英语句子成分及结构
（一）句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。
如：We are students. （四）表语：
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词VL之后。
系动词大致可分为三类：1.be动词类
2.感官类feel / taste / smell / sound/seem / look /appear…
3.变化类become /get / grow / turn/come/go…
4．状态保持类stay/ remain(保持，仍然是)/ keep /prove etc.
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语
宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
（六）宾语补足语和主语补足语
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。
宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
主动语态中的宾语补足语，可以转化为被动语态中的主语补足语。
(1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday.
(2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday
（七）定语：
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
He is the man who you saw last night. (定语从句)
（八）状语：
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn't rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
（九）同位语
当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，后者就是前者的同位语。
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
our new teacher是主词Mr. Smith的同位语,指同一人。
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.
a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。
He himself told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. 。
himself和John都是单一的字作同位语。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick
句子that you were sick是名词the fact 的同位语从句
（二）简单句句子结构
1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.
2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.
注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。
完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。
一．将句子和其所属的基本句型搭配。
Anne and her family hid away. 主语＋不及物动词（S + Vi ）
We need friends. 主语＋及物动词＋宾语( S + Vt + O)
I was upset(a.不安的）主语＋系动词＋表(S + LV + predicative) Tom gave me a present 主语＋双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) Anne named her diary Kitty. 主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语(S + Vt. +O + O. com) 二．分析句子结构，并按例句划出句子主要成分。
例：Linda recovered(vi 恢复）（S + Vi ）
1. I don…t understand what you are going through( 经历，遭受）
.
2. I want this diary itself to be my friend.
3. What she really missed was going outdoors(ad.在户外地）
4. I stayed awake .
5.Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?
附属成分是基本成分的修饰语。
可以是：
定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句
状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。
三．划出下列句子的状语或定语。
找出定语
1.Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby．
2.She likes oranges imported from the USA.
3.Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to
4.there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. (v. 吸引人；迷人)
5.Have you seen the book on the desk?
6.I have grown crazy about everything to do with nature
7.I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows.(悬挂在沾满灰尘窗前的）
8.People there like sports.
找出状语
1.I stayed awake on purpose[故意地] until half past eleven in order to（为了）have a good look at the moon by my self.
2.The thundering clouds held me entirely (adv.完全地，整个地）in their power.
3.The street lights go on at dusk.[黄昏]
4.She stood face to face(面对面地) with him
5.She and her family hid away for twenty-five months before they were discovered.
6.Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
7.As he was ill, he didn‟t come to class yesterday
四．句子中的省略。
句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：
1_______Come here．
2._______Good luck！
3.Some gave him praises，but others（）rotten eggs．
4.While ( ) walking the dog(遛狗），you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.
5. ( ) Hope you like it.
6.John should clean the room today and Peter ( ) tomorrow.
（三）并列句
需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。
连接几个简单句成为并列句有以下几种方式：
We fished all day. We didn‟t catch a thing.
用分号：
We fished all day____ we didn‟t catch a thing
用分号，后跟一个连接副词：
We fished all day ________ _, we didn‟t catch a thing.
用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）
We fished all day, __________- didn‟t catch a thing
常用并列连词如下：
平行并列连词: and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor, and then
转折并列连词：but, however, while, yet
因果并列连词: for, so
选择并列连词: or, either…or, neither… nor
五．请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句
1.Are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you? Are you afraid that he would not understand you.
2.Anne Frank loved her diary. She made her diary her best friend.
3. She suffered from loneliness. She had to learn to like it there.
4.Anne ′s family was Jewish(a,犹太人的) .They had to hide. I f not, they would be caught by the German Nazis.(n. 纳粹党人）
5.Please draw the curtains(拉上窗帘）.(添标点符号）The sun light is too bright.
六．翻译下列并列句。
1 Study hard, ______________________in study. (progress)
努力学习的话，你会在学习上取得巨大进步。
2.Don‟t be late next time, ________________________( fireV. 解雇)
下次别迟到了，否则的话你会被解雇的。
3.Right now it is the summer vacation _______________________________________(help)
现在正是暑假，而我正在农场给父亲帮忙。
4.It rained yesterday, __________________________________________( put off )
昨天下雨了，因此比赛推迟了。
5.__________________________________.(neither)
他既不抽烟也不喝酒。
. (四) 复合句
由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。
在英语书面语中应用广泛。
主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。
从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个
主句连用，不能独立存在。
复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。
复合句= 主句+ 从句
复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。
从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。
复合句主要包含以下类型从句：
1.主语从句：What he wants to tell us is not clear
2.宾语从句：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow
3.表语从句：That‟s just what I want.
4.同位语从句：have no idea when he will return.
以上从句称为为名词性从句。
5.定语从句：This is the school where his father once worked.
定语从句称为形容词性从句
6.状语从句：
（1）She felt nervous when I talked to her.
（2）Don‟t come unless I telephone.
（3）Although he is poor, he‟s still happy
（4）They can‟t have gone out because the light‟s on
（5）Where there is a river, there is always a city
（6）He studied so hard that he passed the exam
（7）When in Rome, please do as Romans do.
（8）He gets up very early so that( in order that为了) he can catch the first bus.
（9）He doesn‟t have as many books as you do .
状语从句又称为副词性从句。
七．指出下列句子中含有什么类型的从句。
1.Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 194
2.
2.I don ′t want to set down(记下）a series of(一系列的）facts as most people do.
3..There was a time when a deep blue sky，the song of the birds，moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.
4.I wonder if it is because I haven‟t been able to be outdoors for so long th at I have grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.
5.As the moon gave far too much light，I didn‟t dare open a window.
6.Make a list of reasons why friends are important to you.
7.If it rains tomorrow, I won‟t go camping with them.
8.You had better leave things where you can get them easily.
9.Though he tries hard, he never seems to be able to complete the task.
八．指出短文中句子是简单句，并列句还是符合句，并指出复合句中的从句类型。
（1）Smoking cigarettes is harmful（a.有害的）to your health.（2）Experiments（n.实验）show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.（3）Besides（prep..此外，除了）the most serious and terrible diseases (illness)----cancers, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problem.（4）For example ,it can give one a “smoker‟s cough”（5）.Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.（6）Whether(无论是，不管是) you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer cancer, smoking is harmful。
