for
26.____C__ for the traffic jam, I should have covered fifty miles.
C. Had it not been
27.Now we may be able to say __C____ between music and noise.
C. what the difference is
28.After a long walk on a hot day, one feels ____C__.
C. exhausted
29.He went to work so late _C_____ the manager had to send for him again before he arrived.
C. that
30.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _C__ after drinking.
C. never to drive
31.Giography, ___C___ I know nothing, seems a very dull subject.
C. about which
32.The manager accused one of the hotel servants _B_____ stealing the money.
B. of
33.Strange ___C___ his behav ior may be, there is a very good reason for it.
C. as
34.Some doctors _B____ in one type of illness.
B. major
35.I can help my mother __D___ the housework.
D. with
36.My problems are very _D____ to yours.
D. similar
37.These things will be looked at before a__D___is made.
D. decision
38.He planned to take computer as his __D____.
D. major
39.The manager _C____ the business very successfully.
C. conducts
40.It is the efforts that are the source of _B_____ happiness.
B. true
41.Even great musicians require _B____ practice.
B. continual
42.Y ou’d better leave the___D____dog alone.
D. sleeping
43.The boy lost his___D______ when he stepped on the icy road.
D. balance
44.The doctor__B_____ her forehead to see if she was running a fever.
B.felt
45.T o their surprise, they had much ____D___ and they even went to the same college.
D. in common
46.The funny stories makes them __D____ from the beginning to the end.
D. laugh
47.Would you like to ____D___ in cash or by credit card
D. pay
48.Just imagine going back home w ith a real _D_____ camel.
D. live
49.In Y ellowstone National P ark, __D___ all of the deer, sheep, birds and small animals are unafraid of people.
D.almost
50.We __D___ various types of equipment that are used to lift and carry building materials.
D. install
51.She could ___B___ heavy logs and do things that other kids couldn’t .
B. lift
52.He is a very __D___ person who can easily cope with stressful situations.
D. relaxed
53.Gandhi spent 21 years in South Africa, where he __B___ and fought for Indian people’s rights.
B. supported
Part II: V ocabulary and Structure (35%)
19.I’ll keep ___B_______ eye on the baby when she is aw ay.
B. an
20.Which is the smallest number of the following B
B. One-fifth.
21.If you don’t go, _C_____ I.
C. nor shall
22.She is from Shanghai, ___C___ population is larger than that of any other city in China.
C whose
23.M ary’s score on the test is the highest in her class; she __B__ have studied very hard.
B. must
24.He was just about to jump up when he felt something __B____ near his feet.
B.moving
25.Skiing is a sport __B____ goes back 4,000 years.
B. whose history
26.The little baby was left alone, with __B____ to look after it.
B. no one
27.M ary’s score on the test is the highest in her class; she __B__ have studied very hard.
B. must
28.T oday’s libraries diff er greatly from ____B____.
B. those of the past
29.The middle-aged man was seen __B___ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.
B.to come
30.The reason I plan to go is ___B___ if I don’t.
B. that she will be disappointed
31.The culture and customs of America are more like of England than ___B_____ of any other country.
B. those
32.D o you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people __A___ the same language
A. spoke
33.No sooner had they got the goods covered up ___A__ it started raining hard.
A. than
Section B (20%)
34.There was a free holiday for those who w on the first _D_ .
D. prize
35.He gave a _D____ of what he had seen.
D.description
36.The house __D___ from the rest because of its unusual shape.
D.stands out
37.He planned to take computer as his __D____.
D.major
38.All employees are given three weeks of _A____ each year.
A.vacation
39.Between them serious disagreements immediately __D___.
D.arose
40.I haven’t seen her for years, but I could still __D___ her voice on the phone.
D.recognize
41.The doctors give the students a medical __D___ for their health once a year.
D.examination
42.The meeting __D__ at midnight and we all went home late.
D.broke up
43.China has launched a number of__D______satellites since the 1970s.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f64914582.html,munications
44.In English some surnames ____D____ occupations or people.
D.describe
45.She ___D____ the new s and gives information about the weather, the traffic etc.
D.presents
46.In ancient Egypt only boys from rich families ___D___ school.
D.attended
47.We’re ___D____ cash at the moment. So we aren’t going anywhere this week.
D.short of
48.M any athletes come from all over the world to compete in __D___ sports in the Olympics.
D.various
49.It is not very __D___ to swim or dive in winter.
D.pleasant
50.The foreigner is __D___ on Chinese Konfu.
D.keen
51.T om __D__he would be looking out for news about me during the week.
D.promised
52.The new science and __D____ can help scientists learn more about earthquakes.
D.technology
53.The gardens of Mr. Smith’s house are beautifully _D____.
D. laid out (楼层）计划，设计
Part II: V ocabulary and Structure (35%)
19.There _____C____ a knife and fork on the table.
C .seems to be
20.I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ＿D＿for her．
D .should have written it out
21._A_ is good of you to be constantly thinking of helping me.
A .It
22.All the __C____ in the hospital got a rise last month.
C .women doctors
23.The room is in terrible mess; it _C___ cleaned.
C .can’t have been
24.I walked 8 miles today. I never guessed that I could walk _D___far.
D .that
25.Y ou ___C___ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
C .needn’t have done
26.They knew her very well. They had seen her _C__ up from childhood.
C .grow
27.The group are w aiting on ___D___ plane to take off.
D .their
28.The experiment was __D___ easier than we had expected.
D .much
29.Generally there are ___C___ television programs for children on Saturday.
C. a large number of
30.I am very sorry for ___B__ for so long.
B .having kept you waiting
31.I don’t suppose he’s serious,___D_____
D. is he
32.We got to the hill,__B_______ there was a stream.
B .at the foot of which
33.we have some accidents on this line, but no accidets ____D__since last w inter.
D. have occurred
39.The girl was ___D__ for cleaning the room thoroughly.
D. praised
40.The jazz musicians were _D____ enough to attract all the dancers from another park.
D .powerful
41.After a long discussion they still could not __D__ their teacher on the plan.
D .agree with
42.They usually __D___ themselves by listening to light music.
D .relax
43.Are the walls___D____ proof Will the neighbours be disturbed
D .sound
44.With a smile on his face, the little boy __D____ the receiver back.
D .put
45.Y our husband should also ___D____ smoking or drinking five hours before bedtime.
D .avoid
46.Before the meeting I ___D___ the reports.
D .looked through
47.Y ou can find restaurants that _D__- food from nearly every country.
D .serve
48.Water sports alw ays have special __D___ for some people.
D .attraction
49. They ___D_in fruit and vegetables with some people.
D .treat
50.T om __D__he would be looking out for news about me during the week.
D .promised
51.Y esterday I booked a room in the hotel, but now I want to ____A___ my booking.
A .cancel
52. When I got up this morning, I felt the temperature had _C_.
C dropped
53.Airbags are ___B___ in most cars to prevent serious injury in the event of a crash.
B .installed
Passage 1
Calv in Coolidge, thirtieth president of the United States of America, was a person who hated talking nonsense (废话); he had no time for small talk. The follow ing two stories clearly show how Coolidge enjoyed talking little.
Later, when he was president and again at the dinner party, Coolidge was seated next to a most clever society woman, who seem ed to manage to change Coolidge’s life. “Oh, Mr. President,”she said, “Y ou are always so quiet. I made a bet today that I could get more than two words out of you.”The president became angry and then said, “Y ou lose.”
54.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage A
A. Calv in Coolidge was a clever society man.
55.The hostess _____C___ Calvin.
C . tried to help
56.M iss Roosevelt __C___.
C. tried but failed to inv olve the vice-president in talk.
57.From the text, we can see that Coolidge _B__.
B. had a sense of humor
58.Coolidge said that the w oman lost her bet because _D___.
D. she couldn’t get more than two words out of him
Passage 2
Dear Disappointed,
Everyone has to leave home sometime and it’s just more d ifficult for some than it is for others. Being 21, it is no wonder you are eager to begin your own discovery of the world, to make your own choices and achievements. I think the main reason your families are making it so hard for you is that y ou are their baby. They want to keep y ou under their protection as long as they can, and since they have always given you extra special ca re, they are afraid you won’ t be able to make it without their support.
Good luck to you and be hopeful!
Y ours,
Dear Susan
59.This letter is written to a person ____B_____.
B. who is disappointed and needs help
60.Disappointed is eager to __D___.
D. discover the world
61.Dear Susan tells Disappointed that __D_.
D. a 21-year-old person should decide what he wants to do
62.According to Susan, _B____ can help one to make his own choices and achievements.
B. more chances
63.What does Susan advice Disappointed to do in the end B
B. To be brave and set out for his goal.
Passage 3
Gloves have been used since earliest times. Cave people wore bag-like gloves of animal skins to protect their hands. Farmers, hunters ,and soldiers of long ago used them for their work. Kings and queens wore fancy gloves edged in gold or fur. Gloves often showed how important or rich a person was.
Some gloves today are still made by hand.
Most, however, are made by machines. Among the countries known for making gloves are France, Italy, England, Scotland, Germany, and the United States. One city in the United States has been famous for over tw o hundred years for making gloves. It is well named. It is called Gloversville, New Y ork.
64.The first gloves were made__B_.
B. to protect people’s hands
65.Dress-up gloves are the ones_C__.
C .to dress your hands up
66.What kind of players need not wear gloves to protect their hands A
A. V olleyball players
67.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage C
C. People working in hospitals wear rubber gloves.
68.According to the passage,_B__and many other countries are known for glove-making.
B. Italy
Passage 4
Mr. and Mr s. Albina, with 53 children, have the world’s largest family. When people hear about the Albina’s large family, the first que stion they ask is, “How is it possible? How can one woman give birth to 53 children in her lifetime?” The answer is simple: Every t ime Mrs. Albina gave birth, she had twins or triplets. She was a triplet herself; she thinks that’s why she alway s had tw ins or triplets.
their parents. The family lives in a two-room shelter in Chile. They have electricity but no toilet or running water. The children wash in a small bowl in the dusty yard.
69.How many girls have Mr. and Mrs. Albina got now D
D. 18
70.One reason that the Albinas have 53 children is that __D___.
D. they always gave birth in tw os and threes
71.Which of the following was a happy event for the Albinas on their way to Chile. B
B. giv ing birth to triplets
72.With so many children, the Albinas are living a__C___life.
C. a hard
73.Which of the following is the best title for the passage D
D. The World’s Largest Family
Passage 1
Earthquake! People all around the world fear earthquakes because they cause so much damage and death. Consider the following facts: One earthquake struck San Fernando of Southern California on January 17, 1994. The ea rthquake caused 57 deaths, over 5,000 injuries, and extensive building damage. It w as reported that the earthquake w as one of the worst natural disasters in U.S. history, causing millions of dollars in property damage.
design buildings and bridges that can survive earthquakes. People can reduce loss of life, injuries, and property damage by properly preparing themselves, their homes, work places, and communities for a major earthquake.
54.Why was the earthquake in San Fernando one of the worst natural disasters (灾害) in U. S. history. B
B. Because it caused deaths, injuries, and extensive building damage.
55.Why did the earthquake on January 17, 1995 result in such huge damage in Japan D
D. Because it struck the business area of the city
56.How many people died in the earthquake that struck south-central Japan in 1995 D
D. More than 5,400.
57.Why could people hear more about earthquakes in recent years A
A. Because world communication has been greatly improved.
58.How can people reduce loss from earthquakes according to the passage C
C. By designing structures that can surv ive earthquakes.
Passage 2
Farmers milk cows every day. But do you know what they do first? Before they take milk from the cow s, they wash them. They do this so the milk will be clean. Everything in the farms is clean, too. There are people who visit farms to make sure that the farmers keep things clean.
Every day milk is taken from the farm in big trucks. It goes to a milk plant. Here people smell, taste, and test the milk. This is to make sure that it is safe to drink.
After the milk is made safe, it goes into bottles. Then it is stored in a cold room. Next a truck comes to take the milk away. The truck keeps the milk cold. At one time it w as brought right to the home. Now most people must leave their houses and go to the store to get milk.
59.The word “milk” in the first sentence of paragraph 1 means_A___.
A. to take milk away from cow s
60.In the first paragraph “people who visit farms” will_C__.
C.make it certain that things there are clean
61.We can learn from the passage that farmers_B__.
B. milk cows tw ice every day
62.According to the text, at one time bottles of milk were__D_.
D. brought directly to people’s homes
63.Which of the following statements is Not true B
B. All the milk is still brought to the home.
Passage 3
Some desert animals can survive the summer heat and dryness because they are very unusual. The camel, for example, can experi ence and bear an increase in the temperature of its body and its blood of 9°C without anything bad happening to it. In addition, it can drink a lot of water at one time; then store enough water in parts of its body to supply its needs for two weeks or more. The kangaroo rat, on the other hand, gets all the water it needs from w ater that it produces when it breathes.
For many species of insects, liv ing in the desert is easier than for animals. Like many desert plants, they have a waterproof skin which prevents water loss because of the high temperature. In addition, some species spend all or most of their life below ground. Here, for mos t of the year at least, there is some moisture, and it is generally cooler than on the surface. In the case of ants, only adults leave the underground nests, and they do so only to gather food or to defend the nest against attack.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f64914582.html,pared with other desert animals, the camel can bear _D_____.
D. a big increase in body temperature
65.The kangaroo rat is different from other animals in that __C___.
C. it can produce water through breathing
66.Why is the desert full of activity in summer nights C
C. Because it is cooler and safer for most animals.
67.Why is it easy for many species of insects to live in the desert B
B. Because they have a w aterproof skin.
68.M ost insects live below the ground because— D
D. it is cooler there than in the surface
Passage 4
“Y ou can have the same neighbors for years,” the old man said. “Y ou love them, and you hope t hat they love you. But do you really understand them?”
Charlie Kemp and his family lived next door to me for fifteen years. We were good friends for all that time. I enjoy friendship —I’m sure it’s the best thing in the world, and friendship w ith the Kemps was easy because they seemed t
enjoy it.
“Y es,” the policeman took out his little book and read: “Charlie Kemp. He lives next door, doesn’t he?”
69.In the first paragraph the old man said that _. C
C. sometimes people didn’t really understand their long-time neighbors
70.The old man thought the Kemps were his good friends because ____D______.
D.they seemed to enjoy the friendship
71.Which of the following didn’t happen to the Kemps B
B. Their house w as tw ice robbed.
72.It seemed that the old man ___C_.
C. was not telling the truth about his neighbors
73.Why did the policeman ask the old man to put out the fire A
A. Because Charlie complained.
Part IV: Translation (10%)
74. There are altogether 108 lakes in Jiu zhaigou. The lakes are of different sizes and shapes. B
B. 九寨沟总共有108个海子，它们大小不一而且形状各异。
75. People have already realized that the way coal is used is harmful and new ways have to be sought. C
C. 人们已经认识到目前使用煤的方法有害，必须寻求新的方法。
76. It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character. A
A. 人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格。
77. We came to the conclusion that there is every reason for such a theory being widely applied in the field of physical trai ning. A
A. 我们得出如下结论：有充分的理由在体育锻炼领域中广泛应用这个理论。
78. While we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it. E
E.虽然我们不能弥合双方之间的鸿沟，我们却能设法搭座桥，以便越过它进行会谈。
74. As everybody knows, a busy shopping center is usually also an ideal location for a restaurant. B
B. 众所周知，繁忙的购物中心通常也是开饭店的理想场所。
75. Some of the advertisements on TV make unhealthy food look good, which leads the youth to choose the food from the advertisements on TV. D
D. 一些电视广告使没有健康价值的食品看起来不错，这就使青少年按电视广告的导向来选择食品。
76.I’m sorry to trouble you, but I wonder if we can have a word with you sometime. C
C.对不起，打搅你了，我们能否找个时间谈谈。
77. One’s attitude towards study is alw ays cultiv ated in the early childhood and often has a lifelong effect. D
D. 童年时就养成的学习态度总是会影响人的一生。
78. The importance of soil-keeping can never be over stressed for scientists observe that it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. B
B. 土壤保持的重要性怎么强调也不过分，因为科学家指出形成一英寸厚的表层土壤要花500年的自然时间。
外语教学法发展趋势 ［作者：宁波教科网来源：宁波教科网点击数：2395 更新时间：2004-4-29 9:08:05 ］在外语教学法发展过程中有两种趋势特别引人注意：多样化和折衷（综合）。由于这两种趋势的存在发展就使得外语教学法科学园地中出现了各种流派或体系，它们犹如奇花异葩，争香斗艳；另一方面又使得各种流派取长补短、互相渗透，你有中我、我中有你，表现出强烈的折衷倾向。这两种倾向对外语教学关系极大，故本文拟从多样化谈起，侧重地对外语教学法历史发展进程中的折衷趋势作以初步探讨。 多样化的发展趋势 对外语教学法史的研究表明，外语教学法的产生可以追溯到很古时期。欧洲早在中世纪就有了教授古典语文（希腊文、拉丁文）的教学法，我国的有关专家也已证实，早在隋唐时期，直接法、翻译法的某些原则就已在当时颇具规模的外语教学中得到应用。因此，从历史上讲，外语教学法早已是人类知识之林中骄傲的一株，它的发展也同其他科学分支一样，经历了漫长的“幼年期”，只是到了近、现代，才加快了其成熟的速度，为了更能说明问题，我们主要围绕最具代表性的现代时期的外语教学法来谈。 现代外语教学法主要指从十八世纪起的新的欧洲语言——活语言的教学法。这个时期的教学法脱胎于古典语言（希腊语、拉丁语）的教学方法，并且遵循着当时语言学中占统治地位的各种观点。所以，把本族语译成外语或把外语译成本族语就成了这种教学法的基础。另外，它也极重视语法的作用。这种教学法就是人们常说的翻译法或语法翻译法，这是现代外语教学法的“东风第一枝”。我们不妨把它称为第一代外语教学法。它的产生和发展是外语教学法史上的大事（尽管它有缺欠），也给以后各种流派的产生和完善提供了有益的先例。翻译法还可分为语法翻译法、词汇翻译法、翻译比较法三个类型。应该说从这时起，外语教学法就已经“花开几朵”了。 到了十九世纪八十年代，社会政治、经济的发展，国际交往的增多，以及相关学科（语言学、心理学、教育学等）的前进，都使外语教学法的改进和创新成为必要，也有了可能。另外翻译法又不能保证学习者在实践方面（尤其口头上）掌握目标语，这就促使人们另辟蹊径。于是，教学法园地的另一新芽就破土萌发了。这一教学法体系统称为直接法，也有称为“自然法”、“心理法”、“口语法”、“改良法”的。其发展又可分为“前、后”两个时期。这种方法在主张上与前法有多方面的原则不同。它强调直接感知，主张在外语形式和客观表象间建立直接联系、排斥本族语、强调口语等。它的出现曾引起激烈的争论，其范围之广、持续时间之长都是空前的。但是直接法终于站住了脚。从十九世纪中期至第二次世界大战的七、八十年间，直接法名家辈出，大量著作问世，无论在理论上和实践上都有长足发展。其影响遍及全球，它不仅把教学法科学向前推进一步，使这一科学花苑增色添香，而且与翻译法相比，其地位和作用已远胜平分秋色的程度。直接法的出现使外语教学神秘之宫的另一大门訇然中开，人们思想又获震动，从此，教学法理论和实践的发展速度，就如同反应物中加了催化剂，大大加快了。 不久I．A．Richards倡导的循序直接法出现在教学法舞台，而魏斯特法则以阅读能力为中心，它包括了直接法主要特点却又不乏标新立异，后来此法发展成新魏斯特法，终于在诸流派中确立了自己的地位。 二十世纪四十年代陆军口语法在美国产生，在短期内用此法培养出大量能流利地讲外语的人员，其显著效果令世人瞩目。在此基础上此法发展成“听说法”（又叫结构法、句型法），从而使外语教学法日益繁荣的园地又多了香花一枝。五十年代在法国兴起视听法（也叫情景法），并先后在英国、南斯拉夫等国广为流传。迄今也仍在各国一些学校发挥作用。在此之间，美国又有人实验并提出程序教学法，即把控制论原则应用于外语教学并借助程序教材和教学机器予以实施，这无疑是使现代科技与外语教学互相结合，其积极发展之远景未可低估。
Part One 宏观指导 彭青龙 上海交通大学外国语学院教授、副院长、博士生导师 研究领域：外语教学方法、专门用途英语、其他外国文学研究、其他外国社会文化 主持项目：独立主持课题十项，其中国家社科基金重大课题子项目一项、国家社科基金一般项目两项、教育部人文社科基金一般项目一项、澳大利亚政府基金项目两项等。 Q：如何更好地利用国家社科基金项目、教育部人文社会科学研究项目中的选题指南来进行选题？ a.课题申报者应仔细研究课题指南，深刻领会其内涵和外延，确定适合自己的选题。国家项目课题指南往往反映的是最前沿或者最基础却尚未解决好的研究问题。 b.国家项目课题指南每年都会有变化，课题申报者可以对比研究近两三年课题指南的变化，较往年有变化的地方通常是国家特别希望在这个领域内进行着力研究的问题。 Q：如何判断某一个课题是否具有学术价值或应用价值？可否举例说明？ 一个课题的学术价值体现在其理论价值和应用价值两方面。而课题的创新往往体现在观点创新或是方法创新两个主要方面。如，某课题一般运用定性研究的方法，而本人综合运用了定性和定量的两种方法，这从某种意义上来说就是一种创新，方法创新也可理解为新路径或新视角。创新往往是站在巨人的肩膀上的创新。Q：国家课题的选题与一般学术论文选题区别在哪里？ 国家课题往往是各领域亟待解决的问题。研究成果受众面大，具有广泛的应用价值或理论价值，也具有相当的示范性。国家课题一般是集中某一重要方面进行多维度的探讨，更具系统性和逻辑性，其成果至少应该是系列论文而非单篇文章。Q：课题申报书常见问题有哪些？ 申报书需要展示的是三个方面，即why, what, how, 即你为什么要做此项研究，研究的主要内容是什么，你将如何组织实施你的研究。同时，前期积累也很重要。总之，通过申报书，你要能说服评审专家可以将这个项目放心地交给你。 课题申报书中的常见问题有： a. 选题本身存在概念不清、逻辑混乱。申报者对基本概念应有明晰的判断，主概念和子概念之间关系要有逻辑性。 b. 选题过大或过小。有些选题太大，可写成大型系列丛书，但申报书中的论述不够详实，难以支撑。有些选题也很大，但仅以很小的案例做支撑，论证充分性不够，难以令人信服。 c. 文献综述，述而不论。一些申报书中文献综述仅罗列多方观点，却没有批判性的论述，或将自己的论述淹没在描述中，没有鲜明地提出自己的观点。文献综述在综合分析前人研究成果的同时，要对其进行评价和判断，即哪些观点是得到普遍认同的，哪些观点还存在不足，有待进一步研究。而本课题研究正是弥补不
一、单选题练习 1.完整的计算机系统由(C)组成。 A.运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备 B.主机和外部设备 C.硬件系统和软件系统 D.主机箱、显示器、键盘、鼠标、打印机 2.以下软件中，(D)不是操作系统软件。 A.Windows xp B.unix C.linux D.microsoft office 3.用一个字节最多能编出( D )不同的码。 A. 8 个 B. 16个 C. 128 个 D. 256个 4.任何程序都必须加载到( C )中才能被CPU执行。 A. 磁盘 B. 硬盘 C. 内存 D. 外存 5.下列设备中，属于输出设备的是(A)。 A.显示器 B.键盘 C.鼠标 D.手字板 6.计算机信息计量单位中的K代表( B )。 A. 102 B. 210 C. 103 D. 28 7.RAM代表的是( C )。 A. 只读存储器 B. 高速缓存器 C. 随机存储器 D. 软盘存储器 8.组成计算机的CPU的两大部件是( A )。 A.运算器和控制器 B. 控制器和寄存器 C.运算器和内存 D. 控制器和内存 9.在描述信息传输中bps表示的是(D)。
A. 每秒传输的字节数 B.每秒传输的指令数 C.每秒传输的字数 D.每秒传输的位数 10.微型计算机的内存容量主要指( A )的容量。 A. RAM B. ROM C. CMOS D. Cache 11.十进制数27对应的二进制数为( D )。 A.1011 B. 1100 C. 10111 D. 11011 12.Windows的目录结构采用的是(A)。 A.树形结构 B.线形结构 C.层次结构 D.网状结构 13.将回收站中的文件还原时，被还原的文件将回到(D)。 A.桌面上 B.“我的文档”中 C.内存中 D.被删除的位置 14.在Windows 的窗口菜单中，若某命令项后面有向右的黑三角，则表示该命令项( A )。 A. 有下级子菜单 B.单击鼠标可直接执行 C.双击鼠标可直接执行 D.右击鼠标可直接执行 15.计算机的三类总线中，不包括( C )。 A. 控制总线 B.地址总线 C.传输总线 D.数据总线 16.操作系统按其功能关系分为系统层、管理层和(D)三个层次。 A. 数据层 B.逻辑层 C.用户层 D.应用层 17.汉字的拼音输入码属于汉字的(A)。 A. 外码 B. 内码 C.ASCII 码 D.标准码 18.Windows的剪贴板是用于临时存放信息的( C )。 A.一个窗口 B.一个文件夹 C.一块内存区间 D.一块磁盘区间
2.1 Reinforced Concrete Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element. It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system. The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete. Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface
全国2005年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 外语教学法试卷 （课程代码 0833） 本试卷共6页，满分1 00分；考试时间1 50分钟。 Write all your answers on answer sheet! Ⅰ． Multiple Choice: (15%) Directions: In this section, you are given 15 questions beneath each of which are four choices marked A,B, C, and D．You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answerthe question．One point is given to each correct choice． 1．Which of the following is NOT emphasized by traditional linguists? A．Correctness．B．The purity of a language． C．Literary excellence．D．Communication． 2．_______ the first language is used in the teaching of the second language in the Grammar-Translation Method． A．A lot of B．A little of C．Little of D．Not any 3．According to the Direct Method, every language has _______ structure． A．similar B．its own C．co-related D．the same 4．The Direct Method _______ the similarities between the first language acquisition and second language learning． A．is against B．overemphasizes C．draws on D．pays no attention to 5．Advocates of the Direct Method consider students’ mother tongue as _______ system in learning the second language． A．an interfering B．a helping C．an integrating D．a similar 6．In order to find ways of associating the new materials with ideas or objects with which the pupils are familiar, D．Ausubel would prefer _______． A．straightforward explanation and exposition B．pupil-generated discovery methods C．rote learning D．inductive and deductive inference 7．Of the three procedures followed in a cognitive classroom, which can be viewed as the performance stage? A．Exercises．B．Application activities． C．Introduction of new materials．D．None of the above． 8．Chomsky and others claimed that every normal human being was born with a(n) _______．A．ADL B．LDA C．LAD D．ALD 9．The authors of the book The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom are _______． A．Chomsky and Terrell B．Krashen and Halliday C．Krashen and Terrell D．Chomsky and Krashen
广东省哲学社会科学“十三五”规划项目 外语专项 申请书 项目类别 项目名称 项目负责人 负责人所在单位 填表日期
广东省哲学社会科学规划领导小组办公室制 二О二О年六月 申请者的承诺： 保证如实填写本表各项内容。如果获准立项，承诺以本表为有约束力协议，遵守《广东省哲学社会科学规划项目管理办法》等有关规定，认真开展研究工作，取得预期研究成果。 申请者（签章）： 年月日 填表注意事项 一、本表请如实填写。 二、本表第一项“项目负责人、主要参加者情况”部分栏目填写说明： 1、研究类型：指本项目研究属基础理论研究、应用开发研究、综合研究等。 2、主要参加者：必须真正参加本项目研究工作，不含项目负责人，不包括科研、财务管理人员。 3、预期成果形式：指最终成果形式，含专著、研究报告、论文等。其中，论文指内容具有相关性、系统性的，已发表及未发表的论文若干篇。 4、项目完成时间：1-2年。 三、申请人具有副高以上（含副高）职称或具有博士学位者，不填“推荐人意见”。 四、本表内“申请者（签章）”和“推荐人姓名”处须手写，不能打印。
五、本表用A3纸双面印制，中缝装订成册。 六、本表由项目负责人所在单位加具单位意见，并统一报送省哲学社会科学规划领导小组办公室。 七、省哲学社会科学规划领导小组办公室地址：XX市天河北路618号广东社科中心B座9楼，邮编：******，电话：（020）********、********。 一、项目负责人、主要参加者情况
二、课题设计论证
三、项目负责人正在主持的其他项目 四、推荐人意见 五、项目负责人所在单位意见
第一章概述 1-3试从多个方面比较电路交换、报文交换和分组交换的主要优缺点。 答：1、电路交换电路交换是一种必须经过“建立连接-通话-释放链接”三个步骤的一条专用物理通路。从建立连接开始，通讯就一直占用信道资源，直到释放。它具有实施性强，时延小，交换设备成本低的优点。同时，其线路利用效率低，通信效率低，不同类型终端之间不可通讯。电路交换适用于信息量大，较长的报文。 2、报文交换报文交换本质上也是存储转发方式，但是它将整个报文从一个结点传到下一个。它的优点是中继电路利用率高，可以多个用户同时在一条线路上传送。缺点在于报文信息量大，时延长，且占用交换机内存较大，不具有实时性。它适用于报文较短，实时性较低的通讯。 3、分组交换分组交换是将报文分组，在每个分组之前加上地址信息，通过路由器经接收，存储，再转发到下一个接口，直到将分组传到目标地址，再去掉地址信息将其重组为完整报文。在分组传输的过程中动态分配传输宽带，逐段占用通信链路，多个分组数可同时传送。它传输效率高，且保证数据传输有很高可靠性。同时分组排队会造成时延，但比报文交换小，且成本较高。 1-12 因特网的两大组成部分（边缘部分与核心部分）的特点是什么？他们的工作方式各有什么特点？ 答：边缘部分由所有连接在因特网上的主机组成，由用户直接使用，进行通信和资源共享。核心部分，是由大量网络和连接这些网络的路由器组成，主要为边缘部分服务提供连通性和交换。边缘部分不同终端上的程序通信方式有客户-服务器方式和对等方式。客户-服务器方式指进行通讯的双方中一方为服务请求方，一方为服务提供方。客户向服务器发送远程服务请求，因此客户程序必须知道服务器程序地址，而服务器只需要被动接受请求，不需要知道客户程序地址，但需要强大硬件和高级操作系统支持。对等方式是双方均可既为服务提供者，也可以为服务请求者。 网络核心部分要想网络边缘部分提供连通性和交换，起关键作用的是路由器，其任务是转发收到的分组，使得边缘部分的每一个终端都能够向其他主机通信。 1-14 计算机网络有哪些常用的性能指标？ 答：1、速率：连结在计算机网络上的主机在数字信道上传送数据的速率，单位为b/s（其中 b 为bit，表示一个二进制数字，比特是计算机中数据量的单位） 2、带宽：带宽本来指的是某个信号具有的频带宽度，单位为赫；由于通信的主干线传送的是模拟信号，所以，带宽表示通信线路允许通过的信号频带范围，表示在单位时间内，从网络中的某一点到另一点所能通过的“最高数据率”，单位是比特每秒。 3、吞吐量：表示单位时间内通过某个网络口的数据量，经常用于对现实世界中的网络的一种测量，以便知道实际上到底有多少数据量能通过网络 4、时延：时延指数据从网络的一段传送到另一端所需要的时间。有以下几个部分组成：（1）发送时延从主机发送数据帧的第一个比特算起，到该帧的最后一个比特发送完毕所需要的
土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版 IBMT standardization office【IBMT5AB-IBMT08-IBMT2C-ZZT18】
外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete （来自《土木工程英语》） Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In
伊川县江左镇中基 础教育教研课题 立项申报书 学 科 分 类_____初中英语______________________ 课 题 名 称_多媒体课件优化中学生英语阅读的实践研究 课 题 主 持 人___ 刘志刚___________________________ 课 题 组 成 员_韩世伟 程会英 黄爱香 杨玉温 端木梦梦 主持人工作单位____ 伊川县江左镇初级中学_________ 申 请 日 期__ 2014年12月10日 伊川县教育局基础教育教研室 立项编号 ?yckt160803 学科代码 08?
填表说明 一、本表须经课题主持人所在单位和中心校审核，签署明确意见，承担信誉保证并加盖公章后，方可上报。 二、封面左上方代码框申请人不填，其他栏目由申请人用中文填写。每项课题主持人限1人；主要参与者不包括课题主持人，至少2人，最多5人。 三、本表报送一式3份，请用A4纸双面打印、复印，于左侧装订成册。同时，须提供本表的电子版1份。 四、请用钢笔或电脑打印，准确如实填写各项内容，书写要清晰、工整。 五、伊川县教育局基础教育教研室课题管理办公室： 联系人：赵康卷电话：
?一、基本情况 ? 二、 课题 设计论证 课题名称 多媒体课件优化中学生英语阅读的实践研究? 主持人 姓 名 ?刘志刚 政治面貌 党员? 性别 男? 年龄 41 行政职务 教导主任 专业 职称 中一? 学科 专业 英语? 学历 学位 本科 起止时间 2014年 12 月 10 日至 2015 年 12 月 10日 工作单位 通讯地址 伊川县江左镇中 邮政 编码 471314? 固定电话 E-mail 移动电话 主 要 参 与 者 姓 名 性别 年龄 专业 职称 学科 专业 学历学位 工作单位 韩世伟 男? 48 中二? 初中英语 本科 伊川县江左镇中 程会英 女? 40 中二? 初中英语 专科 伊川县江左镇中 黄爱香 女? 37 中二? 初中英语 本科 江左教育? 杨玉温? 女? 41 中二? 初中英语 本科 伊川县电力中学 端木梦梦 女? 26 中二? 初中英语 本科 伊川县江左镇中 预 期 成 果 （在选项上打“√” 或加粗） A ．专着 B.研究报告 C.论文 D.其他
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1
外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
山东大学网络教育《组织行为学》模拟题 一．解释下列名词与公式 1、工作生活质量：指人本管理哲学思想和为实现这一目标而实施的管理措施 2、领导指引和影响个体、群体或组织，在一定的条件下实现目标的行动过程 3、群体指为实现某个特定目标，两个或两个以上相互作用、相互依赖的个体组合 4、情绪和情感客观事物是否符合人的需要而产生的主观体验 5、个性：个性，也可称人格。指一个人的整个精神面貌，即具有一定倾向性的心理特征的总和。个性结构是多层次、多侧面的，由复杂的心理特征的独特结合构成的整体。 二．判断并改错 1．凝聚力高的群体生产率高。 （错）凝聚力高的群体生产率不一定高 2．构成态度的三个心理成分包括认知、情感与行为。 （错）构成态度的三个心理成分包括认知、情感与行为倾向 3．对非正式群体应采取分化瓦解的策略。 （错）对非正式群体要区别对待，采取引导、解散等不同的应对策略 4．目标管理法是期望理论在管理实践中的具体应用。 （错）目标设置理论是期望理论在管理实践中的具体应用 5．领导生命周期理论认为，当下属比较成熟时，应采取授权式的领导方式。 6．“士别三日当刮目相看”说的是对比效应对社会知觉的影响。 （错）“士别三日当刮目相看”说的并非是对比效应对社会知觉的影响 7．群体冲突对实现组织目标不利，具有破坏性作用。 （错）群体冲突对实现组织目标并非全都不利，具有正反两方面的作用 8．焦虑水平与工作效率之间呈“U”状关系。 9．菲德勒认为，当情景最不利时，有效的领导方式是关系导向型。 （错）菲德勒认为，当情景最不利时，有效的领导方式是任务导向型。焦虑水平与工作效率之间呈“U”状关系菲德勒认为，当情景最不利时，有效的领导方式是关系导向型。工作满意度与组织生产率之间呈正相关关系，与缺勤率及动率之间呈负相关关系 10．工作满意度与组织生产率之间呈正相关关系，与缺勤率及动率之间呈负相关关系。 三．简述题 1．为什么群体决策越来越重要？如何进行有效的群体决策？ 群体决策越来越重要，主要因为群体决策：一是可以集思广益，博采众长，避免主观片面性，提高决策的质量。二是有利于调动更多人的积极性，有利于决策的贯彻执行。为克服群体决策的弊端，进行有效的群体决策，宜适时采用包括：头脑激荡法、名义群体法、德尔斐法、方案前提分析等多种方法。 2．在管理实践中如何运用公平理论。 3．简述组织变革的目标。 组织变革是为了达到组织优化的目标。一是组织结构完善，具体体现在：人与事的科学匹配，做到事得其人，人尽其才。责、权、利统一。组织运转灵活。二是组织功能优化，具体表现为确定正确目标的决策能力，有效达成目标的管理能力和提高组织效益的能力三方面。三是组织气氛和谐，组织气氛和谐表现在：成员有强烈的归属感，具有良好的合作意识，具有强烈的主人翁责任感。四是组织应变力增强，组织内信息流通快捷准确，具有及
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
英语中常见的教学方法有哪些 1. Task-Based Language T eaching,即TBL T这是新课标之后实行的新型教学方法——任 务型教学，这个意识半会儿说不清楚，你得好好研究一下。如果成功了，这个教学方法课堂效果会很好。 2.五步教学法： Step 1 Warming up Step 2 Presentation and practice Step 3 Presentation Step 4 Practice Step 5 Post Task 3.五指教学法:RPCPP Step 1 Review Step 2 Presentation Step 3 Consolidation Step 4 Practice Step 5 Project Presentation 4.3P教学法 Warming-up Presentation Practice Production Homework 5交际型教学Communicative Teaching在教学过程中创设或模拟真实情景交际，让学生通过听、说、理解等交际活动不断沟通交流、进行互动的一种教学模式 下面谈一谈英语学习方式 前面提到四种学习方式：合作学习/共同学习、自主学习、任务型学习、探究学习。下面就对它们做一个简明扼要的介绍。这个介绍是提纲挈领的介绍，涉及不到十分具体的技巧。关于技巧方面可以在培训班另安排时间深入探讨。过去（甚至目前）学生课堂学习的方式比较单一、枯燥乏味、效果不佳。这种学习方式就是大家所熟悉的学生听教师讲为主的方式。《英语课程标准》建议教师帮助学生掌握多种学习方式。这里介绍的四种学习方式，不是全部的学习方式，比如，有条件的地方，可以利用多媒体手段、利用互联网络进行学习。这里介绍四种学习方式，不意味着其他学习方式不好，或者无效，而是要根据教学实际情况选择使用、交替使用、综合使用。而且，教师讲解也不是在教学中没有任何地位，必要的时候，仍然可以使用。只不过不要把它作为唯一的方式或者主要的学习方式。各种学习方式之间不是截然分开的，它们可以相互结合，相互影响。 合作学习或者称为共同学习，用于外语教学，基于以下几个理念。一、课堂外面的社会，人与人之间需要进行合作，课堂教学就要培养合作意识，训练合作技能。二、语言的本质是社会性的，是人与人之间沟通的工具，与人交际和沟通的过程就是合作行为。语言哲学里提到的会话含义的基础就是会话者要遵循会话准则。三、语言习得研究证明，掌握交际工具在互动中掌握比较有效。互动就是合作行为。 学生在一块儿学习不一定就是合作学习，比如，在双人组、四人组的形式下，也许不能称得上是合作学习。合作学习要遵循一定的原则。共同学习的一个原理是，学习者要在学习中相互依赖，这样才够得上合