名词解释：
1、High-context cultures: it’s a kind of culture in which people are very
homogeneous with regard to experiences, information networks,and the like，
eg:Chinese and Japanese. High-context cultures, because of tradition and history,change very little over time. These are cultures in which consistent messages have produced consistent responses to the environment. In high-context cultures, information is often provided through gestures,the use of space,and even silence.Meaning is also conveyed through status and through an
individual’s informal friends and associates.（书本）
2、Non-verbal communication：It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal types of signal come into play, involving the way we move,the gestures we employ,the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze,to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.（书本）
附：Nonverbal communication: nonverbal communication involves all those
nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.
3、Future-oriented: this implies a strong task or goal orientation. People who are Future-oriente d are very conscious too, that “time is money”,and therefore not to be wasted. They have an optimistic faith in the future and what the future will bring.They tend to equate “change” with “improvement” and consider a rapid rate of change as normal.(书本）
4、The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: language influences or even determines the ways in which people thought and provides a different network of tracks for each society.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has alerted people to the fact that language is
keyed to the total cul ture,and that it reveals a people’s view of its total environment.（书本）
恭维语：
恭维语是一种普遍的社会现象.在跨文化交际中 ,它们起着问候、鼓励、致谢、开启话题及缓解矛盾等作用。但是由于中西方在社会结构、文化背景方面的不同，导致了恭维语在使用过程中的文化差异。我认为有以下几点。1、在恭维的对象上有所差异。在西方，恭维他人的“外貌或所属物”是很普遍的现象，男性喜欢赞扬女性的身材容貌穿着，比如“你今天很性感”，女性会很快乐的接受。而在中国一般不会这么直接，男性对女性的赞扬一般会说“你今天气色看起来不错”，不会很直观。而且中国男子是十分忌讳别的男子称赞自己的妻子。2、对能力恭维的差异。西方人偏向恭维对方经过努力之后所取得成功，而中国除了恭维成功之外，往往会提及对方为了成功所做的努力。3、恭维应答的差异。由于中西方在思维方式上有所差异，所以西方人一般面对别人的恭维总是欣然接受，说一声thanks.而中国人在接受恭维时，心里会很高兴，但是表面上持否定态度，关键的原因就是谦虚，中国人一直把谦虚当成一种美德，所以当一个人受到恭维时总是很谦虚地说“哪里哪里，不敢当”之类的话，而西方人不会这样。
Family structure:
Family structure is the core of any culture. Family structure and their inherent and obligations are a major source of cultural difference.
In china, the family is the center of life. Chinese families are often extend,including several generations related by blood or marriage living in the same home. However, i n the west, this phenomenon is rarely exist. They tend to live alone . when children are 18 , they like to be separated from parents to live alone. So a family in the west is generally not more than two generations .
Besides,traditional Chinese respect elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. On the contrary, in some western countries, the individuals,not the family,is primary. Family connections are not so important to most people.Taking care of aged parents is often viewed as a big burden in western countries, where aging and family support are not honored highly. More important is a person’s own individual “track record” of personal achievement.
The influence of globalization on intercultural communication:
1、To promote the diffusion and communication of language
If you want to be involved in economic globalization in the world,you will have to learn English and understand the way of thinking about the western. It naturally does good to the expansion and spread of the culture of western countries .
2、To reduce the gap ,old stereotype and prejudice between people
With the development of globalization, the interpersonal communication is on the increase and the dependence between countries is also increasing. so people can respect each other and live in harmony.
3、To help us know more about other countries’excellent culture
Under the trend of economic globalization, cultural exchanges and cooperation help us to better learn the culture of western countries to and update our thought.
《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别： 考核类别： 适用专业: 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化 的不同层面有所了解，以提高学生的交际能力。在 传统的外语教学中，人们往往忽视文化的重要作 用，只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力 的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引 进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识， 更好地与外国人沟通，减少和避免误解。 二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感 性，更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课 程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 专业必修课 考试 适用对象: 本科
三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课，是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的
了解及跨文化交际意识，提高驾驭英语语言的能力，从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识 中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源，帮助学 生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表 层上很容易识别，但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史，思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communi cati on Across Cultures （ 4 学时）
英语知识 一、导论 20 世纪90 年代,语篇分析开始在翻译研究中占主导地位。语篇分析法侧重于描述语言意义交流及建立社会和权力关系的运作方式。翻译研究中, 最具影响力的语篇分析模式当数礼德的系统功能语篇分析。语篇分析模式引入翻译研究后,对翻译研究那种众说纷纭,莫衷一是的混乱局面无疑注入了一塘清水,尤其对中国翻译界挥之不去的语文学式的翻译研究产生了重要影响。西方翻译研究者把语篇分析引入翻译研究后,已经取得了重要进展,出版了几部重要作品,主要有:J uliane House 的《翻译质量评估模式:一种重访模式》( Translation QualityAssessment : A Model Revisited ) ,[ 1 ]Mona Baker 的《换言之: 翻译教程》( In Other Words : A CourseBook on Translation ) ,[ 2 ] Bell 的《翻译的理论与实践》( Translation and Translating ) ,[ 3 ] Basil Hatim和Ian Mason 合著的《语篇与译者》( Discourse andthe Translator ) [ 4 ] 和《作为交际者的译者》(The ranslator as Communicator ) ,[ 5 ] Basil的《跨文化交际—翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》(Communication across Cultures : Translation Theoryand Cont rastive ) 。[6 ] J uliane House 通过对原文和译文进行语域对比分析以确定译作评估模式,并分析了显性翻译(overt translation) 和隐形翻译(coverttranslation) 。显性翻译自称不是翻译,隐形翻译则被定义为在译语文化中享有和源语文本平等的地位。Baker 探讨了翻译中语言各层次尤其是语篇和语用层次上的对等。Basil Hatim 和Ian Mason 将符号层上的语篇融入其翻译研究模式,代表了更广泛意义上的话语观。在我国,将语篇分析模式引入翻译研究的应首推黄国文和美芳二教授。黄国文在《外语与外语
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
《跨文化交际》教学大纲 课程编号：1503G0303 课程类型：公共基础课 课程名称：跨文化交际英文名称：Intercultural Communication 学分：2 适用专业：各学院拓展课程学生 一、课程的性质、目的和任务 《跨文化交际》是徐州工程学院为非英语专业学生第三学期开设的一门大学英语拓展课程，是一门专业性、功能性和实践性很强的课程。本课程旨在满足学生进一步学习英语的需要，包括从如何与西方人打交道入手，以东西方文化差异产生碰撞的案例为轴线，简略地介绍跨文化交际的基本知识和西方文化的一些基本特征。 本课程的教学目是以东西方文化差异产生碰撞的案例为轴线，通过阅读与课堂讨论，使学生较为系统、全面地了解跨文化交际的主要内容，并对跨文化交际活动中的一些重要问题有相对深入的掌握和探讨，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，帮助学生培养跨文化意识，发展跨文化交际能力，进一步增强他们运用英语获取知识信息、表达意见观点、分析问题和解决问题的技能，最终对学生运用英语进行跨文化交际的能力和综合素质的全面提高有所贡献。 通过本课程的学习使学生能够认识语言、文化和交际三者之间的关系；学会如何更细腻地表达自己的观点；学会如何在讨论中有效地传达自己的思想；了解西方文化的一些基本特征及跨文化交际的基本概念；同时对西方文化有更进一步的了解，增加跨文化交际的有效性。 二、课程教学目标 课程教学目标体现为专业知识、专业技能和专业素质三方面的目标。 1.专业知识目标 1.1掌握文化，跨文化，交际以及跨文化交际等领域的核心术语以及一般学术词汇。 1.2理解有关文化的相关定义、功能；西方文化的一些基本特征；中西方文化的差异等； 1.3了解语言、文化和交际三者之间的关系。 2.专业技能目标 2.1运用国内外一些著名的跨文化交际理论，能够有效分析跨文化交际案例； 2.2运用所学的阅读技巧，能够看懂相关学术文章； 2.3运用所学的核心术语及学术词汇，能够有效参与相关研讨； 2.4运用所学的跨文化交际的技巧，能够更加准确细腻地表达自己的观点。
《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别：专业必修课 考核类别：考试 适用对象：本科 适用专业：英语 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 1
二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的 2
了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures（4学时） 3
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
《跨文化交际学》课程教学大纲 一、课程简介: 课程代码课程名称：跨文化交际学课程属性：公共必修课 学时：36 学分：2 课程内容： 《跨文化交际学》的主要内容是对中国文化和西方文化进行介绍并作对比研究, 授课内容主要涉及语言,文化和跨文化交际的话题。该课程有助于增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于学生跨文化交际能力的提高。 二、课程教学大纲 《跨文化交际学》课程教学大纲 1、课程说明 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为学生跨文化交际能力的提高奠定基础。 2、教学对象 全校本科学生 3、教学目的 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。该课程授课形式以讲解为主,课堂讨论为辅。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 4、教学要求： 该课程要求学生全面掌握涉及跨文化交际中的问题,关于文化的定义和模式,基础理论,
比如集体主义与个体主义。该课程还讨论语言交际中的具体问题,比如介绍与问候,词语的使用,非言语交际,价值观念,对时间,空间的看法,对教育,工作的态度, 人际间的关系, 家庭观念,以及文化冲突,文化休克等问题。最后能考试合格。 5、教学基本内容及学时安排（总学时：36） 6、各章节教学要求及教学重点 第一章跨文化交际中的问题 本章主要教学内容: 举例说明中国人与英美人士交际中存在的误解或问题。 本章教学目的及要求: 要求学生认识到跨文化交际中文化意识的重要性。 本章教学重点及难点: 交际失败的深层原因不只是语言问题,而是价值观念,经济基础,道德观念等因素在起作用。
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of
跨文化交际复习资料 Unit 1&2 Reviewing Papers for Intercultural Communication Unit 1&2 I. Keywords (1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息 源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。） (2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起 信息接受者反应的任何信号。） (3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非 言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。） (4) Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发 送信息的方法。） (5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. (信息 接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。) (6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的 行为。） (7) Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈 指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。） (8) Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including
跨文化交际课程教学大纲 课程编码：03050262304 课程性质：专业必修课 课时：36 学分：2 开课学期：第6学期先修课程：英语国家概况，语言学，英美文学 适用专业：商务英语专业 课程简介：跨文化交际是商务英语专业高年级学生的一门必修课，本课程的教学目的，旨在培养商务英语专业学生在英语语言学习和应用过程中的跨文化意识，了解文化差异对交际活动的制约和影响，以有助于他们更好地在英语学习过程中发展跨文化交际能力，培养其对文化差异的敏感性，宽容性以及处理文化差异的灵活性，以适应日益广泛，深入的国际文化交流的需要。 一、课程教学目标 该课程属于商务英语专业必修课之一，通过该课程的学习，帮助学生了解不同文化的特点和交际类型，分析文化冲突产生的原因，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性，解决学生在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种困惑，提高学生对跨文化交际及其相关问题的分析能力，逐步提高学生跨文化交际的实际能力。 二、课程重点、难点 该课程教学重点在于帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解，培养学生跨文化交际意识。难点在于理解东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的所体现的差异性。 三、整体课时分配 章节序号章节名称理论学时实验学时 1 绪论 2 2 2 交际与文化 2 2 3 文化的影响 2 2 4 语言与文化 2 2 5 非言语交际 2 2 6 文化对商业语境的影响 2 2 7 文化对教育语境的影响 2 2 8 文化对保健语境的影响 2 2 9 培养跨文化交际意识 2 2 四、课程内容安排 （一）绪论 主要内容： 1．跨文化交际的概念、意义。 2．跨文化交际学的学科性质和发展历史。 教学要求：掌握跨文化交际的概念，了解跨文化交际的意义、历史、学科发展史。 （二）第一章交际与文化 主要内容： 1．交际的概念和特性。 2．文化的定义与特征。 3．文化与交际的关系。 教学要求：掌握文化与交际的概念，了解交际的特性、文化的特征，理解文化与交际之间的关系。
1.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future. 2.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. 3.intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural backgrounds 4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country. 5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host culture. 6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture. 7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity. 8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentatives of business,government and professional groups from different cultures. 9.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 10.low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. 11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,”the process by which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the external world”In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences. Non-verbal communication It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other. . Individualism Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy. 13. Paralanguage The set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning. 12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。 13.内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。