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小升初英语知识点汇总

小升初英语知识点汇总

一名词

名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。

1、专有名词:个人,地方,机构等专有名称,如:China, Shanghai, Li lei等。

专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如:Jim 吉姆 China 中国 July 七Friday 星期五Christmas 圣诞节English 英语

2、普通名词:指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。

1)个体名词:某类人或东西中的个体,如fighter, gun, country,cup, desk, student等。一般可数,有单复数形式。

2)集体名词:若干个体组成的集合体,如family, team, police, class等。

一般可数,有单复数形式

3)物质名词:无法分为个体的实物,如cotton,tea, air等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。

4)抽象名词:动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如health, happiness,love, work, life等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。

名词变复数规则

1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries

4.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives

5.不规则名词复数:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet,.tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese

不规则的可数名词的变化规则:

1)改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如:man men, woman women, tooth teeth, foot feet, mouse mice, child children等。

2)单复数形式相同。如:sheep, deer, fish等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如:yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如:Chinese, Japanese, Swiss等。

以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如:Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等。注意:Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen.

3)单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works.

[说明] A. fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes:There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.

B. 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.

man servant—men servants. (boy/girl students) woman doctor—women doctors.

名词的所有格:

1)构成:

A. 一般词尾+ ’s.:the teacher’s office, Xiao Li’s sister’s husband’s mother.

B. 以s 结尾的复数名词只+“’ ”:workers’ rest room.

C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加’s:children’s toys.

D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加’s:my sister-in-law’s brother.

E. 表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加’s:This is Tom, James and Dick’s room.

F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加’s:

Jenny’s, Jean’s and Mary’s rooms face to the south.

G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加’s:a quarter of an hour’s talk.

2)用法:

A. 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词,表示所属关系:Lei Feng’s dairy.

B. 用于表示时间的名词:today’s paper. an hour’s drive. Friday’s work.

C. 用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词:the country’s plan. the farm’s fruit. China’s population.

D. 用于表示由人组成的集体名词:our party’s stand

E. 用于表示度量、价值的名词:two dollars’ worth of books.

a poun d’s weight.

二动词

这里所说的动词是指各种动词总称,其中包括行为动词(就是我们平时总说的那种动词)、be动词、情态动词。

(1)行为动词

就是我们平时上课时说的动词,表示某一动作或行为。如:sweep、live 等。

行为动词我们已学过它们的四种形式:

原形、+s/es、+ed、+ing,具体判断方法如下:

↗有,就加ing

读句子→读该单词→认识该单词→理解意思→看有无be动词

(若是be going to 就用原形)

↘没有,再看情态动词

↗有,就用原形

↗有,就加ed

↘没有,再看有无表示过去的时间状语

↗是第三人称单数就加s或es

↘没有,再看主语

↘不是第三人称单数就用原形

(2)be动词

a、Am--was Is --was Are--were 口诀:我用am, 你用are, is用在他她它,

所有复数全用are。

b、肯定和否定句I am (not) from London. He is(not) a teacher. She is(not)

in the dining room. My hair is(not) long. Her eyes are(not) small.

c、一般疑问句Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t. Are they

American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.

我们现在学过的be动词大致分两类:is、am、are为一类,一般用于一般现在时、现在进行时和一般将来时中,was和were为另一类,一般用于一般过去时。

判断步骤:

↗第一、三人称单数,就用was

↗有,再看人称

↘第二人称单数和所有复数,就用were

看有无表示过去的时间状语

↗第一人称单数,就用am

↘没有,再看人称→第三人称单数,就有is

↘第二人称单数和所有复数,就用are

(3)情态动词

情态动词也是一类特殊的动词,平时我们不把它说成是动词。情态动词可以和行为动词同时出现在同一个句子中。

我们现在学过的情态动词有:can、must、should、would、may。接触最多的是can。

情态动词后动词总是用原形。(不受其他任何条件影响)

动词有各种不同的形态,除了原形以外,在一般现在时陈述句中,如果主语是第三人称单数,动词要用单三人称形式,变化规则如下

1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks

2 .以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes,

watch-watches, go-goes

3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies

在现在进行时中要用到动词的现在分词形式

动词加ing的变化规则:

1.一般情况下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking

2.以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing,如:make-making, taste-tasting

3.如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing,如:run-running, stop-stopping

在一般过去时中要用到动词的过去式

动词过去式过去分词变化规则:

1.一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked

2.结尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted

3.末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped

4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,

再加-ed,如:study-studied

5.不规则动词过去式:am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said,

give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran,

sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank,

fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat

下面我们把各种常用时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。

1、一般现在时

(1)构成:通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式。

动词be 与have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接

行为动词(以study为例)一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答(注意要加

1)一般现在时表示现状、性质、状态和经常的或习惯性的动作。

He has an uncle.他有个叔叔。

Autumn follows summer.夏天之后是秋天。

It is fine today.今天天气好。

You look pale.你脸色苍白。

He is good at music.他擅长音乐。

He knows a lot of English.他英语懂的很多。

这些动词可与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示经常性或习惯性的时间状语连用。例如:

Do you often go to the cinema? 你经常去看电影吗?

He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。

Tom does not study as hard as Jane. 汤姆在学习方面不如简努力。

My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.我父亲从来不坐公共汽车,他走着去上班。

2)一般现在时表示客观现实或普遍真理。

Japan lies to the east of China. 日本在中国的东边。

The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。

A horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。

Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏一百度时沸腾。

October 1st is our National Day. 十月一日是我们的国庆节。

When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?(英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱的名句。)

Beauty is truth, truth beauty. 美即真理,真理即美。(英国浪漫主义诗人济慈的名句。)

3)少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。

The plane takes off at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。

Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。

Our summer vacation begins in early July. 我们的暑假七月初开始。

4)在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.

我一接到他的信就告诉你。

He’ll go if it is fine tomorrow. 如果明天天气好,他就去。

I shall be away when he arrives. 等他到了我就不在了。

We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives. 等他来了,我们再开始讨论。

5)在某些以here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。

Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。

There goes the bell. 铃响了。

Here they come. 他们来了。

6)在进行体育比赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时,可用一般现在时表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作。例如:

Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots?A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明,姚明投篮,好球!

7)在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的说明文字中,可用一般现在时表示动作。例如:

When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly. 幕启,朱丽叶坐在桌旁。电话铃响,她拿起听筒,静静地听着。

2、现在进行时

(1)构成:由助动词be +现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,有三种形式:第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。

现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词be后面加上not;疑问式是:把助动

1)现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。例如:

I am writing a letter. 我正在写信。

They are learning English. 他们正在学习英语。

Is it raining now? 现在下雨吗?

有时表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作。例如:

More and more people are paying attention to their health.

越来越多的人在关注健康。

He is translating a novel. 他在翻译一本小说。

2)有些动词,如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等,它们的现在

进行时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如:

Flight 1095 is landing soon. 第1095号航班马上要着陆了。

I know the end is coming. 我知道马上就要结束了。

Mary is coming back from her visit to Shanghai. 玛丽很快就要从上海访问回来了。

3)现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用,表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情,如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如:

He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。

You are always saying that sort of thing. 你老爱说那样的话。

She is always complaining. 她总是喜欢抱怨。

4)在一定的上下文中,后一句的动词谓语用现在进行时与前一句的一般现在时相配合,可用以体现原因、结果、目的等意味。即前一句用一般现在时动词谓语表述现在发生的事实,而后一句用现在进行时动词谓语来阐明这一事实的原因、结果、目的等。例如:

He frowns. He is worrying about his boy. 他皱着眉头,因为他在为他的孩子担心。

She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his bad habits. 她批评他,想纠正他的坏习惯。

She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子。这是在把他惯坏了。(结果)

3、现在完成时

(1)构成:现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成,助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has,其余用have.

现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之

1)现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成,但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。有的同学觉得这种说法比较难以理解,因为任何过去的动作对现在都有影响,很难判断用一般过去时或现在完成时。事实上,这种说法没有把现在完成时与一般过去时的根本区别说清楚。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间,则一般用现在完成时;如果说明了动作发生的具体时间,带有表示过去的时间状语,则用一般过去时。例如:

My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。

I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。

She has arrived. 她到了。

2)表示持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如today, these days, recently, now, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如:

I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。

We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。

They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。

She has been with us since Monday.

她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。

注意:

1)表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等,在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此,不能说:

×He has come here for 2 weeks.

×The old man has died for 4 months.

×They have left only for 5 minutes.

以上三句话可以改为:

It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.

It’s 4 months since the old man died.

They have been away only for 5 minutes

2)have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别:表示“曾到过某地”要用“have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用“have (has) gone”。试比较:

Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了?(已经回来了)

Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了?(人不在)

They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。(现在已经不在加拿大)

They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。(可能在路上和已经到加拿大).

3)现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语,如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用,但可以和不明确指出时间的状语,如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never 等连用。例如:

She has already come. 她已经来了。

I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。

I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。

Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。

I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。

They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。

I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。

4、一般过去时

(1)构成:一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式

和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以

或情况,其中包括习惯性动作,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。

The train arrived ten minutes ago. 火车十分钟前就到了。

What time did you get up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的?

I used to go to school early. 我过去总是很早去学校。

He always went to work by bus. 他过去老乘车去上班。

Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young. 李红小时候在上海住过十年。(有的同学认为出现了for some time 之类的时间状语,就要用完成时态。这种看法不完全正确。如果指的是在过去某事持续了一段时间,就要用一般过去时)

注意:在动词用一般过去时的句子里通常有时间状语,表明动作发生的时间。如该句中没有时间状语,那么上下文中一定有表明过去的时间状语或可以体现“动作或情况发生在过去”这一概念。

5、过去进行时

(1)构成:由助动词be 的过去式+现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were.

1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:

This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。

The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room. 老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。

While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。

He was reading while she was setting the table. 她摆桌子时,他在读书。

It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。

2)过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently 等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如:

The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。

In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers. 清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。

6、过去完成时

(1)构成:一律用had + 过去分词构成。

(2)用法:

1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时,必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。例如:

She told me she had been there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)

How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止,他在这里教学多长时间啦?(“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前)

When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我们到的时候,足球赛已经开始了。

She had visited China twice before she came this year. 她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。

2)过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如:

By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了。

By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六点为止,他们已工作八小时了。

When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了。

3)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气,我们以后会详细讲述。

4)此外,过去完成时常用于no sooner…than… 和hardly(scarcely) …when… 这两个句型,前面部分用过去完成时,后面部分用一般过去时。例如:

No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。

Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。

7、一般将来时

一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式:

(1)shall/will + 动词原形

表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will,其余

例如:

I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。

The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。

You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。

The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。

When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢?

He probably won’t go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。

注意:

1)shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。

2)will 用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;shall 用于第二、三人称时,可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如:

I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。(允诺)

I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。(决心)

Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺)

You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。(说话人的允诺)The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。(说话人的保证)

I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。(意愿)

Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。(说话人的命令)

(2)be going + 动词不定式

1)这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如:

My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。

I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。

She is not going to be there. 她不会到那儿去的。

When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完?

He is going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。

We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。

2)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如:

Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain. 看这些乌云?要下雨了。

I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。

I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。

注意:

1)will 和be going to 都可以表示某种意愿。例如:

I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age. 我不(愿意)告诉你我的年龄。

be going to 和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先经过

考虑的打算;will多表示意愿,决心。有时不能互换。例如:

I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我买了些砖,我要用它们盖个厨房。(不能用will替换)

Can somebody help me? ?I will. 谁能帮我一些吗?―?我来。(不能用be going to替换)

2)be going to 可用于条件从句,表示单纯的将来;will则不能。例如:If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with you. 你若今晚去看电影,最好带着雨伞。

(3)be to + 动词原形,表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情;在问句中表示征求意见。如:

You are not to smoke in this room. 你不许在这个房间里抽烟。

In future you are not to go out alone. 将来你不许一个人出去。

The worst is still to come. 最糟糕的还在后面呢。

Tomorrow is still to come. 明天过了还有明天。

(4)be about + 动词不定式。这种结构表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如:Let’s go in. The class is about to begin. 咱们进去吧。马上开始上课了。

They are about to get married. 他们即将结婚。

My book is about to be published. 我的书即将出版。

一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。

三形容词,副词

形容词的定义: 形容词表示人或事物的性质, 特征或状态, 修饰名词或不定代词

二.形容词在句中的作用:

1.作定语:

a. He is a great writer.

b. This is an interesting book.

c. I have something important to tell you.

2.作表语:

a. The bridge is long and wide.

b. It is getting warm.

3.作补语(宾语补足语或主语补足语):

a. The news made her happy.

b. We found the text very difficult.

c. You should keep your classroom clean.

d. The classroom should be kept clean.

4.作主语或宾语: the+adj表示某一类人或事物, 这种名词化的形容词起着名词的作用, 在句中可以作主语或宾语

a. We should respect the old and love the young.

b. The new will replace the old.

c. The rich and the poor live in separate sections in London.

5.作状语: 形容词作状语时, 多用来说明一个名词或代词的情况

a. Unhappy with the result, he returned to work.

b. Long and tidy, his hair played in the breeze.

c. Anxious for a quick decision, we called for a vote.

三.关于形容词的作用要注意的问题:

1.有些形容词只能作表语和补语, 不能象普通形容词那样作前置定语, 这样的形容词称为表语形容词, 如: alive, alone, asleep, alike, afraid, awake, ashamed, able, sure, ill, worth等词; 表语形容词作定语时需后置

2.有些形容词只能作定语, 不能作表语, 这样的形容词称为定语形容词, 如: golden, wooden, silken, live(活的), elder(年长的), former前任的, latter后者, front 前面的, back后面的, outer外部的

四.形容词在句中的位置:

1.单个形容词作定语时, 一般放在被修饰的名词之前; 两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 同种类形容词的排列顺序一般应考虑以下两种情况:

①.和被修饰的名词关系比较密切的形容词位置更靠近名词

a. It is a touching English film.

①.音节少的形容词在前, 音节多的形容词在后

a. I have a small but beautiful room.

不同种类的词同时出现在名词前作定语时, 按以下顺序进行排列:

限(限定词)观(表观点的描绘性词)形(形状大小长短等)龄(年龄新旧)色(颜色)国(国籍地区出处)材(材料)

2.单个形容词作定语时, 在下列情况之下, 形容词应放在被修饰的词之后

①.形容词修饰不定代词something, nothing, anything等时应后置

a. Is there anything important in the article?

b. There is something difficult in the lesson.

c. There is nothing wrong in your homework.

①.形容词修饰表示度量的名词应后置

a. The building is seventeen storeys high.

b. He is ten years old.

c. The street is five hundred meters long.

①.用and / or连接的两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后, 起强调修饰语的作用

a. We will turn our motherland into a country, strong and modern.

b. Every nation, big or small, has its rights.

c. Power stations, large and small, have been set up all over the country.

①.有些过去分词形容词作定语时应后置,如: given, left, won, missed等

a. None of the answers given (被给的答案) were correct.

①.表语形容词作定语时需后置, 如: alive, present, possible等

a. He is the greatest writer alive.

b. He was the only person awake at the moment.

3.形容词短语作定语时, 需要后置

a. He is a worker worthy of praise.

b. This is a problem difficult to solve.

c. She is always ready to help others.

五.特殊的形容词: 有些以-ly结尾的词是形容词, 而不是副词, 这样的词如: friendly友好的, lovely可爱的, weekly每周的, orderly有秩序的, brotherly兄弟般的, lively活泼的, lonely孤独的, likely可能的, deadly致命的

副词

一.副词的种类:

1.一般副词主要分为以下几种:

①.时间副词,如: often, always, early, now

①.地点副词,如: here, there, above, outside

①.方式副词,如: hard, well, badly, fast, slowly

①.程度副词,如: very, quite, much, still, almost

2.疑问副词(放在特殊疑问句的句首), 如: how, when, where, why

3.关系副词(放在定语从句句首), 如: when, where, why

4.连接副词(放在名词从句句首), 如: how, when, where, why, whether

二.副词在句中的作用: 副词修饰动词, 形容词, 名词, 副词或全句, 在句中的作用如下

1.作状语:

a. You should always review your lessons.

b. The visitors are warmly welcomed by the students.

c. Certainly we should try out best to improve our work.

2.作表语:

a. He is abroad.

b. The class is over.

c. The football match is on.

3.作定语: 副词作定语时置于被修饰词之后

a. This is her first day up.

b. The comrades here give us a lot of help.

4.作补语(包括宾语补足语和主语补足语):

a. I found all the lights on when I got home last night.

三.副词在句中的位置:

1.时间副词和地点副词的位置:

①.表示确定时间的副词和表示地点的副词一般放在句尾. 若句中同时有地点副词和时间副词, 地点副词通常在前, 时间副词在后

a. They went to the Summer Palace yesterday.

b. We often goes there.

c. I will go there tomorrow.

①.表示不确定时间的副词(如: always, usually, often, never, ever, seldom, sometimes, rarely, generally, frequently)的位置: 句子谓语是be时, 位于其后; 句子谓语是单个完全动词时, 位于其前; 句子谓语由不完全动词与完全动词一起组成时, 位于第一个不完全动词之后.

a. She always helps her mother with the housework.

b. The old man seldom goes out.

c. He is always the first to come to class.

d. They have already done their homework.

2.程度副词除enough之外, 一般放在被修饰词之前

a. The student is very careful with his work.

b. He swims quite well.

c. The boy is old enough to go to school.

3.方式副词的位置:

①.修饰不及物动词的方式副词要放在被修饰词之后

a. His sister sings well.

b. The baby is sleeping soundly.

①.修饰及物动词的方式副词可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之后; 如果宾语较长, 也可放在动词和宾语之间

a. He speaks French fluently.

b. All this morning Liu Ying has been writing carefully some English letters to her teachers.

4.及物动词和副词小品词(down, on, off, in, out, up)组成的动词词组有名词作宾语时, 该名词可放在副词之后或副词之前; 若有代词作宾语时, 则代词一定放在副词之前

a. He cut down the tree. =He cut the tree down.

b. He cut it down.

5.修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后

a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.

6.修饰全句的副词通常放在句首

a. Truly he is an honest man.

b. Still, in spite of what you say, I don’t think it is true.

7.作状语时,各类副词的排列顺序一般为: 方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词

a. He behaved well here yesterday.

形容词和副词的比较等级

一.原级:

1.原级的形式: 即原形

2.原级的用法:

①.表示被比较双方在某一方面相等或相同时, 用as + adj / adv + as结构, 表示“…和…一样”

a. Xiao Li is as tall as his sister.

b. It is as cold today as it was yesterday.

c. There are as many seats in this hall as in that hall.

①.表示被比较双方在某一方面不相等或不同时, 用not as / so + adj / adv + as, 表示“…和…不一样”

a. Xiao Li is not as / so tall as his brother.

b. It is not so / as cold today as yesterday.

c. There are not so / as many seats in this hall as in that hall.

二.比较级和最高级:

1.比较级和最高级的形式:

℃.规则变化:

a.在单音节形容词后及少数以-er, -ow, -ble, -ple结尾的双音节形容词和少数副词原级后, 加-er, -est或­-r, -st,如: strong, young, clever, able, simple, narrow, hard, fast, slow等

b.在以­-e结尾的单音节形容词和少数副词原级后, 加-r, -st,如: brave, wide 等

c.形容词以发短元音的元音字母+辅音字母结尾时, 双写辅音字母, 再加-er, -est,如: big, hot, thin等

d.辅音字母+y结尾的单音节及双音节形容词和少数副词(由形容词+ly构成的副词除外), 要将y变为i, 再加-er, -est,如: easy, happy, early等

e.在双音节和多音节形容词和大多数副词原级前可以加more, most表示比较级和最高级, 如: useful, childish, important, happily, clearly, quickly等

f.有少数单音节形容词加more / most构成比较级和最高级, 如: fond, tired, pleased, glad, often, fit等

g.下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级可用两种方法构成: cruel, strict, friendly, often, fit

①.不规则变化的形容词如: good / well, many / much, bad / badly, little, far

2.比较级的用法: 两方进行比较时, 多用than

a. It is colder today than it was yesterday.

b. His handwriting is more beautiful than yours.

c. He did his homework more carefully than you did yours.

3.最高级的用法: 三方或三方以上进行比较时, 用最高级, 最高级前多用the, 基本形式为: the + adj / adv的最高级+ (名词) + 表示范围的短语或从句

a. He is the eldest among the sisters.

b. Shanghai is the biggest centre of industry in China.

c. Beijing is one of the most beautiful cities in China.

4.比较等级的特殊用法:

①.有些词的比较级和最高级有两种不同形式, 意义上也有所不同, 如: older / oldest(比较老/最老的), elder / eldest (年龄比较大的/最大的); farther / farthest用于本义, 表示“比较远的/最远的”, 而further / furthest常用于引申意义, 表示“更进一步的,更深一层的/最深层的”

a. He is the oldest comrade in our office.

b. He is the eldest son in the family.

c. He went abroad for further studies.

①.表示“比…多(大)几倍”时, 用“倍数+ as…as” 结构或“倍数+比较级+than…”表示

a. This book costs twice as much as that one.

b. The university is three times as big as it was in 1980. =The university is three times bigger than it was in 1980.

①.可用much, far, still, even等修饰比较级, 表示“更…”, “…得多”之意

a. Her handwriting is much better than mine.

b. This street is far wider and longer than any other street in Beijing.

①.可用“名词词组或数词词组+比较级”的结构来表示“比…相差多少”, 如: a head taller, ten minutes later, two meters longer, a few steps further

①.比较级+ and +比较级表示“越来越…”的意思

a. Summer is coming. It is getting hotter and hotter.

①. “the +比较级+主语+谓语+其他, the +比较级+主语+谓语+其他” 表示“越… , 就越…”

a. The harder you study, the more knowledge you will get.

b. The more you work for other people, the happier you will feel.

①.more…than…有时表示“与其说…, 倒不如说…”

a.. He is more diligent than wise.与其说他聪明,不如说他勤奋

b. He is more a friend than a teacher.与其说他是一位老师,不如说更像一位朋友

①.“no+比较级+than…”和“not +比较级+than…”所表示的意思不相同, 前者表示“和…一样不…”(即两者都不…), 后者表示“不比…更… ”(仅否定前者, 即表示前者不如后者)

a. His English is no better than mine. (两人的英语都不好)

b. His English is not better than mine. 他的英语不如我的英语好(仅否定“他的英语”)

c. He is no taller than I.他和我一样不高./ He is not taller than I.他不如我高.

①.有时用比较级表示最高级的意思, 如:

a. It can’t be safer.再安全不过了.

b. She can’t be more beautiful. 她简直美极了

c. He works harder than the other students in his class.

d. He works harder than any other student in his class.

①. “the +序数词+最高级” 表示“第几”之意

a. China is the third largest country in the world.

b. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China

四代词

代词是代替名词形容词或者数词的词。有以下几类:

1) 人称2) 物主3) 反身4) 相互5)指示6)不定7) 疑问8) 关系9) 连接10)替代词

1人称代词

I我you你he他she她they他们me我(宾格)you你(宾格)him他(宾格)

her她(宾格)them他们(宾格)

2物主代词

my我的his他的your你的(your你们的)their他们的her她的

3指示代词

this这that那these这些those 那些

4反身代词

myself我自己himself他自己themselves他们自己

5疑问代词

who谁what什么which哪个

6不定代词

some一些many许多both两个;两个都

7关系代词

which……的物who……的人that……的人或物who谁that引导定语从句

8相互代词

each other 互相one another互相

9连接代词

who, whom, whose,what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever

10替代词

one(单数),ones(复数)用于替代前面出现的同类事物

一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的

词。是表示自身或人称的代词。

表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名

形容词性物主代词可用作定语,例如:

I love my country.

我热爱我的国家。

Is this your car?

这是你的汽车吗?

名词性的物主代词可用作主语,宾语,表语以及与"of" 连接的定语。

Li Hua's bike is red, and yours is green.

李华的自行车是红色的,而你的是绿色的。

That car is mine, not yours.

那辆汽车是我的,不是你的。

These books are ours.

这些书是我们的。

Whose bag is it? It's hers.

这是谁的书包? 是她的。

Yesterday I met a friend of mine in the street.

昨天我在街上碰见了我的一位朋友。

反身代词:

表示我自己,你自己,他自己,我们自己,你们自己,他们自己等的词叫做反身代

词。反身代词第一, 二人称构成是由形容词性物主代词加"-self " (复数加-selves )

构成。第三人称反身代词是由人称代词宾格形式加- self (复数加- selves ) 构成。

反身代词可用作宾语,表语,主语的同位语和宾语的同位语。用作同位语时表示强调"本人,自己"。

I am teaching myself computer.

我自学计算机。

Take good care of yourself.

把自己照顾好。

The child himself drew this picture.

孩子自己画的这张画。

You should ask the children themselves.

你应该问一问孩子们自己。

指示代词:

表示这个,那个,这些,那些以及it, such, same等词叫做指示代词。指示代词在句中作主语, 宾语, 表语, 定语。

That is a red car.

那是一辆红色汽车。

What do you like? I like this.

你喜欢什么? 我喜欢这个。

I should say I know that.

我应该说我知道这件事情。

指示代词的用法:

this 和these 表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物。

This is a book.

这是一本书。

These are cars.

这些是汽车。

I am busy these days.

我这些日子很忙。

that 和those 表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。

That is not a room.

那不是一间房间。

Those are trees.

那些是树。

that 和those 还可以指前文中的事物, this 和these 指下文中将要讲到的事物。他们起一种承上或启下的作用。

I got up late, that's why I missed the bus.

我起床迟了,这就是为什么我没赶上汽车。

疑问代词:

表示“谁(who),谁(whom),谁的(whose),什么(what), 哪个或哪些(which)”等词叫疑问代词。

疑问代词的用法:

疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中,疑问代词一般放在句子的最前面,在句中可用作主语,宾语,表语,定语。

Who is here just now?

刚才谁在这儿?

Whom are you looking for?

你在找谁?

Whose exercise-book is this?

这是谁的练习本?

What is this?

这是什么?

Which one do you like, this one or that one?

你喜欢哪一个,这个还是那个?

疑问代词还可以引导一个间接疑问句,也就是一个从句。疑问代词在句中可用作从句的主语,宾语,表语等成分。

What we should do is still unknown.

我们该干什么仍然还不知道。

I know whom he is looking for.

我知道他在找谁。

关系代词:

关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词。关系代词有who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。

This is the students whose name is Wang Hua.

这就是名叫王华的学生。

I know what he is coming to get.

我知道他来要拿什么东西。

不定代词:

没有明确指定代替任何特定名词或形容词的词叫做不定代词,常用的不定代词如下:

all,any,another,both,each,every,either,every, few,little, many, much, no,none,neither,one, other,some以及由some, any, no, every 和body, one, thing 构成的复合词。

不定代词的用法:

不定代词代替名词或形容词.在句中可用作主语, 宾语,表语和定语。

Everybody should be here in time tomorrow.

明天大家都要按时到。

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