北京市朝阳区
五、完形填空（共12分，每小题1分）
阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。
It was a very cold night, Sunday, February 6. Patrick heard his dog barking (狗叫声) in the garage (车库). He went there with some food to 35 it down. Standing in the middle of the garage was a little girl with her body covered by snow, crying. “Please come and help,” she said. “I think my mom is dead. My brother is in the truck.”
After a dinner of pizza at her mother’s house in Alton, Carrion, 26, had bundled (捆绑) her 36 kids, Averie, four, and Abel, 21 months, into a pickup truck and 37 home. It was 8 p.m., snow covered the land. 38 cars were on the road. Suddenly, the truck began to slide (滑动). It rolled (转动) two or three times before 39 to a stop, tilted into a snow bank on its passenger side. Carrion blacked out. “When I came to, I could hear Abel crying. It was dark, and I couldn’t see anything,”Carrion says. Finally, she 40 to push the heavy driver’s door open enough so that the lights turned on. She saw Abel in his seat. His nose was bloody, but he had no other hurts. Averie was nowhere in sight. Carrion called Averie again and again. But there was only 41 . Then she called 9-1-1.
Averie had been awake when the truck stopped rolling. The little girl called her mother, but she didn’t answer. Averie wriggled (蠕动) 42 the broken passenger’s window. She walked a quarter of a mile. A house came into view, she stumbled (蹒跚) out of the snow and into the 43 garage, and a dog started barking. When she got Patrick’s help, she began to 44 . Patrick jumped into his car and went to search for the 45 . Up ahead he saw the lights of po lice cars. “I think I have who you’re look ing for,”Patrick told the police.
One thing Carrion is sure of: her daughter’s courage and personality. “Averie is very grown-up for her 46 ,” she says. “The way she walked all that way to help us… She’s so smart, so brave.”
35. A. turn B. put C. quiet D. slow
36. A. sleepy B. tired C. shy D. weak
37. A. left B. passed C. got D. headed
38. A. Many B.Several C. Some D. Few
39. A. coming B. going C. running D. returning
40. A. managed B. tried C. started D. decided
41. A. snow B. cold C. silence D. dark
42. A. around B. through C. from D. across
43. A. safe B. empty C. warm D. open
44. A. cheer B. cry C. relax D. explain
45. A. accident B. place C. police D. doctor
46. A. ability B. knowledge C. age D. experience
阅读理解（共44分）
六、阅读下列短文，根据短文内容，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。（共26分，每小题2分）
A
What do you think is important in your life? Here are some ideas for you to share.
Enjoy every moment of today. If it’s important to you, then do it today. Don’t put off your dreams.
Pay attention to what is happening now, to the people around you, to the task at hand and to all of the choices you make today. Our future is set by what we decide and act on today.
Davy, the US
Money is important. We all have bills to pay and I understand that completely. But in the end, or even in the middle, maybe especially in the middle, money is not the end goal. It can’t always bring you happiness though it allows you to eat, dress and live.
Alice, Australia
We have so much to do, so much to finish and it feels as though we have to be in a hurry to get there. You do not have to do it all at once. Slow down and take one thing at a time. Yes, make plans, but don’t be in such a rush.
Noah, Japan
Look for the good in people, work and everywhere. Celebrate the happy moments, small or big. Be helpful whenever possible. Don’t let difficulties color your experience. If you look at the world through the lens (镜头) of goodness, then you will find life much more enjoyable.
Austin, Germany
47. Where does Davy come from?
A. The US.
B. Australia.
C. Japan.
D. Germany.
48. Who tells us to take one thing at a time?
A. Davy.
B. Alice.
C. Noah.
D. Austin.
49. What is Austin’s idea?
A. Making a plan is important.
B. Money is important but not all.
C. Always looking for the good.
D. Actions speaks louder than words.
B
Ever get the feeling that time goes by faster as you get older? I remember when I was nine, the whole year seemed to step by so slowly. School took a long time to end each day and let’s not talk about exams. I th ought I’d never turn double 10.
Now in my thirties, it’s like someone’s hit the accelerator pedal (加速踏板) and these years are going by much faster. It’s 2012 and I’m wondering what happened to the last 12 months! It feels like I sneezed (打喷嚏) in January 2011 and that’s blown me into January 2012.
I’m looking at my 2011 To-Do List and I’ve only done one thing—read 20 new books. I feel sad and regret not spending enough time on the other things. Back to my 2012 list of things that I would like to do the next 12 months:
①Interview the president
②Have a trip to Africa
③Board the fastest plane
④Write a book
No. 1, 2 and 4 have been on the list for ten years. I don’t know when they’ll be done. But it’s really fun to make a list at the start of the year.
50. What does the writer feel about the time in these years?
A. It goes very slowly.
B. It goes much faster.
C. It seems to have stopped.
D. It seems as fast as before.
51. The writer feels sad when she looks at her 2011 list because ______.
A. she hasn’t finished anything
B. she hasn’t finished one thing
C. she has finished everything
D. she has just finished one thing
52. What is the writer’s attitude towards No. 1, 2 and 4 on her 2012 list?
A. She will succeed in doing them.
B. She isn’t going to do any of them.
C. She will try to do one of them
D. She isn’t sure if they can be done.
C
When I moved to the country 20 years ago, I took a job as a school bus driver. I’d never had any interest in driving schoolchildren to and from school, but 10 years later, I was still working on the school bus.
There are so many good reasons why I stayed. Firstly, it was the conversations that brought me different kinds of information. I also got to hear all the family secrets of the newcomers who were afraid to be starting at a new school. I have a toy bear who was a great comforter for the little ones. The kids got to look after him on the trip to school and he waited patiently for them to get on for the trip home.
Our bus would often pass a place where we could see some alpacas (羊驼) in front of a farm house. Little Michael would cry excitedly from the seat, “Look, Miss! Look at the camels!”He used to put his head out of the bus window. When I warned him that a fly would come into his nose if he wasn’t c areful, he smartly gave up the habit.
I remember a little girl got on the bus one morning 5 years ago and cried loudly all the way to school. We arrived at the school gate. As she waited to get down the bus stairs, she threw her arms around my neck and sobbed (抽泣) that her grandfather had died the night before.
A school bus driver needs to keep one eye on the road and the other on the mirror to watch what the little ones are doing down the back. My catchphrase (口头禅) each day was that I was “taking the monsters (怪兽) to their mothers”.
Now, it’s necessary to think how many lives I’ve been responsible for throughout the years, and how many kilometers I’ve driven in order to get my passengers home safely. I’ve enjoyed it, but after 20 years, it’s time to rest an d park my school bus for good. Long live the school bus driver!
53. When did the writer begin to be a school bus driver?
A. 5 years ago.
B. 10 years ago.
C. 20 years ago.
D. 30 years ago.
54. The writer enjoyed her job because ______.
A. driving was her hobby
B. children made her valuable
C. drivers were paid well
D. she liked the environment
55. What is the writer’s future plan?
A. She decides to give up the job.
B. She tries to go on driving.
C. She wants to have a holiday.
D. She hopes to have more kids.
D
Not long ago, I opened an interesting e-mail from Jennifer in Canada. We became friends. One day, she invited me and 11 other women to a “Movie Night” to be held every six weeks at her house. We’d talk, eat and watc h feel-good movies. I e-mailed her back immediately: I was in. Research shows that gatherings such as Jennifer’s make sense. In a US study, researchers measured (测量) the happiness of 4739 people over 20 years. The study found that a person’s happiness depends on the happiness of people he connects with. Surprisingly, it also found that happiness spreads not only between direct friends, but also among friends of your friends’
friends! And those good feelings seem to have the greatest influence among friends of the same sex (性别).
“People with more good friends are less likely to develop depression (情绪低落) and worry,”says Dr. ToupeyLuft.“Though you can’t choose your family or workmates, you do have control over friendships.”With a little effort, you can add more positive (正面的) relationships to your social circle. Here’s how:
“Nobody is all positive or all negative,” says Luft. “But there are people you may feel more positive. Use that as your way to check people and keep records.” When spending time with others, pay attention to your feeling. Are you feeling tired and unhappy？To help you keep records, Luft suggests taking a moment when you get home to write down what your feeling is when around them.
While it’s great to gather with positive friends, it’s also good to stay with others in the same life situations. “But if you’re all just complaining (抱怨) and nothing is changing, it’s not healthy,”says Luft. Are your friends negative, or are you doing most of the complaining? Considering the answers to these questions can help you decide if you want to stand in front of them. Or you could let the relationship disappear slowly.
Sometimes your hobbies can lead to true friendships. Check out newspapers and websites to find a group or class for something you enjoy. These friends can always be there for you and can care each other through difficulties, illness and death.
Not into groups? Look for individual (个人的) communication instead. Luft says, “Set small goals, such as having coffee with one new person, and develop friendship according to a plan. If someone suggests going for lunch sometime, set a date.”
“If you’re feeling disappointed (失望) with a friend, try talking about what you both need,”says Luft. For example, tell her what you want during hard times in your lives. While your friend may need to be left alone, you may want caring phone calls. With some friends you laugh and have fun together at the movies—and that can be enough. With others, you pay attention to your deep connection.
56. What does your happiness depend on, according to the passage?
A. How many friends you have.
B. How people you connect with feel.
C. What situation you are in now.
D. What kind of friends you have.
57. What does the first suggestion want us to do?
A. To measure our happiness.
B. To check people around.
C. To join a group for hobbies.
D. To leave negative friends.
58. Which of the following is true?
A. All the suggestions tell us to add positive relationship to our social circle.
B. It’s necessary to complain about something but not right to do so for long.
C. Joining a group can bring better friendship than making individual friends.
D. We often have many friends during good times but few during hard times.
59. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means that ______.
A. when your friend leaves you, you need comfort
B. when your friend is sad, you should call her up
C. people may behave differently during hard times
D. friends’ needs may be quite different sometimes
七、阅读短文，根据短文内容，从短文后的五个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项
中有一项为多余选项。（共8分，每小题2分）
I’d just got in a taxi at the railway station when suddenly I found one of my suitcases (手提箱) missing. Just then, I saw a young man, not very far, opening it and taking out valuables. “Stop thief! Stop thief!”I shouted and threw open the car door and rushed out to him, followed by the driver and some passers-by. 60 . My driver caught him by the neck and took out the valuables from his trouser pocket and put them back into my suitcase.
Half an hour later, I sat back in the taxi and breathed a sight of relief (松了一口气). But as I checked those stolen things, I became very surprised, unable to speak. 61 . And a blood test report of a 58-year-old woman appeared. I suddenly realized that the taxi driver must have mistaken the thief’s things and put his into my suitcase.
62 . But this story keeps coming back to me. Was the young man a habitual thief or a dutiful son who had been driven to find money to save his mother’s life? 63 . How I wish I had gone back that afternoon to return the money and the report and say sorry to him. For the first time in my life, I realized that hate and love are very close.
A. My heart aches for him
B. Two years has passed since then
C. The train left the station very quickly
D. Very soon we caught up with the thief
E. Before my eyes was 200 Yuan instead of 100
八、阅读短文, 根据短文内容回答问题。(共10分，每小题2分)
If you drive in New Zealand, it is necessary for you to take a little time to learn the road rules—for your own and others’ safety. There are a few things that you might find different from driving in your country. Here’s some information to help make your driving experience in New Zealand a safe and enjoyable one.
Keep left
In New Zealand, traffic travels on the left-hand side of the road and the driver sits on the right of the car. When you are turning, you should be careful to the
left side. Remember to keep your eyes on the road ahead. It is easy to draw
your attention to the beautiful parts in New Zealand.
Crossing ‘Give Way’ rule
If you’re turning, gi ve way to all cars that are not turning.
In all other situations, give way to cars crossing or coming from your right.
One lane（行车道）bridges
Many roads in New Zealand have one lane bridges on them. At one lane bridges, cars travelling in one direction must give way to cars going in the other direction.
Any of the signs (标志) shown in the left picture mean that you are coming to a one lane bridge. Slow down and check for traffic coming the other way. The smaller arrow shows which direction has to give way.
Animals on the road
Watch out for farm animals on the road, especially in the countryside. When you see them, please slow down. You may need to stop and let the animals go past you or move slowly up behind and follow the farmer’s instructions.
Seatbelts
It is a law that all the drivers must wear their sea tbelts. If you are caught not wearing your seatbelt, you will be fined.
More information
Information on road safety, including the New Zealand Road Code are available (可得到的) by going to https://www.doczj.com/doc/ee16563762.html, or by phoning New Zealand Transport Agency 0800 699 000 or visit https://www.doczj.com/doc/ee16563762.html,.
64. Does traffic travel on the left side of the road in New Zealand?
65. What should drivers do when they see the sights in Picture 3 while driving?
66. When do drivers need to follow the farmer’s instructions?
67. How many road rules in New Zealand are mentioned?
68. What does the writer want to tell us?
大兴区
五、完形填空（共12分，每小题1分）
阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。
This happened to me at the age of twelve. It seems like a long time to remember the name of the old lady. Yet it keeps in my 35 that she taught me a lesson in tolerance(宽容) which I shall never forget.
On a winter afternoon, a friend and I were 36 stones onto the roof of the old lady’s house. I found myself a perfectly smooth stone and threw it out. The stone was too smooth, however, so it slipped(滑) from my hands and 37 straight not for the roof but for a small window on the old lady’s back porch(门廊). At the sound of broken 38 , we knew we were in trouble and ran away.
I was too scared(胆怯) about getting caught by the old lady that first night. However, a few days later, when I was sure that I hadn’t been 39 , I started to feel guilty(有罪的) for what I had done. She 40 greeted me with a smile each day when I gave her the newspaper, but I was no longer able to act comfortably.
I made up my mind to 41 for her window with my paper delivery(发送) money I collected. I put the money in an envelope with a note explaining I was 42 for breaking her window and hoped that the seven dollars would cover the cost for repairing it.
I waited 43 it was dark, snuck(悄悄地走) up to the old lady’s house and put the letter I didn’t sign in her door. Once again, I could have the freedom of looking straight 44 the old lady’s kind eyes.
The next day, I handed the old lady her paper and was able to return the warm smile that I was
45 from her. She thanked me and gave me a bag of cookies.
Reaching for the cookies, I 46 an envelope and pulled it out of the bag. When I opened the envelope, I was surprised to see the seven dollars and a short note that said, “I’m proud of you!”
35. A. diary B. memory C. notebook D. handbag
36. A. throwing B. carrying C. choosing D. putting
37. A. dropped B. knocked C. headed D. landed
38. A. wall B. roof C. door D. glass
39. A. discovered B. controlled C. invited D. forgotten
40. A. often B. just C. hardly D. still
41. A. ask B. look C. pay D. care
42. A. late B. sorry C. ready D. good
43. A. before B. though C. since D. until
44. A. against B. into C. through D. around
45. A. receiving B. hearing C. separating D. taking
46. A. bought B. filled C. felt D. sent
阅读理解（共44分）
六、阅读下列短文，根据短文内容，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。（共26分，每小题2分）
A
Besides calling 120, here is what you should do when no one is around to help.
If you get lost, you may stay where you can be seen clearly and try your best to have a rest. In a wide open area, make a colorful cross out of rocks to show where you stay.
When you choke at home, make a sudden hit against the back of the chair. If you can’t breathe after six tries, call 120. Leave the telephone open until help arrives.
Use your hand or a scarf, or any dry cloth you can find, and push down on the wound until the blood stops running. Don’t put the cloth around your leg tightly(过紧), or you may lose your foot.
When a fire breaks out, you must move close to the floor. Cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel, make you wet from head to foot if possible and find a safe place outside.
47. If you get lost in a wide open area, you should _______.[来源:学,科,网Z,X,X,K]
A. call out for help
B. make a cross
C. phone the police
D. draw a map.
48. You move close to the floor in a fire to keep away from ____________.
A. smoke
B. light
C. noise
D. rain
49. _______can help to deal with a wound.
A. A wet towel
B. A scarf
C.A chair
D. Some rocks
B
My five brothers, my sister and I lived in Toronto with our parents. My father worked in a factory, and my mother stayed at home. Each year my father would dress up as Santa Claus and go through the streets sharing joy and candies with the children there. He loved it as muc h as they did!
But around Christmas in 1970, my father was out of work. In fact, there was no money for Christmas and my parents weren’t sure how they’d provide for us.
That Christmas Eve, however, as usual, my father left the house dressed as Santa Claus. He knew that even though our Christmas would be hard, he could not make the other kids in the neighborhood disappointed.
As my father left the house and went downstairs, another Santa Claus was walking up, with a great bag of gifts for us! He said nothing, only smiled a sweet smile at my father, and wished him a merry Christmas. The jolly man handed the bag and walked away down the block.
We never knew who showed us great kindness on the snowy Christmas night. We do know, however, that without him we would have had nothing under the tree. His kindness gave my parents hope and showed us in a very real way the true meaning of Christmas.
Our family has never forgotten this kind stranger and his generosity(慷慨). Each year we tell the story of the mysterious(神秘的) S anta Claus and try to repay his gifts by giving help to others in need.
50. According to the passage, the writer’s father is ______on Christmas.
A. brave
B. lonely
C. serious
D. generous
51. The underlined word “jolly” in the passage probably means “______”.
A. handsome
B. strong
C. happy
D. silly
52. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The family showed thanks to the Santa Claus and helped others in need.
B. The bag from the other Santa Claus was filled with gifts and money.
C. Santa Claus that helped the family lived a rich life in the same community.
D. The writer’s father arranged another Santa Claus to take the place of him.
C
I love my iPhone---it’s my little connection to the larger world that can go anywhere with me. I also love my computer, as it stores all of my writing and thoughts. Though I love these devices(装置) of technology, I know that there are times when I need to move away from them and truly communicate with others.
I teach history in a high school. My goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes(主题) and ideas. Because I want students to thoroughly study the material and share their ideas with each other in the classroom. I have a rule---no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule before class, some of them were not happy at all.
Most students think that my reasons for this rule include unpleasant experiences in the past with students misu sing technology. There’s a bit of truth to that. Some students believe that I am anti-technology. There’s no truth in that at all. I love technology and try to keep up with it so I can relate to my students.
The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversations. Interruptions(打断) by technology often break concentration and allow for too much dependence on outside information for ideas. I want students to dig deep within themselves for ideas. I want them to push each other to think differently and to make connections between the course material and the class discussion.
I’ve been teaching my history class in this way for many years and students realize that with dee p conversation, they learn at a level that helps them keep the course material beyond the classroom.
I’m not saying that I won’t ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change. A few hours of technology-free dialogue is just too sweet to give up.
53. What’s the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The reasons why students should use computers or iPads in class.
B. The advantages of using cell phones and computers in the classroom.
C. What the writer is trying to do and what rule has been made in class.
D. A new learning style that the teacher enjoys using in history class.
54. According to the writer, the use of technology in the classroom may _____.
A. improve teaching and offer more help
B. allow students to get on well with each other
C. help students concentrate on what they learn
D. keep students from making deep conversations
55. What can we infer from the passage?
A. The teacher will carry on the success in the future.
B. The teacher will have to cancel the rule in class.
C. Some students will be punished according to the rule.
D. More and more students will be absent in history class.
D
The ocean can be a great place to swim and play, it may also be useful in another way. Some scientists think that waves could help make electricity.
“Have you ever been on a surfboard or boat and felt yourself being lifted up by a wave?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group in Scotland. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves.”Scientists are working on using that energy to make electricity. The United States and a few other countries have started doing research on wave energy, and it is already being used in Scotland. Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean. “The winds start out by making little ripples (波纹) in the water, but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves,”Taylor said. “Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”
When waves come towards the coast, people can set up dams(大坝) to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine(涡轮). The turbine can then power an electrical generator(发电机).
We will never run out of wave power. Besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as oil and coal do.
Oceans cover three quarters of the earth’s surface. That would make wave power seem perfect for creating energy around the world. But there are some disadvantages that need us to pay more attention to.
Jamie Taylor said that wave power still cost too much money. He said that its influence on animals in the sea is still unknown. Besides, wave power would get in the way of fishing and boat traffic.
With more research, “Many of these problems might be solved,”Taylor said. “Finding more energy sources(资源) is very important, for traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may run out some day.”
In the future, when you turn on a light button, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!
56. We can learn from the passage that__________________.
A. almost every country is making use of the wave power at present
B. it is necessary for us to develop wave power instead of oil and coal
C. wave power will be sure to make some bad influence on sea animals
D. scientists are making efforts to find new ways of fishing and boat traffic
57. What does the fourth paragraph tell us?
A. Why scientists are doing the research on wave power.
B. What experience that scientists have achieved so far.
C. How the wave energy forms and grows bigger.
D. Which countries are trying out wave power.
58. What’s the writer’s attitude towards wave power?
A. The writer believes that wave power will be used widely by man.
B. The writer doubts if wave energy can be changed into electricity.
C. The writer is sure the experiments will come to the end some day.
D. The writer thinks that wave power isn’t worth researching at all.
59. What can be the best title for the passage?
A. Sea Animals and Wave Power.
B. How Do We Get Wave Energy?
C. The Advantages of Wave Power.
D. Can Waves Make Electricity?
七、阅读短文，根据短文内容，从短文后的五个选项中，选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余选项。（共8分，每小题2分）
David Beckham was born on 2nd May, 1975, in London. When he was a young boy, he played football whenever he had the chance. Sometimes he would go and watch a game with his friends.
60 . This led to him going for a visit to a football training camp in Spain. As a boy at secondary school he played for not only his school but also his country team.
On 8th July, 1991, he became a member of Manchester United. 61 . On 2nd April, 1995, he played his first major football league game against Leeds United. During 1995 and 1996, David became a regular member of the team and Manchester United won in both seasons, with David scoring many goals.
62 . In the first game of the 1996/7 season, he scored an amazing goal from beyond the halfway line. Seeing the goalkeeper a little way out of his goal, David sent the ball over the goalkeeper’s he ad and into the goal. He continued to score astonishing goals, especially from free-kicks.
David Beckham is a great player, but he is different from most other players . He has a real love for football. 63 . He is always on the move with the ball or running to pick up a pass from another team member. He also has his feet on the ground and behaves in a very natural and relaxed way.
A. David Beckham is 180 cm tall and weighs 47kg
B. He won a prize at the age of twelve
C. When he is training, he never rests
D. David Beckham became very famous overnight
E. This means that he could practice football as much as he wanted to
BEDC
八、阅读短文，根据短文内容回答问题。（共10分，每小题2分）
Red Ribbon Week is held every year, usually during the last week of October. It started with a police officer named “Kiki”Camarena. He was sent to Mexico in order to investigate(调查) a Mexican drug company and stayed there for four and a half years. His efforts helped put a stop to several major drug making companies. So the bosses wanted to murder the men who brought them down. When Camarena left his office for a lunch date with his wife on February 7, 1985, a car drove up and kidnapped(绑架) him, and a month later he was killed. At that time he was only 37 years old.
Shortly after his death, people in Ca marena’s town began wearing red ribbons in his honor. Then Camarena’s high school friend, Henry Lozano, started Camarena Club. Hundreds of people joined the club and promised to be drug-free in order to honor the death of Camarena. And then schools in several states began to join in. Now, at the end of every October, millions of Americans wear red ribbons in memory of “Kiki” Camarena. So, in 1988, the first national Red Ribbon Week was founded in America.
Red Ribbon Week has become the largest drug education and prevention organization in the United States. It encourages communities to stand up against drugs and it encourages children to make a promise not to take drugs in their life.
64. Is Red Ribbon Week held at the end of October in America?
65. How lo ng did “Kiki” Camarena stay in Mexico?
66. What did “Kiki” Camarena do there?
67. Why do people wear red ribbon during Red Ribbon Week?
68. What’s the passage mainly about?
北京市东城区
五、完形填空（共12分，每小题1分）
阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。
A Dad Says Good-Bye
I was standing there watching her and her mother decorate（装饰）her college dormi?tory room （宿舍）. 35 is carefully planned, pictures of her dearest friends on the wall，drawers and box?es full of clothes and books under the bed. As the room takes on her style（风格）, I begin to accept that her room at home is 36 hers. It is now ours. Our room for her when she
37 .
I find myself thinking of when I held her in my arms, in the chair by my wife’s hospital bed. One day old. So small, so bea utiful, so 38 , so totally depending on her new, untested parents… How time flies!
She looks up now, catching me watching her, causing her to 39 to her mother, “Mom, Dad’s looking at me funny.”
The last few days, I touch her arm, her face — any thing — knowing that when my wife and I return home, she will not be with us and there will be nothing to see. I have so much to say, 40 no words with which to say it.
My life changed from the day I drove this child home from the 41 . I saw myself differently that day, and it has led to a lot of places that I would never have found on my own. She says, “It’ll be all right, Dad. I’ll be 42 from school soon.” I tell her she will have a great year, but I say little else. I am afraid somehow to speak, a fraid I’ll say something too small for what I’m feeling , and so I only 43 to our good-bye hug (拥抱) a little longer.
I look into her eyes and turn to go. My wife’s eyes follow her as she leaves us. 44 do not. Maybe if I don’t look, I can imagine that she really hasn’t gone. I know that what she is starting doing is exciting and 45 . I remember what the world looked like to me when everything was 46 .
As I walk to the car with my wife at my side, my eyes are wet and I realize that my life is changing for ever.
35. A. Everything B. Something C. Anything D. Nothing
36. A. as usual B. no longer C. all over D. so far
37. A. finishes B. finds C. visits D. leaves
38. A. careful B. proud C. nervous D. perfect
39. A. say B. look C. listen D. turn
40. A. and B. but C. since D. until
41. A. college B. dormitory C. hospital D. street
42. A. away B. home C. there D. out
43. A. put on B. work on C. live on D. hold on
44. A. Mine B. Hers C. Theirs D. Ours
45. A. beautiful B. funny C. patient D. wonderful
46. A. new B. fine C. great D. sweet
阅读理解（共44分）
六、阅读下列短文，根据短文内容，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。（共26分，每小题2分）
A
Some top students are giving advice.
Bill, Canada
When taking tests, relax. If you’re worried that you’ll fail the test, you’re sure to get a low score. If you studied for it long enough that you know the information, then you shouldn’t be worried about getting a low grade.
Lily, America
Remember the most important advice to getting good grades is very simple; do well on tests to get an A or an A-. Do what your teacher says, and the chances are fairly good that you’ll get an A+. Don’t stress yourself. Act cool.
Betty, Britain
Write good notes. Colored pens are fun to write with if you want to get more creative with your notes, but use them only for sections of your notes that you feel will be on a test or that are important. It makes them stand out. Go over your notes before you take the exams.
Tom, Australia
In order to get good grades, try to do your homework immediately after school. Time management is important. If you’re told to do the homework next week, get started the same day you know it. Before you start, you’d better make clear what to do and how to do it.
47. Lily is from ________.
A. America
B. Australia
C. Britain
D. Canada
48. Who gives advice on homework?
A. Betty.
B. Bill.
C. Lily.
D. Tom.
49. The top students are giving advice on _______.
A. how to start learning
B. how to get good grades
C. what to do when taking tests
D. what to take when going to school
B
Mary Cassatt, a famous artist, was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania. She spent her childhood in Europe with her family and at age 16 she returned to America and went to school at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. She also studied in Paris where she copied the great works of earlier artists. When she was 22, Cassatt began private art lessons. She enjoyed painting with bright colors.
Later, she became friends with Edgar Degas. He influenced her style and encouraged her to show her works with the Impressionists, artists who painted in a special style. She became a strong supporter（支持者）of the Impressionists. Cassatt created scenes of everyday life. She painted pictures of mothers and children. She was good at drawing and printmaking. Through her friendships with wealthy private collectors, she had a lasting influence on American art. Cassatt moved to Chicago, Illinois where most of her best works were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.
Cassatt moved to Spain where she received an invitation to join the Impressionist group. In 1915, Cassatt stopped working because of poor eyesight and she finally passed away on June 14, 1926 at the age of 82.
50. When was Mary Cassatt born?
A. In 1926.
B. In 1915.
C. In 1871.
D. In 1844.
51. Which of the following happened last according to the passage?
A. Mary moved to Spain.
B. Mary started private lessons.
C. Mary became friends with Edgar Degas.
D. Mary was invited to join the Impressionist group.
52. Why did Mary Cassatt stop painting?
A. She couldn’t see clearly.
B. Wealthy people collected her paintings.
C. Edgar Degas influenced her.
D. Her painting was destroyed in Chicago.
C
Florida school children chose the panther as the state animal.
What is the Florida panther?
Florida panthers are a type of mountain lion. The Florida panther is the only group of mountain lions east of the Mississippi River. The panther stands for beauty and power of life.
Is the Florida panther endangered?
In 1967 the government listed the Florida panther as endangered. Endangered means that without human help an animal or plant will become extinct. Extinct means that the animal or plant will never again stay alive on earth.
What do Florida panthers look like?
Panthers are about 10 times as big as a housecat. Like all cats they have very sharp claws and teeth. They need sharp claws and teeth to kill and eat their food. Florida panthers are tawny (the same color as deer). The fur on their bellies and the inside of their legs is lighter, and the fur on their backs, tails, and legs is darker. These are Florida panther paw prints:
Front paw
Length: 3 inches
Width: 3.5 inches
Hind paw
Length: 3 inches
Width: 3 inches
What do Florida panthers eat?
Panthers only eat meat. Panthers eat deer, wild hogs, raccoons, armadillos, and rabbits. Sometimes they eat birds and even alligators. No panther has ever even killed a person.
What kindso f families do panthers have?
Panther females and kittens make up the panther family. The father does not help take care of the kittens. Panthers may have from 1 to 4 kittens. Panthers leave their mothers when they are about 2 years old. Growing up is harder for boy panthers than girl panthers. Girls often stay near their mother. Boys must try to find a home range of their own.
Where do Florida panthers live?
Panthers need lots of land. The area where a panther hunts is its home range. They prefer hardwood hammocks and pine forest with lots of palmettos for their range. Panthers usually rest during the day hidden in thickets of palmetto. At dusk they begin to travel and hunt. Unless you are very lucky, you will probably never see a panther in the wild. But you can help them by protecting the lands they need to keep alive. You can support efforts to recover the panther from being endangered.
53. Which of the following looks like the panther most?
A. B. C. D.
54. The underlined word “extinct” means “________”.
A. dead
B. brave
C. bright
D. natural
55. The panther was chosen as the state animal mainly because ______.
A. No panther has ever even killed a person.
B. The panther is beautiful and full of energy.
C. People will never see a panther in the wild.
D. Panthers leave their mothers at an early age.
56. How do people protect the panther in Florida?[来源:Z|xx|https://www.doczj.com/doc/ee16563762.html,]
A. They take panthers to the zoo.
B. They give panthers enough meat.
C. They keep the land safe for panthers.
D. They help to look after small panthers.
D
When we found Tony, he was a sorry sight. His clothes were dirty. There was blood all over his arm. Before we reached him we saw him fall. He lay a moment. Then he pulled himself to his feet, walked a few yards with difficulty through the woods and fell again. When we lifted him off the ground, he tried to break away and run, like a wild animal.
After we got him out, we went back to find the gun that he had thrown down. His footprints showed that for two days he had circled in the forest, within 200 yards of the road. His senses were so weak by fear that he did not hear the cars going by or see the lights at night. He was very tired. We found him just in time. This man, like others before him, was full of fear when he knew he was lost.
Whatever sense of direction that a man may have, it’s still largely a question of watching out. An experienced woodsman always keeps an eye on the things around him. He notes the shape of a mountain, the direction that water flows through the mountain, and everything along with him when he travels—how a tree leans across it and how a rock stands. He sees the way and the general flows of water. With these in mind, he may be turned around many times, but his way is seldom lost.
There are exceptions, of course, and once in a while a man does get into some strange difficulty that puts him into the “lost” column. A rainstorm may catch him without a com?pass to show him the direction. Darkness may find him in a very hard situation, where travel is dangerous without a light.
When this happens, the normal first reaction is the fear of difficulty as a result of this poor woodsmanship. He may also worry about the trouble that he will cause his friends when he doesn’t show up. If he is short of experience, he may keep on the move in an effort to find the camp against all bad happenings. And the result is that he might walk in circles or in the wrong direction and in the end beat himself out physically and mentally—he will be found mad and crazy.
[来源:学科网]
57. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Tony went to look for a wild animal.
B. Tony found his gun in the circle he walked.
C. A man will be full of fear when he gets lost.
D. A man won’t get lost if he has a sense of direction.
58. The word “woodsmanship” refers to ______.
A. ways of protecting the forest
B. the art of travelling in the forests
C. the experience of finding a lost man
D. skills of helping people in the woods
59. What can be the best title for the passage?
A. Don’t Be Mad
B. Fears in the Forest
C. Easy to Get Lost
D. What to Do in the Forest
七、阅读短文，根据短文内容，从短文后的五个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余选项。（共8分，每小题2分）
Have you ever wondered why toy bears are called Teddy Bears? Why not Harry or Joe or Jane?
60 .
The president was Teddy Roosevelt. He was the 26th president of the United States. In 1902 Roosevelt went bear hunting（狩猎）with some friends. 61 . He couldn’t seem to find anything. His friends found a black bear, and tie d it to a tree. They thought that Roosevelt would want to shoot it with his gun. When Roosevelt saw the bear, he refused to kill it. Shooting a bear tied to a tree wasn’t fair! 62 .
A newspaper artist heard the story of the bear hunt and drew a cartoon about it. 63 . He made a toy bear. Later he was allowed to use President Roosevelt’s name for the bears he made. The “Teddy Bear” was born!
A. He let the bear go
B. They had a good time in the forest
C. However, his hunt was going poorly that day
D. Morris Michtom, owner of a toy store, saw the cartoon
E. The answer comes from a story about a U.S. president and a bear
八、阅读短文，根据短文内容回答问题。（共10分，每小题2分）
So if you’re too busy, maybe it’s time you slowed down and enjoyed a meal with a friend. There has been a new trend（趋势）in food recently —getting away from fast food and moving toward “slow food”.
For years, the pace of life was increasing for most people. They were too busy to cook. The trouble including buying, preparing and cleaning up after a meal was becoming more bother than it was worth clearly. Luckily, there were smart business people who took the chance to provide a “fast” way to deal with the problem. Almost overnight, you could drop by the supermarket and buy complete meals in packages. All you had to do was to heat it and you could be eating a delicious meal in 5 minutes. Just add salt.
Still too slow? OK, just drive your car up to the fast-food restaurant, order your meal and within 2 minutes it will be handed over to you with salt.
The problem is health. Fast food has much more oil, salt and empty calories and far less vitamins than food freshly prepared at home. And so, since people have always wanted to live longer and healthier, a small but growing population is choosing not only fresh food, but also organically（有机）grown food —food that hasn’t been grown with chemical fertilizers（化肥）.
Another reason for changes in eating habits is undoubtedly social. Over the centuries, meal times have been used to visit, laugh and learn. That doesn’t fit with today’s l ifestyle and many
people are looking for ways to return to that. Goodbye McDonald’s.
Finally, there’s something unique about planning your meal, buying just the right ingredients and seeing something on your table that looks just like the picture in your recipe book. So if you’re too busy, maybe it’s time you slowed down and enjoyed a meal with a friend.
64. Do some people begin to eat “slow food”?
65. Why did people start eating fast food?
66. Where can people get a meal in two minutes?
67. What is meant by “Goodbye McDonald”?
68. What are the advantages of food prepared at home?
丰台区
五、完形填空（共12分，每小题1分）
阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。
“Everything happens for the best.” Whenever I faced disappointment, my mother would say this to me.
After I graduated from 35_____ in 1932, I decided to find a job in radio as a sports announcer (广播员). I went to Chicago and knocked at the door of every station. But 36_____, I was refused every time.
At one station, a kind lady told me tha t 37_____ stations wouldn’t hire an inexperienced person and 38_____ that I try my luck at smaller stations. Following her advice, I went back to Dixon, where I had grown up. There were no radio-announcing jobs in Dixon, and my father said a newly-opened store wanted a local athlete to work for it. I applied for the job, but I was refused 39_____.
“Everything happens for the best,” Mom reminded me. Dad 40_____ me the car to look for a job. I tried WOC Radio in Davenport, Iowa. The program director, Peter MacArthur, told me they had already 41_____ an announcer.
As I left his office, my 42_____ boiled over. “How can I become a sports announcer if I can’t get a job in a radio station?” I asked aloud.
While I was waiting for the elevator, I heard someone 43_____. It was MacArthur. “What was that you said about sports? Do you know anything about football?”
Then he asked me to broadcast an imaginary game. 44_____ my performance, he offered me a chance to work there.
On my way home, I thought of my mother’s words: “If you 45_____, one day something good will
happen. Something wouldn’t have happened if not for that previous (先前的) 46_____.”
272w 21sth Century total 358
35. A. family B. office C. college D. bank
36. A. immediately B. usually C. unluckily D. naturally
37. A. small B. big C. old D. new
38. A. agreed B. asked C. explained D. suggested
39. A. more B. again C. already D. finally
40. A. offered B. borrowed C. gave D. bought
41. A. chosen B. decided C. invited D. hired
42. A. frustration B. anger C. pride D. worry
43. A. shouting B. talking C. calling D. crying
44. A. Interested in B. Pleased with C. Excited about D. Surprised at
45. A. carry on B. get on C. come on D. try on
46. A. information B. encouragement C. effort D. disappointment
阅读理解（共44分）
六、阅读理解（共26分，每小题2分）
阅读下面的四篇短文，根据短文内容，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。
best friend. I enjoy the feeling of winning and relaxation. 48 w
Tom, 15, the U.K. :
I’m interested in the Chinese martial arts (武术), so I joined the Tai Chi Club. In the club, our teacher teaches us the history of tai chi and how to do tai chi. I like the way of moving my arms and legs slowly and easily. It can also improve my health. 51 w
XuLifei, 14, China:
47. Who often plays table tennis? .
A. Tom.
B. Amy.
C. Charles.
D. XuLifei.
48. Where is Amy from?
A. The U.S.
B. The U.K.
C. China.
D. Canada.
49. What is XuLifei’s big interest?
A. Playing table tennis.
B. Reading and writing.
C. Playing chess.
D. Practicing tai chi.
B
Charlie was about to climb into bed when he found there was a light on in his garden shed (工棚). Then he noticed some people who were busy stealing (偷) his things.
He called the police right away. The policeman asked: “Are there any thieves (小偷)in your house?”
Charlie replied “no” and explained what was happening.
The police said: “All patrol cars (巡逻车) have gone out, and a policeman will go to your house when one is free.”
Charlie hung up, waited 30 seconds, and then called the
police again.
“Hello, I just called a short while ago because there were
people stealing things from my shed. I want to let you
know that they’re not a problem anymore because I’ve
just shot every one of them.”
Charlie then hung up the phone. In five minutes, three
patrol cars, dozens of policeman and an ambulance
arrived at his house. Of course, the police caught the
thieves.
One policeman said: “I thought you said that you shot every one of them!”
Charlie replied: “I thought you said there were no patrol cars free!” 184 w
50.What did Charlie notice before he climbed into bed?
A. A police car.
B. Some policemen.
C. Some thieves.
D. Some boys.
51. How many patrol cars came to Charlie’s house in the end?
A. Three.
B. Five.
C. Dozens of cars.
D. No cars.
52. What happened to the thieves at last?
A. They were shot dead.
B. They were caught.
C. They ran away.
D. They looked shocked.
C
Do you have a lucky number? What is it? Many
people have a special number that they hope will
bring them good luck.
In Chinese culture, some numbers are believed to be
lucky or unlucky based on the Chinese word that the
number sounds similar to.
For example, the word for the number 8 sounds
similar to the word for “making a fortune”. So, people consider it a very lucky number. Some people will even spend a lot of money to have 8s in their phone numbers or vehicle license plate (车牌照) numbers. The opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics began at 8:08 p.m. on August 8, 2008.
The number 9 is also a lucky number because of its connection to the emperors of China. There
were nine dragons on emperors’ robes (龙袍) and Chinese myth held that the dragon has nine children. The number 9 also stands for “long lasting”. That’s why a man always proposes to a woman with 99 or 999 roses.
So what’s a “bad luck” number in China? It might be 4. Many Chinese people see 4 as a “bad luck” numb er because it sounds similar to the character for “death”.
Because of this, many buildings skip the fourth floor, and simply call it the fifth floor. In Hong Kong, some buildings even skip all floors numbered with 4, such as, 4, 14, 24, 34 and all 40-49 floors. Some buildings also skip the 13th floor, as this is considered an unlucky number in many Christian countries. As a result, a building whose highest floor is 50 may have only 35 physical floors. 275 w
[来源:学53. How do lucky or unlucky numbers come in Chinese culture?
They come mostly of ______.
A. people’s hope for good luck
B. people’s belief in certain numbers
C. similar sounds of Chinese numbers and words
D. Chinese traditions
54. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Many people like the number 8 because it can bring them much money.
B. Much money is sometimes spent on 8s in people’s car numbers in China.
C. 9 is a lucky number in Chinese culture for only one reason.
D. 4 is an unlucky number because it predicts death to the Chinese.
55. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Good luck and bad luck in China.
B. Lucky and unlucky numbers in China.
C. Some facts with lucky or unlucky numbers.
D. Lucky and unlucky numbers in culture.
D
The webs that spiders build to catch insects seem weak.
However, the strength of spider thread is greater than
steel. Webs can even stand up to very strong storms.
Now a team, headed by Markus Buehler, a scientist at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has worked out
why the spider web is so strong. It is not just the strength
of the thread, but the clever design of the web. The key to
a web’s success is its ability to keep its shape and strength
even after some of the threads break, says Buehler. The
scientists found the thread itself has the ability to become
softer or firmer. So it can hold different types of heavy
things and bear a localized damage (损坏). This localized damage can simply be repaired, rather than replaced, or even left alone if the web continues to work as before.
Buehler’s research is mostly theoretical (理论上的), based on computer modeling of material properties (特性) and how they respond to stresses. But in order to test the findings, he and his team literally went into the field. They tested actual spider webs by poking and pulling at them. In all cases, damage was limited to the immediate area they disturbed.
In tests, scientists also used three other strong materials made into the same webs. The spider thread was six times stronger than any other material. More surprisingly, when the scientists
部编中考语文文言文阅读专题训练训练及答案(1) 一、中考语文文言文阅读 1．阅读下面文言文，完成小题。 【甲】 王曰：“善。”乃下令：“群臣吏民能面刺寡人之过者，受上赏；上书谏寡人者，受中赏；能谤讥于市朝，闻寡人之耳者，受下赏。”令初下，群臣进谏，门庭若市；数月之后，时时而间进；期年之后，虽欲言，无可进者，燕、赵、韩、魏闻之，皆朝于齐。此所谓战胜于朝廷。 （选自《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》） 【乙】 父老苦秦苛法久矣，诽谤者族①，偶语②者弃市③。吾与诸侯约，先入关者王之。 与父老约，法三章耳：杀人者死，伤人及盗抵罪。余悉去秦法，诸吏人皆案堵④如故。凡吾所以来，为父老除害非有所侵暴无恐！且吾所以还军霸上⑤，待诸侯至而定约束耳。 （选自《入关告谕》）【注释】①族；灭族。②偶语：两个人在一起谈论。③弃市：死刑。④案堵：即“安堵”，安居不变、安顿不动的意思。⑤霸上：地名，在咸阳东。 （1）下列各组句子中划线词意思或用法不同的一项是（） A. 上书谏寡人者诽谤者族 B. 诸吏人皆案堵如故公问其故 C. 门庭若市烨然若神人 D. 待诸侯至而定约束耳水落而石出者 （2）将选文画线句翻译成现代汉语。 ①数月之后，时时而间进。 ②吾与诸侯约，先入关者王之。 （3）用“/”给下面的句子断句，断两处。 为父老除害非有所侵暴无恐！ （4）概括【甲】文的主要内容。 （5）【甲】文中齐威王给群臣吏民下达命令，【乙】文中刘邦入关前给百姓写告谕，他们这样做各有什么目的？ 【答案】（1）B （2）①几个月以后，还偶尔有人来进谏。②我和诸侯们约定，先入关的人做这里的王。（3）为父老除害/非有所侵暴/无恐！ （4）齐王纳谏及其结果。 （5）齐威王是为了广开言路，使齐国强盛，刘邦是为了安抚百姓，赢得民心。 【解析】【分析】（1）A……的人。B原来；原因。C好像。D连词，表并列。 （2）翻译文言文句子，首先要是否为特殊句式，然后再把关键词语翻译准确，最后再根据现代汉语的规范翻译。①时时：不时。间或：偶然。故此句可以翻译为：几个月以后，还偶尔有人来进谏。②王：这里做动词有，为王。故此句可以翻译为：我和诸侯们
高考语文散文阅读 一、散文的文体特征 1．散文的种类 散文是与诗歌、小说、戏剧并列的一种文学体裁。根据写作内容和表达方式的不同，散文可分为写景状物类散文、写人记事类散文、议论说理类散文、文化游记类散文四类。这四类散文也是近几年高考常考的四种散文类型。每种类型都有各自相对一致的写作思路，把握每类散文的写作特点能帮助学生更好地整体把握文章，理解文章，答题时能做到指向性明确，思路清晰，一语中的。 2．散文的文体特征 散文的文体特征是“形散神聚”。 3．散文的线索 为了做到“形散神聚”，在选择上散文特别注重材料和中心的内在联系，在结构上往往借助一定的线索把材料贯穿成一个整体。贯穿全文连缀人物和事件的顺序叫线索。线索是散文组织安排材料的“纲”。 线索的类别 线索的作用 线索是文章结构的主线，抓住线索就抓住了作者的思路。结构是文章的骨架，线索是文章的脉络，二者是紧密联系的。抓住散文中的线索，便可对作品的思路了然于胸，不仅有助于理解作者的写作意图，而且也是对作者谋篇布局本领的鉴赏，从而透过散文“形散”的表象抓住其传神的精髓，遵循作者的思路，分析文章的立意。
4．散文的立意 散文立意意境深远，注重表现作者的生活感受，抒情性强，情感真挚。作者借助想象与联想，由此及彼，由浅入深，由实而虚地依次写来，可以融情于景，寄情于事，寓情于物，托物言志，表达作者的真情实感，实现物我的统一，展现出更深远的思想，使读者领会更深的道理。 5．散文的语言 散文语言优美凝练，富于文采。所谓“优美”，就是指散文的语言清新明丽，生动活泼，富于韵律美，行文如涓涓流水，叮咚有声，如娓娓而谈，情真意切。所谓“凝练”，是说散文的语言简洁质朴，自然流畅，寥寥数语就可以描绘出生动的形象，勾勒出动人的场景，显示出深远的意境。散文力求写景如在眼前，写情沁人心脾。 二、考场阅读散文的要求 1．读懂是前提，读懂方能做题 文学作品阅读需要两大能力，一是对文本的认知理解能力，二是解题能力。解题其实并无神秘之处，关键在于对文本的认知理解能力。理解能力不够，任何解题方法都不能真正起作用。而要提高对文本的认知理解能力，不能单靠多做练习题，要用细读的方法，认真揣摩一定量的散文，真正把它逐句读懂、读透了，做题自然也就不在话下了。 2．快速阅读是本领 考场阅读是一种快速的精阅读，与平时的浏览或慢品有区别。它要求能用10分钟左右的时间把一篇千字文读两遍。它是考生必须练就的本领，只有平时有意识地训练快速阅读，方能在考场上方寸不乱，成竹在胸。 快速阅读要善于抓标题、开头、结尾及意蕴深刻处，同时圈点勾画出自己认为重要的段落和语句。 3．整体把握是关键 快速阅读的目的是在做题前整体把握文章。一篇文章是一个有机的整体。读一篇文章如果没有着眼于全篇的目光，没有整体把握的意识，其结果只能是事倍功半。只有整体把握了全文，将文章的骨骼、精髓看得透彻、明白，才能把命题人的命题指向、意图看得清楚、明晰，才能快速而准确地答题。 所谓整体把握，就是要把握整体文意和思路层次。简单地说就是两个问题。(1)内容——文章写了什么？基本把握文章内容和作者的写作意图。(2)形式——文章是怎么写的？把握文章的结构层次和作者是如何展开思路的。 三、快速阅读，整体把握训练 写景状物类散文 (一)体裁特点 写景状物散文就是以写景状物为主的散文。作者往往借助对自然之景、物的描绘、抒情、
孔子见齐景公 【原文】 孔子见齐景公，景公致廪丘①以为养②。孔子辞不受，入谓弟子曰：“吾闻君子当功以受禄。今说景公，景公未之以行③而赐之廪丘，其不知丘④也亦甚矣。”令弟子趣驾，辞而行。（节选自《吕氏春秋》） 注：①廪丘：地名。②养：供养之地。③未之行：没有采纳我的主张。④丘：孔子，名丘。【阅读训练】 1．解释下面句子中加点词语的意思。 （1）孔子辞不受辞： （2）今说景公说： 2．用现代汉语写出下面句子在文中的意思。 是亦不可以已乎？ 3．孔子为什么不肯接受景公赐给他的供养之地呢？ 王冕僧寺夜读《宋学士文集》 【原文】 王冕者，诸暨人。七八岁时，父命牧牛陇上，窃入学舍，听诸生诵书；听已，辄默记。暮归，忘其牛，父怒挞之。已而复如初。母曰：“儿痴如此，曷不听其所为？”冕因去，依僧寺以居。夜潜出坐佛膝上，执策映长明灯读之，琅琅达旦。佛像多土偶，狞恶可怖，；冕小儿，恬若不知。 【阅读训练】 1．结合文意，解释下列句中加点的词。 ①窃入学舍 ②辄默记 ③儿痴如此 ④恬若不见 2．与“曷不听其所为”中“曷”用法不同的一项是（） A．只有剩骨B．满坐寂然C．坐佛膝上D．可爱者甚蕃 3．与“依僧寺以居”中的“以”字用法相同的一项是（） A．或以为死，或以为亡B．必以分人 C．属予作文以记之D．以刀劈狼首 5．从本文中可以看出，王冕后来之所以成为著名的画家、诗人，其根本原因是
大榕树下的相逢 ⑴大榕树已经被暮色包围了，他还站在树下没有走。 ⑵他已经站了好一会儿，扬着头，好像要数清榕树的枝叶。一只小皮箱放在他的脚边，看来，他是远道来的客人。 ⑶他有四五十岁的样子，但白发已经飘落在他的头顶，把头染成花白，衬得黝黑的皮肤分外地醒目。 ⑷终于，边界那边的一家小店的门打开了，一位穿着唐装衣裤的微胖的中年妇人出来，把塑料桶里的水倾在路边的渗水孔里。她看一眼那陌生的男人，毫不在意地扭头走回自己的屋门。可是，她又站住，回过头来再看一眼那男子。她止住脚步，一丝惊诧和猜疑飘上面孔。她扭过身，上下打量着那在苍茫的暮色里凝立在榕树下的远方来客。 ⑸星星悄悄地爬出来，谁也不敢作声，只是互相眨着眼睛，交换着对地下这一对男女的猜想。月亮也禁不住好奇心，躲在梧桐山头窥探着。于是，朦朦的月光洒下来，把斑斑点点的光，从榕树上倾倒给那石像般呆立不动的男人。 ⑹那中年妇女终于忍不住了，她放下塑料桶一步步走向榕树。 ⑺哨兵移动了一下位置，让自己暴露在月光中，他的意思很清楚，是想告诉那男子，这里有尽职的战士，你可要当心，不要做出不应当做的事情。 ⑻也许，是那妇女的脚步惊动了那男子，他把头慢慢地由榕树转向边界那边，凝望着一步步走近的妇女。 ⑼如伞如盖的榕树，把浓密的枝叶伸向边界两方，护卫着两个制度下的的子民。无论如何，他们都是家乡的儿女，只是几界碑把他们分隔开来，但他们的心还在一起，就像这榕树，枝叶在两边，根却依旧扎在祖国的土壤。 ⑽那妇女已经走近了榕树，抬眼望望那男人低低在呼叫： ⑾“噢，真是你，涛哥，到底回来了。” ⑿男人凝望着她，低声说：“是是，回来了，女姐。从那边，水牛城(美国布法罗城)，你，还住在那边?”他把头朝港界那边点一点。 ⒀“嗯嗯。”女人停顿一下，“你的家已经没了，变了，变成一座新楼。你会不认识的。你是要回大陆?” ⒁“我是要回家乡，回河头角。” ⒂两个人都不说话，依旧沉默着。 ⒃男人轻嘘一口气：“这榕树多好，我天天想它。” 1. ③段中的“白发飘落”与“白发出现”相比，“飘落”一词有怎样特殊的表达效果？ 2. “涛哥”在国外的经历在文中没写，但却有一段话含蓄地交代出他的处境，它是第 （）段。 3. ⑤段是环境描写，它在文中的作用是_____________ 4. ⑨段画横线的句子的深层含义是什么？ 5. ⑦文章结尾处表达出人物怎样的感情？
专题十文言文阅读 (时间:45分钟满分:61分) 一、(2019潍坊)阅读下面的文言文,完成各题。(12分) 元德秀,字紫芝,河南人。少孤,事母孝,举进士,不忍去左右,自负母入京师。既擢第①,母亡,庐．墓侧,食不盐酪,藉无茵席。德秀不及亲在而娶,不肯婚,人以为不可绝嗣．,答曰:“兄有子,先人得祀,吾何娶为?”初,兄子襁褓丧亲,无资得乳媪,德秀自乳．之,数日湩②流,能食乃．止。 有盗系狱,会．虎为暴,盗请格虎自赎。吏白:“彼诡计,且亡去,无乃为累乎．?”德秀曰:“许之矣,不可负约。即有累,吾当坐,不及馀人。”明日,盗尸虎还,举县嗟叹。 所得俸禄,悉衣食人之．孤遗者。岁饥,日或不爨③,陶然弹琴以．自娱。天宝十三载卒,家惟枕履箪瓢而已。族弟结哭之恸,或曰:“子哭过哀,礼欤?”结曰:“若知礼之过,而不知情之至。大夫生六十年未尝求足,未尝有十亩之地、十岁之僮,未尝完布帛而衣、具五味之餐。吾哀之,以戒荒淫贪佞、绮纨粱肉之徒耳。” (选自《新唐书·列传》,有删节) 【注】①擢第:科举考试得中。②湩(dòng):乳汁,这里指汤汁。 ③爨(cuàn):烧火做饭。 1.解释文中加点词的意思。(4分) (1)庐．墓侧( )
(2)人以为不可绝嗣．( ) (3)德秀自乳．之( ) (4)会．虎为暴( ) 答案:(1)搭建庐舍(2)继承人(3)喂养(4)适逢,正赶上 2.下列加点词在句子中的意义和用法,相同的一项是(2分)( B ) A.数日湩流,能食乃．止 问今是何世,乃．不知有汉(《桃花源记》) B.无乃为累乎． 是亦不可以已乎．(《鱼我所欲也》) C.悉衣食人之．孤遗者 余故道为学之．难以告之(《送东阳马生序》) D.陶然弹琴以．自娱 寡人欲以．五百里之地易安陵(《唐雎不辱使命》) 导析:B项,均为语气助词,表疑问或反问;A项,副词,才/副词,竟,竟然;C项,助词,定语后置标志/助词,的;D项,连词,表目的,用来/介词,用。 3.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。(4分) (1)兄有子,先人得祀,吾何娶为?(2分) 译文: ______________________________________ (2)若知礼之过,而不知情之至。(2分) 译文: ______________________________________ 答案:(1)我哥哥有儿子,我的祖先可以得到祭祀,我为什么还要娶
2018北京各区初三二模语文试卷分类汇编（文言文） 【海淀区】 （二）阅读【甲】【乙】两文，完成7—9题。（6分） 【甲】 板印书籍，唐人尚未盛为之。五代时始印五经，已后典籍皆为板本。 庆历中有布衣毕昇，又为活板。其法：用胶泥刻字，薄如钱唇，每字为一印，火烧令坚。先设一铁板，其上以松脂、蜡和纸灰之类冒之。欲印，则以一铁范置铁板上，乃密布字印，满铁范为一板，持就火炀之，药稍熔，则以一平板按其面，则字平如砥。若止印三二本，未为简易；若印数十百千本，则极为神速。常作二铁板，一板印刷，一板已自布字，此印者才毕，则第二板已具，更互用之，瞬息可就。每一字皆有数印，如“之”“也”等字，每字有二十余印，以备一板内有重复者。 （选自[宋]沈括《活板》） 【乙】 （毕昇）活字之法，斯其权舆。然泥字既不精整，又易破碎。松脂诸物亦繁重周章，故王桢《农书》所载活字之法，易以木版。其贮字之盘，则设以转轮，较为径捷，而亦未详备。至陆深《金台纪闻》所云铅字之法，则质柔易损，更为费日损工矣。是编参酌旧制，而变通以新意。 （选自[清]金简《武英殿聚珍版程式》，有删改） 7.下列各组语句中加点词的意思相同的一项是（2分） A．持就．火炀之瞬息可就． B．若．止印三二本若．无兴德之言 C．则第二板已具．问所从来，具．答之 D．每一字皆有数．印扶苏以数．谏故 8.用现代汉语翻译下面的语句。（1分） 其上以松脂、蜡和纸灰之类冒之 翻译： 9.印刷术是人类文明的先导，为知识的传播、交流创造了极为有利的条件。【甲】【乙】两文展现了中国古代印刷术的发展历程：由唐代的①到宋代毕昇的泥活字印刷，再到元代王桢记载的____②_____，明代陆深记载的铅活字印刷。到了清代，金简奉旨勘印《四库全书》，要“变通以新意”。可见，我们的祖先从未停止过改良印刷术的脚步。从中我们看到了中国古代劳动人民的______③______精神。（3分） 7．答案：B（2分） 8．答案：它（铁板）的上面用松脂、蜡混合纸灰一类的东西覆盖好（1分。意思对即可）9．答案：①雕版印刷（板印书籍）②木活字印刷③创新（探索）（3分。每空1分，意思对即可） 【参考译文】
高一语文文言文阅读训练含答案 1.下列句子中加点词的意义，与现代汉语相同的一项是 A.阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻 B.存者且偷生，死者长已矣 C.处分适兄意，那得自任专 D.颜色憔悴，形容枯槁 【答案】BA彼此相通/各种运输和邮电事业的总称;C安排/对犯错者的处理;D面容、脸色/红黄等色彩 2.下列各句加点的词语中，与现代汉语相同的一项是 A.而从六国破亡之故事，是又在六国下矣 B.樊将军以穷困来归丹 C.明智而忠信，宽厚而爱人 D.余稍为修葺，使不上漏 【答案】D其他三项的古义分别为A：旧例;B：窘迫，走投无路;C：英明睿智 3.下列各句加点的词与“卒廷见相如”中加点的词用法不同的一项是 A.事不目见耳闻，而臆断其有无，可乎 B.有狼当道，人立而啼 C.失时不雨，民且狼顾 D.诡踪迹，草行露宿 【答案】C“雨”为名词作动词用，其他的词都是名词作状语 4.下列句子加点词的含义相同的一组是 A.荆轲逐秦王，秦王还柱而走居十日，扁鹊望桓侯而还走 B.同心一意，共治曹操治平至百余年，可谓久矣 C.至若春和景明，波澜不惊日出夭而耀景，露下地而腾文 D.触草木，尽死;以啮人，无御之者木直中绳，车柔以为轮，其曲中规
【答案】C日光;A：环绕/掉头。B：对付/太平;D：树木/木料 5.下列句中加点的词，意义和用法相同的一项是 A.①且矫诏纷出，钩党之捕遍于天下②至邺，矫魏王令代晋鄙 B.①予本非文人画士，甘受诟厉②今人乃以俭相诟病 C.①用实者成实时采②诸越则桃李冬实 D.①以约失之者鲜矣②芳草鲜美，落英缤纷 【答案】BA项中①形容词，“假托的”;②动词“假托”。B项中两词相同，都是 动词，“责骂”的意思。C项中①名词，“果实”;②动词，“结果实”。D项中①形容词，“稀少”;②形容词，“新鲜” 6.下列句子中加点词的意义，与现代汉语不相同的一项是 A.斜阳草树，寻常巷陌 B.每有会意，便欣然忘食 C.举孝廉不行，连辟公府不就 D.元嘉草草，封狼居胥，赢得仓皇北顾 【答案】C不去应荐/不可以 7.对下列加点词的用法分类正确的一项是 ①不入虎穴，焉得虎子②得双石于潭上，扣而聆之③某亦守法，与公甚相得也 ④古人之观于天地……往往有得⑤因得观所谓石钟者⑥今为所识穷乏者得我而为之 A.①⑤⑥/②/③/④ B.①②⑤/③/④/⑥ C.①/②⑥/③⑤/④ D.①②/③/④/⑤⑥ 【答案】B依次为动词、形容词、名词，“德”字通假 8.下列句子加点的词按古今词义变化分类正确的一项是 ①遂命酒，使快弹数曲。②登斯楼也，则有去国怀乡，忧谗畏讥，满目萧然，感极 而悲者矣。
高考语文真题分类汇编三：散文 一、天津卷 五、（21分） 阅读下面的文章，完成16～19题。 虹关何处落徽墨 石红许 在冬天，在春天……为了寻找一截久违的徽墨，我孑然一人蹀躞在在虹关【注】墨染了一样的旧弄堂里，闯进一栋又一栋装满了故事的深宅老院。我安慰自己，哪怕是能遇见寸许徽墨，也心满意足。行走在虹关，我一次又一次向墨的深处挺进，去追寻墨的风月身影。 婺源一文友善意地提醒我，虹关徽墨以及制作徽墨的人很难找了，你这样没有目的地寻找，不啻于白费心神徒劳无功。我不甘心，相信在虹关的后人中一定还有人掌握了徽墨制作技艺，他们会告诉我很多关于徽墨的记忆。学.科网 欣慰的是，季节扯起的丹青屏风里，总有一棵需十余个大人合抱的千年古樟，华盖如伞，累了，就在树下坐一坐，仰望绵廷浙岭，聆听“吴楚分源”的回声。穿村而过的浙源水、徽饶古道在炊烟袅袅里把日常琐碎的生活串成一幅恬谧幽静的水墨画，人在画中，画在人中，昔日贩夫走卒、野老道者的身影渐行渐远在徽墨涂抹的山水间，一丝淡淡的忧伤悄然在心里泛浮，随着雨滴从瓦片上、树叶间滚落下来，把人带进梦里故园。 一堵堵布满青苔的墙壁上还隐约留存着经年的墨迹，那是徽墨的遗韵吗？石板路上，不时与村人擦肩而过；老宅门内，不时与老人目光相撞。在虹关，我拾掇了一串烙上徽墨溫度的词语：质朴、慈祥、安然，小桥、流水、人家……虹关，允许我拾取半截残墨，记下一串与徽墨有关联的大街小巷地名。 虹关伫立，徽墨式微。近百年来，科技的迅猛发展带来了五花八门的书写工具，使得人们迅速地移情别恋，墨与砚台的耳鬓厮磨，也早也被墨汁横插一杠，固态磨便黯然失色，近年来渐渐被人遗忘。到后来，实现了从纸张到数字化的华丽转身，书写也已成为少数人的事情了，墨块更是被束之高阁，制墨传习几乎无人问津。 墨，松烟的精灵，千百年来忠实地在纸上屐行职责，一撇一捺站立成墨黑的姿勢，氤氲香气里传承着中国文字的博大精深。徽墨，制作滥觞于南唐，兴盛于明清，享有“落纸如漆，万古存真”之美誉。有权威人士言之凿凿指陈，北京故宮博物院还保存着数十块虹关徽墨。徽墨无声，虹关有幸，虹关人因此而自豪。水口、民居，显然还有徽墨等，不负众望，终于为虹关换来了“中国历史文化名村”的金字招牌。 虹关徽墨，不小心逝失在古村落、古驿道边，等待人们去擦亮这张泛着黑色光泽的名片——“徽墨名村”。在一栋民居内，我兴奋地发现，有人在挖掘、研发传统徽墨工艺，遗憾不见墨工，不知那一双手是
2019 年中考语文文言文阅读练习及答案 文言文阅读练习 一、许允妇临事不惊许允为吏部郎，多用其乡里，魏明帝遣虎贲① 收之。其妇出戒允曰: “明主可以理夺，难以情求。”既至，帝核问之，允对曰: “‘ 举尔所知’ ②，臣之乡人，臣所知也。陛下检校，为称职与不？如不称职，臣受其罪。”既检校，皆官得其人，于是乃释。允衣服败坏，诏赐新衣。初，允被收，举家号哭。其妇自若，云: “勿忧，寻还。”作粟粥待。顷之，允至。许允为晋景王所诛，门生走入告其妇。妇正在机中，神色不变，曰: “早知尔耳！”门人欲藏其儿，妇: “无预诸儿事。” 后徙居墓所，景王遣钟会看之，若才流③及父，当收。儿以咨母，母曰: “汝等虽佳，才具④不多，率胸怀与语，便无所忧；不须极哀，会止便止⑤；不可少问朝事。”儿从之。会反，以状对，卒免。 ( 选自南朝? 刘义庆《世说新语? 贤媛》) 【注释】 ①虎贲(b ēn): 官名，负责侍卫君主和保卫王宫。②举尔所知: 语出《论语?子路》，意思是“提拔你所了解的人”。③ 才流: 指才能品级。④才具: 才能，才干。⑤会止便止: 古人按礼节慰问死者家属时当哭泣。 【练习】 1. 解释下列句中加点字: (1) 为称职与不( )
(2) 皆官得其人( ) (3) 举家号哭( ) (4) 寻还( ) (5) 早知尔耳( ) (6) 无预诸儿事。( ) 2. 选出“之”的意义和用法相同的两项( )( ) A. 魏明帝遣虎贲收之( 本文) B. 句读之不知( 《师说》) C. 臣之乡人( 本文) D. 古人之观于天地、山川，往往有得( 《游褒禅山记》) E. 帝核问之( 本文) F. 顷之( 本文) 3. 用现代汉语翻译文中画线句。 4. 第一段中许允最终获释的原因是什么？ 二、李夫人不欲见帝初，李夫人病笃，上自临候之，夫人蒙被谢曰: “妾久寝病，形貌毁坏，不可以见帝。愿以王及兄弟为托。”上曰: “夫人病甚，殆将不起，一见我属托王及兄弟，岂不快哉？”夫人曰: “妇人貌不修饰，不见君父。妾不敢以燕媠①见帝。 上曰: “夫人弟一见我，将加赐千金，而予兄弟尊官。”夫人曰: “尊官在帝，不在一见。”上复言欲必见之，夫人遂转乡歔欷而不复言。于是上不说而起。夫人姊妹让之曰: “贵人独不可一见上属托兄弟邪？何为恨上如此？”夫人曰: “所以不欲见帝者，乃欲以深托兄弟
高中文言文阅读训练60篇及答案（1-20） 1．班昭续《汉书》 扶风①曹世叔妻者，同郡班彪②之女也，名昭，字惠班。博学高才。世叔早卒，有节行法度。兄固著《汉书》，其八表及天文志未及竟而卒。和帝诏昭就东观藏书阁③踵而成之。帝数召入宫，令皇后诸贵]人师事焉，号曰“大家”。每有贡献异物，辄诏大家作赋颂。时《汉书》始出，多未能通者，同郡马融伏于阁下，从昭受读。 (选自《后汉书?曹世叔妻传》) [注释]①扶风：古地名，今陕西境内。②班彪：当时著名学者。③东观藏书阁：皇家藏书楼。 [文化常识] 女文史家。班昭是中国历史上第一个女文史家。她帮助哥哥班固完成了未竟的事业，而且对阐述《汉书》起到了重要作用，她的诗赋在当时也很著名。女性精通文史的在中国历史上不多，另一个是汉末的蔡文姬(蔡琰，见后文)，还有一个是宋朝的李清照，她是杰出的女词人，她早年还同丈夫一起研究金石书画。 [思考与练习】 1．解释：①竞_________②辄_________ 2．翻译：①和帝诏昭就东观藏书阁踵而成之②师事焉
2．蔡文姬求情 董祀为屯田都尉①，犯法当②死。文姬③诣曹操请之。时公卿、名士及远方使驿④坐者满堂。操谓宾客曰：“蔡伯喈女在外，今为诸君见之。”及文姬进，蓬首徒行，叩头请罪，音辞清辩，旨甚酸哀，众皆为改容。操曰：“诚实相矜，然文状⑤已去，奈何?”文姬曰：“明公⑥厩马万匹，虎士成林，何惜疾足一骑，而济垂死之命乎!”操感其言，乃追原⑦祀罪。 (选自《后汉书?董祀妻传》) [注释】①屯田都尉：职官名称。②当：判决。③文姬：蔡文姬。④使驿：使者。 ⑤文状：文书。⑥明公：对曹操的敬称。⑦原：原谅，此指赦罪。 [文化常识] 蔡文姬。蔡文姬名琰，字文姬，东汉末年的女诗人，其父即蔡邕(字伯喈)。她博学有才辩，通音律。初嫁卫仲道。夫亡后归母家。遇汉末大乱，为董卓部将所虏，归南匈奴左贤王，居匈奴12年，有子女二人。曹操平定中原后，念蔡邕无后代，便以重金赎归，再嫁董祀。她凭记忆写出了四百多篇古文。她的《悲愤诗》及琴曲歌辞《胡笳十八拍》最为著名。当代戏剧家曹禺创作有话剧《蔡文姬》。 [思考与练习] 1．解释：①诣_________②徒_________③厩_________④虎士_________ 2．翻译：①旨甚酸哀，众皆为改容；②诚实相矜；③济垂死之命。 3．理解：“操感其言”属什么句式?
高考散文阅读训练集锦 高考散文阅读训练集锦 ——东华高中陆波（原创） 散文阅读训练（一） 阅读下面的文字，完成1-4题。 海市 ——张抗抗 穿越戈壁滩时，你会忽然觉得，世界原来竟是如此单纯。地很平，一马平川。视线里弥漫着黄褐色的沙地，从车轮下一直通向地球的尽头，眼里除了黄沙还是黄沙。 旋风突然就出现了。风夹裹着黄沙，像一只只倒扣的金钟，呈U字形，底部紧贴着戈壁滩，任意地旋转舞蹈着。那是一页奇妙的图景，大漠上凝固的黄色成为一块巨大的底版，与游曳的黄色旋风浑然一体。镂空的风柱又似一支急促的喷泉，安慰着沙漠里的行人。再没有更多的颜色了。戈壁只有单纯得近于单调的金黄。 出凉州、经张掖、过酒泉，漫漫长途，古城的绿洲与绿洲之间，没有河，没有泉，也没有井。 黄沙古道，掩埋了多少流放者饥渴的白骨和焦灼的灵
魂。 真的没有绿树也没有河流么?苍天在上，谁能拯救这荒茫死寂的戈壁? 昏沉沉的困倦中我睁开眼。如闪电掠过黑夜，我的眼睛为之一亮——那是海么?灰蓝色的水波漾溢着，弥漫着，悬浮于沙洲之上，宁静而安谧。水上横一道长长的湖堤，堤上有树，清晰而精致的树影，一棵棵生动地排列着，像故乡西湖十景之一的苏堤春晓。更奇妙的是，水面上还映着绿树的倒影，水墨画一般，朦胧得柔美。在沙漠的骄阳和干旱中，那水，想必是清凉又甘甜的。 那一定是个好去处了。我问，那是个什么地方呢? 是海市。司机回答。 海——市?这真的就是海市?怎么就和真的景致一模一样啊? 脑子里忽然涌出许许多多关于海市蜃楼的传说：焦渴的找水人，怀着虔诚和崇敬之情，流尽了最后一滴汗、耗完了最后一滴血，倒毙在沙漠里。也许临死时，还在期待着他那一个可望而不可即的梦幻，会如奇迹般出现…… 再看海市，那清清的湖、静静的树，分明露着一种狡诈和虚伪的微笑。可为什么，曾有人会以生命相托，祭祀这本来虚无而渺茫的幻影呢?连同我在内。 如不是亲见，我也不相信如此美丽诱人的海市，会是
高考文言文阅读专题教案 一、教学目标 1、明确考题形式和设题角度 2、掌握知识体系 3、强化答题方法和答题步骤 二、教学内容 1、考题形式：（1）单选题；（2）翻译题 2、设题角度：（1）理解常见文言实词在文中的意义和用 法 （2）理解常见文言虚词在文中的意义和用法 （3）理解与现代汉语不同的句式和用法 （4）理解并翻译文中的句子 （5）筛选文中的信息 （6）归纳内容要点，概括中心意思 （7）分析概括作者在文中的观点态度 3、知识体系 （1）应该掌握120个文言实词中的一词多义 （2）常见古今异义词 （3）偏义复词 （4）常见通假字 （5）常见实词活用 ①名词用作一般动词
②名词用作状语 ③名词动词形容词用作使动 ④名词形容词用作意动 ⑤形容词用作名词 ⑥形容词用作一般动词 （6）应该掌握的18个文言虚词 （7）常见文言特殊句式 ①判断句 ②被动句 ③倒装句 a主谓倒装b宾语前置c定语后置d状语后置 ④省略句 a省略主语 b省略谓语 c省略宾语 d省略介词 ⑤固定句式 a表陈述语气 b表疑问语气 c表反问语气 d表感叹语气
4、答题方法和答题步骤 （1）理解实词意义的方法 ①联系上下文推断 ②通过语法词性推断 ③根据整句句式推断 ④迁移联想推断 (2)理解虚词意义和用法的方法 ①通过在句中位置来判断 ②根据上下句关系来判断 ③联系具体语境来判断 ④结合课文迁移联想来判断 （3）翻译句子的方法 ①原则：信、达、雅 ②具体操作六字法：留、增、删、补、换、调 ③依据：文言实词、文言虚词、词类活用、特殊句式、前 后语境 （4）筛选整合文中信息的方法 ①通读全文，把握体裁特征： 传记，抓住中心人物和中心事件； 说明文，弄清说明对象和说明中心；
文言文阅读1答案 一、10．（3分）B（原文为：元徽中，为太中大夫。颇解星文，好 术数。太祖辅政，沈攸之起兵，灵产密白太祖曰：“攸之兵众虽强，以天时冥数而观，无能为也。”） 11．（3分）B（江左，古指江东。古人习惯以东为左，以西为右。）12．（3分）C（“这些建议都得以施行”错误。原文为“诏报从纳，事竟不施行”。） 13．（10分） （1）孔稚硅因为外族（北魏）连年来不断向南入侵，征战不止，百姓死伤很多，于是上表。 （译出大意给2分；“以、息、乃”三处，译对一处给1分。）（2）他不喜欢世间俗务，在宅院里建造了很多假山池塘，常常独自一人倚靠在小桌旁饮酒，而不管身边的杂事。（译出大意给2分；“乐、盛、傍”三处，译对一处给1分。） 参考译文： 孔稚珪，字德璋，是会稽山阴人。祖父名叫道隆，位居侍中。父亲名叫灵产，泰始年间被罢去晋安太守一职。（灵产）有隐逸遁世 的情怀，在禹井山设立了馆舍，精心诚笃地信奉道教。元徽年间， 担任太中大夫。比较能知晓星象，喜好阴阳方术。太祖辅佐朝政， 沈攸之起兵，灵产秘密地禀告太祖说：“沈攸之的军队虽然强大， 但按照天道气数来看，不能有什么作为。”太祖最终验证了他的话，提拔他为光禄大夫。孔稚珪年少时就广学博览，有美好的名声。太 守王僧虔见过他后十分器重，招揽他担任主簿。州里察举他为秀才。初任安成王车骑法曹行参军，转任尚书殿中郎。齐太祖萧道成任骠 骑将军时，认为孔稚珪有文采，让他担任记室参军，与江淹共同掌 管各种公文的草拟。升任正员郎，中书郎，尚书左丞。因为要为去 世的父亲守丧而辞去官职，与兄长仲智返回居住在其父的山居中。 仲智的小妾李氏性格骄横嫉妒，不讲礼节，孔稚珪禀告太守王敬则 杀了她。守丧期满，担任司徒从事中郎，州治中，别驾，从事史， 本郡中正。 永明七年，改任骁骑将军，又兼任左丞。后升任黄门郎，仍旧 兼任左丞。不久改任太子中庶子，廷尉。江南一带一直承用晋朝张 1
高三散文阅读复习 ——《刻碑人》一、教学目标： 知识与能力： 回顾散文相关知识，总结积累，灵活运用。 过程与方法： 披文入情，理清文章结构，梳理内容，总结答题方法。 情感态度与价值观： 把握文章主旨，理解作者思想感情。 二、教学重、难点 重点：披文入情，理清文章结构，梳理内容，总结答题方法。 难点：把握文章主旨，理解作者思想感情。 三、课型、课时 新授、一课时 四、教学手段 试卷、教案 五、教学方法 讲授法、点拨法、阅读法 六、教学过程 （一）导入 夫缀文者情动而辞发，观文者披文以入情，沿波讨源，虽幽必显。 ——刘勰《文心雕龙》
（二）回顾散文相关知识 散文考点： 分析散文结构：明、圈、抓、合 概括散文主题 分析表现手法 品味语言艺术 欣赏散文形象 （三）梳理文章结构 学生阅读文本，自主完成。 补充： 现代文阅读及答题技法： 读懂文本——抓内容 审清题干——明要求 回归文本——准搜索 整合答案——巧表达 （四）习题讲解 5、文章对盗碑有关内容的叙述，有什么用意？请简要分析。 ①侧面衬托。王久仑所刻之碑被盗得一处不剩，从侧面说明王久仑书法和碑刻作品的极富艺术性。 ②反映时代风貌。世道混乱，盗贼横行，人们财产得不到保障。
③为抒发感慨做铺垫。处于乱世，那些具有艺术性的碑刻命如草芥，被金钱和利益反复转手，这种现象令作者感到悲痛。 6、为什么刻碑人王久仑刻的碑“生者欢喜，亡者喜欢”？请结合文章内容谈谈你的理解。 ①书法和碑刻才能出众。王久仑是大书法家右军(王羲之)后人，他的书法和碑刻才能都在当地冠于一时，他刻的碑自然是让人欢喜。 ②能诗能文，文笔出众。王久仑才华冠于当地，他刻碑无需他人代笔，而是自写自刻，为人所折服。 ③投身刻碑行业，善体人情。王久仑参加秋闱(乡试)名落孙山，从此绝意仕途，俯身丧葬之业，他能体悟生者冷暖、逝者遗愿。 (五)总结 前清秀才王久仑 能诗能文出众人 秋闱落第心意冷 俯身转做刻碑人 书法碑刻皆服众 盗贼光临石碑空 若问心中有憾无 但做无悔刻碑人
专题一文言文阅读 ——侧重于理解和翻译的阅读实践
一、(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)阅读下面的文言文，完成1～4题。(19分) 王涣字稚子广汉郪人也父顺安定太守涣少好侠尚气力数通剽轻少年晚而改 节敦儒学习《尚书》读律令略举大义为太守陈宠功曹，当职割断，不避豪右 ．．。宠 风声大行，入为大司农。和帝问曰：“在郡何以为理？”宠顿首 ．．谢曰：“臣任功曹王涣以简贤选能，主簿镡显拾遗补阙，臣奉宣诏书而已。”帝大悦，涣由此显 名。州举茂才 ．．，除温令。县多奸猾，积为人患。涣以方略讨击，悉诛之。境内清夷，商人露宿于道。其有放牛者，辄云以属稚子，终无侵犯。在温三年，迁兖州刺史，绳正部郡，风威大行。后坐考妖言不实论。岁余，征拜侍御史。永元十五年，从驾南巡，还为洛阳令。以平正居身，得宽猛之宜。其冤嫌久讼，历政所不 断，法理所难平者，莫不曲尽情诈，压塞群疑。又能以谲数发擿奸伏。京师 ．．称叹，以为涣有神算。元兴元年，病卒。百姓市道莫不咨嗟。男女老壮皆相与赋敛，致奠醊以千数。涣丧西归，道经弘农，民庶皆设盘案于路。吏问其故，咸言平常持米到洛，为卒司所抄，恒亡其半。自王君在事，不见侵枉，故来报恩。其政化怀物如此。民思其德，为立祠安阳亭西，每食辄弦歌而荐之。延熹中，桓帝事黄老道，悉毁诸房祀，唯特诏密县存故太傅卓茂庙，洛阳留王涣祠焉。自涣卒后，连诏三公特选洛阳令，皆不称职。永和中，以剧令勃海任峻补之。峻擢用文武吏，皆尽其能，纠剔奸盗，不得旋踵，一岁断狱，不过数十，威风猛于涣，而文理不及之。峻字叔高，终于太山太守。 (节选自《后汉书·王涣传》)
【真题试做】 1.下列对文中画波浪线部分的断句，正确的一项是()(3分) A.王涣字稚子/广汉郪人也/父顺/安定太守/涣少好侠/尚气力/数通剽轻少年/晚而改节敦/儒学习《尚书》/读律令/略举大义/ B.王涣字稚子/广汉郪人也/父顺/安定太守/涣少好侠/尚气力/数通剽轻少年/晚而改节/敦儒学/习《尚书》/读律令/略举大义/ C.王涣字稚子/广汉郪人也/父顺/安定太守/涣少/好侠尚气力/数通剽轻少年/晚而改节敦/儒学习《尚书》/读律令/略举大义/ D.王涣字稚子/广汉郪人也/父顺/安定太守/涣少/好侠尚气力/数通剽轻少年/晚而改节/敦儒学/习《尚书》/读律令/略举大义/ 解析“好侠”“尚气力”是两个并列的动宾结构，且都是王涣年少时的性格特点，这两句间应该断开，排除C和D；“敦儒学”是重视研习儒学的意思，中间不能断开，排除A。 答案 B 2.下列对文中加点词语的相关内容的解说，不正确的一项是()(3分) A.豪右，指旧时的富豪家族、世家大户；汉代以右为尊，所以习惯上称为“豪右”。 B.顿首，即以头叩地而拜，是古代交际礼仪；又常常用于书信、表奏中作为敬辞。 C.茂才，即秀才，东汉时为避光武帝刘秀名讳，改称茂才，后世有时也沿用此名。 D.京师是古代京城的通称，现代则称为首都；“京”“师”单用，旧时均可指国都。 解析“师”单独使用不表示国都。 答案 D 3.下列对原文有关内容的概括和分析，不正确的一项是()(3分) A.王涣初入仕途，才干受到赏识。他在太守陈宠手下担任功曹，遇事敢于决断；陈入朝为大司农，回答皇上询问时褒奖他善于简贤选能，王由此得以显名。 B.王涣扫除积弊，境内风清气正。他担任温县县令，以谋略铲除奸猾之徒，世面清平，商人露宿于道；升任兖州刺史后，又依法整肃下属部门，极有声威。
文言文阅读 【2018 东城二模】 (三)文言文阅读(共8分) 曹刿论战 十年春，齐师伐我。公将战。曹刿请见。其乡人曰：“肉食者谋之，又何间焉？”刿曰：“肉食者鄙，未能远谋。”乃入见。问：“何以战？”公曰：“衣食所安，弗敢专也，必以分人。”对曰：“小惠未徧，民弗从也。”公曰：“牺牲玉帛，弗敢加也，必以信。”对曰：“小信未孚，神弗福也。”公曰：“小大之狱．，虽不能察，必以情。”对曰：“忠之属也。可以一战。战则请从。” 公与之乘，战于长勺。公将鼓之。刿曰：“未可。”齐人三鼓。刿曰：“可矣。”齐师败绩。公将驰之。刿曰：“未可。”下视其辙，登轼而望之，曰：“可矣。”遂逐齐师。 既克，公问其故。对曰：“夫战，勇气也。一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭。彼竭我盈，故克之。夫大国，难测也，惧有伏焉。吾视其辙乱，望其旗靡，故逐之。” 赵威后问齐使 齐王使使者问赵威后。书未发，威后问使者曰：“岁亦无恙邪？民亦无恙邪？王亦无恙邪？”使者不说，曰：“臣奉使使威后，今不问王而先问岁与民，岂先贱而后尊贵者乎？”威后曰：“不然。苟无岁，何以有民？苟无民，何以有君？故有舍本而问末者耶？” 乃进而问之曰：“齐有处士①曰锺离子，无恙耶？是其为人也，有粮者亦食，无粮者亦食；有衣者亦衣，无衣者亦衣。是助王养其民也，何以至今不业②也？叶阳子③无恙乎？是其为人，哀鳏寡，恤孤独，振困穷，补不足。是助王息其民者也，何以至今不业也？北宫之女婴儿子④无恙耶？彻其环瑱⑤，至老不嫁，以养父母。是皆率民而出于孝情者也，胡为至今不朝⑥也?此二士弗业，一女不朝，何以王．齐国，子万民乎？於陵子仲⑦尚存乎？是其为人也，上不臣⑧于王，下不治其家，中不索交诸侯。此率民而出于无用者，何为至今不杀乎？” （选自《战国策·齐策四》） 注：①处士：有才能而隐居不出来做官的人。钟离：复姓。②业：使之作官而成就功业。用作动词，这里指重用。③叶（shè）阳子：齐国的处士。叶阳为复姓。④北宫：复姓。婴儿子，是其名。⑤彻：通“撤”。环瑱（tiàn）：耳环和戴在耳垂上的玉。⑥不朝：不上朝，古代女子得到封号才能上朝，这句是说为什么还没有得到封号呢？⑦於陵子仲：於（wū乌）陵，地名，在今山东省长山县西南；子仲，齐国的隐士。⑧臣：用作动词。臣于王，做王的臣。 11. 下面加点字的意思和用法相同的一项是（1分） A.登轼而．望之今不问王而．先问岁与民 B.何以．战以．养父母 C.公问其故．故．有舍本而问末者耶 D.苟．无岁苟．富贵 12.解释文中加点字的意思（2分） （1）小大之狱．狱： （2）何以王．齐国王： 13.用现代汉语翻译划线句的意思。（2分） 小信未孚，神弗福也 答： 14.请根据两篇文章的内容找出相同的地方，填写表格。（3分）
【语文】文言文阅读专题训练练习及解析 一、中考语文文言文阅读 1．阅读文言文，回答问题。 学弈 弈秋，通国之善弈者也。使弈秋诲二人弈。其一人专心致志，惟弈秋之为听；一人虽听之，一心以为有鸿鹄将至，思援弓缴而射之。虽与之俱学，弗若之矣。为是其知弗若欤？曰：非然也。 （选自《孟子·告子》）。（1）解释下列句子中划线的词语。 ①其一人专心致志________ ②其名为银________ ③及其家穿井________ ④其真无马邪________ （2）与“惟弈秋之为听”句式相同的一项是（） A. 骈死于槽枥之间 B. 但少闲人如吾两人者耳 C. 何陋之有 D. 甚矣，汝之不惠 （3）本文结论句运用的修辞方法是________。 （4）把两篇文章中的画线句子翻译成现代汉语。 ①虽与之俱学，弗若之矣。 ②天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？ 【答案】（1）其中的；它的；他；难道 （2）C （3）设问 （4）①另一个人虽然和他一起学习，却比不上他。②天色湛蓝，是它真正的颜色吗？还是因为大空高远而看不到尽头呢？ 【解析】【分析】⑴解释文言文实词意义包括：重点动词、一词多义、词类活用、通假字、古今异义词等，同时注意联系上下文理解词义。①其：代词，其中的；②其：代词，它的；③其：代词，他；④其：表反问语气，难道。 ⑵“惟弈秋之为听” 和“ 何陋之有”都属于宾语前置句式，A、B、D三句都是倒装句，故选C。 ⑶为是其知弗若欤？曰：非然也。句意是：难道是因为他的智力不如前一个人吗？说：不是这样的。一问一答，起到强调作用，属于设问句。 ⑷意，遵循“字字有着落，直译、意译相结合，以直译为主”的原则。对句子中的每个字词，只要它有一定的实在意义，都必须字字落实，对号入座。①虽：虽然。俱：一起。若：比。句意是：另一个人虽然和他一起学习，却比不上他。② 其：表选择疑问,是…还是… 。句意是：天色湛蓝，是它真正的颜色吗？还是因为大空高远而看不到尽头呢？ 故答案为：⑴① 其中的；② 它的；③ 他；④ 难道。⑵C；⑶设问； ⑷①另一个人虽然和他一起学习，却比不上他。②天色湛蓝，是它真正的颜色吗？还是因为大空高远而看不到尽头呢？
浙江高考散文阅读真题汇总 2012年 阅读下面的文字，完成11—15题。（20分） 母亲的中药铺 甘典江 （1）那时候，我最喜欢去的地方，一是新华书店，一是母亲的中药铺。前者，是因为我爱看爱买连环画；后者，是因为我喜欢嗅闻那些中药的味道，特别是咀嚼几片苦甜苦甜的甘草。 （2）母亲当过赤脚医生。八十年代初，母亲参加医疗培训后，加入了城关镇合作医疗站。 （3）医疗站在我读书的中学附近，临街两间旧木房。一间开处方和打针，另一间，是药铺。和母亲一起在守药铺的，还有三个阿姨。一天到晚，她们就做三件事：抓药，打针，织毛衣。除此之外，便是无休无止的聊天。我注意到，她们抓药非常麻利，瞟一眼处方，就可以找到相应的抽屉。仅凭手抓，就基本准确，最后还是放进小秤称一称，添点或减点。然后，把药倒入毛边纸或废报纸，包好扎紧，写几个字交待几句，递给别人。 （4）只要一走进药铺，我就被一股浓重的药香包裹得严严实实，有点喘不过气来，但一习惯就好了。我望着那些神秘莫测的抽屉，瞅着那些贴着标签的药名，兴奋不已：什么“半夏，黄精”，什么“益母草、白芨”，都是曼妙的植物。当然，也有的是矿物和其他异类，比如“朱砂、雄黄、海马”，不由得使我产生了相关的联想：这朱砂，肯定就是国画中传统的红色颜料吧李可染曾用顶级朱砂绘过四张毛主席诗意图《万山红遍》，已成画史上的经典。至于雄黄，不就是许仙意气用事的东西吗所谓的海马，只是相当于一条小鱼而已。 （5）其中，我最喜欢的药草，是甘草。首先，是因为它的名字，甘草，望文生义，不就是“甘甜之草”吗昔时，神农氏遍尝百草，解毒靠的就是这宝贝。再加上，我自己就姓“甘”，与这甘草，是家门，五百劫前，应是同根而生之族。最早，是母亲教我嚼的甘草，一是因为它的药理，二是可以变相地替代水果糖，八十年代，任何甜味都是奢侈品。就这样，我嚼着甘草成长着，自以为嚼出了甘草的本真之味，破解了甘草的一切密码。 （6）母亲还爱用党参来炖乌骨鸡和猪肚，补血。她营养不足，严重贫血。人参太贵，吃不起。还有金银花和枸杞，母亲他们都用来泡茶喝。自然，我也跟着全部享受到了。 （7）在自家的院子墙角，母亲还栽了几株三七。蔓延的藤叶牵上墙，覆盖成了一面翠绿的毯子，像青绿山水画的设色，极其养眼。可惜，后来拆迁，毁于一旦，使我失去了这一片翠绿。母亲只好把三七块茎挖出，收藏好。她说，三七可以治妇科恶疾，以及跌打损伤。 （8）九十年代的某一天，这个合作医疗站被撤销了。回到家，母亲专职做她的家庭主妇。赚钱的任务，彻底由父亲负责。那个中药铺，被别人买去，改作了服装店。从此，街上流行的药店，大多是连琐的西药店。在我的印象中，传统的中药是文化，望闻问切的中医大夫，近似于等同于诗人。相反，我害怕西药西医，因为这些东西是实验室配制合成出来的化学组织，成分复杂而可疑，至少没有一个在阳光之下生长的过程，没有温度、湿度，更无个性与灵魂。我实在难以想象，“阿莫西林”比母亲的“金银花”会更让我亲近与信赖。甚至，当我感冒受寒，母亲亲手煎熬的一罐红糖姜开水，也会比最昂贵的感冒灵帮我发热而痊愈，至少，我心已暖。
语文文言文阅读专题训练练习题20篇含解析 一、中考语文文言文阅读 1．阅读下面的文言文，完成下列小题。 岳阳楼记 范仲淹 庆历四年春，滕子京谪守巴陵郡。越明年，政通人和，百废具兴。乃重修岳阳楼，增其旧制，刻唐贤今人诗赋于其上。属予作文以记之。 予观夫巴陵胜状，在洞庭一湖。衔远山，吞长江，浩浩汤汤，横无际涯；朝晖夕阴，气象万千。此则岳阳楼之大观也，前人之述备矣。然则北通巫峡，南极潇湘，迁客骚人，多会于此，览物之情，得无异乎？ 若夫淫雨霏霏，连月不开，阴风怒号，浊浪排空；日星隐曜，山岳潜形；商旅不行，樯倾楫摧；薄暮冥冥，虎啸猿啼。登斯楼也，则有去国怀乡，忧谗畏讥，满目萧然，感极而悲者矣。 至若春和景明，波澜不惊，上下天光，一碧万顷；沙鸥翔集，锦鳞游泳；岸芷汀兰，郁郁青青。而或长烟一空，皓月千里，浮光跃金，静影沉璧，渔歌互答，此乐何极！登斯楼也，则有心旷神怡，宠辱偕忘，把酒临风，其喜洋洋者矣。 嗟夫！予尝求古仁人之心，或异二者之为，何哉？不以物喜，不以己悲；居庙堂之高则忧其民；处江湖之远则忧其君。是进亦忧，退亦忧。然则何时而乐耶？其必曰“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”乎。噫！微斯人，吾谁与归？ （1）下列句子划线词意思相同的一项是（） A. 至若春和景明/四时之景不同 B. 而或长烟一空/湖心亭一点 C. 则有去国怀乡/游人去而禽鸟乐也 D. 后天下之乐而乐/而不知太守之乐其乐也（2）下列句子划线词用法相同的一项是（） A. 增其旧制/其西南诸峰 B. 不以物喜/策之不以其道 C. 感极而悲者矣/人不知而不愠 D. 处江湖之远则忧其君/山水之乐 （3）下列对文章理解有误的一项是（） A. 作者借写楼记之机，规劝老友“不以物喜，不以己悲”，并以自己“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”的济世情怀与之共勉。 B. 文章第1段叙述事情的本末缘起。第2段情辞转为激昂。第3，4段写洞庭湖的阴晴景象及其在游人心中的不同反响。第5段是全篇的重心。 C. 作者详写楼，略写湖，概括写景，重在言志抒情。作者既然圆满完成了楼记之作，也收到了规劝友人之效，可谓文章妙手。 D. 本文的语言充分体现了汉语的音乐美。记叙多用散句，写景多用偶句。散句长短错落，质朴平实；偶句两两相对，珠联璧合。 （4）把文言文中的画线句翻译成现代汉语。 ①越明年，政通人和。 ②微斯人，吾谁与归？ 【答案】（1）C （2）A