Positivity Constraints on Anomalies in Supersymmetric Gauge Theories

Unit 5 Into the unknown 学案1．There is a profound charm in mystery. —Chatfield神秘事物具有深奥的魅力。

2．Nature is not governed except by obeying her. —Bacon自然不可驾驭，除非顺从她。

3．To be beautiful and to be calm is the ideal of nature. —Richard Jefferies美与宁静是自然的理想。

4．Mix a little mystery with everything，and the very mystery arouses veneration.任何事都掺一点神秘性，唯其神秘才引起崇拜。

5．He had lived long enough to know it is unwise to wish everything explained.长时期的生活经历足以使他懂得要想把一切都解释清楚是不明智的。

6．Man masters nature not by force but by understanding. —Bronwski人征服大自然不是凭力量，而是凭对它的认识。

The “Monster of Lake Tianchi” in the Changbai Mountains in Jilin Province，northeast China，is back in the news after several recent sightings.The director of a local tourist office，Meng Fanying，said the monster，which seemed to be black in color，was ten meters from the edge of the lake during the most recent sighting.“It jumped out of the water like a seal—about 200 people on Changbai's western peak saw it，”he said.“Although no one really got a clear look at the mysterious creature，Xue Junlin，a local photographer，claimed that its head looked like a horse.”In another recent sighting，a group of soldiers claim they saw an animal moving on the surface of the water.“It was greenish­black and had a round head with 10­centimeter horns”，one of the soldiers said.Mike Taylor，a university student in the study of prehistoric life forms for his Ph.D.，discovered a brand­new species of dinosaur，while conducting research at the Natural History Museum in the United Kingdom.This new species was identified as part of the sauropod family of dinosaurs.The sauropods were four-legged，vegetarian dinosaurs，with very long necks and tails，and relatively small skulls and brains.One of their most unusual characteristics was their nostrils，which were higher up in their head，almost near the eyes.So far，the sauropod bones have been found in every continent except Antarctica，and they are one of the longest living group of dinosaurs，spanning over 100 million years.This new species，named Xenoposeidon proneneukos，which means forward sloping，lived about 140 million years ago.Mike Taylor，who has spent five years studying sauropod vertebrae，immediately knew that this was the backbone of a sauropod.However，he had never seen one like this before.Further research proved this was indeed a new kind of sauropod.The bone，which had been discovered in the 1890s，had never been examined.[探究发现]1．Find out the main idea of the passage.Mike Taylor discovered a brand-new species of dinosaur.2．Find out the new dinosaur's most obvious characteristic.Nostril.3．Find out the time that the bone was discovered.In the 1890s.Ⅰ.匹配词义A．单词匹配()1.intrigue A．n.气旋；旋风()2.pyramid B．n.金字塔()3.astronomy C．n.衰败()4.tropical D．adj.来自热带的；产于热带的()5.cyclone E．v.(因奇特或神秘而)激起……的兴()6.downfall F．n.天文学()7.megadrought G．n.超级干旱[答案]1－5EBFDA6－7CGB．短语匹配()1.fall into ruin A．相当于()2.make a discovery B．收回()3.correspond to C．做出发现；发现()4.take back D．将……应用于……()5.apply...to... E．(因无人照料而)衰落，败落[答案]1－5ECABDⅡ.默写单词1．civilisation n．文明(社会)2．bury v. 将……埋在下面3．canal n. 运河4．ruin n. 残垣断壁，废墟5．abandon v. 离弃，逃离6．dismiss v. 拒绝考虑，否定7.expansion n. 扩大；增加Ⅰ.语境填词astronomy；dismiss；expansion；abandon；civilisation；was buried；canal；ruin The Victorians regarded the railways as bringing progress and civilisation．2．The truth has been buried in her memory since then.3．Astronomy is the scientific study of the sun，moon，stars，planets，etc. 4．A canal is a passage dug in the ground for boats and ships to travel along. 5．The old mill is now little more than a ruin．6．The cold weather forced us to abandon going out.7．I think we can safely dismiss their objections.8．Despite the difficulties the company is confident of further expansion．Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词1．Hunger and drought led to the collapse of Mayan civilisation(civilise)a millennium ago.2．The child was found abandoned(abandon)but unharmed.3．The buildings were in a ruinous (ruin)condition.4．Expansionism(expansion)was advocated by many British politicians in the late 19th century.5．There are no previous statistics for comparison(compare)．6．They questioned the accuracy(accurate)of the information in the file.7．The test can accurately (accurate)predict what a bigger explosion would do.8．Her dismissal(dismiss)of the threats seemed irresponsible.1．Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars，it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.虽然他的理论已经被学者们所否定，但它显示了古代玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中是多么的有影响力。

DOI: 10.1126/science.1094786, 441 (2004);304Science et al.Mitchell S. Abrahamsen,Cryptosporidium parvum Complete Genome Sequence of the Apicomplexan, (this information is current as of October 7, 2009 ):The following resources related to this article are available online at/cgi/content/full/304/5669/441version of this article at:including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services,/cgi/content/full/1094786/DC1 can be found at:Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/304/5669/441#otherarticles , 9 of which can be accessed for free: cites 25 articles This article 239 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science. cited by This article has been /cgi/content/full/304/5669/441#otherarticles 53 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: cited by This article has been/cgi/collection/genetics Genetics: subject collections This article appears in the following/about/permissions.dtl in whole or in part can be found at: this article permission to reproduce of this article or about obtaining reprints Information about obtaining registered trademark of AAAS.is a Science 2004 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Copyright American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the Science o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m3.R.Jackendoff,Foundations of Language:Brain,Gram-mar,Evolution(Oxford Univ.Press,Oxford,2003).4.Although for Frege(1),reference was established rela-tive to objects in the world,here we follow Jackendoff’s suggestion(3)that this is done relative to objects and the state of affairs as mentally represented.5.S.Zola-Morgan,L.R.Squire,in The Development andNeural Bases of Higher Cognitive Functions(New York Academy of Sciences,New York,1990),pp.434–456.6.N.Chomsky,Reflections on Language(Pantheon,New York,1975).7.J.Katz,Semantic Theory(Harper&Row,New York,1972).8.D.Sperber,D.Wilson,Relevance(Harvard Univ.Press,Cambridge,MA,1986).9.K.I.Forster,in Sentence Processing,W.E.Cooper,C.T.Walker,Eds.(Erlbaum,Hillsdale,NJ,1989),pp.27–85.10.H.H.Clark,Using Language(Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,1996).11.Often word meanings can only be fully determined byinvokingworld knowledg e.For instance,the meaningof “flat”in a“flat road”implies the absence of holes.However,in the expression“aflat tire,”it indicates the presence of a hole.The meaningof“finish”in the phrase “Billfinished the book”implies that Bill completed readingthe book.However,the phrase“the g oatfin-ished the book”can only be interpreted as the goat eatingor destroyingthe book.The examples illustrate that word meaningis often underdetermined and nec-essarily intertwined with general world knowledge.In such cases,it is hard to see how the integration of lexical meaning and general world knowledge could be strictly separated(3,31).12.W.Marslen-Wilson,C.M.Brown,L.K.Tyler,Lang.Cognit.Process.3,1(1988).13.ERPs for30subjects were averaged time-locked to theonset of the critical words,with40items per condition.Sentences were presented word by word on the centerof a computer screen,with a stimulus onset asynchronyof600ms.While subjects were readingthe sentences,their EEG was recorded and amplified with a high-cut-off frequency of70Hz,a time constant of8s,and asamplingfrequency of200Hz.14.Materials and methods are available as supportingmaterial on Science Online.15.M.Kutas,S.A.Hillyard,Science207,203(1980).16.C.Brown,P.Hagoort,J.Cognit.Neurosci.5,34(1993).17.C.M.Brown,P.Hagoort,in Architectures and Mech-anisms for Language Processing,M.W.Crocker,M.Pickering,C.Clifton Jr.,Eds.(Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,1999),pp.213–237.18.F.Varela et al.,Nature Rev.Neurosci.2,229(2001).19.We obtained TFRs of the single-trial EEG data by con-volvingcomplex Morlet wavelets with the EEG data andcomputingthe squared norm for the result of theconvolution.We used wavelets with a7-cycle width,with frequencies ranging from1to70Hz,in1-Hz steps.Power values thus obtained were expressed as a per-centage change relative to the power in a baselineinterval,which was taken from150to0ms before theonset of the critical word.This was done in order tonormalize for individual differences in EEG power anddifferences in baseline power between different fre-quency bands.Two relevant time-frequency compo-nents were identified:(i)a theta component,rangingfrom4to7Hz and from300to800ms after wordonset,and(ii)a gamma component,ranging from35to45Hz and from400to600ms after word onset.20.C.Tallon-Baudry,O.Bertrand,Trends Cognit.Sci.3,151(1999).tner et al.,Nature397,434(1999).22.M.Bastiaansen,P.Hagoort,Cortex39(2003).23.O.Jensen,C.D.Tesche,Eur.J.Neurosci.15,1395(2002).24.Whole brain T2*-weighted echo planar imaging bloodoxygen level–dependent(EPI-BOLD)fMRI data wereacquired with a Siemens Sonata1.5-T magnetic reso-nance scanner with interleaved slice ordering,a volumerepetition time of2.48s,an echo time of40ms,a90°flip angle,31horizontal slices,a64ϫ64slice matrix,and isotropic voxel size of3.5ϫ3.5ϫ3.5mm.For thestructural magnetic resonance image,we used a high-resolution(isotropic voxels of1mm3)T1-weightedmagnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo pulse se-quence.The fMRI data were preprocessed and analyzedby statistical parametric mappingwith SPM99software(http://www.fi/spm99).25.S.E.Petersen et al.,Nature331,585(1988).26.B.T.Gold,R.L.Buckner,Neuron35,803(2002).27.E.Halgren et al.,J.Psychophysiol.88,1(1994).28.E.Halgren et al.,Neuroimage17,1101(2002).29.M.K.Tanenhaus et al.,Science268,1632(1995).30.J.J.A.van Berkum et al.,J.Cognit.Neurosci.11,657(1999).31.P.A.M.Seuren,Discourse Semantics(Basil Blackwell,Oxford,1985).32.We thank P.Indefrey,P.Fries,P.A.M.Seuren,and M.van Turennout for helpful discussions.Supported bythe Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research,grant no.400-56-384(P.H.).Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/1095455/DC1Materials and MethodsFig.S1References and Notes8January2004;accepted9March2004Published online18March2004;10.1126/science.1095455Include this information when citingthis paper.Complete Genome Sequence ofthe Apicomplexan,Cryptosporidium parvumMitchell S.Abrahamsen,1,2*†Thomas J.Templeton,3†Shinichiro Enomoto,1Juan E.Abrahante,1Guan Zhu,4 Cheryl ncto,1Mingqi Deng,1Chang Liu,1‡Giovanni Widmer,5Saul Tzipori,5GregoryA.Buck,6Ping Xu,6 Alan T.Bankier,7Paul H.Dear,7Bernard A.Konfortov,7 Helen F.Spriggs,7Lakshminarayan Iyer,8Vivek Anantharaman,8L.Aravind,8Vivek Kapur2,9The apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum is an intestinal parasite that affects healthy humans and animals,and causes an unrelenting infection in immuno-compromised individuals such as AIDS patients.We report the complete ge-nome sequence of C.parvum,type II isolate.Genome analysis identifies ex-tremely streamlined metabolic pathways and a reliance on the host for nu-trients.In contrast to Plasmodium and Toxoplasma,the parasite lacks an api-coplast and its genome,and possesses a degenerate mitochondrion that has lost its genome.Several novel classes of cell-surface and secreted proteins with a potential role in host interactions and pathogenesis were also detected.Elu-cidation of the core metabolism,including enzymes with high similarities to bacterial and plant counterparts,opens new avenues for drug development.Cryptosporidium parvum is a globally impor-tant intracellular pathogen of humans and animals.The duration of infection and patho-genesis of cryptosporidiosis depends on host immune status,ranging from a severe but self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals to a life-threatening,prolonged infection in immunocompromised patients.Asubstantial degree of morbidity and mortalityis associated with infections in AIDS pa-tients.Despite intensive efforts over the past20years,there is currently no effective ther-apy for treating or preventing C.parvuminfection in humans.Cryptosporidium belongs to the phylumApicomplexa,whose members share a com-mon apical secretory apparatus mediating lo-comotion and tissue or cellular invasion.Many apicomplexans are of medical or vet-erinary importance,including Plasmodium,Babesia,Toxoplasma,Neosprora,Sarcocys-tis,Cyclospora,and Eimeria.The life cycle ofC.parvum is similar to that of other cyst-forming apicomplexans(e.g.,Eimeria and Tox-oplasma),resulting in the formation of oocysts1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science,College of Veterinary Medicine,2Biomedical Genom-ics Center,University of Minnesota,St.Paul,MN55108,USA.3Department of Microbiology and Immu-nology,Weill Medical College and Program in Immu-nology,Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences ofCornell University,New York,NY10021,USA.4De-partment of Veterinary Pathobiology,College of Vet-erinary Medicine,Texas A&M University,College Sta-tion,TX77843,USA.5Division of Infectious Diseases,Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine,NorthGrafton,MA01536,USA.6Center for the Study ofBiological Complexity and Department of Microbiol-ogy and Immunology,Virginia Commonwealth Uni-versity,Richmond,VA23198,USA.7MRC Laboratoryof Molecular Biology,Hills Road,Cambridge CB22QH,UK.8National Center for Biotechnology Infor-mation,National Library of Medicine,National Insti-tutes of Health,Bethesda,MD20894,USA.9Depart-ment of Microbiology,University of Minnesota,Min-neapolis,MN55455,USA.*To whom correspondence should be addressed.E-mail:abe@†These authors contributed equally to this work.‡Present address:Bioinformatics Division,Genetic Re-search,GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals,5MooreDrive,Research Triangle Park,NC27009,USA.R E P O R T S SCIENCE VOL30416APRIL2004441o n O c t o b e r 7 , 2 0 0 9 w w w . s c i e n c e m a g . o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mthat are shed in the feces of infected hosts.C.parvum oocysts are highly resistant to environ-mental stresses,including chlorine treatment of community water supplies;hence,the parasite is an important water-and food-borne pathogen (1).The obligate intracellular nature of the par-asite ’s life cycle and the inability to culture the parasite continuously in vitro greatly impair researchers ’ability to obtain purified samples of the different developmental stages.The par-asite cannot be genetically manipulated,and transformation methodologies are currently un-available.To begin to address these limitations,we have obtained the complete C.parvum ge-nome sequence and its predicted protein com-plement.(This whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the project accession AAEE00000000.The version described in this paper is the first version,AAEE01000000.)The random shotgun approach was used to obtain the complete DNA sequence (2)of the Iowa “type II ”isolate of C.parvum .This isolate readily transmits disease among numerous mammals,including humans.The resulting ge-nome sequence has roughly 13ϫgenome cov-erage containing five gaps and 9.1Mb of totalDNA sequence within eight chromosomes.The C.parvum genome is thus quite compact rela-tive to the 23-Mb,14-chromosome genome of Plasmodium falciparum (3);this size difference is predominantly the result of shorter intergenic regions,fewer introns,and a smaller number of genes (Table 1).Comparison of the assembled sequence of chromosome VI to that of the recently published sequence of chromosome VI (4)revealed that our assembly contains an ad-ditional 160kb of sequence and a single gap versus two,with the common sequences dis-playing a 99.993%sequence identity (2).The relative paucity of introns greatly simplified gene predictions and facilitated an-notation (2)of predicted open reading frames (ORFs).These analyses provided an estimate of 3807protein-encoding genes for the C.parvum genome,far fewer than the estimated 5300genes predicted for the Plasmodium genome (3).This difference is primarily due to the absence of an apicoplast and mitochondrial genome,as well as the pres-ence of fewer genes encoding metabolic functions and variant surface proteins,such as the P.falciparum var and rifin molecules (Table 2).An analysis of the encoded pro-tein sequences with the program SEG (5)shows that these protein-encoding genes are not enriched in low-complexity se-quences (34%)to the extent observed in the proteins from Plasmodium (70%).Our sequence analysis indicates that Cryptosporidium ,unlike Plasmodium and Toxoplasma ,lacks both mitochondrion and apicoplast genomes.The overall complete-ness of the genome sequence,together with the fact that similar DNA extraction proce-dures used to isolate total genomic DNA from C.parvum efficiently yielded mito-chondrion and apicoplast genomes from Ei-meria sp.and Toxoplasma (6,7),indicates that the absence of organellar genomes was unlikely to have been the result of method-ological error.These conclusions are con-sistent with the absence of nuclear genes for the DNA replication and translation machinery characteristic of mitochondria and apicoplasts,and with the lack of mito-chondrial or apicoplast targeting signals for tRNA synthetases.A number of putative mitochondrial pro-teins were identified,including components of a mitochondrial protein import apparatus,chaperones,uncoupling proteins,and solute translocators (table S1).However,the ge-nome does not encode any Krebs cycle en-zymes,nor the components constituting the mitochondrial complexes I to IV;this finding indicates that the parasite does not rely on complete oxidation and respiratory chains for synthesizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP).Similar to Plasmodium ,no orthologs for the ␥,␦,or εsubunits or the c subunit of the F 0proton channel were detected (whereas all subunits were found for a V-type ATPase).Cryptosporidium ,like Eimeria (8)and Plas-modium ,possesses a pyridine nucleotide tran-shydrogenase integral membrane protein that may couple reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)and reduced nico-tinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)redox to proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane.Unlike Plasmodium ,the parasite has two copies of the pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase gene.Also present is a likely mitochondrial membrane –associated,cyanide-resistant alter-native oxidase (AOX )that catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen by ubiquinol to produce H 2O,but not superoxide or H 2O 2.Several genes were identified as involved in biogenesis of iron-sulfur [Fe-S]complexes with potential mitochondrial targeting signals (e.g.,nifS,nifU,frataxin,and ferredoxin),supporting the presence of a limited electron flux in the mitochondrial remnant (table S2).Our sequence analysis confirms the absence of a plastid genome (7)and,additionally,the loss of plastid-associated metabolic pathways including the type II fatty acid synthases (FASs)and isoprenoid synthetic enzymes thatTable 1.General features of the C.parvum genome and comparison with other single-celled eukaryotes.Values are derived from respective genome project summaries (3,26–28).ND,not determined.FeatureC.parvum P.falciparum S.pombe S.cerevisiae E.cuniculiSize (Mbp)9.122.912.512.5 2.5(G ϩC)content (%)3019.43638.347No.of genes 38075268492957701997Mean gene length (bp)excluding introns 1795228314261424ND Gene density (bp per gene)23824338252820881256Percent coding75.352.657.570.590Genes with introns (%)553.9435ND Intergenic regions (G ϩC)content %23.913.632.435.145Mean length (bp)5661694952515129RNAsNo.of tRNA genes 454317429944No.of 5S rRNA genes 6330100–2003No.of 5.8S ,18S ,and 28S rRNA units 57200–400100–20022Table parison between predicted C.parvum and P.falciparum proteins.FeatureC.parvum P.falciparum *Common †Total predicted proteins380752681883Mitochondrial targeted/encoded 17(0.45%)246(4.7%)15Apicoplast targeted/encoded 0581(11.0%)0var/rif/stevor ‡0236(4.5%)0Annotated as protease §50(1.3%)31(0.59%)27Annotated as transporter ࿣69(1.8%)34(0.65%)34Assigned EC function ¶167(4.4%)389(7.4%)113Hypothetical proteins925(24.3%)3208(60.9%)126*Values indicated for P.falciparum are as reported (3)with the exception of those for proteins annotated as protease or transporter.†TBLASTN hits (e Ͻ–5)between C.parvum and P.falciparum .‡As reported in (3).§Pre-dicted proteins annotated as “protease or peptidase”for C.parvum (CryptoGenome database,)and P.falciparum (PlasmoDB database,).࿣Predicted proteins annotated as “trans-porter,permease of P-type ATPase”for C.parvum (CryptoGenome)and P.falciparum (PlasmoDB).¶Bidirectional BLAST hit (e Ͻ–15)to orthologs with assigned Enzyme Commission (EC)numbers.Does not include EC assignment numbers for protein kinases or protein phosphatases (due to inconsistent annotation across genomes),or DNA polymerases or RNA polymerases,as a result of issues related to subunit inclusion.(For consistency,46proteins were excluded from the reported P.falciparum values.)R E P O R T S16APRIL 2004VOL 304SCIENCE 442 o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mare otherwise localized to the plastid in other apicomplexans.C.parvum fatty acid biosynthe-sis appears to be cytoplasmic,conducted by a large(8252amino acids)modular type I FAS (9)and possibly by another large enzyme that is related to the multidomain bacterial polyketide synthase(10).Comprehensive screening of the C.parvum genome sequence also did not detect orthologs of Plasmodium nuclear-encoded genes that contain apicoplast-targeting and transit sequences(11).C.parvum metabolism is greatly stream-lined relative to that of Plasmodium,and in certain ways it is reminiscent of that of another obligate eukaryotic parasite,the microsporidian Encephalitozoon.The degeneration of the mi-tochondrion and associated metabolic capabili-ties suggests that the parasite largely relies on glycolysis for energy production.The parasite is capable of uptake and catabolism of mono-sugars(e.g.,glucose and fructose)as well as synthesis,storage,and catabolism of polysac-charides such as trehalose and amylopectin. Like many anaerobic organisms,it economizes ATP through the use of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinases.The conver-sion of pyruvate to acetyl–coenzyme A(CoA) is catalyzed by an atypical pyruvate-NADPH oxidoreductase(Cp PNO)that contains an N-terminal pyruvate–ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO)domain fused with a C-terminal NADPH–cytochrome P450reductase domain (CPR).Such a PFO-CPR fusion has previously been observed only in the euglenozoan protist Euglena gracilis(12).Acetyl-CoA can be con-verted to malonyl-CoA,an important precursor for fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis.Gly-colysis leads to several possible organic end products,including lactate,acetate,and ethanol. The production of acetate from acetyl-CoA may be economically beneficial to the parasite via coupling with ATP production.Ethanol is potentially produced via two in-dependent pathways:(i)from the combination of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehy-drogenase,or(ii)from acetyl-CoA by means of a bifunctional dehydrogenase(adhE)with ac-etaldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase activi-ties;adhE first converts acetyl-CoA to acetal-dehyde and then reduces the latter to ethanol. AdhE predominantly occurs in bacteria but has recently been identified in several protozoans, including vertebrate gut parasites such as Enta-moeba and Giardia(13,14).Adjacent to the adhE gene resides a second gene encoding only the AdhE C-terminal Fe-dependent alcohol de-hydrogenase domain.This gene product may form a multisubunit complex with AdhE,or it may function as an alternative alcohol dehydro-genase that is specific to certain growth condi-tions.C.parvum has a glycerol3-phosphate dehydrogenase similar to those of plants,fungi, and the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma,but(unlike trypanosomes)the parasite lacks an ortholog of glycerol kinase and thus this pathway does not yield glycerol production.In addition to themodular fatty acid synthase(Cp FAS1)andpolyketide synthase homolog(Cp PKS1), C.parvum possesses several fatty acyl–CoA syn-thases and a fatty acyl elongase that may partici-pate in fatty acid metabolism.Further,enzymesfor the metabolism of complex lipids(e.g.,glyc-erolipid and inositol phosphate)were identified inthe genome.Fatty acids are apparently not anenergy source,because enzymes of the fatty acidoxidative pathway are absent,with the exceptionof a3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.C.parvum purine metabolism is greatlysimplified,retaining only an adenosine ki-nase and enzymes catalyzing conversionsof adenosine5Ј-monophosphate(AMP)toinosine,xanthosine,and guanosine5Ј-monophosphates(IMP,XMP,and GMP).Among these enzymes,IMP dehydrogenase(IMPDH)is phylogenetically related toε-proteobacterial IMPDH and is strikinglydifferent from its counterparts in both thehost and other apicomplexans(15).In con-trast to other apicomplexans such as Toxo-plasma gondii and P.falciparum,no geneencoding hypoxanthine-xanthineguaninephosphoribosyltransferase(HXGPRT)is de-tected,in contrast to a previous report on theactivity of this enzyme in C.parvum sporo-zoites(16).The absence of HXGPRT sug-gests that the parasite may rely solely on asingle enzyme system including IMPDH toproduce GMP from AMP.In contrast to otherapicomplexans,the parasite appears to relyon adenosine for purine salvage,a modelsupported by the identification of an adeno-sine transporter.Unlike other apicomplexansand many parasitic protists that can synthe-size pyrimidines de novo,C.parvum relies onpyrimidine salvage and retains the ability forinterconversions among uridine and cytidine5Ј-monophosphates(UMP and CMP),theirdeoxy forms(dUMP and dCMP),and dAMP,as well as their corresponding di-and triphos-phonucleotides.The parasite has also largelyshed the ability to synthesize amino acids denovo,although it retains the ability to convertselect amino acids,and instead appears torely on amino acid uptake from the host bymeans of a set of at least11amino acidtransporters(table S2).Most of the Cryptosporidium core pro-cesses involved in DNA replication,repair,transcription,and translation conform to thebasic eukaryotic blueprint(2).The transcrip-tional apparatus resembles Plasmodium interms of basal transcription machinery.How-ever,a striking numerical difference is seenin the complements of two RNA bindingdomains,Sm and RRM,between P.falcipa-rum(17and71domains,respectively)and C.parvum(9and51domains).This reductionresults in part from the loss of conservedproteins belonging to the spliceosomal ma-chinery,including all genes encoding Smdomain proteins belonging to the U6spliceo-somal particle,which suggests that this par-ticle activity is degenerate or entirely lost.This reduction in spliceosomal machinery isconsistent with the reduced number of pre-dicted introns in Cryptosporidium(5%)rela-tive to Plasmodium(Ͼ50%).In addition,keycomponents of the small RNA–mediatedposttranscriptional gene silencing system aremissing,such as the RNA-dependent RNApolymerase,Argonaute,and Dicer orthologs;hence,RNA interference–related technolo-gies are unlikely to be of much value intargeted disruption of genes in C.parvum.Cryptosporidium invasion of columnarbrush border epithelial cells has been de-scribed as“intracellular,but extracytoplas-mic,”as the parasite resides on the surface ofthe intestinal epithelium but lies underneaththe host cell membrane.This niche may al-low the parasite to evade immune surveil-lance but take advantage of solute transportacross the host microvillus membrane or theextensively convoluted parasitophorous vac-uole.Indeed,Cryptosporidium has numerousgenes(table S2)encoding families of putativesugar transporters(up to9genes)and aminoacid transporters(11genes).This is in starkcontrast to Plasmodium,which has fewersugar transporters and only one putative ami-no acid transporter(GenBank identificationnumber23612372).As a first step toward identification ofmulti–drug-resistant pumps,the genome se-quence was analyzed for all occurrences ofgenes encoding multitransmembrane proteins.Notable are a set of four paralogous proteinsthat belong to the sbmA family(table S2)thatare involved in the transport of peptide antibi-otics in bacteria.A putative ortholog of thePlasmodium chloroquine resistance–linkedgene Pf CRT(17)was also identified,althoughthe parasite does not possess a food vacuole likethe one seen in Plasmodium.Unlike Plasmodium,C.parvum does notpossess extensive subtelomeric clusters of anti-genically variant proteins(exemplified by thelarge families of var and rif/stevor genes)thatare involved in immune evasion.In contrast,more than20genes were identified that encodemucin-like proteins(18,19)having hallmarksof extensive Thr or Ser stretches suggestive ofglycosylation and signal peptide sequences sug-gesting secretion(table S2).One notable exam-ple is an11,700–amino acid protein with anuninterrupted stretch of308Thr residues(cgd3_720).Although large families of secretedproteins analogous to the Plasmodium multi-gene families were not found,several smallermultigene clusters were observed that encodepredicted secreted proteins,with no detectablesimilarity to proteins from other organisms(Fig.1,A and B).Within this group,at leastfour distinct families appear to have emergedthrough gene expansions specific to the Cryp-R E P O R T S SCIENCE VOL30416APRIL2004443o n O c t o b e r 7 , 2 0 0 9 w w w . s c i e n c e m a g . o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mtosporidium clade.These families —SKSR,MEDLE,WYLE,FGLN,and GGC —were named after well-conserved sequence motifs (table S2).Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)expression analysis (20)of one cluster,a locus of seven adjacent CpLSP genes (Fig.1B),shows coexpression during the course of in vitro development (Fig.1C).An additional eight genes were identified that encode proteins having a periodic cysteine structure similar to the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein;these eight genes are similarly expressed during the onset of oocyst formation and likely participate in the formation of the coccidian rigid oocyst wall in both Cryptospo-ridium and Toxoplasma (21).Whereas the extracellular proteins described above are of apparent apicomplexan or lineage-specific in-vention,Cryptosporidium possesses many genesencodingsecretedproteinshavinglineage-specific multidomain architectures composed of animal-and bacterial-like extracellular adhe-sive domains (fig.S1).Lineage-specific expansions were ob-served for several proteases (table S2),in-cluding an aspartyl protease (six genes),a subtilisin-like protease,a cryptopain-like cys-teine protease (five genes),and a Plas-modium falcilysin-like (insulin degrading enzyme –like)protease (19genes).Nine of the Cryptosporidium falcilysin genes lack the Zn-chelating “HXXEH ”active site motif and are likely to be catalytically inactive copies that may have been reused for specific protein-protein interactions on the cell sur-face.In contrast to the Plasmodium falcilysin,the Cryptosporidium genes possess signal peptide sequences and are likely trafficked to a secretory pathway.The expansion of this family suggests either that the proteins have distinct cleavage specificities or that their diversity may be related to evasion of a host immune response.Completion of the C.parvum genome se-quence has highlighted the lack of conven-tional drug targets currently pursued for the control and treatment of other parasitic protists.On the basis of molecular and bio-chemical studies and drug screening of other apicomplexans,several putative Cryptospo-ridium metabolic pathways or enzymes have been erroneously proposed to be potential drug targets (22),including the apicoplast and its associated metabolic pathways,the shikimate pathway,the mannitol cycle,the electron transport chain,and HXGPRT.Nonetheless,complete genome sequence analysis identifies a number of classic and novel molecular candidates for drug explora-tion,including numerous plant-like and bacterial-like enzymes (tables S3and S4).Although the C.parvum genome lacks HXGPRT,a potent drug target in other api-complexans,it has only the single pathway dependent on IMPDH to convert AMP to GMP.The bacterial-type IMPDH may be a promising target because it differs substan-tially from that of eukaryotic enzymes (15).Because of the lack of de novo biosynthetic capacity for purines,pyrimidines,and amino acids,C.parvum relies solely on scavenge from the host via a series of transporters,which may be exploited for chemotherapy.C.parvum possesses a bacterial-type thymidine kinase,and the role of this enzyme in pyrim-idine metabolism and its drug target candida-cy should be pursued.The presence of an alternative oxidase,likely targeted to the remnant mitochondrion,gives promise to the study of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM),as-cofuranone,and their analogs as inhibitors of energy metabolism in the parasite (23).Cryptosporidium possesses at least 15“plant-like ”enzymes that are either absent in or highly divergent from those typically found in mammals (table S3).Within the glycolytic pathway,the plant-like PPi-PFK has been shown to be a potential target in other parasites including T.gondii ,and PEPCL and PGI ap-pear to be plant-type enzymes in C.parvum .Another example is a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase catalyzing trehalose bio-synthesis from glucose-6-phosphate and uridine diphosphate –glucose.Trehalose may serve as a sugar storage source or may function as an antidesiccant,antioxidant,or protein stability agent in oocysts,playing a role similar to that of mannitol in Eimeria oocysts (24).Orthologs of putative Eimeria mannitol synthesis enzymes were not found.However,two oxidoreductases (table S2)were identified in C.parvum ,one of which belongs to the same families as the plant mannose dehydrogenases (25)and the other to the plant cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases.In principle,these enzymes could synthesize protective polyol compounds,and the former enzyme could use host-derived mannose to syn-thesize mannitol.References and Notes1.D.G.Korich et al .,Appl.Environ.Microbiol.56,1423(1990).2.See supportingdata on Science Online.3.M.J.Gardner et al .,Nature 419,498(2002).4.A.T.Bankier et al .,Genome Res.13,1787(2003).5.J.C.Wootton,Comput.Chem.18,269(1994).Fig.1.(A )Schematic showing the chromosomal locations of clusters of potentially secreted proteins.Numbers of adjacent genes are indicated in paren-theses.Arrows indicate direc-tion of clusters containinguni-directional genes (encoded on the same strand);squares indi-cate clusters containingg enes encoded on both strands.Non-paralogous genes are indicated by solid gray squares or direc-tional triangles;SKSR (green triangles),FGLN (red trian-gles),and MEDLE (blue trian-gles)indicate three C.parvum –specific families of paralogous genes predominantly located at telomeres.Insl (yellow tri-angles)indicates an insulinase/falcilysin-like paralogous gene family.Cp LSP (white square)indicates the location of a clus-ter of adjacent large secreted proteins (table S2)that are cotranscriptionally regulated.Identified anchored telomeric repeat sequences are indicated by circles.(B )Schematic show-inga select locus containinga cluster of coexpressed large secreted proteins (Cp LSP).Genes and intergenic regions (regions between identified genes)are drawn to scale at the nucleotide level.The length of the intergenic re-gions is indicated above or be-low the locus.(C )Relative ex-pression levels of CpLSP (red lines)and,as a control,C.parvum Hedgehog-type HINT domain gene (blue line)duringin vitro development,as determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR usingg ene-specific primers correspondingto the seven adjacent g enes within the CpLSP locus as shown in (B).Expression levels from three independent time-course experiments are represented as the ratio of the expression of each gene to that of C.parvum 18S rRNA present in each of the infected samples (20).R E P O R T S16APRIL 2004VOL 304SCIENCE 444 o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m。

TBBT201学习笔记(臭鱼模式)1.俚语wing it：To do something with no preparation 即兴做某事home run swing：to have sex ―本垒打‖To accelerate through first base (french kissing), onto second base ("heavy petting") to third base (oral sex) and finally coming around to home plate (sexual intercourse).switcheroo：(北美, 非正式)（尤指惊人或有欺骗性的）转变，逆变，调换2.普通级词汇yogurt：酸乳，酸牛奶berry：浆果draft：通风; 气流; 穿堂风; 通风装置crash and burn：失败hyperventilate：呼吸加速be into：〈口〉给迷住,对…深感兴趣,深深卷入respiration：呼吸pupil：瞳孔undilate：未放大，未膨胀close-up：（照片、电影、录像的）特写clench：（牙）（尤指愤怒，下定决心、压抑感情时）紧咬iguana：鬣蜥(西印度、南美所产大蜥蜴)dewlap：（动物或鸟，尤指牛）颈部（或喉部）的垂肉delicate：(非正式)精致的织物（或衣服）digestive：（与）消化（有关）的brainiac：(北美，非正式)奇才，天才slash：斜线号（即―/‖）ex post facto：事后的; 在事后追溯既往的（地）；有追溯效力的（地）endeavor：努力, 尽力tic：（常指脸上肌肉的）抽搐tick：(寄生于体大动物的吸血小虫)壁虱phrase：v.叙述; 措词salmon：大马哈鱼teriyaki：（日式的）红烧鱼（或肉）酱glaze：(浇在食物表面的)糖浆sticky rice：糯米tryptich：三幅相联的图画或雕刻conformational：构象的de novo：从头开始；重新constitutionally：本质地,天生,体质上prestigious：有威信的，有威望的；有声望的；地位显赫的kinda：有一点,有几分（kind of）qu'est que(法)=whatcadaver：(医诗／文)尸体necrophilia：恋尸狂,恋尸癖generic：（货物，尤指药品）没有牌子的，无商标的；非注册商标的ketchup：调味番茄汁rinse：漂洗, 冲洗cilantro：（尤指墨西哥烹饪中用作调味或饰菜的）芫荽叶teeny：（口）极小的,极微的subvert：颠覆，破坏leprous：麻疯病的,患麻疯病的lumbar support：(椅子等的)腰部支撑date someone=be involved with=go out withbouncy：弹性的roughhouse：喧闹的游戏或打斗comfy：(非正式)舒适的；轻松的；自在的unnerve：使丧失勇气（或自信）；令人胆怯V alium：安定(镇静药)3.爆炸级词汇acidophilus：乳酸杆菌，嗜酸杆菌culture：专门培养的细胞组织carrageenan：角叉菜胶autonomic reflex ：植物神经反射;自主反射supercollider：(物理)超级超导对撞机4.精选语录Leonard：Why don't we just figure out where we're going. And when we want to get there. And then rate of speed equals distance over time. Solve for R.精彩的物理问题生活化Leonard：I'm not there because I'm taking things slow Which, by the way compared to you guys,approaches warp speed.L确实是这四个里交女朋友最多的了。

齐齐哈尔大学毕业设计(论文)题目年产6万吨2-丙基庚醇车间合成工段工艺初步设计学院化学与化学工程专业班级学生姓名指导教师成绩2013 年 6 月日摘要本课题是年产6万吨2-丙基庚醇车间合成工段工艺的初步设计。

第一论述了二丙基庚醇合成的意义与作用、国内外研究现状及进展前景，并简要介绍了二丙基庚醇的性质及合成方式，第二介绍了课题的设计背景、厂址选择和原料产品规格；通过国内外几种相关工艺的比较肯定本设计的工艺流程，对整个生产进程进行了物料衡算、热量衡算和Aspen plus模拟；对反映釜等主要设备进行了设备计算与选型，而且对车间设备进行了布置，对自动控制、安全和环境保护和公用工程进行了概述。

最后按照毕业设计的要求利用AutoCAD绘制戊醛缩合反映釜装配图和合成工段设备平立面布置图，手绘了带控制点的工艺流程图，而且完成了20 000字的毕业设计说明书。

关键词：初步设计；合成工段；2-丙基庚醇；衡算AbstractThe preliminary design of workshop of the synthesis section of 60,000 tons annual production capacity of 2-propyl heptanol was completed. Firstly, the significance, the function of 2-propyl heptanol, the development of research on 2-propyl heptanol was stated. The nature of 2-propyl heptanol and synthetic methods were described briefly. Secondly, the design background, plant location and materials and product specification were introduced; comparion of the productive processed in the domestic and aboard, the design process was determined. Meanwhile the material balance, heat balance, and the simulation of process by Aspen plus were finished. The reactor equipment and other major equipments were calculated and selected. And the layout of the equipment for the workshop, safety, environmental protection and public works were outlined. Thirdly, the equipments arrangement diagram of the workshop and the pentanal condensation reactor equipment were drawn with Auto CAD, the process flow diagram with control points was drawn by hand. Finally, the design instruction of 20 thousand words was finished.Key words：Preliminary design; Synthesis section; 2 - propyl heptanol; Balance calculation目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第一章总论 (1)概述 (1)项目建设意义 (1)国内外现状及进展前景 (1)设计依据 (3)厂址选择 (4)厂址肯定 (4)厂址优势分析 (4)设计规模与生产制度 (5)设计规模 (5)生产制度 (5)原料和产品规格 (6)经济核算 (6)第2章工艺设计和计算 (7)工艺线路的选择 (7)2-丙基庚醇工艺介绍 (7)2-丙基庚醇工艺的肯定 (8)工艺流程简述 (8)物料衡算 (9)反映器R101的物料衡算 (9)分离罐V103的物料衡算 (10)换热器E101的物料衡算 (11)精馏塔T101的物料衡算 (12)换热器E104的物料衡算 (12)反映器R102的物料衡算 (13)换热器E105的物料衡算 (14)闪蒸罐V105的物料衡算 (15)热量衡算 (16)反映器R101的热量衡算 (16)换热器E101的热量衡算 (17)T101冷凝器E102的热量衡算 (18)T101再沸器E103的热量衡算 (19)精馏塔T101的热量衡算 (21)换热器E104的热量衡算 (22)反映器R102的热量衡算 (24)换热器E105的热量衡算 (25)全流程模拟 (26)总工艺的模拟 (26)反映器R101的模拟 (27)精馏塔T101的模拟 (28)反映器R102的模拟 (28)第3章设备计算及选型 (30)关键设备R101计算及选型 (30)R101筒体直径和高度的计算 (30)筒体壁厚的计算 (30)夹套的计算 (31)水压实验及强度校核 (32)换热计算 (33)釜体法兰的选择 (33)搅拌器的选择 (33)搅拌传动装置和密封装置的选择 (34)容器支座的选择 (35)人孔、视镜、温度计和工艺接管的选择 (35)其他设备计算与选型 (36)反映器R102的计算 (36)精馏塔T101的计算 (37)换热器的计算与选型 (40)泵计算与选型 (43)储罐和回流罐的计算与选型 (44)紧缩机C101的计算与选型 (46)第4章设备一览表 (47)第5章车间布置 (49)反映器和塔的布置 (49)换热器的布置 (50)泵和紧缩机的布置 (50)罐的布置 (51)第6章自动控制 (52)2-丙基庚醇合成工段自动控制 (52)泵P101的控制 (52)塔顶冷凝器E102的控制 (52)反映器R101的控制 (53)精馏塔T101的控制 (53)第7章公用工程 (55)供水 (55)供热 (55)供电 (56)第8章安全环境保护 (57)结束语 (58)参考文献 (59)致谢 (61)第一章总论概述项目建设意义分子总碳数为4～13的脂肪族伯醇，其全世界近50％产量用于生产增塑剂，所以国内外俗称其为增塑剂醇[1]。

Center-symmetric effective theory for two-color QCDwith massive quarks at nonzero chemical potentialPoS(EPS-HEP2011)315TomášBrauner∗Faculty of Physics,University of Bielefeld,GermanyDepartment of Theoretical Physics,Nuclear Physics Institute ASCR,ˇRež,Czech RepublicE-mail:tbrauner@physik.uni-bielefeld.deWe revisit the center-symmetric dimensionally reduced effective theory for two-color Yang–Millstheory at high temperature.This effective theory includes an order parameter for center symmetrybreaking/restoration and thus allows to broaden the range of validity of the conventional three-dimensional effective theory(EQCD)to lower temperatures,towards the confining phase transi-tion.We extend the previous results by including in the effective theory the effects of massivequarks with nonzero baryon chemical potential.The parameter space of the theory is constrainedby leading-order matching to the Polyakov loop effective potential of two-color QCD.Two-colorQCD has attracted considerable interest due to the absence of the sign problem,and hence thepossibility to probe its phase diagram at nonzero baryon density using standard Monte Carlo sim-ulations.Our effective theory can provide model-independent predictions for the physics abovethe deconfinement transition,thus bridging the gap between large-scale numerical simulationsand semi-analytical calculations within phenomenological models.The2011Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics-HEP2011,July21-27,2011Grenoble,Rhône-Alpes France∗Speaker.c Copyright owned by the author(s)under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence.http://pos.sissa.it/Introduction.The calculation of thermodynamic properties of quantumfield theories at high temperature is streamlined by the dimensional reduction formalism,which constructs an effective three-dimensionalfield theory for the zero Matsubara modes of thefields.This allows for a clear separation of physical effects coming from different energy scales:the hard scale of order the temperature T,and the soft scale of order gT where g is a dimensionless coupling of the theory. The dimensionally reduced effective theory of QCD,the electrostatic QCD(EQCD),however, suffers from a serious drawback:it gives up the center symmetry which is vital for understanding the confinement phase transition.A modification of EQCD that admits an implementation of the center symmetry was pro-posed in Ref.[1]for the case of the three-color pure Yang–Mills theory.The new effective theory, dubbed ZQCD,possesses a scalarfield representing a coarse-grained Polyakov loop,whose expec-tation value serves as an order parameter for center symmetry breaking.The same approach was applied to two-color pure Yang–Mills theory in Ref.[2]which is technically considerably easier to deal with.It was shown that the parameters of the effective theory can be determined partially by perturbative matching to EQCD,and the rest by a nonperturbative simulation of the effective theory.ZQCD reproduces successfully the second-order deconfining phase transition and,once all its parameters are known,can be used to study the thermodynamics in the vicinity of the transition.In this contribution we extend the results of Ref.[2]by including the effects of dynamical quarks with arbitrary masses and chemical potentials.As a byproduct,we correct an algebraic error in the matching conditions of Ref.[2]caused by missing a contribution to an effective operator of the EQCD type.The effective theory.The degrees of freedom of ZQCD are the magnetic gluonfield A(x), and the coarse-grained Polyakov loopfield Z(x).In the underlying microscopic theory,that is QCD,the Polyakov loop is a unitary matrix.Coarse graining over the length scale1/T turns it into a matrix which is unitary up to a multiplicative real factor.[This is only true for SU(2)matrices, which makes the case of two colors particularly easy to deal with.]Therefore,we parameterize Z(x)as Z=(Σ+i Π· σ)/2whereσa are the Pauli matrices.The most general Lagrangian density with operators up to fourth order in thefields,compatible with the underlying SU(2)gauge invariance,readsL=g−23 12tr F2i j+trD i Z†D i Z+V(Z),V(Z)≡b1Σ2+b2 Π2+c1Σ4+c2( Π2)2+c3Σ2 Π2+d1Σ3+d2Σ Π2,(1)where g3is the three-dimensional coupling,D i the(adjoint)covariant derivative,and F i j≡∂i A j−∂j A i−[A i,A j].The Z2symmetry of two-color Yang–Mills theory is respected by all operators but those proportional to d1,2.These incorporate on the ZQCD level the effects of dynamical quarks.The effective couplings are next split into‘hard’and‘soft’parts as b1=12h1,b2=12(h1+g23s1),c1=14h2+g23s3,c2=14(h2+g23s2),c3=12h2,d1=12g23s4,d2=12g23s5.The point of this splitting isthat the hard part of the potential is invariant under the extended SU(2)×SU(2)symmetry,whichis spontaneously broken by nonzero vacuum expectation value of Z to an SU(2)subgroup.Asa consequence,three of the four degrees of freedom in Z,to be later identified with the A0field ofEQCD,remain naturally light,only getting their masses from the soft terms in the potential.Perturbative matching.Demanding that the parameters of the potential V(Z)take suchvalues that thefield Z develops a nonzero vacuum expectation value(which is necessary for center2PoS(EPS-HEP2011)315symmetry to be spontaneously broken and thus for deconfinement to take place),we parameterize thefield as Z=12(v+g3φ)exp(i g3 χ· σ/v).Comparing this to the expression for the Polyakov loop in the full theory,it is natural to identifyχwith the adjoint scalar A0of paring their properties under center symmetry transformations then leads to v=2T.To leading order in the coupling,this implies thefirst matching condition,h1+4T2h2=0.(2) The next step is to determine the values of the soft parameters s i.This is accomplished by integrating out the heavy amplitude modeφand Taylor expanding in powers of χ,and comparing the resulting theory to EQCD.Integrating outφis greatly facilitated by using the exponential parameterization of Z defined above;to leading order in the coupling expansion,one simply drops all terms in the Lagrangian containingφ.This results in the following values of the mass and quartic coupling,corresponding to the operator( χ2)2/8,m2χ=g23s1−4s3v20−32s4v0+s5v0,λ=g43−4s13v20+2s2+40s33+7s42v0−10s53v0.(3)On the other hand,the values of these parameters in EQCD are straightforwardly determined by Taylor expanding the one-loop center-symmetric effective potential of QCD,derived by Weiss[3]. Writing A0= a· σ/2,this takes the formV Weiss( a)=43π2T4g| a|2πT21−g| a|2πT2++4T2π2N f∑j=1m2j∞∑n=1(−1)nn2K2(nβm j)cosh(nβµj)cosng| a|2T,(4)where m j andµj are quark masses and chemical potentials.Obviously,EQCD provides two match-ing conditions which essentially constrain the parameters s1,2,3with corrections induced by explicitcenter symmetry breaking.The fact that there are three parameters but only two conditions doesnot present a problem.Once the heavy modeφis integrated out,the ZQCDfields satisfy the“uni-tarity”constraintΣ2+ Π2=1.Thus,out of the operators corresponding to s1,2,3,only two arelinearly independent.In other words,the linear combination of s1,2,3that is left unconstrained byEQCD,has no effect on low-energy physics at the soft scale gT.Domain wall and bubble solutions.Tofix the remaining parameters,one has to deal with observables related to the center symmetry and its explicit breaking by dynamical quarks.Con-siderfirst the case of exact center symmetry.The theory then possesses a one-dimensionalfieldconfiguration of the domain wall type,which interpolates between the two Z2minima of the effec-tive potential.The domain wall solution in the Yang–Mills theory was found in Ref.[4].Since,as explained above,the two linear combinations of s1,2,3that affect the low-energy physics canbefixed using EQCD,finding the domain wall solution in ZQCD gives us no new information,and represents a genuine prediction of the theory.Numerical solution of the classical equation ofmotion of the gaugefield yields a domain wall with a tension exceeding by8%the value in QCD.3PoS(EPS-HEP2011)315In presence of dynamical quarks,the domain wall is no longer stable,but there is still a static three-dimensional spherically symmetric configuration,corresponding to a bubble of the stable vacuum in a metastable environment.In the limit of weak explicit breaking of the center symmetry (large quark masses),the bubble solution can be found in the thin-wall approximation:its profile is given by the one-dimensional domain wall,and the radius is only sensitive to the energy density difference of the stable and the metastable vacuum.From Eq.(4),one thenfinds another matching condition,−s4v3=8T4π2N f∑j=1(βm j)2∑odd n1n2K2(nβm j)cosh(nβµj).(5)To the order we work at here,the last soft parameter in the Lagrangian,s5,does not show up inphysical observables pertaining to the structure of the minima of the effective potential.Summary and conclusions.We have extended the three-dimensional effective theory fortwo-color QCD proposed before[2]by including the effects of explicit center symmetry breakingdue to dynamical quarks.As a byproduct,we corrected an algebraic error in the previous workthat appeared in the matching condition for the quartic couplingλ,analogous to our Eq.(3).Thesoft parameters of the effective theory that affect the low-energy physics are now completelyfixed.In principle,there is still one extra,hard parameter whose value needs to be determined.Thiswas done previously[2]by nonperturbative numerical lattice simulation of the effective theory.The value of the critical temperature of the deconfining phase transition was used as the neces-sary matching condition.Nevertheless,again,it was demonstrated that the precise value of thisremaining hard parameter has a very small effect on low-energy physics.Now that the effective theory is completelyfixed,it can be used to make predictions.Althoughtwo-color QCD has no sign problem,and thus can be simulated on the lattice without essential dif-ficulties,we still believe ZQCD can provide a useful semi-analytic insight into the thermodynamicsaround and above the deconfinement transition.An extended discussion of the applications as wellas full details of our calculations will be reported in a forthcoming publication.AcknowledgmentsThe presented results were obtained in collaboration with A.Vuorinen and T.Zhang.Thiswork was supported by the Sofja Kovalevskaja program of the Alexander von Humboldt Founda-tion.References[1] A.Vuorinen and L.G.Yaffe,Z(3)-symmetric effective theory for SU(3)Yang-Mills theory at hightemperature,Phys.Rev.D74(2006)025011,[hep-ph/0604100].[2]P.de Forcrand,A.Kurkela,and A.Vuorinen,Center-symmetric effective theory for high-temperatureSU(2)Yang-Mills theory,Phys.Rev.D77(2008)125014,[arXiv:0801.1566].[3]N.Weiss,Effective potential for the order parameter of gauge theories atfinite temperature,Phys.Rev.D24(1981)475–480.[4]T.Bhattacharya,A.Gocksch,C.Korthals Altes,and R.D.Pisarski,Interface tension in an SU(N)gauge theory at high temperature,Phys.Rev.Lett.66(1991)998–1000.4PoS(EPS-HEP2011)315。

第二章夸克与轻子Quarks and leptons2.1 粒子园The particle zoo学习目标Learning objectives：我们怎样发现新粒子？能否预言新粒子？什么是奇异粒子？大纲参考：3.1.1￣太空入侵者宇宙射线是由包括太阳在内的恒星发射而在宇宙空间传播的高能粒子。

如果宇宙射线粒子进入地球大气层，就会产生寿命短暂的新粒子和反粒子以及光子。

所以，就有“太空入侵者”这种戏称。

发现宇宙射线之初，大多数物理学家都认为这种射线不是来自太空，而是来自地球本身的放射性物质。

当时物理学家兼业余气球旅行者维克托·赫斯（Victor Hess）就发现，在5000m高空处宇宙射线的离子效应要比地面显著得多，从而证明这种理论无法成立。

经过进一步研究，表明大多数宇宙射线都是高速运动的质子或较小原子核。

这类粒子与大气中气体原子发生碰撞，产生粒子和反粒子簇射，数量之大在地面都能探测到。

通过云室和其他探测仪，人类发现了寿命短暂的新粒子与其反粒子。

μ介子（muon）或“重电子”（符号μ）。

这是一种带负电的粒子，静止质量是电子的200多倍。

π介子（pion）。

这可以是一种带正电的粒子（π＋）、带负电的粒子（π－）或中性不带电粒子（π0），静止质量大于μ介子但小于质子。

K介子（kaon）。

这可以是一种带正电的粒子（K＋）、带负电的粒子（K－）或中性不带电粒子（K0），静止质量大于π介子但小于质子。

科学探索How Science Works不同寻常的预言An unusual prediction在发现上述三种粒子之前，日本物理学家汤川秀树（Hideki Yukawa）就预言，核子间的强核力存在交换粒子。

他认为交换粒子的作用范围不超过10－15m，并推断其质量在电子与质子之间。

由于这种离子的质量介于电子与质子之间，所以汤川就将这种粒子称为“介子”（mesons）。

一年后，卡尔·安德森拍摄的云室照片显示一条异常轨迹可能就是这类粒子所产生。

生活大爆炸第二季英文剧本台词11.txt 你的论点完全缺乏科学论证。

argument: 论点 lack: 缺乏 scientific: 科学的 merit: 价值It is well established Superman cleans his, uniform by flying into Earth's yellowsun,establish: 确定 Superman: 虚构的超级英雄，美国漫画中的经典人物，诞生于1938年6月，出现在DC漫画公司的多种书籍中，还被改编成动画、电影、电视剧、舞台剧，影响深远uniform: 制服十分肯定的是，超人飞到地球的黄色恒星，可以清洁他的超人服。

which incinerates any contaminate matterincinerate: 烧成灰 contaminate: 受到污染的 matter: 物质任何污染物都可以烧掉。

and leaves t invulnerable Kryptonian, fabric unharmed and daisy fresh.invulnerable: 不会受伤害的 Kryptonia: 克里普顿星，超人出生地 fabric: 纤维织物unharmed: 没有受伤的 daisy: 极好的【非常的】 fresh: 新鲜的【干净的】只留下不可摧毁的氪星球纤维布，完全无害，超级干净。

-Wolowitz: What if he gets something, Kryptonian on it?要是又染上啥氪星球的东西怎么办?-Sheldon:Like what?比如什么呢?-Wolowitz: I don't know. Kryptonian mustard.mustard: 芥末不知道，也许氪芥末吧。

-Sheldon: I think we can safely assume that all, Kryptonian condiments were destroyedassume: 假定 condiment: 调味品 destroy: 毁坏我觉得我们完全可以设想，所有氪星球调味品都被毁灭掉了。