PREP_cr1详解(3M修改版)

Practice Test #1 Critical Reasoning (72 Questions)
1. (24179-!-item-!-188;#058&000705)
Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite. Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
推理过程：fullerenes在实验室和自然环境中都存在
因为laboratory synthesis of fullerenes要求distinctive conditions，因此可以用来推断自然中形成fullerenes的地壳的状态。

推理是由实验可以推自然状态，答案一定要讲实验和自然联系到一起
(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation.
只是说确定自然中含有fullerenes需要认真实验，属于说东道西
(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft.
说别的东西上也有fullerenes和文章推理无关，属于无关新变量(其实B选项改一下就可以是正确答案：fullerenes can also be found on the remains of meteorites,在外星形成，跟地球无关)
只是说相撞，没说掉到地球上的陨石，更不清楚这个meteorite是不是地球飞出来的
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed.
只是说fullerenes怎样形成的，没有把实验和自然建立联系，属于说东道西
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure. 正确，关键词unknown说明在实验室是不可知的，所以无法用实验推自然，虽然都是S，但是两个S 不同，所以属于否定A型削弱
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.
文章说fullerenes，Shungite只是fullerenes存在的一个载体，和结论无关属于说东道西
2. (24227-!-item-!-188;#058&000711)
Economist: On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000. A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling. Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.
老年人摔跤治疗要花费$11,000，有一个项目可以减少摔跤机会，但是要花费$12,500，所以这个项目并不好
文章推理：因为项目成本高，所以不好
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument? (A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.
比较参加项目时间长短，和推理无关，属于搭错车，无关比较
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.
把不同地方的老年人对比，和成本无关，属于无关比较
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's
injuries from such falls.
正确说到了关键点cost，之前的$11,000中并不包含治疗疼痛的医疗费，如果加上可能成本会更高超过参加项目。

他因反对结论
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.
只是说过度的medication可以导致不协调造成更多的摔跤，并且这个项目关注medication以外的东西。

属于模凌两可，因为不知道medication以外的东西是不是就是好的。

这个选项具有迷惑性(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which te nd to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.
费用可能还会涨，是属于support
3. (24275-!-item-!-188;#058&000768)
The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters. Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups. The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
Voles秋冬季的家庭规模大，春秋季家庭规模要小，原因是幼鼠季节性的死亡
文章推理：幼鼠季节性死亡导致春秋家庭规模小
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?
(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles.
文章讨论幼鼠的数量和家庭规模的关系，和幼鼠的百分比无关，说东道西
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year.
只是简单重复前提，和幼鼠无关，重复前提
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.
加强无效，首先和幼鼠死亡无关，并且只说春季没有提到秋季。

无关他因
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.
说东道西，结论要推幼鼠死亡和春秋季家庭规模的关系，和冬季无关，也属于偷换集合
(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn.
正确，他因直接加强结论
4. (24323-!-item-!-188;#058&000813)
A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there. Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
背景环境是海滩上有喂养海豚项目。

结果，成年海豚健康长寿但是小海豚寿命比野生喂养短Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?
(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate.
in many other areas of the open seas并没有把海滩独立出来，并且鲨鱼应该会对成年海豚也有影响。

不能解释矛盾，并且文章并没有标明feed exclusively in the wild.就是open seas off the beach，
属于无关比较
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there.
并不能说明小海豚死亡率高，也没有进行核野外的比较，说东道西
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild.
无差别更应该相同，架桥错误
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month.
和一个月几次没有关系，没有进行比较，说东道西
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins.
正确，解释了成年海豚和小海豚之间的一个关系，并且和野外联系在一起
5. (24371-!-item-!-188;#058&000859)
Tiger sharks are common in the waters surrounding Te nare Island. Usually tiger sharks feed on smaller sharks, but sometimes they have attacked tourists swimming and surfing at Tenare's beaches. This has hurt Tenare's tourism industry, which is second only to its fishing industry in annual revenues. In order to help the economy, therefore, the mayor of the island has proposed an ongoing program to kill any tiger sharks within a mile of the beaches.
因为虎鲨吃人，所以影响了旅游业，旅游业是继渔业的第二收入来源，为了恢复经济，所以要在海滩附近灭鲨。

文章推理：通过海滩灭鲨来保护经济
Which of the following, if true, most strongly calls into question the likelihood that implementation of the mayor's proposal will have the desired consequence?
(A) Even if not all the tiger sharks that come close to the beaches are killed, the existence of the program would reassure tourists.
not all the tiger sharks有偷换概念，反对前提的嫌疑，并且不是削弱
(B) Business owners who depend on tourism are willing to pay most of the cost of implementing the program.
和经济所有者是否付钱无关，说东道西
(C) Tourists come to Tenare Island for its beaches, even though the island features a number of other tourist attractions.
和旅游者的目的没有关系，没有和经济挂钩，说东道西
(D) The small sharks on which tiger sharks prey feed on fish that are commercially important to the island's fisheries.
正确，说虎鲨吃掉小鲨鱼，小鲨鱼吃鱼，这些鱼也是经济基础，如果没有了虎鲨也就没有了鱼。

他因反对结论
(E) Not all tourists who come to Tenare Island enjoy swimming or surfing.
和旅行者的喜好无关，说东道西
6. (24419-!-item-!-188;#058&000892)
The country of Ertland has never imported apples in any significant quantity because consumers there generally prefer the unique texture of Ertland-grown apples. Nevertheless, apple growers from Kosolia, a neighboring country, plan to sell their apples in Ertland by selling Kosolia-grown apples at half the price of local apples and promoting them as a nourishing, low-cost alternative. E不会进口苹果，因为E的消费者选择E自己的独特的苹果的特点。

而K想要在E销售K种植的苹果。

他们通过降价使得K苹果成为很好的替代品。

文章推理：降价推出有市场
Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the viability of the plan by Kosolia's apple growers to sell their apples in Ertland?
(A) Most of the varieties of apples grown in Ertland were originally derived from common Kosolian varieties.
结论讨论价格和市场的关系，跟E苹果的来源无关。

说东道西
(B) Consumers in Ertland tend to spend about the same proportion of their income on fresh fruits and vegetables as do consumers in Kosolia.
无关比较，和在苹果上花多少钱无关
(C) At times in the past, Ertland has exported significant quantities of apples to Kosolia.
At times in the past时间概念错误，文章讨论现在，和以前无关，并且和是否曾经出口也无关，结论讨论价格
(D) Some varieties of apples grown in Kosolia can be harvested throughout most of the year, whereas the varieties grown in Ertland can be harvested only during two months of the year.
有加强的嫌疑，K生产多，可以降价，E生产少，没有降价的空间。

(E) Profiles of Ertland-grown apples are high enough in Ertland that growers, wholesalers, and retailers there could easily afford to reduce the price at which these apples are sold.
正确，E的苹果也可以降价，所以K的降价无效果。

断桥
7. (24651-!-item-!-188;#058&001089)
As part of major renovations to Flowertown's Main Street train station, consultants to the train company proposed moving the station's entrance from its current valuable Main Street location to a low-rent adjoining side street and then leasing the high-rent entrance space to retail businesses. In that way, the train company could easily pay for those and all other proposed renovations without negative impact on its tight budget.
火车站要改革，咨询建议将入口从昂贵的中心街道转移到租金较为便宜的交叉路口，并且把中心街道租出去变成零售部，这样可以更容易的支付，并且不用对票价影响
文章推理：地点转移可以带来经济效益
Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the consultants' proposal?
(A) More train commuters are employed in businesses located on Main Street than in businesses located on the adjoining side street.
带来负面效应，因为大多数旅客在中心街道附近，可能使得乘坐列车的人变少。

削弱
(B) A reliable survey of Flowertown's commuters showed that virtually none of them would use the train any less frequently if the station's entrance were moved.
正确，已经强调是可靠调查，乘客不会因为迁址而减少，所以不会有这方面的经济损失
(C) The high-rent block of Flowertown's Main Street includes several buildings whose owners currently seek to replace long-standing tenants lost in recent months.
和火车站的经济效益无关，属于无关新变量
(D) If the station's entrance were moved, the train company would need to begin costly renovations to its Main Street entrance space.
削弱，因为中心街区还要花钱
(E) Ridership on Flowertown trains declined only slightly from 1970 to 1985 while other train companies lost large numbers of commuters.
和其他公司没有关系，无关比较
8. (24701-!-item-!-188;#058&001125)
Automobile Dealer's Advertisement:
The Highway Traffic Safety Institute reports that the PZ 1000 has the fewest injuries per accident of any car in its class. This shows that the PZ 1000 is one of the safest cars available today.
文章推理：因为PZ 1000有最小的事故受伤率，所以今天他是最安全的
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument in the advertisement? (A) The Highway Traffic Safety Institute report listed many cars in other classes that had more injuries per accident than did the PZ 1000.
加强，说其他车受伤率高，更加说明PZ 1000安全
(B) In recent years many more PZ 1000s have been sold than have any other kind of car in its class.
无关比较，安全与否和受伤率是相对概念，卖了多少车是绝对概念
(C) Cars in the class to which the PZ 1000 belongs are more likely to be involved in accidents than are other types of cars.
正确，指明文章推理缺陷，受伤率不能说明车安全，如果经常发生事故，就算受伤率少，也不安全文章只是说平均事故受伤率低，但是如果事故本身多的话受伤的人也会比较多
(D) The difference between the number of injuries per accident for the PZ 1000 and that for other cars in its class is quite pronounced.
和事故不同点没有关系，结论讨论安全与否
(E) The Highway Traffic Safety Institute issues reports only once a year.
和报告频率没有关系
9. (24749-!-item-!-188;#058&001426)
Scientists are discussing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by increasing the amount that is absorbed by plant life. One plan to accomplish this is to establish giant floating seaweed farms in the oceans. When the seaweed plants die, they will be disposed of by being burned for fuel.
通过增加吸收二氧化碳的植物来减少空气中的二氧化碳。

有一种方法是种植海藻，等海藻死了可以燃烧作燃料。

文章推理：海藻可以减少二氧化碳
Which of the following, if true, would indicate the most serious weakness in the plan above? (A) Some areas of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere do not contain sufficient nutrients to support large seaweed farms.
反对前提，前提已经说了可以种植。

(B) When a seaweed plant is burned, it releases an amount of carbon dioxide comparable to the amount it has absorbed in its lifetime.
他因反对结论，虽然海藻可以吸收二氧化碳，但是它燃烧得时候二氧化碳又释放出来了
(C) Even if seaweed farms prove effective, some people will be reluctant to switch to this new fuel.
和结论是否减少空气中的二氧化碳无关
(D) Each year about seven billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere but only about five billion tons are absorbed by plant life.
只是在描述一个事实，和海藻计划无关，虽然没有完全消除，但也说明海藻计划是可以减轻含量的(E) Seaweed farms would make more money by farming seaweed to sell as nutritional supplements than by farming seaweed to sell as fuel.
和海藻用途无关，并没有提到关键词二氧化碳
10. (25259-!-item-!-188;#058&001774)
Jennifer: Video rental outlets in Centerville together handled 10,000 fewer video rentals in 1994 than in 1993. The decline in rentals was probably due almost entirely to the February 1994 opening of Videorama, the first and only video rental outlet in the area that, in addition to renting videos, also sold them cheaply.
Brad: There must be another explanation: as you yourself said, the decline was on the order of 10,000 rentals. Yet Videorama sold only 4,000 videos in 1994.
J说Video renta1994比1993少了10,000，主要原因是Videorama出现，它不但租借，还便宜的售卖B反驳说，一定还有其他的原因，因为Video renta1994比1993少了10,000，但是Videorama只卖了4,000。

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the force of the objection that Brad presents to Jennifer's explana tion?
注意，要反驳B对J的反驳。

B的论断是还有其他的原因，要反驳也就是说没有其他的原因了，就是因为Videorama
(A) In 1994 Videorama rented out more videos than it sold.
只说Videorama租的比卖的多不能说明租的加卖的超过10000，如果不超过还是说明有其他原因。

模棱两可
(B) In 1994 two new outlets that rent but that do not sell videos opened in Centerville.
文章说Video rental outlets together少卖了10000，因此和新加入的个体无关，并且和B的论断无关(C) Most of the video rental outlets in Centerville rent videos at a discount on certain nights of the week.
对B的反驳无效，只能说明应该租的更多才对，也只能说明更加有其他的原因导致租的少
(D) People often buy videos of movies that they have previously seen in a theater.
和人们买的原因无关，无法削弱B
(E) People who own videos frequently loan them to their friends.
正确，因为Videorama，人们买，而买的人又转租给别人，使得别人不再从Video rental outlets租借，因此租的少了，起始原因还是Videorama
11. (25309-!-item-!-188;#058&001786)
Mourdet Winery: Danville Winery's new wine was introduced to compete with our most popular wine, which is sold in a distinctive tall, black bottle. Danville uses a similar bottle. Thus, it is likely that many customers intending to buy our wine will mistakenly buy theirs instead. Danville Winery: Not so. The two bottles can be readily distinguished: the label on ours, but not on theirs, is gold colored.
M说他们的最受欢迎的酒是高的，黑色的酒瓶，而D模仿了他们的酒瓶，因此可能会导致一批顾客错误购买。

D反驳说不是这样的，我们的酒瓶上有金色的商标，因此不会买错。

文章推理：因为商标，所以D不会导致M顾客流失
Which of the following, if true, most undermines Danville Winery's response?
(A) Gold is the background color on the label of many of the wines produced by Danville Winery. 只是描述了D的本身的性质，并没有提到对顾客的影响
(B) When the bottles are viewed side by side, Danville Winery's bottle is perceptibly taller than Mourdet Winery's.
无关比较，结论出现的新的因素—商标，没有包含
(C) Danville Winery, unlike Mourdet Winery, displays its wine's label prominently in advertisements.
和顾客的吸引无关
(D) It is common for occasional purchasers to buy a bottle of wine on the basis of a general impression of the most obvious feature of the bottle.
正确，本来D和M的酒瓶就很相似，再加上D的显著的商标，会引起顾客兴趣，因此导致M顾客流失(E) Many popular wines are sold in bottles of a standard design.
没有将D M区别开，只是说了整个行业的特点，也和顾客没有关系
12. (25359-!-item-!-188;#058&001894)
Finding of a survey of Systems magazine subscribers: Thirty percent of all merchandise orders placed by subscribers in response to advertisements in the magazine last year were placed by subscribers under age thirty-five.
Finding of a survey of advertisers in Systems magazine: Most of the merchandise orders placed in response to advertisements in Systems last year were placed by people under age thirty-five.
来自报纸订阅者的调查：因为报纸里的广告而进行购买商品的人中的30% 来自于35岁以下人
来自报纸广告商的调查：大多数因为报纸里的广告而进行购买商品的人是35岁以下的
文章讨论报纸订阅者，35岁以下的人，和报纸里的广告以及购买商品的关系
关键问题在一个百分比是30%，一个是大多数，数量上存在一定差别
For both of the findings to be accurate, which of the following must be true?
(A) More subscribers to Systems who have never ordered merchandise in response to advertisements in the magazine are age thirty-five or over than are under age thirty-five.
和have never ordered merchandise的人没有关系，并且没有说明人数的差别
(B) Among subscribers to Systems, the proportion who are under age thirty-five was considerably lower last year than it is now.
和报纸订阅者中购买商品的人数不同年份的纵向比较无关，应该和广告商的人数横向进行比较(C) Most merchandise orders placed in response to advertisements in S ystems last year were placed by Systems subscribers over age thirty-five.
over age thirty-five.无关人群，偷换集合【错误，因为没有考虑没有subscribe但是order的人数】(D) Last year, the average dollar amount of merchandise orders placed was less for subscribers under age thirty-five than for those age thirty-five or over.
35岁以下和以上的人群进行比较并不能说明35岁以下不同调查的人数的差别，35岁以上属于偷换集合
(E) Last year many people who placed orders for merchandise in response to advertisements in Systems were not subscribers to the magazine.
正确，指明了两个调查的差别点，35岁以下人群是否是订阅者，如果第二个调查中包含了很多非订阅者，就可以解释为什么一直占30%而另一个是most。

13. (26741-!-item-!-188;#058&002910)
Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
United States manufacturers currently produce most of the world's solar-power generators--most of which are exported to Europe. However, European manufacturers are emerging and probably will ultimately capture much of the European market. The United States government is funding initiatives intended to encourage use of solar power within the United States. If these initiatives succeed in increasing the demand for solar-power generators in the United States, United States manufacturers will probably maintain significant production levels, since __________.
世界上大多数solar-power generators由美国生产，并且产品主要销往欧洲。

但是欧洲技术跟进，占
据了欧洲的国内市场，因此美国采取措施促进国内使用solar-power generators以保持其较高的生产量。

文章推理：激励国内使用就可以保证较高的生产量，填空出要加强或者解释
(A) some United States manufacturers have been substantially increasing their output over the last several years
如果加大了出口就不需要国内的销售了，和前提就无关了
(B) the efficiency of solar-power generators in converting energy from the Sun into electric power is not improving as fast as it once did
和solar-power generators本身的效率无关，现在讨论利用国内销量吸收因为欧洲技术突破导致欧洲销量下降的那部分产品
(C) just as European manufacturers enjoy certain competitive advantages in Europe, so do United States manufacturers in the United States
正确，之前美国的产品主要外销，但是欧洲自己的产品在自己辖区内占优势，同样美国产品在美国也就占优势，因此鼓励国内的使用可以保持销量
前面所说的if these initiatives succeed....maintain significant production levels 才会成立，因为如果美国公司在美国没有competitive advantages的话，就算solar power generators在美国的需求很大，美国公司没准也会被欧洲公司打败
(D) European governments are currently undertaking initiatives to stimulate the use of solar power within Europe
只说了欧洲没有说美国
(E) the current market for solar-power generators in the United States is very limited
市场限制只能说明在美国没有空间，所以措施无效，产量会降低
14. (26835-!-item-!-188;#058&002982)
The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person's lung function, as measured by the amount of air the person can expel in one second. The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers. Clearly, therefore, one way for smokers to improve their lung function is for them to increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.
血液里面含有certain vitamins and minerals越多，人的肺部功能越强大，体现在每秒钟呼吸空气上。

吸烟的人肺部功能差的多，因此要改善他们的肺功能就要鼓励他们多吃含有these helpful vitamins and minerals.的食物
文章推理：多吃含有these helpful vitamins and minerals.的食物可以增加“vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream”，从而改善肺功能
Which of the following is an assumption on which this argument depends?
(A) Smokers are less likely than nonsmokers to have diets that are rich in vitamins and minerals.并没有提到另一个重要元素肺功能，
(B) The lung function of smokers whose diets are rich in those vitamins and minerals is generally better than that of nonsmokers with comparable diets.
说明吸烟的人比不吸烟的人肺功能强，反对前提
(C) People whose diets are deficient in those vitamins and minerals do not typically have other health problems in addition to diminished lung function.
other health problems属于无关新变量，不谈肺功能以外的问题
(D) Stopping smoking will not typically improve lung function more than any diet changes can.
讨论肺功能和食物的关系，并不是分析什么措施更能改善肺功能
(E) Smoking does not introduce into the body chemicals that prevent the helpful vitamins and minerals from entering the bloodstream.
正确，取非后削弱，如果he helpful vitamins and minerals不能进入到血液，那么吃含有he helpful
vitamins and minerals的食物就没有意义，这个选项排出这种可能
15. (26883-!-item-!-188;#058&002985) [GWD #29-Q28]
Astronomer: Observations of the Shoemaker-Levi comet on its collision course with Jupiter showed that the comet broke into fragments before entering Jupiter's atmosphere in 1994, but they did not show how big those fragments were.以上描述一个背景In hopes of gaining some indication of the fragments' size,目的astronomers studied spectrographic analyses of Jupiter's outer atmosphere. These analyses revealed unprecedented traces of sulfur after the fragments' entry. 之前没有转折The fragments themselves almost certainly contained no sulfur,
but many astronomers believe that the cloud layer be low Jupiter's outer atmosphere does contain sulfur.Since sulfur would have seeped into the outer atmosphere if comet fragments had penetrated this cloud layer, it is likely that some of the fragments were at least large enough达到目的to have passed through Jupiter's outer atmosphere without being burned up.
整个文章没有转折
In the astronomer's argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? (A) The first presents a circumstance for which the astronomer offers an explanation错误; the second is part of that explanation.
(B) The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.
(C) The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that conclusion.
(D) The first provides evidence in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against that conclusion.
(E) The first is a judgment advanced in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.
16. (27621-!-item-!-188;#058&003223)
Most of the world's supply of uranium currently comes from mines. It is possible to extract uranium from seawater, but the cost of doing so is greater than the price that uranium fetches
on the world market. Therefore, until the cost of extracting uranium from seawater can somehow be reduced, this method of obtaining uranium is unlikely to be commercially viable. uranium有两个来源，mines和seawate，但是seawate的成本要贵，因此如果不降低成本，seawate 这个方法就没有经济效益
文章推理：成本降低推出有经济效益
因为文章前提总提到了陆地，因此成本要和陆地进行比较
Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in evaluating the argument?
(A) Whether the uranium in deposits on land is rapidly being depleted
如果uranium in deposits on land is raplidly being depleted -> 从地表的铀矿中提取铀的成本会上升(因为原料减少) ->从海水中提取铀可能commercially viable WEAKEN结论
反之-> 支持结论
要推两步：陆地上储量下降【下降没有用，是耗尽，depleted】—〉陆地成本上升—〉上升超过海洋，则海洋有经济效益，上升不超过海洋，海洋依然没有经济效益
陆地上储量不下降—〉海洋没有经济效益
(B) Whether most uranium is used near where it is mined
和在哪里使用无关
(C) Whether there are any technological advances that show promise of reducing the cost of
extracting uranium from seawater
选项的关键是Whether，这个选项的两个回答是可以降低成本，或者不能降低成本，但是不能直接说明这个成本是高于陆地还是低于陆地。

并且这个高科技有无关新变量的嫌疑
要推两步：高科技—〉成本降低—〉成本低过陆地，海洋有经济效益，成本依然高，海洋没有经济效益
高科技—〉成本没有降低—〉海洋没有经济效益【是show promise，不是已经实现，如果是已经实现可以选】
(D) Whether the total amount of uranium in seawater is significantly greater than the total amount of uranium on land
不需要和陆地上进行比较，因为只要seawate中含量大，就算没有陆地上大，如果成本低的话他也可以有经济效益
(E) Whether uranium can be extracted from freshwater at a cost similar to the cost of extracting it from seawater
freshwater属于无关新变量
17. (27669-!-item-!-188;#058&003302)
Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas. In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide. Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
城市空气比乡村空气含有更多的二氧化硫，城市植物生长比乡村植物慢。

为了考察二氧化硫对植物生长的影响，城市和农村两派进行试验，大棚里的空气是不含二氧化硫的，但是植物在城市生长依然比农村慢。

Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result?
(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.
因为实验本身空气不含有二氧化硫，因此实验所在地二氧化硫含量是无关的
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.
没有将城市和农村区分开
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.
和实验人数无关
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.
如果都没有二氧化硫的存在，说明两地植物生长应该速度相同，城市的慢，说明一定有其他的因素影响，此处阳光的照射就是其他的因素。

(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.
和设备的运转过程无关，因为最后温室的空气结果相同。

18. (27717-!-item-!-188;#058&003330)
Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges. Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road
safety. However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.
Clear edge markings有助于路况安全，但是Greatwater County制作路标之后事故反而增加。

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in accident rate?
(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.
只是描述的路的状况，并没有解释增加
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.
文章并没有提到In bad weather的情况，不能确定在这种条件下路标就一定不好用
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.
不能解释增加，Prior to有偷换集合嫌疑
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.
只是描述事故类型，和事故数量无关
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.
正确，架桥，在这条路上开车的人多了，事故发生的可能性会增加
19. (27995-!-item-!-188;#058&003473)
Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Therefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
Gortland 在谷物和肉类上自给自足，工资水平的升高，人们对肉的消费增加，并且it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.因此随着工资水平的升高，Gortland将不能不进口谷物和肉类。

文章推理：工资升高导致谷物和肉类进口
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.
total acreage devoted无关词
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.
跟食物占收入的比重无关，讨论的是是否要进口
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.
the same rate过于严格
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.
和肉类生产者以及谷物种植者收入无关，讲得是全民收入
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.
正确。

取非后，肉的消费增加伴随着谷类消费的减少，因此依然会有足够的谷类换取肉类，也就不用进口，属于削弱结论
20. (28411-!-item-!-188;#058&003617)。