练习答案
（The Answers）
Computer Basics
PART
ONE
Unit 1 My Computer
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1．Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron
2．input; output
3．VLSI
4．workstations; mainframes
5．vacuum; transistors
6．instructions; software
7．digit; eight; byte
8．microminiaturization; chip
II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and
vice versa:
1．artificial intelligence 人工智能
2．paper-tape reader 纸空阅读机
3．optical computer 光学计算机
4．neural network 神经网络
5．instruction set 指令集
6．parallel processing 平行处理
7．difference engine 差分机
8．versatile logical element 通用逻辑器件
9．silicon substrate 硅基
10．vacuum tube 真空管（电子管）
11．the storage and handling of data 数据的存储与处理
12．very large-scale integrated circuit 超大规模集成电路
13．central processing unit 中央处理器
14．personal computer 个人计算机
15．analogue computer 模拟计算机
16．digital computer 数字计算机
17．general-purpose computer 通用计算机
18．processor chip 处理器芯片
19．operating instructions 操作指令
20．input device 输入设备
III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.
Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC, introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.
IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.
A computer system includes a computer, peripheral（外围的）devices, and software. The electric, electronic, and mechanical devices used for processing data are referred to as hardware. In addition to the computer itself, the term “hardware” refers to com ponents called peripheral devices that expand the computer’s input, output, and storage capabilities. Computer hardware in and of itself does not provide a particularly useful mind tool. To be useful, a computer requires a set of instructions, called software or a computer program, which tells the computer how to perform
a particular task. Computers become even more effective when connected
to other computers in a network so users can share information.
计算机系统包括计算机、外围设备和软件。用于处理数据的电动、电子与
机械设备称为硬件。除了计算机本身之外，“硬件”这一术语还指被称为外围
设备的组件，这些外围设备可扩大计算机的输入、输出和存储能力。计算
机硬件本身在本质上并未提供一件特别有用的智能工具。计算机要想变得
有用，就需要有称为软件或计算机程序的一套指令，来告诉计算机如何执
行一项特定的任务。计算机在以下情况下变得更加有效：与网络中的其他
计算机相连接，以使用户能够共享信息
Unit 2 Computer Architecture
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1．input; output; storage
2．Basic Input Output System
3．flatbed scanners; hand-held scanners
4．LCD-based
5．dot-matrix printers; inkjet printers
6．disk drives; memory
7．Volatile
8．serial; parallel
II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and
vice versa:
1．information retrieval 信息检索
2．voice recognition module 语音识别模块
3．touch-sensitive region 触感区，触摸区
4．address bus 地址总线
5．flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪
6．dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机）
7．parallel connection 并行连接
8．cathode ray tube 阴极射线管
9．video game 电子游戏（港台亦称电玩）
10．audio signal 音频信号
11．operating system 操作系统
12．LCD (liquid crystal display) 液晶显示（器）
13．inkjet printer 喷墨打印机
14．data bus 数据总线
15．serial connection 串行连接
16．volatile memory 易失性存储器
17．laser printer 激光打印机
18．disk drive 磁盘驱动器
19．BIOS (Basic Input Output System) 基本输入输出系统
20．video display 视频显示器
III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
CD-ROM stands for compact disk read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks, which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical disks use reflected light. On a CD-ROM disk, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy areas (called “pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disk is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0.
Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disk. Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user have access only to the data imprinted by the publisher.
A single CD-ROM disk can store 650 megabytes of data. That is equivalent to 451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disk, the time to retrieve or access the information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate.
IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.
A modem is a device that converts between analog and digital signals. Digital signals, which are used by computers, are made up of separate units, usually represented by a series of 1’s and 0’s. Analog signals vary continuously; an example of an analog signal is a sound wave. Modems are often used to enable computers to communicate with each other across telephone lines. A modem converts the digital signals of the sending computer to analog signals that can be transmitted through telephone lines. When the signal reaches its destination, another modem reconstructs the original digital signal, which is processed by the receiving computer. If both modems can transmit data to each other simultaneously, the modems are operating in full duplex (双工的) mode; if
only one modem can transmit at a time, the modems are operating in half
duplex mode.
调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备。计算机使用的是数
字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1和0表示。模拟信号
是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子。调制解调器经常用于实现
计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信
号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。信号到达目的地后，另外一个调
制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。如果两个调制解调
器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次
只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。
Unit 3 Operating System
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1．Software
2．Multitasking
3．Virtual
4．IBM or International Business Machines Corporation
5．UNIX; multiuser
6．Windows; graphical
7．command-line
8．distributed
II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and
vice versa:
1．data set 数据集
2．pointing device 指点设备
3．graphical user interface 图形化用户界面
4．time-slice multitasking 分时多任务处理
5．object-oriented programming 面向对象编程
6．click on an icon 点击图标
7．context switching 上下文转换
8．distributed system 分布式系统
9．pull-down lists of commands 命令的下拉列表
10．simultaneous access 同时访问
11．command-line interface 命令行界面
12．multitasking environment 多任务化环境
13．spreadsheet program 电子制表程序
14．main memory 主存
15．storage media 存储介质
16．disk file 磁盘文件
17．command interpreter 命令解释器
18．network connection 网络连接
19．DOS (disk operating system) 磁盘操作系统
20．copy a data file 拷贝数据文件
III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
Operating systems for micro, mini, and mainframe computers perform many services. These services can be classified either as “external” or “internal.”
The operating system provides external services that help users start programs, manage stored data, and maintain security. You, as the computer user, control these external functions. Using a command-line, menu-driven, or GUI user interface, an operating system provides you with a way to select the programs you would like to use. The operating system also helps you find, rename, and delete documents and other data stored on disk or tape. On many, but not all computer systems, the operating system helps you maintain security by checking your user ID and password, as well as protecting your data from unauthorized access and revisions.
The operating system provides internal services “behind the scenes”to ensure that the computer system functions efficiently. These internal services are not generally under your control, but instead are controlled by the operating system itself. The operating system controls input and output, allocates system resources, manages the storage space for programs and data, and detects equipment failure without any direction from you.
IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chinese. Multitasking, in computer science, is a mode of operation offered by an operating system in which a computer works on more than one task at a time. There are several types of multitasking. Context switching is a very simple type of multitasking in which two or more applications are loaded at the same time but only the foreground (前台的) application is given
processing time; to activate (激活) a background (后台的) task, the user
must bring the window or screen containing that application to the front.
In cooperative (合作的) multitasking, background tasks are given
processing time during idle times in the foreground task (such as when the
application waits for a keystroke), and only if the application allows it. In
time-slice multitasking each task is given the microprocessor’s attention
for a fraction of a second. To maintain order, tasks are either assigned
priority levels or processed in sequential (顺序的) order. Because the
user’s sense of time is much slo wer than the processing speed of the
computer, time-slice multitasking operations seem to be simultaneous.
在计算机科学中，多任务处理是操作系统提供的一种操作方式，它使计算
机一次可执行不止一项任务。多任务处理有几种类型。上下文切换是一种
非常简单的多任务处理：两个或两个以上的应用程序同时装入，但只有前
台应用程序得到处理时间；要激活后台任务，用户必须将含有该应用程序
的窗口或屏幕调至前面。在合作多任务处理中，后台任务在前台任务空闲
期间（例如，应用程序等待键击时）得到处理时间，但条件必须是该应用
程序允许这样做。在分时段的多任务处理中，每项任务得到微处理器几分
之一秒的注意。为了维持次序，任务或被指定优先等级，或被按序依次处
理。由于用户对时间的感觉要比计算机的处理速度慢得多，因此分时段的
多任务操作似乎同时进行。
Unit 4 Computer Language and Programming
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1．artificial; instructions
2．low-level; high-level
3．low-level
4．Machine
5．functional; logic
6．Statement
7．Module
8．digital
II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and
vice versa:
1．storage register 存储寄存器
2．function statement 函数语句
3．program statement 程序语句
4．object-oriented language 面向对象语言
5．assembly language 汇编语言
6．intermediate language 中间语言，中级语言
7．relational language 关系（型）语言
8．artificial language 人造语言
9．data declaration 数据声明
10．SQL 结构化查询语言
11．executable program 可执行程序
12．program module 程序模块
13．conditional statement 条件语句
14．assignment statemen t赋值语句
15．logic language 逻辑语言
16．machine language 机器语言
17．functional language 函数式语言
18．programming language 程序设计语言
19．run a computer program 运行计算机程序
20．computer programme r 计算机程序设计员
III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It lets the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to machine-specific details.
The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a program known as an assembler into the binary encoding used by the computer. Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders combine pieces of assembled code and load them into the machine’s main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. The concept of linking separate pieces of code was important, since it allowed “libraries” of programs to be built up to carry out common tasks—a first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) were invented in the 1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languages became more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms of execution
speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science
problem in itself.
IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.
One especially powerful feature of OOP (object-oriented programming)
languages is a property which is known as inheritance. Inheritance allows
an object to take on the characteristics and functions of other objects to
which it is functionally connected. Programmers connect objects by
grouping them together in different classes and by grouping the classes
into hierarchies. These classes and hierarchies allow programmers to
define the characteristics and functions of objects without needing to
repeat source code, the coded instructions in a program. Thus, using OOP
languages can greatly reduce the time it takes for a programmer to write
an application, and also reduce the size of the program. OOP languages
are flexible and adaptable, so programs or parts of programs can be used
for more than one task. Programs written with OOP languages are
generally shorter in length and contain fewer bugs (缺陷), or mistakes,
than those written with non-OOP languages.
面向对象程序设计语言的一个特别强大的功能，是称为继承的特性。继承
允许一个对象获得与其具有功能联系的其他对象的属性与功能。程序员把
对象归为不同的类，并把类分成层次，以此将对象联系起来。这些类与层
次使程序员可以定义对象的属性与功能，而不必重复源代码，即程序中的
编码指令。因此，使用面向对象程序设计语言，可以大大缩短程序员编写
应用程序所需的时间，也可以缩短程序长度。面向对象程序设计语言灵活、
适应性强，所以程序或程序的某些部分可用于不止一项任务。使用面向对
象程序设计语言编写的程序，比使用非面向对象程序设计语言编写的程序，
一般长度短且包含的错误少。
Software Engineering
PART
TWO
Unit 5 Software Development
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1．application; operating
2．assemblers
3．compiler
4．interpreter
5．Debugger
6．Loop
7．device driver
8．John von Neumann
II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1．inference engine 推理机
2．system call 系统调用
3．compiled language 编译语言
4．parallel computing 平行计算
5．pattern matching 模式匹配
6．free memory 空闲内存
7．interpreter program 解释程序
8．library routine 库程序
9．intermediate program 中间程序，过渡程序
10．source file 源文件
11．interpreted language 解释（性）语言
12．device driver 设备驱动程序
13．source program 源程序
14．debugging program 调试程序
15．object code 目标代码
16．application program 应用程序
17．utility program 实用程序
18．logic program 逻辑程序
19．ink cartridge 墨盒
20．program storage and execution 程序的存储与执行
III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code into object code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.
Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer’s machine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programs—such as assemblers,
binders (联编程序), linkers (连接程序), and loaders (装入程序)—finish
the translation.
Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems, so one language may
have different compilers for personal computers (PC) and Apple
Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce
versions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language
may vary between manufacturers.
IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.
In software, a bug is an error in coding or logic that causes a program to
malfunction or to produce incorrect results. Minor bugs—for example, a
cursor that does not behave as expected—can be inconvenient or
frustrating, but not damaging to information. More severe bugs can cause
a program to “hang” (stop responding to commands) and might leave the
user with no alternative but to restart the program, losing any previous
work that has not been saved. In either case, the programmer must find
and correct the error by the process known as debugging. Because of the
potential risk to important data, commercial application programs are
tested and debugged as completely as possible before release. Minor bugs
found after the program becomes available are corrected in the next
update; more severe bugs can sometimes be fixed with special software,
called patches, that circumvents (规避) the problem or otherwise
alleviates (减轻) its effects.
在软件中，错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错
误。较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对
信息产生破坏性影响。较严重的错误会导致程序“中止”（对命令停止反应），
可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做好但
尚未保存的工作丢失。两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调
试的过程，发现并改正错误。由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用
程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。程序发行后发现的较轻微
错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软件加
以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响。
Unit 6 Software Life Cycle
Section A I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. The development process in the software life cycle involves four phases:
analysis, design, implementation, and ________. (testing)
2. In the system development process, the system analyst defines the user,
needs, requirements and methods in the ________ phase. (analysis)
3. In the system development process, the code is written in the ________
phase. (implementation)
4. In the system development process, modularity is a very well-established principle used in the ________ phase. (design)
5. The most commonly used tool in the design phase is the ________. (structure chart)
6. In the system development process, ________ and pseudocode are tools used by programmers in the implementation phase. (flowcharts)
7. Pseudocode is part English and part program ________. (logic)
8. While black box testing is done by the system test engineer and the ________, white box testing is done by the ________. (user; programmer)
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. standard graphical symbol标准图形符号
2. logical flow of data标准图形符号
3. test case测试用例
4. program validation程序验证
5. white box testing白盒测试
6. student registration system学生注册系统
7. customized banking package定制的金融软件包
8. software life cycle软件生命周期
9. user working environment用户工作环境
10. implementation phase实现阶段
11. 测试数据test data
12. 结构图structure chart
13. 系统开发阶段system development phase
14. 软件工程software engineering
15. 系统分析员system(s) analyst
16. 测试工程师test engineer
17. 系统生命周期system life cycle
18. 设计阶段design phase
19. 黑盒测试black box testing
20. 会计软件包accounting package
III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
development; testing; programmer; chart; engineer; attend; interfaces system; software; small; user
develop; changes; quality; board; Uncontrolled
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
软件工程是软件开发的一个领域；在这个领域中，计算机科学家和工程师研究有关的方法与工具，以使高效开发正确、可靠和健壮的计算机程序变得容易。计算机科学的这一分支的研究，考虑软件生命周期的所有阶段。软件生命周期从正式的问题详述开始，随后相继是解决方案设计、解决方案实现为程序、程序测试和程序维护。软件工程师开发软件工具以及被称为编程环境的工具集，用以改进开发过程。例如，软件工具可以帮助管理
程序员小组正在编写的大型程序的诸多组件。
Software engineering is an area of software development in which computer
scientists and engineers study methods and tools that facilitate（使变得容易）the
efficient development of correct, reliable, and robust computer programs.
Research in this branch of computer science considers all the phases of the
software life cycle, which begins with a formal problem specification, and
progresses to the design of a solution, its implementation as a program, testing
of the program, and program maintenance. Software engineers develop software
tools and collections of tools called programming environments to improve the
development process. For example, tools can help to manage the many
components of a large program that is being written by a team of programmers.
IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.
Software engineering is an area of software development in which
computer scientists and engineers study methods and tools that facilitate
（使变得容易）the efficient development of correct, reliable, and robust
computer programs. Research in this branch of computer science
considers all the phases of the software life cycle, which begins with a
formal problem specification, and progresses to the design of a solution,
its implementation as a program, testing of the program, and program
maintenance. Software engineers develop software tools and collections
of tools called programming environments to improve the development
process. For example, tools can help to manage the many components of
a large program that is being written by a team of programmers.
软件工程是软件开发的一个领域。在这个领域里，计算机科学家与工程师
研究可使高效地开发正确、可靠、健壮的计算机程序变得容易的方法和工
具。计算机科学的这一分科中的研究，要考虑软件生命周期的所有阶段。
软件生命周期始于正式的问题说明，然后是解决方案的设计、它作为一个
程序的实现、程序的测试以及程序维护。软件工程师开发软件工具和称为
编程环境的工具组，以改进开发过程。例如，工具可帮助管理程序员小组
正在编写的大规模程序的众多成分。
Unit 7 Database
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1．data storage
2．Entities
3．DBMS or database management system
4．Inconsistency
5．SQL or Structured Query Language
6．storage engine; query processor
7．procedure calls
8．data presentation; data storage
II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1．language precompiler 程序语言预编译器
2．business logic implementation 业务逻辑实现
3．query processor 查询处理器
4．data modeling 数据建模
5．storage engine 存储引擎
6．tiered architecture 分层结构
7．database manager 数据库管理员
8．data presentation layer 数据表现层
9．logical database design 逻辑上的数据库设计
10．entity relationship diagram 实体关系图
11．query language 查询语言
12．host language 主机语言
13．Data Modification Language (DML) 数据修改语言
14．data redundancy 数据冗余
15．relational database 关系数据库
16．relational data model 关系数据模型
17．database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统18．data element 数据元素
19．data access 数据存取
20．query optimization 查询优化
III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
A database is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory and designed for easy access by authorized users. The data may be in the form of text, numbers, or encoded graphics. Since their first, experimental appearance in the 1950s, databases have become so important in industrial societies that they can be found in almost every field of information.
In the 1960s, some databases became commercially available, but their use was funnelled (传送) through a few so-called research centres that collected information inquiries and handled them in batches (一批). O n-line databases—that is, databases available to anyone who could link up to them by computer—first appeared i n the 1970s. For the home user,
the equipment r equired includes a computer terminal, a telephone, and a
modem, which enables the terminal and the database (u sually some type
of search-service system) to communicate. The user simply dials the
number of the service, provides a password code for identification and
billing (记账), and types in questions to a chosen database on the
terminal’s keyboard. The data received may either be displayed on a
terminal screen or printed out.
IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.
Structured Query Language (SQL), in computer science, is a database
sublanguage used in querying, updating, and managing relational
databases. Derived from an IBM research project that created Structured
English Query Language (SEQUEL) in the 1970s, SQL is an accepted
standard in database products. Although it is not a programming language
in the same sense as C or Pascal, SQL can either be used in formulating
(系统地阐述) interactive (交互式的) queries or be embedded in an
application as instructions for handling data. The SQL standard also
contains components for defining, altering, controlling, and securing data.
SQL is designed for both technical and non-technical users.
在计算机科学中，SQL语言（结构化查询语言）是一种用于查询、更新和
管理关系数据库的数据库子语言。SQL语言源自IBM公司的一个研究项目，
这个项目在20世纪70年代创建了SEQUEL语言（结构化英语式查询语言）。
SQL语言是一种公认的数据库产品标准。虽然它不是与C语言或Pascal语
言同样意义上的编程语言，但SQL语言或可用于使交互式查询公式化，或
可作为处理数据的指令嵌入应用程序。SQL语言标准也包含定义、改变和
控制数据以及保护数据安全的成分。SQL语言既是为懂技术的用户也是为
不懂技术的用户设计的。
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1．columns; rows
2．permanent; temporary
3．Clustered; nonclustered
4．CHECK; PRIMARY KEY
II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and
vice versa:
1．global temporary table 全局临时表
2．partitioned data 分区的数据
3．virtual table 虚拟（临时）表
4．permanent table 永久（固定）表
5．log out of a system 退出登录的系统
6．primary key 主键
7．foreign key 外键
8．database object 数据库对象
9．clustered index 簇索引
10．local temporary table 本地临时表
Section C .NET Data Access Architecture
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f3311294.html, is the ________ model for .NET-based applications. (data
access)
2. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f3311294.html, currently comes with two categories of providers: ________
and ________ providers. (bridge; native或native; bridge)
3. Database connection ________ allows an application to reuse an existing
connection from a pool instead of repeatedly establishing a new connection with
the database. (pooling)
4. In handling data access exception conditions, you can place your data
access code within a(n) ________ block and trap any exceptions generated by
using ________ blocks with the appropriate filter. (try; catch)
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese
and vice versa:
1. bridge provider桥接提供程序
2. data library数据（文件）库
3. connection pooling连接池化技术
4. database-specific functionality数据库特有的功能
5. 默认设置default setting
6. 异常处理程序exception handler
7. 数据源data source
8. 基本类base class
Network and Communication
PART
THREE
Unit 8 Telecommunications and Information Superhighway
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1．Telegraph
2．dots; dashes
3．Media
4．point-to-point
5．Analog
6．Digital
7．text-based
8．modem
II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1．microwave radio 微波无线电
2．digital television 数字电视
3．DSL 数字用户线路
4．analog transmission 模拟传输
5．on-screen pointer 屏幕（触摸屏）上的指示（器）
6．computer terminal 计算机终端
7．radio telephone 无线电话
8．cellular telephone 蜂窝电话（移动电话）
9．decentralized network 分散的网络
10．wire-based internal network 基于普通网线的内部网络
11．fiber-optic cable 光缆
12．fax machine 传真机
13．wireless communications 无线通信
14．point-to-point communications 点对点通信
15．modulated electrical impulse 调制电脉冲
16．communication(s) satellite 通信卫星
17．telegraph key 电报电键
18．transmission medium 传输媒体
19．cordless telephone 无绳电话
20．metal conductor 金属导体
III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
Data communications is the process of transmitting and receiving data in an orderly way so the data that arrives at its destination is an accurate duplication of the data that was sent. When data travels a short distance, such as when you send data from your computer to your printer, it is referred to as local communications. When data travels a long distance, the communication is referred to as telecommunications; the prefix “tele” is derived from a Greek word that means “far” or “far off.”
The difference between a short distance and a long distance is somewhat arbitrary (武断的). For example, if your computer sends data to a printer in the next room, it is regarded as local communications; if you
phone the person in the next room, you are transmitting data over a
telecommunications device. However, the same basic communications
concepts apply to both local communications and telecommunications.
Basic data communications concepts are the building blocks for understanding how data travels on a communications system. These
concepts come in handy (派得上用处) when you install, configure, or
upgrade a local area network. In addition, these concepts help you set up
modems, fax machines, and cellular data transfers.
IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.
Information superhighway, a term used primarily in public policy and
politics, refers to the availability and use of advanced information services
through a variety of high-capacity transport facilities. The word
superhighway was intended to convey images of a core national
infrastructure providing abundant information at high speeds to the
general public. It was made popular by former United States
Vice-President Albert Gore to highlight the importance of such an
infrastructure. The concept of information superhighway remains
abstract, and has been superseded (替代) somewhat by the terms
National or Global Information Infrastructure which are less focused on
the notion of a single, publicly owned means of information transport. In
practice, the Internet has been the chief contemporary example for all
these terms. However, many different segments of the
telecommunications industry point to services, such as interactive
television, promoting an information superhighway.
“信息高速公路”是一个主要用于公共政策与政治领域的术语，它指通过各种
大容量传输设施提供和使用先进信息服务。“高速公路”一词旨在形象化地描
绘一种向公众高速提供大量信息的核心国家基础设施。是美国前副总统艾
伯特•戈尔使这个词流行开来的，其目的是突出这样一种基础设施
的重要性。“信息高速公路”这个概念今天依然抽象，在一定程度上已经为“国
家信息基础设施”或“全球信息基础设施”的名称所取代。这两个名称降低了
聚焦于如下概念的程度：一种单一的公有信息传输方式。实际上，因特网
一直是所有这些名称的主要的当代范例。然而，电信业的多个不同部门面
向促进信息高速公路发展的服务，如交互式电视。
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1．Layering
2．Interconnected
3．Al Gore or Gore
4．Bandwidth
II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and
vice versa:
1．error recovery 错误恢复
2．parity function 奇偶函数
3．video on demand 视频点播
4．collision detection 冲突检测
5．protocol layering 协议层
6．architectural model 体系结构模型
7．packet switching 包交换
8．enterprise network 企业网
9．protocol suite 协议组
10．commercial backbone 商用骨干网
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1．Transfer
2．Cells
3．Label
4．Integrated
II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and
vice versa:
1．high-definition TV 高清晰度电视
2．frame relay 帧中继
3．data rate 数据传输率
4．metropolitan area network 城域网
5．set-top box 机顶盒
6．multi-mode fiber 多模光纤
7．protocol stack 协议堆栈
8．VPI (virtual path identifier) 虚拟路径标识符
Unit 9 Computer Networks
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1．Ethernet
2．Limited
3．Bridges
4．Routers
5．telephone; wide
6．Broadband
7．Objects
8．public key
II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1．coaxial cable 同轴电缆
2．computer networking 计算机网络
3．multiple-access network 多路访问网络
4．management software 管理软件
5．broadband connection 宽带连接
6．confidential information 机密信息
7．monolithic system 单片机系统
8．star network 星型网络
9．bus network 总线型网络
10．ring network 环形网络
11．network resources 网络资源
12．public key system 公钥体制
13．public telephone network 公用电话网
14．data encryption system 数据加密系统
15．information superhighway 信息高速公路
16．information age 信息时代
17．computer security 计算机安全
18．data network 数据网
19．data link 数据链路
20．access protocol 存取协议
III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and other devices dispersed (分散) over a relatively limited area and connected by a communications link that enables any device to interact with any other on the network. LANs commonly include microcomputers and shared (often expensive) resources such as laser printers and large hard disks. Most
第一单元：计算机与计算机科学 课文A：计算机概览 一、引言 计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算 或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。 要不是由于计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。不同类型和大小的计算 机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据，从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。计 算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。在几 乎每一个研究和应用技术领域，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机都是必要的 工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各 样的信息源可供使用。同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。计算机犯罪 已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。 二、历史 第一台加法机是法国科学家、数学家和哲学家布莱斯.帕斯卡于1642年设计的，它是数 字计算机的先驱。这个装置使用了一系列带有10个齿的轮子，每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。轮子互相连接，从而通过按照正确的齿数向前转动轮子，就可以将数字彼此相加。17世纪70 年代，德国哲学家和数学家戈特弗里德.威廉.莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良，设计了一台 也能做乘法的机器。 法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽.雅卡尔，在设计自动织机时，使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复 杂图案的编织。在19世纪80年代期间，美国统计学家赫尔曼.何勒里斯，想出了使用类似雅 卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的 系统，他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。 1、分析机 也是在19世纪，英国数学家和发明家查尔斯.巴比奇，提出了现代数字计算机的原理。 他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器，如差分机。许多历史学家认为，巴比奇及其合伙 人，数学家奥古斯塔.埃达.拜伦，是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。巴比奇的设计之一，分析 机，具有现代计算机的许多特征。它有一个以一叠穿孔卡片的形式存在的输入流、一个保存 数据的“仓库”、一个进行算术运算的“工厂”和一个产生永久性纪录的打印机。巴比奇未 能将这个想法付诸实践，尽管在那个时代它在技术上很可能是可行的。 2、早期的计算机 模拟计算机是19世纪末开始制造的。早期型号是靠转动的轴和齿轮来进行计算的。用任 何其他方法都难以计算的方程近似数值，可以用这样的机器来求得。开尔文勋爵制造了一台 机械潮汐预报器，这实际上就是一台专用模拟计算机。第一次和第二次世界大战期间，机械 模拟计算系统，以及后来的电动模拟计算系统，在潜艇上被用作鱼雷航线预测器，在飞机上 被用作轰炸瞄准具的控制器。有人还设计了另一个系统，用于预测密西西比河流域春天的洪 水。 3、电子计算机 第二次世界大战期间，以伦敦北面的布莱切利公园为工作地点的一组科学家和数学家， 制造了最早的全电子数字计算机之一：“巨人”。到1943年12月，这个包含了1500个真空管 的“巨人”开始运转了。它被以艾伦.图灵为首的小组用于破译德国用恩尼格码加密的无线 电报，他们的尝试大部分是成功的。 除此而外，在美国，约翰.阿塔纳索夫和克利福德.贝里早在1939年就在艾奥瓦州立学院
计算机专业英语教程(第四版)习题答案
计算机专业英语（第四版）课后习题答案 Unit 1 [Ex 1] Fb5E2RGbCAP [Ex 2] 1. input, storage, processing, and output 2. power; speed; 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. T 9. T 10.
memoryp1EanqFDPw 3. central processing unit memoryDXDiTa9E3d 5. keyboard; [Ex 3] B. A. central processing unit; 1. F 2. D 2. monitor 3. G 4. C 5. B main memory; 6. A 7. E monitorRTCrpUDGiT 8. H5PCzVD7HxA 4. internal; primary;
1. user
3. data
4. keyboard
5. data processingjLBHrnAILg
6. information [Ex 4] instructions
7. computer
8. memory 3. manipulates 4.
1. input device 2. screen, screen 5. retrievexHAQX74J0X 8. Function
6. code 7. hard copy
[Ex. 5] 新处理器开始 IT 技术的新时代 New Processors Open New Era of IT Technologies Last week, Intel introduced to the public in Russia and other CIS countries a family of processors Intel Xeon E5-2600. They are more powerful and reliable and, importantly, are very economical in terms of energy consumption. Their
1 / 30
计算机专业英语（第四版）课后习题答案 Unit 1 [Ex 1] 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. F [Ex 2] 1. input, storage, processing, and output 2. power; speed; memory 3. central processing unit 4. internal; primary; memory 5. keyboard; central processing unit; main memory; monitor [Ex 3] A. 1. F 2. D 3. G 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. E 8. H B. 1. user 2. monitor 3. data 4. keyboard 5. data processing 6. information 7. computer 8. memory [Ex 4] 1. input device 2. screen, screen 3. manipulates 4. instructions 5. retrieve 6. code 7. hard copy 8. Function [Ex. 5] 新处理器开始IT技术的新时代 New Processors Open New Era of IT Technologies Last week, Intel introduced to the public in Russia and other CIS countries a family of processors Intel Xeon E5-2600. They are more powerful and reliable and, importantly, are very economical in terms of energy consumption. Their presence opens a new era in the field of IT technologies and means that the cloud technology is getting closer. These processors are primarily designed for servers, data centers (DPC) and supercomputers. The emergence of this class of devices is not accidental. According to the regional director of Intel in Russia and other CIS states Dmitri Konash who spoke at the event, the market of IT-technology is developing so rapidly that, according to forecasts, by 2015 there will be 15 billion devices connected to the Internet, and over 3 billion of active users. 上周，英特尔公司向俄罗斯和其它独联体国家的公众推出了英特尔Xeon E5-2600系列处理器，它们更加强大可靠，尤其是在能量消耗方面更加经济实惠。它们的问世意味着IT技术领域开始了一个新时代，标志着云技术距离我们越来越近。 这些处理器主要是为服务器、数字处理中心和超级计算机设计的。这种处理器的出现并非偶然。根据英特尔公司俄罗斯和其他独联体地区负责人Dmitri Konash就此事发表的看法，IT技术市场的发展速度极快，根据预测，到2015年与英特网连接的设施将有150亿，用户超过30亿。 [Ex 6] 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F Unit 2 [Ex 1] 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. F [Ex 2] 1. sizes, shapes, processing capabilities
计算机专业英语题库1-0-8
[单选,共用题干题]Atransportlayerprotocolhasseveralresponsibilities,Oneistocreateaprocess-to-processprogram-to- programcommunication;TCPusesport1toaccomplishthis.Anotherresponsibilityofatransportlayerprotocolistocreatea2anderror- controlmechanismatthetransportlevel.TCPusesasliding3protocoltoachieveflowcontrol.Itusestheacknowledgmentpacket,time- out,andretransmissiontoachieve4control.Thetransportlayerisalsoresponsibleforprovidingaconnectionmechanismfortheapplicationprogram.Theapplicationprogramsends5ofdatatothetransportlayer.空白（1）处应选择（） A.A.numbers B.connection C.diagrams D.resources 传输层协议有多个职责。一是创建进程到进程（程序到程序）的通信，由TCP使用端口号来完成；另一个职责是在传输层创建流和差错控制机制。TCP利用滑动窗口 协议来实现流控制。它使用确认分组、超时、重传机制来完成差错控制。传输层也负责为应用程序提供连接机制，应用程序将数据流发送到传输层，发送端的传输 层负责建立于接收端之间的连接。
Unit 8 Computer Networking Text 1 Data Communications The end equipment can be computers, printers, keyboards, CRTs, and so on.They are either generates the digital information for transmission or uses the received digital data. This equipment generally operates digital information internally in word units. DTE is data terminal equipment. A station controller (STACO)is the corresponding unit at the secondaries. At one time, the DTE was the last piece of equipment that belonged to the subscriber in a data link system. Between the DTEs, first is the modem, and then is the communications equipment. The communication equipment is owned and maintained by Telco. Data communications equipment (DCE) accepts the serial data stream from the DTE. And DCE converts it to some form of analog signal suitable for transmission on voice-grade lines. At the receive end, the DCE performs the reverse function. It converts the received analog signal to a serial digital data stream. The simplest form of DCE is a modem (modulator/demodulator) or data set. At the transmit end, the modem can be considered a form of digital-to-analog converter.While at the receive end, it can be considered a form of analog-to-digital converter. 参考译文 数据通信 终端设备可以是计算机、打印机、键盘、CRT等。它们可以生成要发送的数字信息，也可以使用所接收的数字数据。这种设备通常在内部以字为单位处理数字信息。 DTE一般称为数据终端设备。辅助设备一方的相应设备是工作站控制器（STACO）。同时，DTE也是数据链路系统中属于用户端的最后一个设备。在两个DTE之间，先是调制解调器，接着是属于Telco电话公司维护的通信设备。数据通信设备（DCE）从DTE接收串行数据流，并将其转换成适合于在语音线路上发送的某种模拟信号形式。在接收端，DCE完成相反的功能，把接收到的模拟信号转换成串行数字数据流。最简单的DCE是调制解调器或数据传送机。在发送端，调制解调器可以视为一种数/模转换器，而在接收端则可视为一种模／数转换器。 Text 2 Architecture of Computer Networks Computer network is a complex unit, it consists of two or more connected computing units. It is used for the purpose of data communication and resource sharing. Design of a network and its logical structure should comply with a set of design principles. They include: the organization of functions, the description of data formats and procedure. In the following two sections we will discuss two important network architectures, the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model. (1)the OSI reference model The OSI (open systems interconnection) model was created by the ISO. This model is a foundation for comparing protocols; However, more protocols deviate from the rules set up by the OSI model. The OSI model has seven layers. Note that the OSI model itself is not a network architecture.
练习答案 PART ONE Computer Basics Unit 1 My Computer Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1．Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron 2．input; output 3．VLSI 4．workstations; mainframes 5．vacuum; transistors 6．instructions; software 7．digit; eight; byte 8．microminiaturization; chip II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1．artificial intelligence 人工智能 2．paper-tape reader 纸空阅读机 3．optical computer 光学计算机 4．neural network 神经网络 5．instruction set 指令集 6．parallel processing 平行处理 7．difference engine 差分机 8．versatile logical element 通用逻辑器件 9．silicon substrate 硅基 10．vacuum tube 真空管（电子管） 11．t he storage and handling of data 数据的存储与处理 12．very large-scale integrated circuit 超大规模集成电路 13．central processing unit 中央处理器 14．personal computer 个人计算机 15．analogue computer 模拟计算机 16．digital computer 数字计算机 17．general-purpose computer 通用计算机 18．processor chip 处理器芯片 19．operating instructions 操作指令 20．input device 输入设备 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.
1.判断题 （）1. Operating system first appeared during the third computer generation. （）2. Unlike the other buses, the address bus always receives data from the CPU; the CPU never reads the address bus. （）3. The main operations of set algebra are complementation, union and intersection. （）4. If an empty stack is popped, we say the stack overflows, which is normally an error. （）5. The CPU can be shared in a sequential manner only. （）6. Freeware is free software with no restriction. （）7. When writing data to memory, the CPU first outputs the data onto the data bus, then outputs the address onto the address bus. （）8．The FORTRAN programming language was developed during the first computer generation. （）9．A stack is a dynamic set that obeys the FIFO property. （）10．Two popular strategies for resource allocation are static allocation and dynamic allocation. （）11．The CPU can be shared in a sequential manner only. （）12. A program written in the assembly language of one microprocessor can run on a computer that has a different microprocessor. （）13. Object-oriented programming(OOP) is a programming language model organized around “objects” rather than “actions” and data rather than logic. （）14. FORTRAN is a particularly good language for processing numerical data, but it does not lend itself very well to organizing large programs. （）15. C++ and Smalltalk are two of the more popular object-oriented programming language. 2.词汇 Vacuum tube 真空管general purpose 通用transistor 晶体管 ：大规模集成电路）Large Scale Integrated Circuit（LSI． VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit）：超大规模集成电路 Mainframe 大型机medium-sized computer 中型机minicomputer 小型机 Microcomputer 小型机 machine language 机器语言assembly language 汇编语言high-level language 高级语言Multiprogramming 多道程序设计virtual memory 虚拟存储time-share 分时 Batch system 批处理系统interactive system 交互式系统 Instruction cycle 指令周期 Address bus, data bus, control bus Internal register内部寄存器external register 外部寄存器flag register标志寄存器 Instruction register 指令寄存器program counter程序计数器combinatorial logic组合逻辑Control signal 控制信号instruction code指令代码instruction pipeline指令流水线Bidirectional 双向的unidirectional 单向的 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) 算术逻辑单元
计算机专业英语全部答案(第三版)
Unit1 EX1 1 F 2 T 3 T 4 F 5 T 6 F 7 T 8 T 9 T 10F EX2 Input hardware, storage hardware, processing hardware, output hardware power, speed, memory central processing unit internal, primary, memory keyboard, central processing unit, main memory, monitor EX3 PARTA 1 F 2 D 3 G 4 C 5 B 6 A 7 E 8 H EX3 PART B 1 F 2 E 3 G 4 B 5 A 6 C 7D 8 H EX4 1 input device 2 screen 3 manipulates 4 instructions 5 retrieve 6 codes 7 hardcopy 8 function EX5 1 T 2 T 3 F 4 F 5 T 6 F 7 T 8 T
UNIT2 EX1 1 T 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 T 6 F 7 T 8 F EX2 1 sizes, shapes, processing capabilities 2 supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, microcomputers 3 mainframe computer 4 microcomputer, storage locations 5 portables, laptop computers, desktop workstations 6 semiconductor 7 CPU, memory, storage, devices, processing, users 8 microprocessor chip EX3 PARTA 1 C 2 A 3 H 4 I 5 E 6 F 7 G 8 J EX3 PARTB 1 capacity 2 device 3 laptop computer 4 Portable computers 5 Silicon 6 semiconductor 7 workstation 8 Voltage, voltage 9 RAM 10ROM EX4 1 portable 2 access 3 main memory
计算机专业英语考试试题及答案 一、判断1.(√)The cpu and memory are located on a special circuit beard in the system unit called the montherbocrd2.(√)the main difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that supercomputers are designed to execute a few programs as quickly as possible，whereas mainframes are designedto handle many programs running at the same(but at a slower pace)3.(×)Being computer fluent means that you should be able to build a computer yourself.4.(√)Embedded computers are selfcontained computer devices that have therv own programming and do not receive input5.(√)Currently，the performance of tasks by robot is based on preprinted algorithms1.(×)A web browser is a special device that is installed in your computer that allows it to communicate with devices on a network2.(√)data can be a number a word a picture，or a sound3.(√)strictly defined，a computer is a data processing device4.(√)one of the benefits of becoming computer fluent is being a savvy computer user and consumer and knowing how to avoid viruses the programs that pose treats to computer security 。 5(√)trend-spotting programs，developed for business，have been used to predict criminal activity二.写出中文 1.virtual function虚拟函数2.pointer 指针3.cursor 光标4.package 包裹 5. Boot 引导，自举6 TCP/IP 传输攻之协议/互联网协议7 DNS 域名服务8.HTTP 超文本传
Unit Five: Software Process Unit Five/Section A I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1. off-the-shelf 1 2. exclusive 2 3. cascade 3 4. requirements; integration 4 5. throwaway 5 6. immediate; stable 67. reuse-oriented; framework 78. software; compromises II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1 1. system specification 系统规格说明 2 2. unit testing 单位（或单元、部件）测试 3 3. software life cycle 软件生命周期（或生存周期） 4 4. system validation testing 系统验证测试 5 5. evolutionary development process 演化开发过程 6 6. simple linear model 简单线性模型 77. program unit 程序单元 88. throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型 99. text formatting 正文格式编排，文本格式化 1010. system evolution 系统演变 1111. 系统设计范例system design paradigm 1212. 需求分析与定义requirements analysis and definition 1313. 探索式编程方法exploratory programming approach 1414. 系统文件编制system documentation 1515. 瀑布模型waterfall model 1616. 系统集成system integration 1717. 商用现成软件commercial off-the-shelf ( 或COTS) software 1818. 基于组件的软件工程component-based software engineering (CBSE) 1919. 软件维护工具software maintenance tool 2020. 软件复用software reuse III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance to repair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors are more expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirements errors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may be necessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operating environment. This type of
一、Give out the full names for the following abbreviations(写出下列缩写词的全称)（15%） WAN__________________________________________________ HTTP__________________________________________________ NT____________________________________________________ CEO__________________________________________________ DBMS________________________________________________ ISP___________________________________________________ XML__________________________________________________ BIOS_________________________________________________ IT____________________________________________________ WWW_______________________________________________ 二、Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right )（10%） 1. output devices a. 操作系统 2. silicon b. 扩展存储器 3. expanded memory c. 硅 4. database administrator d. 输出设备 5. operating system e. 汇编语言 6. assembly language f. 数据库管理员 7. gateway g. 数字图像处理 8. laser technology h. 网关 9. digital image processing i. 制造过程 10.manufacturing process j. 激光技术 1. （ ） 6. （ ） 2. （ ） 7. （ ） 3. （ ） 8. （ ）
翻译：计算机英语（第二版）姜同强——第一章 第1 章计算机系统概述 数字计算机也称为电子计算机或计算机．它无处不在．很难发现有哪个领域没有使用计算机．在本章中．我们将介绍数字计算机、数据类型、计算机的发展和计算机分类， 1 . 1 数字计算机 数字计算机是处理各种计算任务的数字系统．“数字”的意思是计算机中的信息可由具有部分离散值的变量来表示，这些离散值的内部处理是由具有部分离散状态的部件完成的．例如．十进制数字O , l , 2 ，… 9 ．即提供了10 个离散值。第一台电子数字计算机产生于20 世纪40年代末，它主要用于数值计算，那时的离散元素即为数字．为了进行数值计算而产生了数字计算机．实际上．如果只使用两种状态．数字计算机的性能将更可靠。因为部件的物理约束和人们的逻辑处理需要．所以数字计算机使用具有两种值的离散数据．这种数据称为二进制。 数字计算机使用只有数字O 和l 的二进制数据系统．一个二进制数字称作位．在数字计算机中用一组二进制表示信息。应用各种编码技术．一组二进制数字不但可以表示二进制数据，而且还可以表示其他离散符号．如十进制数字或字母表中的字母．例如ASCII是用7 位二进制数字表示一个字符。通过合理使用二进制组合和各种编码技术．可产生用于完成各种类型计算的一系列指令。与基数为10 的十进制数相比．二进制数的基数为2 ．使用了数字O 和1 ．与一个二进制数等值的十进制数可以扩展为包含更多位的二进制数． 计算机系统是由硬件系统和软件系统组成的，硬件系统由看得见、摸得着的物理设备构成．如磁盘和屏幕。软件系统是管理计算机的无形“控制”，是运行在计算机中的所有程序，程序是指令的集台，它告诉硬件应该做什么，通常将计算机硬件分为3 个主要部分：输入和输出设备（I/O 设备）、中央处理器（CPU）和存储器。在第2 章中对硬件部分进行详细介绍．软件可以按其用途分类。应用软件是为诸如会计、娱乐和工程领域之类的处理任务而设计的，如果玩过计算机游戏或用字处理软件输入入过文件内容．则用户已经具有使用应用软件的体验。另一方面．系统软件控制计算机系统，它不仅包括专业人员用于创建应用软件的复杂程序．而且还包括用于启动计算机和提供给其他程序使用的管理程序．这部分内容将在第2 章和第6 章中详细介绍， 1 . 2 数据类型 数字计算机中的二进制信息存储在存储器或处理器的寄存器中。寄存器的内容为数据或控制信息。控制信息为一位或多位．用于表明控制信号的顺序．这些信号用于处理其他寄存器的数据．数据是数字和其他二进制代码信息．通过处理这些数据得到所需的计算结果．下面介绍在数字计算机最常用的数据类型和各种数据类型在计算机的寄存器中如何以二进制代码的形式表示． 数字计算机寄存器中的数据可分类如下； ．数值数据常用来表示整数．n位无符号整数．其值的表示范围为O ～-l ；n位带符号整数．其值的表示范围为- ～-1。这两种格式的数据可以用于算术运算。有些数值数据不能表示为整数。这些数值在计算机中用浮点格式表示．典型的如小数部分。计算机中有专用于浮点数的寄存器和指令。 ．布尔值TRUE 和FALSE 经常被被使用．这使它们有自己的数据类型一一布尔型和汇编语言指令．常用0 值表示FALSE ．用非0 值表示TRUE 。布尔汇编语言 指令可以对布尔数据执行逻辑操作。与逻辑指令每位都产生操作结果不同，布尔指令只产生一个结果。下面举例来说明它们的不同，若A=0000 0010 , B =0000 0001，则二进制数据的逻辑与运算的给果为0000 0000；然而，如果它们是布尔值，因为它们均为非O ，所以A 和B 均为TRUE ，对它们进行布尔与运算给果为TRUE ，用非O 值表示。 ．计算机也可处理字符型数据。字符型数据用ASCII、EBCDIC 、UNICODE或其他字符编码标准编码后的二进制数据进行存储。计算机能将若干字符连成串，用一些字符代替其他字符或另行处理字符串，而不是用算术方法或逻辑方法处理字符。有些汇编语言指令集中包含了直接处理字符数据的指令，而另一些汇编语言指令集中则运用其他指令构成例程来达到相同的结果。 1.3 计算机的发展 第一台大型电子计算机是电子数字模拟计算机（ENIAC）,它诞生于1946 年．从此计算机经历了4 个发展年代或阶段。每一年代的特点是：与上一年代相比，体积更小，费用更低。 1 ．第一代（1944-1958）
1 6. 计算机专业英语试题 2 I . Vocabulary （词汇）（30 分） （一） .Tran slate the follow ing words and expressio ns into Chi nese （写出下列词组的 汉语。）（共 10 分，每题 1 分） 1. operati ng system _______________________________ 2. white box testi ng _______________________________ 3. hard disk ________________________________ 4. man ageme nt in formatio n system ______________________________ 5. electr onic commerce _______________________________ 6. relati onal database ________________________________ 7. software engin eeri ng ______________________________ 8. .software maintenance _________________________________ 9. menu bar 10. network security （二） .Fill in the blanks with the corresponding English abbreviations. （根据汉语写出相应的 英语缩写。） （共 10分，每 题1分） 2. _ 广域网 4 .文件传送［输］协 6 .面向对象编程 8 .结构化查询语言 10 .开放系统互 （三） Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right 1. applicati on software a. 音频 2. mach ine Ian guage b. 应用软件 3. structured program ming c. 机器语言 4. functional test ing d. 软件测试 5. memory e. 结构化程序设计 6. relati onal database f. 内存 7. firewall g. 功能测试 8. software test ing h. 关系数据库 9. hacker i. 黑客 10. audio j. 防火墙 column.（将左列的词汇与右列相应的汉语匹配。 1.只读存储器 ________________________ 3.传输控制协议 ______________________ 5.通用串行总线 ______________________ 7.集成开发环境 _____________________ 9.数据库管理系统 ____________________ ）（10分，每空1分）