The outer surface of the hyphal or spore walls in these cases is usually found to be composed of a layer of 10-nm-wide rodlets composed of proteins which modify the biophysical properties of the wall surface; the most commonly encountered family of such proteins are called hydrophobins (Wessels, 1996; W?sten & de Vocht, 2000; Sunde et al., 2008; Cox & Hooley, 2009). Hydrophobins belong to a large, diverse group of related proteins found widely in the fungi; when expressed to the maximum they may constitute up to 10% of total wall protein. Each molecule consists of a hydrophobic domain and a hydrophilic domain; that is, they are amphipathic (a term you may have met in relation to the phospholipids that make up biological membranes, which also have a hydrophilic group at one end and a hydrophobic group at the other). Their
amino-terminal part determines the hydrophilic side of the assemblage. The amphipathic structure of hydrophobins provides the molecules with an extraordinary potential array of functions:
?enable hyphae to break through the water/air interface of fluid habitats;
?provide the hydrophobicity required by hyphae and spores in contact with air;
?participate in morphogenetic signalling, initiating conidiation and fruit body formation;
?have important roles in tissue formation, particularly in controlling fluid and air spaces;
?promote adhesion between the cell wall of the fungus and the hydrophobic surfaces of plants and insects, and so potentiate infection and aid penetration of the host surface;
?fail to activate the immune system; e.g. aerial conidia of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium that have surface layers of hydrophobin. The hydrophobin rodlets are said to ‘immunologically silence airborne moulds’, which means that although fungal spores ar e ubiquitous in the air we breathe they neither continuously activate host immunity nor induce inflammatory responses after inhalation (Aimanianda et al., 2009);
?mediate symbiotic interactions with plant roots (mycorrhizas) and algae (lichens).
The molecules that do all this are relatively small proteins, usually around 100 amino acids, that have extensive homologies and characteristically contain signal sequences for secretion, and eight cysteine residues conserved in the same position. These eight conserved cysteine residues form four disulphide bridges and they prevent
self-assembly of the hydrophobin in the absence of a hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface. Hydrophobins are unique to mycelial fungi but are expressed by both Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Each fungus has genes for more than one, often more than ten different hydrophobins, and the genes are usually expressed at different times. In Schizophyllum commune the hydrophobin found in the vegetative hyphal wall differs from that expressed in the hyphal walls of the fruit body (Wessels, 1996).
Hydrophobins are excreted from the hyphal tip; if the hypha is in an aqueous environment, the hydrophobins pass into solution. But the protein molecules are able to
self-assemble into covering films at the water/air (i.e. hydrophilic/hydrophobic) interface and when a hypha emerges from the solution, the polypeptide polymerises on the surface of the hyphal wall, forming an array of parallel rodlets. Each hydrophobin molecule is bound to the fungal wall by its hydrophilic end, the hydrophobic domain being exposed to the outside world (Linder et al., 2005; Cox & Hooley, 2009). A difference in solubility of these assemblages divides hydrophobins into two groups: class I hydrophobins form highly insoluble membranes dissolved only by trifluoroacetic acid and formic acid, while assemblies of class II hydrophobins dissolve readily in ethanol or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
The hydrophobin assembly on the hypha reduces water movement through the wall, giving protection from desiccation, but the exposed hydrophobic surface enables bonding to other hydrophobic surfaces. This happens because hydrophobes are not electrically polarised and the lowest energy state for two hydrophobes is for them to bond together to exclude electrically polarised water molecules. A fungal wall coated with hydrophobins will be able to use this hydrophobic interaction to bond to other aerial hyphae, leading to the formation of multicellular hyphal structures. A
hydrophobin-coated spore could also attach immediately and firmly to the hydrophobic (for example, waxy) surface of its plant or insect host, giving time for formation of appressoria or other penetration structures.
Within fungal tissues, and that includes the tissues of lichen thalli, hydrophobins provide control over the movement of water and gases within the tissue because the exposed hydrophobic domains prevent waterlogging in air spaces, and allow the fungus to control which channels through the tissue are used for movement of water and aqueous nutrients, and which are kept free of fluid and used for movement of gases (W?sten & de Vocht, 2000; Sunde et al., 2008). The remarkable ability of hydrophobins to change the nature of a surface (they turn hydrophobic surfaces hydrophilic and hydrophilic surfaces hydrophobic) make hydrophobins interesting candidates for use in commercial and medical applications (Cox & Hooley, 2009; Cox et al., 2009).
Another fungal wall protein that deserves specific mention is the glycoprotein known as glomalin, which is produced abundantly in the walls of hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil and in roots. What makes this protein deserving of mention is the amount of it that is produced. It permeates soil organic matter, and can accounts for around 30% of the carbon in soil. In the soil, glomalin forms clumps of soil granules called aggregates that add structure to soil. It is such a major component of soil organic matter that the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, which is not normally sensationalist, published an article in
the September 2002 issue of its Agricultural Research magazine entitled 'Glomalin: hiding place for a third of the world’s stored soil carbon', which explains that: ‘Glomalin gives soil its tilth - that subtle texture that enables experienced farmers and gardeners to judge great soil by feeling the smooth granules as they flow through their fingers’ (CLICK HERE to view the page [requires Internet connection]).
Glomalin is produced only by members of the Glomeromycota, fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizas. When first discovered it was clearly present in such quantity that it must make a massive contribution to the aggregation of soil particles. So it was first thought that it must be secreted or otherwise released into the soil by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi specifically to control soil structure, a mechanism that has been called habitat engineering. The view being that increased soil aggregation (i.e. improved tilth) would benefit the host plant, and thereby the associated mycorrhizal fungus, and so justify the energetic ‘cost’ of producing the glomalin. There is some experimental support for this idea though there is also evidence that glomalin is not secreted, but is covalently bound into the hyphal wall matrix where it protects the hypha. It may be that the characteristics that enable glomalin to protect the hyphal wall also allow the protein to promote soil aggregation (Driver et al., 2005; Purin & Rillig, 2007).
Updated February 25, 2011
6.9 The fungal wall as a clinical target
We will deal with therapeutic antifungal agents and their targets in detail in Chapter 18, but we can’t end a discussion of hyphal cell walls without mentioning the obvious point that synthesis and assembly of the fungal cell wall is an attractive target for antifungal chemotherapy. Antifungals that target chitin synthesis are of limited use at the moment even though the importance of chitin in the structure of the fungal wall would seem to make it an excellent target. Currently, the chitin synthesis inhibitors available are the naturally occurring nikkomycins and polyoxins, and their synthetic derivatives. These are analogues of the chitin synthase substrate, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, and act as competitive inhibitors of chitin synthase. They can be effective when used in conjunction with other antifungal agents, but tend to be ineffective alone because of limited uptake of the inhibitors (Bowman & Free, 2006).
The only aspect of wall synthesis that is effectively targeted by commercially available antifungal agents currently is the β1,3-glucan synthase, which is inhibited by
the echinocandins. These non-competitive inhibitors of the glucan synthase are known to bind to the glucan synthase catalytic subunit. Echinocandins cause fungal cells to swell and the walls lyse at places of active cell wall synthesis.
Most pharmaceuticals currently in use for treatment of mycoses target aspects of fungal biology other than the cell walls. The most commonly used antifungals are azoles and polyene antibiotics which target ergosterol in the fungal plasma membrane. However, the structure of the cell wall is unique to the fungi and there are many steps controlled by enzymes that lack homologues in the human genome and are therefore good candidates as therapeutics: aside from chitin and glucan synthases and enzymes involved in cross-linking wall components, there are the mannosyltransferases and glycosyltransferases in the Golgi apparatus, and the steps involved in attaching GPI
anchors to cell wall proteins (Bowman & Free, 2006). These are the targets for future research.
Updated February 25, 2011
Chapter 6.10 References and further reading
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Latgé, J.-P., Mouyna, I., Tekaia, F., Beauvais, A., Debeaupuis, J.P. & Nierman, W. (2005). Specific molecular features in the organization and biosynthesis of the cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus. Medical Mycology, 43: 15-22.
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Updated February 25, 2011
Chapter 7: From the haploid to the functional diploid: homokaryons, heterokaryons, dikaryons and compatibility
Most fungal mycelia contain haploid nuclei. This is a characteristic of Kingdom Fungi; unlike the other major eukaryotic groups, most true fungi are haploid. Even in
fungus-like organisms in the Oomycota (Kingdom Chromista) like Phytophthora infestans, the cause of potato blight, the nuclei are diploid. This difference in ploidy is an
important contrast between ‘true’ and ‘non-true’ fungi. Of course, there are exceptions to every rule and some true fungi are diploid, like Candida albicans, a yeast which
causes disease in humans; and rhizomorphs and fruit bodies of Armillaria mellea (a pathogen of trees that belongs to the Basidiomycota)(Peabody et al., 2000).
In this chapter compatibility and the individualistic mycelium will be our main concerns.
Formation and breakdown of heterokaryons and the nature and maintenance of the dikaryon are major topics, as are the mechanisms that regulate these processes:
vegetative compatibility and the incompatibility systems. We also discuss gene
segregation during the mitotic division cycle, which culminates conceptually in what is known as the parasexual cycle. Finally, we consider the segregations of the cytoplasmic genetic entities, mitochondria, plasmids, viruses and prions.
Updated February 25, 2011
7.1 Compatibility and the individualistic mycelium
Because of the difference in ploidy, the life cycles of true fungi and those of other major groups of eukaryotes differ significantly. For example, for most true fungi diploid nuclei are only produced transiently during sexual reproduction, whereas the haploid state is limited to the gametes in most animals and plants. For true fungi there is great variation in how the process of sexual reproduction is achieved, that is in the mechanics of the process; and there is also a great variation in the duration of each phase of sexual reproduction. Indeed diploids even occur in nature. A study that collected 154 isolates of Aspergillus nidulans from nature found that 140 were haploid strains and 14 were diploid. The diploid strains were not stable in cultivation, though, and eventually became haploid.
When they are formed, whether naturally or by some experimental manipulation, diploid nuclei are larger than haploids and the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio is correspondingly higher (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Diagrammatic comparison of germinating haploid and diploid spores of Aspergillus
nidulans. Redrawn from camera lucida drawings in Fiddy & Trinci, 1976.
One consequence of being haploid is that all mutations can be expressed as there is only one copy of each chromosome in the nucleus. However, as there are many nuclei in a common cytoplasm, mutations occurring in individual nuclei may not be expressed because any lost functions will be provided by the many normal nuclei in the same hyphal system.
The fungal kingdom is very large and diverse, and as a consequence of this the part played by sexual reproduction in the life cycle of fungi is also very diverse. At one
extreme of the spectrum of behaviour, fungi display many forms of sexuality that govern the bringing together of genetic information from different parents into some
arrangement that eventually produces a (potentially heterozygous) diploid nucleus. This nucleus undergoes meiotic division during which chromosomal segregation and genetic recombination take place as in every other eukaryote. At the other extreme, there are fungi that are completely asexual organisms. In the past, most examples of these have been separately classified, as Deuteromycetes or Deuteromycota, but molecular
methods allow them now to be placed alongside their sexually reproducing relatives (Burnett, 1968; Elliott, 1994; Moore-Landecker, 1996).
Asexual organisms are not static in an evolutionary sense because they can generate variation by modifying genetic expression or by adapting processes that occur during the mitotic division to produce asexual propagules in which chromosomes have segregated in new combinations or which contain recombinant chromosomes (Geiser et al., 1996;
Taylor et al., 1999; Pringle & Taylor, 2002)(details below, CLICK HERE to see it now).
Before we can take the discussion very much further, we have to define some of our vocabulary. A homokaryon is a mycelium in which all nuclei are of the same genotype;
in a heterokaryon, the nuclei in the mycelium have two or more genotypes. A species is homothallic if an individual can complete the sexual cycle on its own, but as we will explain below, there are different ways in which homothallism can be achieved. We should also emphasise that a homothallic species is not limited to self-fertilisation. Two homothallic strains may well interbreed, either in nature or with ‘assistance’ in the laboratory. The point is that a homothallic species has the ability to self-fertilise, it is not
a necessity.
In contrast, for a heterothallic species, sexual reproduction requires interaction of two different individuals. Individual isolates of heterothallic fungi are self-sterile or
self-incompatible, but can be cross-compatible. Heterokaryosis results from the fusion of hyphae of different isolates, followed by migration of nuclei from one hypha into the other, so that the hyphae come to have two kinds of nuclei, and such a hypha is
a heterokaryon.
In the most highly adapted version of this behaviour, in model basidiomycetes
like Coprinopsis cinerea and Schizophyllum commune, a basidiospore germinates to produce homokaryotic mycelium with uninucleate cells, called a monokaryon. When two monokaryons meet, hyphal anastomoses occur, and, if they are vegetatively compatible, nuclei of one migrate into the mycelium of the other, the dolipore septa between the cells being broken down to allow the nuclei to migrate. If, in addition, the nuclei have compatible mating types, the new growth and the cells of much of the
pre-existing mycelium will form binucleate cells, containing one nucleus of each monokaryotic parent; this mycelium is called a dikaryon.
However, there are some important differences in life style between higher fungi and other eukaryotes that have great genetic significance. First, many fungal mycelia can tolerate (in fact, more than tolerate, can benefit from) the presence of several genetically distinct nuclei within their hyphae. This probably arises from the second important difference that we have already mentioned, namely the fact that hyphal anastomoses occur very readily within the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota but are not observed in the zygomycetes.
An important benefit of heterokaryosis is that recessive mutations will not be expressed in a heterokaryon if sufficient nuclei containing the dominant alleles are present (and unless manipulated by an experimenter, recessive mutations are always in the minority). The presence of unexpressed recessive mutations in a population of nuclei in a heterokaryon means that such mycelia have a larger gene pool than homokaryons and this provides the potential for evolutionary selection and hence a more immediate response to environmental stress. Thus, despite being haploid, true fungi are a successful group and this success can be attributed in large part to their use of heterokaryosis to overcome the genetic and physiological disadvantages associated with having just a single nuclear genotype (whether haploid or diploid) within the vegetative growing body.
Updated February 25, 2011
7.2 Formation of heterokaryons
Hyphal anastomosis, of course, is the fusion between hyphae or hyphal branches, and we have described the process of breakdown of two hyphal walls and union between two separate plasma membranes to bring the cytoplasms of the fusing hyphae into continuity with each other. It is the consequence of this that’s important here: once they are in continuity, they can exchange nuclei and other organelles. Of course, this happens in the gametic fertilisation which is a prelude to sexual reproduction in animals and plants.
Fungi differ because anastomosis is not limited to sexual reproduction; rather, hyphal fusions are essential to the efficient functioning of the mycelium of filamentous
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Anastomoses convert the initially radiating system of hyphae into a fully interconnected (and three-dimensional) network. Hyphal fusions are common within the individual mycelium as it matures. The interconnections they
establish enable transport of nutrient and signalling molecules anywhere in the colony.
Table 1. Frequency of the occurrence of heterokaryons amongst fungi isolated from nature
Species Number of
isolates
Percentage of isolates found to be
heterokaryons
Aspergillus glaucus 15 13
Penicillium cyclopium 16 25 to 50 Sclerotinia trifoliorum 10 60
Heterokaryons do occur in nature (Table 1). Evidently, higher fungi are fully equipped with the machinery necessary for hyphal tips to target other hyphae and this is part of normal mycelial development; it is not a specialisation of the sexual cycle, nor a
peculiarity of in vitro cultivation. It is complex machinery, though, because during
normal mycelial growth vegetative hyphae usually avoid each other (known
as negative autotropism), behaviour that promotes exploration and exploitation of the available substrate. Anastomosis requires that hyphae grow towards each other (called positive autotropism). How and why the usual avoidance reactions between hyphae become reversed is unknown but, evidently, it is a change in the behaviour of hyphal tips that occurs as the mycelium matures (and may depend on local population density).
Higher fungi, therefore, have a mechanism that promotes cell fusions to an extent that is never encountered in animals, plants or even lower fungi and their more primitive relatives. The process brings two different cytoplasms into one (joint) mycelium, and also brings nuclei originating from two different mycelia into the same (joint) cytoplasm (Fig. 2). The genetic consequences of this for the heterokaryon are important. Alleles in separate nuclei in a heterokaryon will complement each other; in the example shown in Fig. 1 a heterokaryon formed from a lysine-requiring strain (a nutritionally
deficient auxotroph) and an adenine auxotroph will be able to grow on a minimal medium (one that contains neither of these nutrients), although the two constituent homokaryons will not.
The ratio of different nuclei in a heterokaryotic mycelium may influence both its
morphology (branching frequency, for example) and growth rate (by affecting hyphal extension). Thus, the phenotype of a heterokaryon is determined by the balance of nuclei in the heterokaryon. Equally, the ratio of different nuclei will itself be influenced by the environmental and growth conditions.
Fig. 2. Homokaryosis and heterokaryosis as illustrated by Aspergillus nidulans (Ascomycota). Top, diagrams of the different ways in which hyphal fusion may occur between homokaryons. Bottom, diagram of a heterokaryon being formed by two homokaryons. When the nuclei in the heterokaryotic mycelium are of two or more genotypes, alleles in separate nuclei in a heterokaryon may complement each other. In this diagrammatic example a heterokaryon formed from a lysine auxotroph and an adenine auxotroph will be able to grow on minimal medium, although the two constituent homokaryons will not.
大学全文及解释文件排版存档编号：[UYTR-OUPT28-KBNTL98-UYNN208]
《大学》全文及解释1大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。 译文：于大学的宗旨在弘扬光明正大的品德，在于使人弃旧图新，在于使人达到最完善的境界 2知止而后有定，定而后能静，静而后能安，安而后能虑，虑而后能得。 译文：知道应达到的境界才能够志向坚定；志向坚定才能够镇静不躁；镇静不躁才能够心安理得；心安理得才能够思虑周详；思虑周详才能够有所收获。 3物有本末，事有终始。知所先后，则近道矣。 【译文】每样东西都有根本有枝末，每件事情都有开始有终结。明白了这本末始终的道理，就接近事物发展的规律了 4【原文】 古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国。欲治其国者，先齐其家。欲齐其家者，先修其身。欲修其身者，先正其心。欲正其心者，先诚其意。欲诚其意者，先致其知；致知在格物。物格而后知至，知至而后意诚，意诚而后心正，心正而后身修，身修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平。 【译文】 古代那些要想在天下弘扬光明正大品德的人，先要治理好自己的国家；要想治理好自己的国家，先要管理好自己的家庭和家族；要想管理好自己的家庭和家族，先要修养自身的品性；要想修养自身的品性，先要端正自己的心思；要想端正自己的心思，先要使自己的意念真诚；要想使自己的意念真诚，先要使自己获得知识；获得知识的途径在于认识、研究万事万物。
通过对万事万物的认识，研究后才能获得知识；获得知识后意念才能真诚；意念真诚后心思才能端正；心思端正后才能修养品性；品性修养后才能管理好家庭和家族；管理好家庭和家族后才能治理好国家；治理好国家后天下才能太平。 5物物格而后知至，知至而后意诚，意诚而后心正，心正而后身修，身修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平 译文：通过对万事万物的认识、研究后才能获得知识；获得知识后意念才能真诚；意念真诚后心思才能端正；心思端正后才能修养品性；品性修养后才能管理好家庭和家族；管理好家庭和家族后才能治理好国家；治理好国家后天下才能太平 6【原文】 自天子以至于庶人，壹是皆以修身为本。其本乱而末治者，否矣。其所厚者薄，而其所薄者厚，未之有也! 【译文】 上自国家君王，下至平民百姓，人人都要以修养品性为根本。若这个根本被扰乱了，家庭、家族、国家、天下要治理好是不可能的。不分轻重缓急、本末倒置却想做好事情，这也同样是不可能的! 7【原文】“如切如磋”者，道学也；“如琢如磨”者，自修也；。 【译文】这里所说的“像加工骨器，不断切磋”，是指做学问的态度；这里所说的“像打磨美玉，反复琢磨”，是指自我修炼的精神； 8君子贤其贤而亲其亲；小人乐其乐而利其利，此以没世不忘也。 【译文】君主贵族们能够以前代的君王为榜样，尊重贤人，亲近亲族，一般平民百姓也都蒙受恩泽，享受安乐，获得利益。所以，虽然前代君王已经去世，但人们是永远不会忘记他们的。 9【原文】所谓致知在格物者，言欲致吾之知，在即物而穷其理也
Not everyone agrees on what is right and what is wrong,(并非每个人对什么是对、什么是错都持一样的看法)nor does everyone agree on what is good and bad for children. Jacques Muller thinks money is the most important thing in the world, but unfortunately, money is not everything.（但是遗憾的是，金钱并非一切）Speaking of hamburgers not all Americans like them.（并非所有美国人都喜欢吃）Not all people share the same interests（人的兴趣不尽相同）,but we can still like make friends with people who do not have our interests. Unit 2 （1）Often it is in overcoming hardships that we come to appreciate the value of life.（才懂得珍惜生命的价值） （2）Some scientists believe that people will come to be found of genetically modified crops someday（人们总有一天会喜欢转基因农作物的）since they can increase yields and farms＇incomes, reduce prices and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world. （3）With repeated hackers＇attacks on our system,we have come to realize the necessity of hiring a computer-security expert.（我们逐渐意识到有必须聘请一位计算机安全专家。） （4）Having conducted some surveys in Chinese kindergartens, Howard Gardner came to realize that the Chinese preferred “teaching by holding the hand”.（逐渐认识到中国人喜欢“把着手教”。） Unit 3 is not such an unusual word as it used to be (因特网已不再是一个不同寻常的字眼). In today’s electronic age , it is changing the way customers behave-in deciding what products to buy , and where to buy them . business suit has long been the uniform for male office workers .most men do not look unattractive in them(大多数男人穿上西装看上去倒不是没有魅力) . The problem is sometimes ,especially at the height of summer ,their movement seems to be restricted . as she is , she is not unconcerned by her sudden unemployment(尽管她富裕，她对突然遭到解雇并非无动于衷). York City was once the murder capital of the world . Due to a new policy called “zero-tolerance”, the policy of not tolerating even the smallest crime , the city can now be seen as a leader in crime fighting .This claim is not unrealistic in view of a sharp decrease in the city’s violent crimes.(鉴于严重犯罪活动的大幅下降，这样的声言并非不切实际). skips breakfast on a daily basis; frequently misses meals in order to accommodate busy work or social schedules; eats a lot of fast-food; and fails to exercise regularly .his poor health is not unrelated to his unhealthy way of life .（他身体欠佳，与他不健康的生活方式不无关系）. Unit 5 1. Fifty years ago it was taken for granted(人们理所当然地认为) that marriage was the goal of every young woman’s inmost thought, and the aim for her of her father and
Unit1 2d： Jane: 你好，鲍勃，你想加入什么俱乐部？ Bob:我想加入运动俱乐部。 Jane:棒极了!你会玩什么运动？ Bob:足球. Jane:这么说你可以加入足球俱乐部。 Bob:那么你呢？你非常善长讲故事.你可以加入讲故事俱乐部。 Jane:听起来不错。但我也喜欢画画。 Bob:那就加入两个俱乐部，讲故事俱乐部和美术俱乐部! Jane:好的，让我们现在去加入吧！ Section B 2a： 1.你好，我是Peter，我喜欢打篮球。我会说英语，我也会踢足球。 2.你好，我是Ma Huan，我会打乒乓球和下国际象棋。我喜欢与人们交谈和做游戏。 3.我的名字是Alan。我在学校音乐俱乐部。我会弹吉他和钢琴。我也会唱歌和跳舞。 2b: (A)我们老人之家需要帮助。在七月份你有空吗？你善于与老人相处吗？你会与他们说话做游戏吗？他们会给你讲故事，你们可以交 朋友。它既有趣又好玩！请在今天拨打电话698-7729与我们联系。 (C)放学后你忙吗？不忙？你会说英语吗？是吗？那么，我们需要 你帮助说英语的学生做运动。这事轻松的，容易的！请来学生运动中心吧。拨打电话293-7742联系Mr.Brown. (B)你会弹钢琴或者拉小提琴吗？在周末你有时间吗？学校需要帮助教音乐。它不难！拨打电话555-3721联系https://www.doczj.com/doc/eb18645119.html,ler. Unit2 翻译课文 2d： Interviewer :Scott有一份有趣的工作。他在一家广播电台工作。Scott，你的广播节目在几点？Scott:从晚上十二点到早上六点。 Interviewer :你通常几点起床？ Scott:晚上八点半。然后我九点吃早饭。 Interviewer :那是个有趣的早饭的时间。 Scott:是的。之后，我通常在十点二十左右锻炼。 Interviewer :你什么时候去上班？ Scott:在十一点，所以我工作从不迟到。 2b：你好，我是Tony，我不喜欢早起床。在早上，我八 点起床。然后，我在八点三十去上学。我没有许多时间吃早 饭，因此，我通常吃的非常快。午饭我通常吃汉堡。放学后，我有时打半小时篮球。当我到家的时候，我总是先做作业。在晚上，我要么看电视，要么玩电脑游戏。在十点三十，我刷牙，然后上床睡觉。 Mary是我的妹妹。她通常在六点半起床。然后她总是洗淋浴，吃丰盛的早饭。然后，她在八点三十去上学。在十二点，她吃许多水果和蔬菜作为午饭。午饭后，她有时打排球。她总是在晚饭后吃冰激凌。她知道那对她不好，但冰激凌尝起来好极了！在晚上，她做家庭作业，通常还要游泳或者散步。在九点三十，她上床睡觉。
当前常用政治术语的英文翻译 作者：夜孔守望| 来源：沪江博客 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the gre at rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside
中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second\third)generation 人民民主专政the people's democratic dictatorship 国民经济体系national economic system 综合国力aggregate national strength 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP) 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China 加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality. “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。
外研版精装修正版七年级下册全部课文翻译 1初一下册Module 1 Lost and found 2M1U1 Whose bag is this? 这是谁的书包？ 李老师：欢迎大家回到学校！首先，来看看失物招领箱！里面有好多东西。这是谁的书包？ 玲玲：哦，对不起！是我的。我的蜡笔也在里面吗？ 李老师：这些蜡笔是你的吗？ 玲玲：是的，是我的，还有这块橡皮也是。谢谢你。 李老师：这些磁带是谁的？ 大明：是我的。 李老师：这里有一个紫色的钱包。 托尼：它是我的。看！这里有我的名字“托尼”！谢谢。 李老师：不客气！看这块不错的表，也是你的吗,大明？ 大明：不，不是。我想它是贝蒂的。 玲玲：是的，是她的。 李老师：同学们，从现在开始，请大家注意保管好自己的物品。 大明：这里有一些漂亮的手套。他们是谁的？ 李老师：让我看看……哦，他们是我的！谢谢你！ 2 M1U2 他们是你的吗？ 纽约市失物招领处 欢迎来到纽约市失物招领处。 人们在旅行时或者是匆忙之间经常会丢弃东西。 他们把东西落在飞机上、火车上、汽车上或出租车上。 那就是为什么机场和车站会设有失物招领处。 纽约市失物招领处非常大。每天会有上百人来到这里。 他们来找他们的电话机、照相机、手表、计算机和许多其他东西。 我们通常大约有两千部手机和一千部照相机。 此时此刻，在纽约市失物招领处还有一些不同寻常的东西。 那里大约有一百辆自行车和一艘大船。还有许多动物。 本周有三只狗，两只鸭子和一头猪！它们是谁的？它们是你的吗？我们不知道。 你正在寻找十五公斤重的香肠吗？它们也在这里！ 3 Module 2 What can you do? 你会做什么？ M2U1 I can play the piano. 我会弹钢琴。 大明：看，本学期的新社团公布在布告栏里了。我想参加音乐社团，因为我会弹钢琴。你呢，贝蒂？贝蒂：我喜欢烹饪，所以我能参加吃喝社团。你会做饭吗，大明？ 大明：不，我不太会。嗯，我会做鸡蛋，不过仅此而已。玲玲呢？她能参加哪个社团？ 贝蒂：我想她会参加舞蹈社团，因为她跳舞跳得很好。托尼，你呢？
中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称哲学Philosophy 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism xx 哲学Chinese Philosophy xx 哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic
西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学(含保险学) Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics
七年级下册英语课文翻译 李老师：欢迎大家回到学校！首先，来看看失物招领箱！里面有好多东西。这是谁的书包？玲玲：哦，对不起！是我的。我的蜡笔也在里面吗？ 李老师：这些蜡笔是你的吗？ 玲玲：是的，是我的，还有这块橡皮也是。谢谢你 李老师：这些磁带是谁的？ 大明：是我的。 李老师：这里有一个紫色的钱包。 托尼：它是我的。看！这里有我的名字“托尼”！谢谢。 李老师：不客气！看这块不错的表，也是你的吗,大明？ 大明：不，不是。我想它是贝蒂的。 玲玲：是的，是她的。 李老师：同学们，从现在开始，请大家注意保管好自己的物品。 大明：这里有一些漂亮的手套。他们是谁的？ 李老师：让我看看…… 哦，他们是我的！谢谢你！ M1U2 《纽约市失物招领处》 欢迎来到纽约市失物招领处人们在旅行时或者是匆忙之间经常会丢弃东西。他们把东西 落在飞机上、火车上、汽车上或出租车上。那就是为什么机场和车站会设有失物招领处。纽约市失物招领处非常大。每天会有上百
人来到这里他们来找他们的电话机、照相机、手表、计算机和许多其他东西。我们通常大约有两千部手机和一千部照相机。 此时此刻，在纽约市失物招领处还有一些不同寻常的东西。那里大约有三百辆自行车和一艘大船，还有许多动物，本周有三只狗，两只鸭子和一头猪！它们是谁的？它们是你的吗？ 我们不知道，你正在寻找十五公斤重的香肠吗？它们在这里！ M2U1 大明：看，本学期的新社团公布在布告栏里了。我想参加音乐社团，因为我会弹钢琴。你 呢，贝蒂？ 贝蒂：我喜欢烹饪，所以我能参加吃喝社团。你会做饭吗，大明？ 大明：不，我不太会。嗯，我会做鸡蛋，不过仅次而已。玲玲呢？她能参加哪个社团？贝蒂：我想她会参加舞蹈社团，因为她跳舞跳得很好。托尼，你呢？ 托尼：我想参加汉语社团。我的汉语说不好。 大明：别担心你的汉语。我们可以教你汉语！所以选个你最喜欢的社团吧！ 托尼：那好吧。我打乒乓球，所以我选择乒乓球社团。那是我最喜欢的。 M2U2 现在是新学期的开始，我们正在选新一届的班委。 我想当班长。我和每个人，无论同学还是老师都相处得很融洽。
Unit 3 近年来，随着互联网技术的迅猛发展，互联网经济已成为一个热门话题。以蓬勃发展的电子商务为代表的互联网经济已成为经济发展的重要引擎。我国政府高度重视发展互联网经济，提出了“互联网+”的概念，以推动互联网与医疗、交通、教育、金融、公共服务等领域的结合。这将为互联网经济的发展提供极大的发展潜力和更广阔的发展空间。随着“互联网+”战略的深入实施，互联网必将与更多传统行业进一步融合，助力打造“中国经济升级版”。 In recent years, with the rapid development of Internet technology, the Internet economy has become a hot issue. As represented by the promising E-commerce, the Internet economy has become a strong driving force for the economic development. Our government attaches great importance to developing the I nternet economy and proposes the concept of “Internet Plus”, aiming to integrate the Internet with other industries, such as health care, transportation, education, finance, and public service. This will create great potential and broad prospects for the development of the Internet economy. With the implementation of the “Internet Plus” strategy, the Internet is certain to be integrated with more traditional industries and help build “the upgraded version of the Chinese economy”.
1) ___________________________(她决心继续追求) the better life she had dreamed of. 2) Y ou may have to reduce your dependence on fuels by ___________________________ _________________(减少你的日常消耗). 3) ________________________________(谈到生活观), different people hold different opinions towards it. 4) _____________________________________(我们目前靠四台电脑暂时还能应付)，but we’ll need a couple more when the new staff arrive. 5) ______________________________(疑人不用)，nor suspect someone you employ. 1) She decided to keep on pursuing 2) Cutting down on your daily consumption 3) When it comes to the view about life 4) We can get by with four computers at the moment 5) Don’t employ someone you suspect unit 2 1) _______________________(冒着巨大的危险), a group of volunteers took on the mission to transport food, clothes and medicine to the quake zone. 2) The people were trapped ____________________________________(当敌军开始逼近时). 3) _________________________________(她坚信) that she was right. 4) _____________________________________(在很多黑人看来), Lincoln was America’s greatest president thanks to his outstanding exploits. 5) ____________________________(她女扮男装), so she could fight on the battlefield. 1) At huge risk 2) when the enemy army began to close in (on them) 3) She had a firm conviction 4) In the eyes of many African-Americans 5）She disguised herself as a man
第一单元 SectionA 图片您的笔友来自哪？她来自澳大利亚。您的笔友来自哪？她来自日本。 2d约翰的笔友来自哪? 她来自日本。她住在哪？她住在东京。 Grammar Focus您的笔友来自哪?她来自澳大利亚。约翰的笔友来自哪？她来自日本。她住在哪？她住在巴黎。3b这就是我的新笔友。她来自澳大利亚。她讲什么语言? 她讲英语。 4问题:悉尼在哪儿？答案:在澳大利亚！悉尼在哪儿？ 在美国。不,在澳大利亚。 SectionB 2a 她叫什么名字？她来自哪？她有兄弟姐妹不？她最喜欢的学科就是什么？她讲英语不？她住在那？ 2c那就是您的笔友不？就是的,她(她)就是。 3a亲爱的同学: 我的名字叫鲍勃。我住在加拿大的多伦多。我想交一个中国笔友。我为中国就是个很有趣的国家。我14岁,就是十一月出生的。我说英语,还能讲一点法语。我有一个哥哥叫保罗,还有一个妹妹萨拉。她们有英国与澳大利亚的笔友。我喜欢与朋友们一起瞧电影,做体育运动。在学校里最喜欢上体育课。它非常有意思。但就是我不喜欢数学。她太难了！ 您能尽快给我回信不? 鲍勃 3b寻找笔友 我的名字叫汤姆?金,我十四岁了。来自澳大利亚。我讲英语。我有一个哥哥萨姆,还有一个妹妹莉萨。我在周末玩足球,她就是我最喜欢的运动。在学校里我喜欢音乐。她很有趣！我最喜欢的电影就是《漫长的周末》。您知道不？它就是一部动作片。 请写信告诉我有关您的情况。 Self check 1加拿大日本从……纽约东京英语法语居住笔友日语语言美国澳大利亚法国英国新加坡 Just for fun 您从哪里来？火星。我讲英语与火星语。 第二单元 SectionA 图片这儿附近有银行不？就是的,有。它在中心大街。 2a1、投币式公用电话在图书馆对面。 2、投币式公用电话紧挨着图书馆。 3、投币式公用电话在邮局与图书馆之间。 4、投币式公用电话在格林街上。 5、投币式公用电话在图书馆的前面。 6、投币式公用电话在图书馆后面。2b1、图书馆在饭店与超市之间。2、公园在银行对面。3、超市在第五大街上。4、投币式公用电话在邮局的旁边。5、饭店在邮局的前面。6、旅馆在图书馆的后面。 2c超市在哪儿？它紧挨着图书馆。 Grammar Focus 这儿有超市不？就是的,有。/不,没有。 银行在哪儿？在中心街上。 旅馆在哪儿？在银行对面。 公用电话在哪儿？紧挨着邮局。 图书馆在哪儿？在餐馆与超市之间。 3a保罗:劳驾。请问这附近有旅馆不？南希:有。径直往前走,然后向左转。沿着大桥街走,在右边。它在超市的旁边。保罗:非常感谢。南希:不用客气。 4它就是在第五大街不？就是的,它就是。它在图书馆旁边不？就是的,它就是。它就是饭店不？就是的,它就是。SectionB 1a一个干净的公园一家新旅馆一条安静的街道一家大型的超市一个脏乱的公园一家小型超市一家旧旅馆一条繁华的大街 1b您家附近有一个大超市不？就是的,有一个。 2c有一个大超市。不,有一个小超市。 3a 欢迎来到花园区 在第一大街向左转,来享受城市宁静的街道与小公园。步行穿过中心大道上的公园,公园的对面就是一家老式的旅馆、紧挨着旅馆的就是一座带有一个有趣的花园的小房子。这就就是您花园旅行的开始。 3b来参观大桥街 大桥街就是一个玩得开心的好地方。这就是一条非常繁忙的街道。您可以在公园弹吉她。它就在那儿。在饭店与邮局之间。如果您饿了,您可以在超市买一些吃的,它在邮局的对面。 4b我家在一条繁华的街道上。 Self check 1 邮局投币式公用电话在……前面超市旅馆银行街道公园干净的肮脏的新的旧的安静的繁忙的大的小的左边右边在……之间在……旁边在……后面餐馆 3 亲爱的朋友: 我知道您下个星期就会到达。让我来告诉您来我家路吧。从飞机场乘出租车,经过一个位于您右边的银行,然后沿长街继续走,穿过第六大街、第七大街与第八大街。当您瞧到一个大超市时,向左拐。然后沿着大桥街继续走,在新公园处左拐。沿着中心大街走,我家就在您的右边。 祝您旅途愉快。 您的, 迈克
《大学》全文及译文 大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。知止而后有定，定而后能静，静而后能安，安而后能虑，虑而后能得。物有本末，事有终始，知所先后，则近道矣。 古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国，欲治其国者，先齐其家；欲齐其家者，先修其身；欲修其身者，先正其心；欲正其心者，先诚其意；欲诚其意者，先致其知，致知在格物。物格而后知至，知至而后意诚，意诚而后心正，心正而后身修，身修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平。自天子以至于庶人，壹是皆以修身为本。其本乱而末治者，否矣。其所厚者薄，而其所薄者厚，未之有也。此谓知本，此谓知之至也。 所谓诚其意者，毋自欺也。如恶恶臭，如好好色，此之谓自谦。故君子必慎其独也。小人闲居为不善，无所不至，见君子而后厌然，拚其不善，而著其善。人之视己，如见其肝肺然，则何益矣。此谓诚于中形于外。故君子必慎其独也。曾子曰：“十目所视，十手所指，其严乎！”富润屋，德润身，心广体胖，故君子必诚其意。诗云：“赡彼淇澳，绿竹猗猗，有斐君子，如切如磋，如琢如磨，瑟兮涧兮，赫兮喧兮，有斐君子，终不可煊兮。”如切如磋者，道学也；如琢如磨者，自修也；瑟兮涧兮者，恂溧也；赫兮喧兮则，威仪也；有斐君子，终不可煊兮者，道盛德至善，
民之不能忘也。诗云：“于戏！前王不忘。”君子贤其贤而亲其亲，小人乐其乐而利其利，此以没世不忘也。康诰曰：“克明德。”大甲曰：“顾是天之明命。”帝典曰：“克明峻德。”皆自明也。汤之盘铭曰：“苟日新，日日新，又日新。”康诰曰：“作新民。”诗云：“周虽旧邦，其命维新。”是故君子无所不用其极。诗云：“邦畿千里，唯民所止。”诗云：“绵蛮黄鸟，止于丘隅。”子曰：“于止，知其所止，可以人而不如鸟乎？”诗云：“穆穆文王，于缉熙敬止。”为人君止于仁，为人臣止于敬，为人子止于孝，为人父止于慈，与国人交止于信。子曰：“听讼，吾犹人也，必也使无讼乎！”无情者不得尽其辞，大畏民志，此谓知本。 所谓修身在正其心者，身有所忿惕则不得其正，有所恐惧则不得其正，有所好乐则不得其正，有所忧患则不得其正。心不在焉，视而不见，听而不闻，食而不知其味，此谓修身在正其心。 所谓齐其家在修其身者，人之其所亲爱而辟焉，之其所贱恶而辟焉，之其所敬畏而辟焉，之其所哀矜而辟焉，之其所敖惰而辟焉，故好而知其恶，恶而知其美者，天下鲜矣。故谚有之曰：“人莫之其子之恶，莫知其苗之硕。”此谓身不修，不可以齐其家。 所谓治国必齐其家者，其家不可教，而能教人者无之。故君子不出家而成教于国。孝者，所以事君也；弟者，所以事长也；慈者，所以使众也。康诰曰：“如保赤子。”心诚求之，虽不中，不远
【词汇】常用政治与行政术语英文翻译 ——————摘自知米背单词官方论坛 专八专四中常常会有一些政治类的文章，有些词汇分开认识，放在一起就傻眼了，那么我们来看看这些词汇吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 大家仅供参考：马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiao-ping Theory, Jiang Zemin “Three Represent’s”important Thought 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside 中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second/third)generation 人民民主专政the people’s democratic dictatorship 国民经济体系national economic system 综合国力aggregate national strength 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP) 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China 加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。“Three Represent’s”shows that our Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China, they are the foundation for building the Party, the cornerstone for its exercise of state power and a source of its strengthen，only by doing so can we really ensure that our Party always stand in the forefront of the time and maintain
七年级下册英语课文翻译 第一课你会弹吉他吗？ Section A 2b 1. 莉萨想加入国际象棋俱乐部，但她不会下国际象棋。 2. 鲍勃想加入英语俱乐部。他喜欢说英语。 3. 玛丽喜欢音乐。她会唱歌和跳舞。鲍勃也喜欢音乐。他们想加入音乐俱乐部。 2d 简; 你好，鲍勃。你想加入什么俱乐部? 鲍勃：我想加入运动俱乐部。 简; 棒极了！你会玩什么运动？ 鲍勃：足球。 简：这么说你可以加入足球俱乐部。 鲍勃：那么你呢？你非常擅长讲故事。你可以加入讲故事俱乐部。 简：听起来不错。但我也喜欢画画。 鲍勃：那就加入两个俱乐部，讲故事俱乐部和美术俱乐部。 简：好的，让我们现在去加入吧！ 语法聚焦 Section B 2a 你好，我是彼得。我喜欢打篮球。我会说英语，我也会踢足球。 你好，我是马欢。我会打乒乓球和下国际象棋。我喜欢与人们交谈和做游戏。 我的名字是艾伦。我在学校音乐俱乐部。我会弹吉他和钢琴。我也会唱歌和跳舞。 2b 我们老人之家需要帮助。在七月份你有空吗？你会与他们说话。做游戏吗？他们会给你讲故事，你们可以交朋友。它既有趣又好玩！请在今天拨打电话689-7729 与我们联系！ 放学后你忙吗？不忙？你会说英语吗？是吗？那么，我们需要你帮助说英语的学生做运动。这是轻松的，容易的？请来学生运动中心吧。拨打电话293-7742 联系布朗先生。 你会谈钢琴或拉小提琴吗？在周末你有时间吗？》学校需要帮助教音乐。它不难！请拨打电话555-3721 联系来勒太太。 第二课你几点去上学？ 2d 采访者：斯科特有一份有趣的工作。他在一家广播电台工作。斯科特，你广播节目在几点？ 斯科特：从晚上十二点到早上六点。 采访者：你通常几点起床？ 斯科特：晚上八点半。然后我九点吃早饭。 采访者：那是个有趣的吃早饭的时间！ 斯科特：是的。之后，我通常在十点二十左右锻炼。 采访者：你什么时候去上班/ 斯科特：在十一点，所以我工作从不迟到。 语法焦距
【原文】 大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。 知止而后有定，定而后能静，静而后能安，安而后能虑，虑而后能得。 物有本末，事有终始。知所先后，则近道矣。 【译文】 大学的宗旨在于弘扬光明正大的品德，在于使人弃旧图新，在于使人达到最完善的境界。知道应达到的境界才能够志向坚定；志向坚定才能够镇静不躁；镇静不躁才能够心安理得；心安理得才能够思虑周详；思虑周详才能够有所收获。 每样东西都有根本有枝末，每件事情都有开始有终结。明白了这本末始终的道理，就接近事物发展的规律了。 【原文】 古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国。欲治其国者，先齐其家。欲齐其家者，先修其身。欲修其身者，先正其心。欲正其心者，先诚其意。欲诚其意者，先致其知；致知在格物。物格而后知至，知至而后意诚，意诚而后心正，心正而后身修，身修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平。【译文】 古代那些要想在天下弘扬光明正大品德的人，先要治理好自己的国家；要想治理好自己的国家，先要管理好自己的家庭和家族；要想管理好自己的家庭和家族，先要修养自身的品性；要想修养自身的品性，先要端正自己的心思；要想端正自己的心思，先要使自己的意念真诚；要想使自己的意念真诚，先要使自己获得知识；获得知识的途径在于认识、研究万事万物。 通过对万事万物的认识，研究后才能获得知识；获得知识后意念才能真诚；意念真诚后心思才能端正；心思端正后才能修养品性；品性修养后才能管理好家庭和家族；管理好家庭和家族后才能治理好国家；治理好国家后天下才能太平。 【原文】 自天子以至于庶人，壹是皆以修身为本。其本乱而末治者，否矣。其所厚者薄，而其所薄者厚，未之有也！ 【译文】 上自国家君王，下至平民百姓，人人都要以修养品性为根本。若这个根本被扰乱了，家庭、家族、国家、天下要治理好是不可能的。不分轻重缓急、本末倒置却想做好事情，这也同样是不可能的！
BASIC 语言BASIC Language BASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & Application C 语言C Language C++程序设计C++ Program Designing CAD 概论Introduction to CAD CAD/CAM CAD/CAM CET-4 College English Test (Band 4) CET-6 College English Test (Band 6) C与UNIX环境C Language & Unix Environment C语言科学计算方法Scientific Computation Method in C C语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & Biomedical Information Processing dBASE Ⅲ课程设计Course Exercise in dBASE Ⅲ Programming Languages Internet与Intranet技术Internet and Intranet Technology PC机原理Principle of PC Unix编程环境Unix Programming Environment Unix操作系统分析Analysis of Unix System Windows系统Windows Operation System 办公自动化Office Automatization 办公自动化系统毕业设计Office Automatization Thesis 办公自动化系统设计Office Automatization Design 编译方法Compilation Method 编译方法Methods of Compiling 编译技术Technique of Compiling 编译原理Fundamentals of Compiling, Principles of Compiler 编译原理课程设计Course Design of Compiling 操作系统Disk Operating System (DOS) 操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System 操作系统与编译原理Disk Operating System & Fundamentals of Compiling 操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System, Principles of Operating System 常微分方程Ordinary Differential Equations 程序设计Program Designing 程序设计方法学Methodology of Programming, Methods of Programming 程序设计及算法语言Program Designing & Algorithmic Language 程序设计语言Programming Language