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英汉翻译之词类中的名词和动词 (及其他)

英汉翻译之词类中的名词和动词 (及其他)
英汉翻译之词类中的名词和动词 (及其他)

英汉词类中的名词和动词

Nouns and V erbs in English and Chinese

I. Nouns in English and Chinese

1. Difference in Classification

English: common nouns, proper nouns, collective nouns

CN: countable vs. uncountable

Chinese: common nouns, proper nouns, collective nouns, abstract nouns.

2. Differences in terms of Number

1). Number Language vs. Classifier Language

2). Effect on translation

Principle of Amplification (增词原则)

增词原则:在译文中增加必需的词汇,保证译文在意义上与原文吻合、表达上符合目的语的表达习惯,使译文易于理解。

【例】Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building.

他们沿着大街走过去,一路经过几家大商店,穿过一个大广场,最后进了一栋大楼。

Principle of Omission (省略原则):

省略原则:指在翻译中不损害原文意义的前提下,删减原文中不必要的词汇,使译文符合目的语的表达习惯。

【例】一条条新修的公路把这个小镇和外界连在一起。

The newly built roads connect this smaill town to the outside world.

3. Differences in Frequency of A vailability (使用频率不同)

Noun-prominent (E) vs. V erb-prominent (C)

词类转换原则:指在翻译中为了表达的需要,改变原文中词的类别,使译文自然流畅,符合目的语的表达习惯。

原则A: 由动词派生的英语名词转译成汉语动词

【例1】The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli's right to exist.

1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。

原则B: 含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词

The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,令我特别神往。

原则C: 英语中有些加后缀-er的名词含有较强的动作意味,可以译成动词

I am afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my younger brother is a better teacher than I.

我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。

II. V erbs in English and Chinese

Morphology

Number (Third person singular)

Subject-verb Concord

Noun-prominent vs. V erb-prominent

2. 英语动词译成汉语的规则

Formality has always characterized their relationship.

他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。

规则1:英语中有不少由名词派生的动词,以及由名词转用的动词,在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词,这时可将其转译成汉语名词

I was a middle school teacher and my dream was to teach college students.

我教过中学。那时就有了当大学老师的梦想。

规则2:增词原则:英译汉时增加表示时间关系或动态关系的词语

英汉对比对翻译的启示之一

I. Nouns in English and Chinese

?1. Difference in Classification

?English: common nouns, proper nouns,

? collective nouns

? CN: countable vs. uncountable

?Chinese: common nouns, proper nouns,

? collective nouns, abstract nouns

2. Differences in terms of Number

?1). Number Language vs. Classifier Language

?2). Effect on translation

?Principle of Amplification (增词原则)

?增词原则:在译文中增加必需的词汇,保证译文在意义上与原文吻合、表达上符合目的语的表达习惯,使译文易于理解。

?【例】Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. ?他们沿着大街走过去,一路经过几家大商店,穿过一个大广场,最后进了一栋大楼。

?Principle of Omission (省略原则):

?省略原则:指在翻译中不损害原文意义的前提下,删减原文中不必要的词汇,使译文符合目的语的表达习惯。

?【例】一条条新修的公路把这个小镇和外界连在一起。

?The newly built roads connect this smaill town to the outside world.

?3. Differences in Frequency of A vailability (使用频率不同)

?Noun-prominent (E) vs. V erb-prominent (C)

?词类转换原则:指在翻译中为了表达的需要,改变原文中词的类别,使译文自然流畅,符合目的语的表达习惯。

原则A: 由动词派生的英语名词转译成汉语动词

?【例1】The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli's right to exist. ?1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。

原则B: 含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词

?The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

?A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.

?看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,令我特别神往。

?从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。

原则C: 英语中有些加后缀-er的名词含有较强的动作意味,可以译成动词

I am afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my younger brother is a better teacher than I.

我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。

II. V erbs in English and Chinese

?Morphology

?Number (Third person singular)

?Subject-verb Concord

?Noun-prominent vs. V erb-prominent

2. 英语动词译成汉语的规则

规则1:英语中有不少由名词派生的动词,以及由名词转用的动词,在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词,这时可将其转译成汉语名词

Formality has always characterized their relationship.

他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。

规则2:增词原则:英译汉时增加表示时间关系或动态关系的词语

?I was a middle school teacher and my dream was to teach college students.

我教过中学。那时就有了当大学老师的梦想。

英汉词汇意义比较(01)

I. The meaning of linguistic expressions derives from two sources:

(1) the language they are part of

(2) the world they describe (Ferdinand de Saussure,1974)

II. Two Basic Types of Lexical Meaning

(1) The relationship by which language hooks onto the world is usually called designative meaning/ denotative meaning/ reference.

指称意义是以词语明确所指代的客观世界的某一特定对象为基础的,又是以某种约定俗成的定义为基础的。

制名以指实,上以明贵贱,下以辨同异

名无固宜,约之以命,约定俗成谓之宜

—荀子:《正名》

(2) The semantic links between elements within the vocabulary system is an aspect of their sense, or connotative meaning.

内涵意义,也称为“联想意义”,指词汇在不同上下文,或不同语篇中,或为不同身份的说话者使用时所表现出的特殊信息、价值或情感态度等。

III. 词的指称意义英汉语对比

(1)完全对应:the sun - 太阳;water - 水

(2)部分对应:

英义宽,汉义窄:marry -嫁+娶;cut -切+割+砍+剪

汉义宽,英义窄:Introduce + recommend - 介绍

IV. 指称意义部分对应下的翻译策略

试译如下句子

(1)这种情况必须改变。

(2)现在情况不同了。

(3)他们的情况怎么样?

(4)前线有什么情况?

参考译文:

(1) This state of affairs must change.

(2) Now things are different.

(3) How do matters stand with them?

(4) How is the situation at the front?

翻译原则(1):语境原则(Principle of Context)

汉语中同一个词,在不同的语境中其意义往往不同,必须遵循“语境原则”确定其意义再翻译成英语。反之亦然。

(5)His mother is dead against his trip around the world. 他母亲坚决反对他做环球旅行。

翻译原则(2):词类原则(Principle of Parts of Speech)

要确定某词的意义,正确分析和确定该词在语境中的词类同样也很重要。词类不同,其句法作用也不同。误判词类可能造成误译。

V. 英汉词语指称意义完全不对应现象

有部分英语词汇所指意义在汉语中找不到与之相对应的词汇,反之亦然。这类词汇常常是承载了某一民族独具特色的文化内涵,或者具有特殊的社会历史背景。

Katherine Mansfield:曼殊斐儿(徐志摩)凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德

指称意义不对等的翻译策略(1):完全音译的原则(Complete Transliteration):

音译要在充分挖掘两种语言文化内涵、充分考虑原名称的背景基础上实现。

指称意义不对等的翻译策略(2):部分音译法(Partial Transliteration):

在音译的基础上附加及其简洁的解释性文字,对音译文字部分的指称意义给与说明,让读者一目了然其类别、功能或用途等。

Wall Street:华尔街

指称意义不对等翻译策略(3):阐释法原则(principle of explanation)

在对非专有名词进行翻译时,音译法有时无法使读者了解原语词内涵,可以使用阐释法。

Clock-watcher:老是看钟等下班的人

英汉词汇意义比较(02)

1. Types of Meaning

Reference (外指意义):Reference is concerned with the relation between a word and the thing it refers to, or more generally between a linguistic unit and a non-linguistic entity it refers to.

Sense: The Sense of a word may be seen as the network of its sense relations with others. In other words, sense may be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another. It is concerned with the intra-linguistic relations.

1) Social meaning(社会意义):

dialect, temporality, register, formality, mood, relation between speaker and hearer. Eg:

“deceased” is used as a euphemism, though it means “died”.

“talk to” vs. “talk with”

“declare” can be used on an formal occasion

2) Affective meaning (情感意义):emotional meaning, expressive meaning, attitudinal meaning:

Showing one’s emotion, eg:

“pig” is used derogatively to mean foolishness of someone.

老黄牛、争强好胜vs 志向远大(favorably)

3)Reflected meaning (反映意义)

What is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression. Eg:

The Comforter 圣灵[《约翰福音》] :一条盖被

4)Collocative meaning (搭配意义)

Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words that go before or come after a word in question. Eg: beautiful; handsome

A word will produce different meanings when collocates with different words.

heavy smoker (a person who smokes a lot);

heavy news (a piece of sad news);

heavy schedule (a very tight schedule).

2. Similarities in Associative Meaning Between E and C

由于人类思维具有共性,不同民族对世界的认识、对事物的认识具有相似之处,不同语言中词汇所引发或衍生的联想意义也就有可能相同:

“猪”:饲养环境、食物等:低劣、愚蠢、粗俗、肮脏, 与“猪”有关的习语多为贬义:

3. Contradictions in Associative Meaning between E and C

词语联想意义相悖的现象主要源于不同民族基于不同文化背景、历史渊源、生态环境、宗教信仰等因素而导致情感、价值观、爱憎的差异。“狗”是个典型的案例

Every dog has his day. 凡人都有得意时

Fight dog, fight bear. 不获全胜不收兵

4. Translation Principles in Terms of Contradiction in Associative Meaning

1). 更换喻体原则(Principle of Transforming Metaphorical Object)

在确保原语中形象比喻的本质和内涵不变的情况下,可在目的语中更换喻体。

Love me, love my dog.

An old dog like me still wishes to devote myself to this noble cause.

2). 引申原则(principle of Extension)

在目的语中找不到相似的喻体替换,割爱舍去形象比喻,而选择合适的词汇

There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 译文1:帝国主义既有老虎的特征又有猿的性格。

译文2:帝国主义者的性格既残暴又狡诈。

初中英语语法大全——名词

初中英语语法大全——名词 一、名词概述 1.名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念等名称的词。英语中的名词有可数名词和不可数名词之分;有其所有格形式;在句子中通常做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语等。 2.名词的分类 名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类。普通名词又分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词与集体名词多数是可数名词,而物质名词与抽象名词多数是不可数名词。

二、名词的数 名词按照其可数性可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是指可以直接计算数目的名词。个体名词和集体名词多数是可数名词;不可数名词是指无法直接用数目计算的词。物质名词和抽象名词多数是不可数名词。 1.可数名词的数 在英语中,可以直接用数字进行计算的名词是可数名词,不能直接用数字进行计算的名词是不可数名词。通常个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,视为可数名词;物质名词和抽象名词往往指泛指的物质或者抽象的概念,不能用具体的数字来表示,视为不可数名词。专有名词往往只指一个人或物,因此没有必要再用具体的数字来修饰,一般也视为不可数名词。

eg: I was having dinner at a restaurant. eg: The two children are playing table tennis in the school. eg: Mr.Black gave us some advice on how to learn English well. eg: Paris is the capital of France. ①规则复数变化形式 可数名词在表示两个或两个以上的概念时需要用复数形式。可数名词单数形式变成复数形式的一般规则如下表:

英语形容词-名词-动词-副词-互变方法规律

英语形容词-名词-动词-副词-互变方法规律

英语形容词,名词,动词,副词互变方法规律 一.名词变形容词: 1.名词后加-y, 如: luck→lucky, cloud→cloudy; wind→windy; rain→rainy; sun→sunny, snow→snowy noise-noisy health→healthy 2.在名词后加-ly, 如: friend→friendly love→lovely day→daily 3.方位名词加-ern,如: east→eastern west→western south→southern north→northern 二.动词变形容词 1.词尾加ful: use - useful, care - careful, help - helpful, thank - thankful peace - peaceful,

forget - forgetful, play - playful, succeed - successful, wonder - wonderful 2.词尾加d或ed: please - pleased, unite - united, excite - excited, surprise - surprised, organize - organized, close - closed, wound - wounded, relax - relaxed,develop - developed, appreciate - appreciated,frustrate - frustrated, interest - interested, annoy - annoyed, use - used, frighten - frightened, crowd - crowded, thrill - thrilled, pollute - polluted 3.词尾加ing:

(完整版)初中英语语法专项代词练习及答案

初中英语语法代词专项练习 —————人称代词、物指代词 (1)按要求写出下列代词的形式 1、I(宾格)________ 2、he(形容词性物主代词)________ 3、us(主格)________ 4、they(宾格)________ 5、she(宾格)________ 6、you(名词性物主代词)________ 7、it(宾格)________ 8、my(复数)________ 9、him(复数)________ 10、he(形容词性物主代词)________ 11、we(单数)________ 12、they(名词性物主代词)________ 13、I(反身代词)________ 14、you(反身代词)________ 15、she(反身代词)________ 16、he(反身代词)________ 17、it(反身代词)________ 18、I(反身代词)________ (2)选出括号中正确的词,在正确的词上打勾。 1. This is(my / I)mother. 2. Nice to meet (your / you). 3.(He / His)name is Mark. 4. What’s(she / her)name? 5. Excuse(me / my / I). 6. Are(your / you)Miss Li? 7.(I/ My)am Ben. 8.(She / Her)is my sister. 9. Fine , thank(your / you). 10. How old is (he / his)? (3)用所给代词的正确形式填空 1. These are ______ ( he ) brothers. 2. That is _______( she ) sister. 3. Lily is _______ ( Lucy ) sister. 4. Tom, this is _____ ( me ) cousin, Mary. 5. Now _____________(her parent) are in America. 6. Those __________ ( child ) are _____ ( I ) father’s students. 7. Do you know ______ ( it ) name? 8. Mike and Tom _________( be ) friends. 9. Thanks for helping ________( I ). 10. ______(Ann安)mother is ______(we) teacher. (4)填上正确的人称代词和物主代词 1._____ is my friend. 他是我的朋友。 2. My dog likes _____. 我的狗喜欢她。 3. Who is there? It’s _____.是谁啊?是我。 4. Come with _____. 跟我来。 5. ______ classroom is bigger than ____. 你们的教室比我们的要大。 6. _____ are Chinese. 我们是中国人。 7.I want to buy some balloons for ______. 我想买些气球送给他。 8. These are ______ photos. 这些是我们的照片。 9. _____ like ______ very much. 他们非常喜欢它。 10. Let _____ give _____ a book. 让我给你一本书。

文言文中名词活用类型及判断

文言文中名词活用类型及判断 文言文中,名词活用不外乎两种类型:一种是活用作动词,一种是活用为状语。本文拟结合具体例句从这两个方面加以分析。 一、名词活用为动词可以分为名词用作一般动词、名词的使动用法和名词的意动用法三种类型。 (一)名词作一般动词 在文言文中,有些名词可以作动词用,在句子中充任谓语。主要有以下几种类型。 1、名词+名词 如果一个句子中有两个名词连用,这两个名词即不是并列关系、同位语关系,又不是偏正关系,句中也没有其它动词作谓语,那么其中的一个名词作动词用。例如: (1)范曾数目项王。(《史记?项羽本纪?鸿门宴》) (2)籍吏民,封府库。(《史记?项羽本纪》) 例(1)“目”名词作动词,当“看、使眼色”讲,作谓语,“项王”为其宾语。例(2)“籍”名词活用作动词意为“登记”,“吏民”为其宾语。又如: (3)舍相如广成传。(《史记?廉颇蔺相如列传》) 例(3)“舍”名词作动词读作“she”,当“安排住宿”讲。 2、能愿动词+名词 能愿动词的位置是在动词之前的,当一个名词置于能愿动词之后,句中有没有其它动词时,这个名词作动词用。例如: (4)假舟楫者,非能水也,而绝江河。(《荀子?劝学》) (5)沛公欲王关中,使子婴为相。(《史记?项羽本纪》) 例(4)“水”,名词,在能愿动词“能“之后用作动词,当“泅水”讲,作谓语。例(5)“王”在能愿动词“欲”之后用作动词,当“称王”讲,作谓语,读作“wang”。 3、名词+补语(介词结构) 补语的位置通常是附在动词之后。当一个名词在补语之前,句中有没有其它动词时,这个名词作动词用。例如: (6)沛公军霸上。(《史记?项羽本纪?鸿门宴》) (7)秦伐韩,军于阏与。(《史记?项羽本纪》) 例(6)、(7)中的“军”均置于补语之前活用为动词,意为“驻扎”,所不同的是例(6)补语省略了介词“于”。 4、否定副词+名词 否定副词往往置于动词之前修饰动词的。所以紧接在否定副词之后的名词通常用作动词。例如: (8)小信未福,神弗福也。(《左传?曹刿论战》) (9)恐托不效。(诸葛亮《出师表》) 例(8)中的“福”紧接在否定副词“弗”之后活用为动词作谓语,当“保佑”讲。例(9)中的“效”紧接在否定副词“不”之后活用为动词作谓语,当“奏效、有效”讲。5、所+名词 特殊的指示代词“所”的后面一般只接动词或动宾词组,构成名词性的所字结构,表示……的东西、……的方式等。如果“所”字之后粘附名词,那么该名词活用为动词。例如:(10)昔先皇颁僧保所货西洋珠于侍臣。(《记王忠肃公翱事》) (11)乃丹书帛曰:“陈胜王”,置人所罾鱼腹中。(《史记?陈涉起义》)

动词变名词.

构词法:动词变名词1.v+ ment 结尾 achieve---achievement 成就advertise---advertisement// advertising agree— agreement apartment 公寓amusement 娱乐 argue---argument争吵commit奉献—commitment compliment 称赞,恭维develop---development disgree—disagreement department 局,部 experiment 实验,试验 equip 装备---equipment 装备,器材 govern 统治—government 政府manage---management 经营管理 2.V+ tion 结尾 attract吸引—attraction 有吸引力的事或人;令人向往的地方 conclude—conclusion 结论compete—competition 竞争,比赛discuss—discussion 讨论 educate-----education decide----decision describe—description描写,描绘express 表达----expression 词语;表达方式 graduate 毕业—graduation operate 操作,动手术—operation organize----organization instruct—instruction 指导,介绍invent—inventor / invention invite—invitation inspire---inspiration 灵感,鼓舞人心的--- pollute----pollution 污染 predict---prediction 预言pronounce ---pronunciation resolve 决心-----resolution 决心permit 允许-----permission suggest-建议,暗示--suggestion solve解决-----solution 解决方法 3.V+ ance 结尾appear—appearance 外貌,出现perform----performance 演出4.V+ ing 结尾 bathe 洗澡---bathing end 结束----ending 结尾,结局train 训练---training mean ---- meaning 意义say-----saying 谚语 5.V+ 其他 Beg(乞讨)—beggar 乞丐 behave 行为,举止----behavior know---knowledge fly—flight 飞行 heat 加热---heat 热量 hit 撞击------hit 轰动一时的人或物,碰撞 mix 混合-----mixture 混合物press 按,压—pressure 压力 sit-----seat 座位 succeed-- success tour 在-----旅游,在-----作巡回演出直接+地点tour China ---tour 旅游/ tourist 游客 名词变形容词1名词+y Anger 生气-----angry hunger---hungry fog—foggy有雾的 fur----furry 毛皮的 guilt 罪恶---guilty 内疚的health---healthy luck---lucky cloud---cloudy wind—windy rain---rainy snow---snowy sun—sunny tourist------touristy 游客多的business---busy salt 盐--- salty 咸的 shine---shiny 发亮的 silk 丝绸—silky 丝绸般的sleep---sleepy 昏昏欲睡的

英语形容词,名词,动词,副词互变方法规律

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wound - wounded, relax - relaxed,develop - developed, appreciate - appreciated,frustrate - frustrated, interest - interested, annoy - annoyed, use - used, frighten - frightened, crowd - crowded, thrill - thrilled, pollute - polluted 3.词尾加ing: interest - interesting, surprise - surprising, excite - exciting develop - developing, frighten - frightening, thrill - thyrilling frustrate - frustrating, relax _ relaxing, live - living rock - rocking, sleep - sleeping 4.词尾变y为i,加ed: worry - worried, marry - married,fry - fried, terrify - terrified satisfy - satisfied 5.词尾加able:

初中英语语法知识—名词的专项训练答案(5)

一、选择题 1.She ______ her______every evening at home. A.does;homework B.does;homeworks C.do;homework D.do;homeworks 2.Is it a picture_________ your school? A.of B.to C.and D.with 3.There are two________ near our school. A.shoe shops B.shoes shops C.shoe's shops D.shoes' shops 4.—Do you know Shanghai is one of _______ in the world? —Yes, it’s bigger than _______ city in China. A.the biggest city; any B.the biggest cities; any C.the biggest cities; any other D.the biggest cities; the other 5.There________some water in the bottle. A.is B.am C.are D.be 6.These are some photos of ________ bedroom. What a tidy and comfortable room! A.Jerry’s and Jenny’s B.Jerry and Jenny’s C.Jerry’s sand Jenny 7.Here_______some of the results. Most students think_______are cheaper than cars. A.is; the bike B.are; bikes C.are; the bike D.is; bikes 8.Look! The Chinese national basketball team ________ a face-to-face interview with their fans in the hall. How excited the fans are! A.is having B.are having C.have D.has 9.—It’s convenie nt(方便的) to travel from Suzhou to Shanghai by car? —Yes. It’s said that_________is enough. A.two hours drive B.two-hours drive C.two hour’s drive D.two hours’ drive 10.— How much are the __________? — Eight yuan a kilo. A.broccoli B.potatoes C.beef D.bread 11.It's about ten __________ walk from here. A.minutes' B.minute's C.minutes D.minute of 12.Alan usually goes to Harbin in .He likes playing with snow. A.May B.July C.September D.November 13.________ your reading speed, or you can’t finish th e English reading materials in ________ limited time. A.Increase; 100 minutes’B.To increase; a 100-minute C.Increasing; 100-minutes’14.When National Day comes, we have a ____ holiday. A.seven-day B.seven-days C.seven days

名词活用作动词

文言文复习之名词活用作动词的几个公式古汉语里词类活用是有规律的,名词活用作动词(包括使动、意动)的规律尤其明显。 一、“所”+名词=“所”+活用动词 1、置人所罾鱼腹中。(《陈涉世家》) 2、父时为将……所友者以百数。(《赵将括母》) 二、副词+名词=副词+活用动词 3、客初至,不冠不袜。(《大铁椎传》) 4、未花时采,则根色鲜泽。(《梦溪笔谈采草药》) 5、二月草已芽。(同上) 6、巫医乐师百工之人,不耻相师。(《师说》) 三、能愿动词+名词=能愿动词+活用动词 7、假舟楫者,非能水也,而绝江河。(《劝学》) 8、武能网纺缴。(《汉书苏武传》) 9、太华之山,悬崖之巅,有松可荫,有地可蔬。(《复庵记》) 10、环顾其中,未见可师者。(《答韦重力论师道书》) 11、左右欲刃相如。 12、云青青兮欲雨。(《梦游天姥吟留别》) 四、名词(前无动词)+介宾短语(后无动词)=活用动词+介宾短语 13、于是为长安君约车百乘,质于齐。 14、唐浮图慧褒始舍于其址。(《游褒禅山记》) 15、柱以白璧,砌以青玉,床以珊瑚,帘以水精。(《柳毅传》)

16、一狼洞(于)其中。 17、沛公军(于)霸上。 五、名词+“之”(后有语音停顿)=活用动词+“之” 18、路宛转石间,塞者凿之,陡者级之,断者架木通之,悬者梯接之。 19、驴不胜怒,蹄之。(《黔之驴》) 20、若必将之,破赵军者必括也。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》) 六、名词或名词短语+名词或名词短语(不组成名词短语而组成动宾短语)=活用动词+名词或名词短语 21、乃使其从者衣褐,怀其壁,从径道亡,归璧于赵。 22、稍稍宾客其父。(《伤仲永》) 23、同舍生皆披绮绣……腰白玉之环。 七、名词或名词短语+名词或名词短语(不组成名词短语而组成主谓短语)=名词或名词短语+活用动词 24、天雨墙坏 25、大楚兴,陈胜王。 26、赵王之子孙侯者,其继有在者乎?(《触龙说赵太后》) 八、名词+“而”+动词或动词短语(不组成主谓短语)=活用动词+“而”+动词或动词短语 27、夫五人之死,去今之墓而葬焉,其为时止十有一月耳。 28、孟尝君怪其疾也,衣冠而见之。 练习:运用上面的公式,找出下列句子中活用作动词(包括使动、意动)的名词。 1、七十者衣帛食肉,黎民不饥不寒,然而不王者,未之有也。 2、其时已与先王之法亏矣,而曰此先王之法也,而法之。 3、陈涉瓮牖绳枢之子,甿隶之人。(《过秦论》) 4、相如视秦王无意偿赵城,乃前曰:“璧有瑕,请指示王。” 5、汤以七十里之地王天下,文王以百里之壤而臣诸侯。 6、今予家是溪,而名莫能定。 7、吾与子渔樵于江渚之上,侣鱼虾而友麋鹿。 8、凭谁问:廉颇老矣,尚能饭否? 9、有贤士大夫发五十金,买五人之脰而函之,卒于尸合。 10、事吾之所耕,而衣吾之所蚕。 11、鹪鹩巢于深林。

初中英语语法名词篇

初中中考英语语法 (名词篇) 语法总述: 名词篇: 名词的种类:英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类: 1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如:Jilin, Tom, China, (1)零冠词,如Yale University,Beijing Railway Station,是由专有名词+普通名词组成,往往为并列关系。 (2)定冠词,如the United States,the Great Wall,由形容词+普通名词组成。 (3) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。 2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。 普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 house 马car 汽车room 房间apple 苹果fun 风扇picture 照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队government 政府 group 集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 fire 火 steel 钢air 空气water 水milk 牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。

labour 劳动health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力 3. 普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange; 不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information . 4、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 1. 规则名词的复数形式:

英语动词单三变化规则及名词单数变复数口诀

动词的第三人称单数现在式变化规则: 1)一般由动词原形加-s get-gets play-plays 2)以e结尾的动词,加-s like-likes make-makes 3)以o结尾的动词加-es go-goes do-does 以s, x, ch, sh等字母结尾的动词,后面加-es kiss-kisses fix-fixes teach-teaches fish-fishes 4)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先将y变i, 再加-es fly-flies study-studies 5) have –has 一般现在时 主语+动词原型V I have a friend. You have a friend. We have a friend. They have a friend. 主语(第三人称单数)+动词V(三单) She / He / It has a friend. Tom / My mother has a friend.

名词单数变复数口诀 (一) 规则变化 名词单数变复数,直接加-s 占多数; s, x, z, ch, sh 来结尾,直接加上-es; 词尾是 f 或fe,加-s 之前先变ve; 辅母+ y 在词尾,把y 变i 再加-es; 词尾字母若是o,常用三个已足够, 要加-es 请记好,hero, tomato, potato。 (二) 不规则变化 男人女人 a 变e,鹅足牙oo 变ee; 老鼠虱婆也好记,ous 变ic; 孩子加上ren,鱼鹿绵羊不用变。 This---these(这些) that -- those(那些) 【解说】 1. 英语名词有单数和复数的区别,单数表示“一”,复数表示“多于一。”名词由单数变复数,多数是规则的变,直接加-s,例如:book →books, girl →girls。但以-s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾的名词,变成复数时加-es, 例如:bus →buses, buzz →buzzes, box →boxes, watch →watch es, brush →brushes 2. -f(e) 结尾的名词单数变复数歌诀:①树叶半数自已黄,妻子拿刀去割粮,架后窜出一只狼,就像强盗逃命忙。②妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌,躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。例如:leaf (树叶,叶子),half (一半),self (自已),wife (妻子),knife (刀子),shelf (架子),wolf (狼), thief (窃贼,强盗) 和life (生命),这些名词变成复数时,都要改-f (e) 为v,再加-es。 3. -f 结尾的名词直接加-s 变复数歌诀:海湾边、屋顶上,首领奴仆两相望;谁说他们无信仰,证据写在手帕上。例如:

初中英语语法专项练习题之名词

学习必备欢迎下载 初中英语语法专项练习题之名词 一. ( ) 1 She was very happy. She in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _____are ____for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used B. C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes ( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___?-Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C. apple D. pear ( ) 7 On the table there are five____. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 二. ( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C .an advice D. a advice ( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news ( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 三 ( ) 1 -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges ( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ( ) 3 It really took him:___ to draw the nice horse. A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time ( ) 4 I would like to have___. A. two glasses of milk D. two glass of milks B. two glass of milk C. two glasses of milks ( ) 5 Can you give me ____? A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 6 Please give me ___ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 7 John bought ___for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes 4 ( ) 1 -How many ___have you got on your farm? -I've got five. A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken ( ) 2 Some __came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies ( ) 3 In the picture there are many__and two. A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps ; foxes B. sheeps ; fox D. sheep; foxs ( ) 4 A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American 五 ( ) 1 This table is made of___. A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass ( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____. ! A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken ( )3 Children should make ____for old people in a bus. A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room 六 ( ) 1 Tables are made of___. A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods ( ) 2 I wonder why ______ are so interested in action (武打片) films. A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples ( ) 3I have read____ of the young writer. A. works B. work C. this works D. the works 七 ( ) 1 Let's meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of___? A. the People's Park B. the Peoples' Park C .the People Park D. People's Park

名词活用为动词

名词活用为动词,形容词活用为动词,名词用作状语,动词、形容词活用为名词,使动用法,意动用法。一、名词活用为一般动词一判断方法在汉语中,名词不能带宾语,只有动词能带宾语和介宾补语,如果名词带宾语了,说明它临时具有动词的性质,就是词类活用。所以,如果名词后紧接代词或处所名词.介宾短语,即可判断它是活用成了动词;同理,如果两个名词连用,二者之间既非并列关系,也非修饰关系,其中必有一个活用成了动词;又因为能愿动词只能修饰动词,所以,如果名词前紧接能愿动词时,即可判断它是活用成了动词。二活用形式1.名词十名词(组成主谓结构、动宾结构或动补结构,其中一个名词用作动词。前一个名词用作动词,属于动宾结构、动补结构;后一个名词作动词的,属于主谓结构)例1 舍相如广成传舍(舍,安置住宿)《廉颇蔺相如列传》()例2 晋军函陵(军,驻扎.驻军)《烛之武退秦师》()分析例1 中“舍”本是名词,用在宾语“相如”前,活用为动词,是“安置(相如)住宿” 的意思,“舍相如”是动宾结构;例 2 中“军”本是名词,用“函陵”前,活用为动词,是“驻扎”的意思,“军函陵”是动补结构。2.副词作状语十名词(组成状谓结构,名词活用为动词)例 3 然皆祖屈原之从容辞令(祖,效法.模仿)《屈原列传》()例 4 然而不王者,未之有也(王,称王,此处指统一天下)《寡人之于国也》()分析例 3 中“祖”本是名词,这里用在副词“皆”后,活用为动词,是“效法.模仿”的意思。例 4 中“王”本是名词,这里用在副词“不”后,活用为动词,是“称王,此处指统一天下”的意思。3.能愿动词+名词(组成状谓结构,名词活用为动词)例 5 左右欲刃相如(忍,用刀杀)《廉颇蔺相如列传》()例 6 假舟楫者,非能水也(水,游水.游泳)《劝学》()分析例5 中“刃”本是名词,这里用在能愿动词“欲”之后,宾语“相如”之前,活用为动词,含有“杀”的意思,“欲刃相如”就是“想用刀杀掉相如”的意思。例6 中“水”本是名词,这里用在能愿动词“能”之后,宾语“水”之前,活用为动词,是“游水.游泳” 的意思。 4.从前后相同结构的比较中确定名词活用为动词例7 泥而不滓(泥,生活在污泥里)《屈原列传》()分析例7 中“泥”本是名词,这里用在前后相同结构的比较中,活用为动词,整句的意思“屈原是出于污泥而不染” 。 5.叙述句谓语部分找不到动词或其它词语作调话中心词,事物名词就活用为动词例8 时秦昭王与楚婚(婚,结为婚姻)《屈原列传》()分析例8 中“婚”本是动词,这里用在叙述句谓语部分找不到动词,这时“婚”变为动词,意思为“结为婚姻” 。6 所+名词(组成所字结构)例9 置人所罾鱼腹中(《史记?陈涉世家》)分析因为“所” 字通常与动词结合组成名词性词组,所以所字后的名词用作动词。9 的例“罾” 字是名词用做动词,作“捕”“捞”讲。、三规律总结:名词活用为动词: 1.标志:名词出现在副词后;名词出现在能愿动词后;名词出现在“所”字后 2.语法分析:句中无动词;两个名词连用;名词在句中谓语的位置;名词后为代词。二、形容词活用为一般动词一判断方法文言文中,形容词的语法功能与现代汉语基本相同,经常作句子的定语、状语和补语.,但不能带宾语的,如果带了宾语,而又没有使动、意动的意味,就是活用作一般动词。即如果形容词出现在代词前面,就可以判断它活用成了动词。如果形容词出现在名词或名词性短语前,而它和后面的名词或名词性短语之间又构不成偏正关系,那么这个形容词也活用为动词。例如:1、卒使上官大夫短屈原于顷襄王。《屈原列传》()2、且公子纵轻胜,弃之降秦,独不怜公子姊邪?(《信陵君窃符救赵》)3、楚王尹项伯者,项羽季父也,素善留侯张良。《鸿门宴》()分析例1 中“短”是形容词,这里带有宾语“屈原” ,活用为一般动词,意思是“诋毁,指出……缺点” 。例 2 中的“轻”是形容词,这里带有宾语“胜” ,活用为一般动词,意思是“轻视,看轻” 。例 3 中的“善”是形容词,这里带有宾语“留侯张良” ,活用为一般动词,是“友好,友善”的意思。(二)规律总结:形容词活用为动词:1、标志:形容词出现在代词前面,形容词出现在名词或名词性短语前。2、语法分析:句中无动词,形容词带了宾语,又没有使动、意动的意味,它和后面的名词或名词性短语之间又构不成偏正关系。三、动词、形容词活用为

英语动词、名词、形容词变化规律

动词后+ -ed的变化规则 1、一般情况下,动词词尾加 -ed,如: work ---worked play---played wanted----wanted act----acted 2、以不发音的 -e 结尾动词,动词词尾加 -d,如: live---lived move----moved taste---tasted hope---hoped 3、以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词,把-y变为-i 再加-ed,如: study---studied copy---copied cry---cried carry---carried 4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加 -ed,如:stop ---stopped 5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。 go –went make –made get – got buy - bought come - came fly-flew 不规则动词的过去式的构成 1.把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。如: begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam 2.把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。如: drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote 3.改动词原形中的aw /ow为ew,变成过去式。如: draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除外,show—showed) 4.动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。如: get—got,forget—forgot 5.动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式。如: feed—fed,meet—met 6.动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。如: keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept 7.动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。如: break—broke,speak—spoke

初中英语语法名词专项习题

初中英语语法专项习题--名词 ( ) 1 She was very happy. She—— in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _____are____for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes ( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___? -Yes, please.

A. banana B. oranges D. pear ( ) 7 On the table there are five____. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 2 ( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice ( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news ( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 3 ( ) 1 -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____.

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