PREP_cr1详解(3M修改版)

Practice Test #1 Critical Reasoning (72 Questions)

1. (24179-!-item-!-188;#058&000705)

Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the

laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.

Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and

pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the

state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?

推理过程：fullerenes在实验室和自然环境中都存在

因为laboratory synthesis of fullerenes要求distinctive conditions，因此可以用来推断自

然中形成fullerenes的地壳的状态。

推理是由实验可以推自然状态，答案一定要讲实验和自然联系到一起

(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation.

只是说确定自然中含有fullerenes需要认真实验，属于说东道西 (B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with

a spacecraft.

说别的东西上也有fullerenes和文章推理无关，属于无关新变量(其实B选项改一下就可以是正确答

案：fullerenes can also be found on the remains of meteorites,在外星形成，跟地球无关)

只是说相撞，没说掉到地球上的陨石，更不清楚这个meteorite是不是地球飞出来的 (C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes

apparently formed.

只是说fullerenes怎样形成的，没有把实验和自然建立联系，属于说东道西

(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure.

正确，关键词unknown说明在实验室是不可知的，所以无法用实验推自然，虽然都是S，但是两个S

不同，所以属于否定A型削弱 (E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.

文章说fullerenes，Shungite只是fullerenes存在的一个载体，和结论无关属于说东道西

2. (24227-!-item-!-188;#058&000711)

Economist: On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting

from a fall costs $11,000. A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly

person's chances of falling. Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment

program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.

老年人摔跤治疗要花费$11,000，有一个项目可以减少摔跤机会，但是要花费$12,500，所以这个项

目并不好

文章推理：因为项目成本高，所以不好

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of

serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its

recommended minimum length of one year.

比较参加项目时间长短，和推理无关，属于搭错车，无关比较 (B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing

homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home. 把不同地方的老年人对比，和成本无关，属于无关比较 (C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not

counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.

正确说到了关键点cost，之前的$11,000中并不包含治疗疼痛的医疗费，如果加上可能成本会更高超

过参加项目。他因反对结论

(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since

overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person

will have a serious fall.

只是说过度的medication可以导致不协调造成更多的摔跤，并且这个项目关注medication以外的东

西。属于模凌两可，因为不知道medication以外的东西是不是就是好的。这个选项具有迷惑性

(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular

visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those

of other elements of the program.

费用可能还会涨，是属于support

3. (24275-!-item-!-188;#058&000768)

The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of

voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.

Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early

autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups. The seasonal variation in group size

can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.

Voles秋冬季的家庭规模大，春秋季家庭规模要小，原因是幼鼠季节性的死亡 文章推理：幼鼠季节性死亡导致春秋家庭规模小

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?

(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the

highest proportion of young voles.

文章讨论幼鼠的数量和家庭规模的关系，和幼鼠的百分比无关，说东道西 (B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year.

只是简单重复前提，和幼鼠无关，重复前提 (C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.

加强无效，首先和幼鼠死亡无关，并且只说春季没有提到秋季。无关他因 (D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below

freezing.

说东道西，结论要推幼鼠死亡和春秋季家庭规模的关系，和冬季无关，也属于偷换集合

(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early

autumn.

正确，他因直接加强结论 4. (24323-!-item-!-188;#058&000813)

A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins

several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there. Although

dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring

have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.

背景环境是海滩上有喂养海豚项目。结果，成年海豚健康长寿但是小海豚寿命比野生喂养短

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of

dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?

(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many

other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate.

in many other areas of the open seas并没有把海滩独立出来，并且鲨鱼应该会对成年海豚也有影

响。不能解释矛盾，并且文章并没有标明feed exclusively in the wild.就是open seas off the beach，