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Supply chain management of inventory control
Abstract：Supply chain is around the core enterprise, through to the information flow, logistics, cash flow control, purchasing raw materials from the beginning, intermediate products and the final product is made, and finally by the sales network products to the hands of consumers will suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and retailers, until the end user of a whole repeatedly function nets chain structure model. It is a broader enterprise structure mode, it contains all join node enterprise. This chain of nodes on the enterprise must synchronization, coordinated operation, could keep the chain of all enterprises can benefit. This is the key of the supply chain management theory. Inventory control effect the success or failure of the supply chain management is one of the important factors. It relates directly to the discretion of the supply chain cost and service quality. In under the environment of supply chain management, inventory control is no longer just a single enterprise how to reduce inventory level problem, need more enterprise have global concept, and to promote the supply chain performance to achieve optimal. Only know under the environment of supply chain management inventory control characteristics and
problems of can pertinently put forward the solution to the problem of strategies and methods.
A, supply chain under the environment of the characteristics of the inventory control
Introduction：Under the environment of supply chain inventory control is not a simple demand forecasting and supplies, but through the inventory control for customer service and profit optimization. Under the environment of supply chain inventory control mode is the highest realm of the supply chain seamless connection, eliminate supply chain between enterprise's high inventory phenomenon. Supply chain management mode gives inventory control the following four new features:
1.The supply chain management can be exposed in the process of enterprise inventory control potential problems and crises, strengthen the inventory control degree
2.Supply chain management can effectively reduce the social inventory levels, reduce inventory control costs
The formation of the supply chain, the requirements of various aspects of the supply chain to make optimization, establish good cooperation relationship that promote rapid product circulation, reduce social inventories, avoid inventory waste and capital to take up.
3.Supply chain management benefit to the enterprise from the "physical inventory control" to "inventory control" change, realize the goal of informatization inventory control
4.Supply chain management ensures that the enterprise inventory control of flexible and rapid response capability
under the environment of supply chain management, enterprise inventory are optimized, the whole supply chain the extra, dazed inventory have hit bottom, with the change of market demand, the enterprise can make a quick reaction, adjustment of product or to change strategy, effectively evade the operating risk of an enterprise.
Second, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control problems
Although from the macro theory, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control compared to the traditional management of inventory control have many
advantages, but the whole supply chain after all is by many single enterprise form, in practice, since each enterprise on supply chain management understanding different, to own enterprise profit level concerns exist, and even some enterprise goal of independence and supply chain the overall target of abhorrent wait for a variety of causes, in actual use under the environment of supply chain management inventory control theory and method, unavoidable also can reveal many practical problems. At present in practice, there are several main aspects of the problem:
1. "chain" on each enterprise still lack of supply chain management of overall concept
though we know of the whole supply chain performance on all nodes on the performance of the supply chain, but objectively, each department and are independent units, all have their own independent mission and business objectives. Some goals and supply chain of the overall aim is irrelevant, the more likely is the conflict. The behavior of its own free will inevitably leads to low efficiency of the whole supply chain.
2. Not accurate delivery state
data when the customer orders, they want to make sure when can you deliver. Waiting for the delivery process, also may order to delivery status is changed, especially when delivery is delayed after. Many firms have not timely and accurate delivery of order of the delay modify data provided to the user, the result is the user of discontent and the loss of good wishes. State data delivery in time, not accurate not is the main reason of the information system. This kind of data transmission is not seasonable, inaccurate, will lead to the decline of customer satisfaction, also can cause some link in the supply chain of the enterprise to reduce this situation because too many complaints, and had to increase inventories.
3. The low efficiency of information system
in the supply chain, each node of the supply chain between enterprises demand forecast, stock situation, production plan is the supply chain management all the important data, these data distribution in different between the organization of supply chain, to do efficiently and rapidly respond to user demand, at present a lot of enterprise information system have not well integrated, when supplier need to understand the needs of the users
information, often get the information and no delay accurate information. Delay due to cause errors and influence the accuracy of the stock, short-term production the implementation of the plan will also face difficulties.
4. Lack of cooperation and coordination
in the supply chain management of inventory control, the organization obstacle is the increase of the inventory is an important factor. Supply chain is a whole, need to coordinate all activities, to achieve the best effect of operation.
5. The process of product design without considering the influence of the supply chain inventory
modern product design and advanced manufacturing technology emerge in endlessly, make the product production efficiency greatly improved, and with high cost benefit, but the complexity of the supply chain inventory is often ignored. Results all saving cost is the distribution and supply chain to offset the cost of inventory. Similarly, in introducing new products, if not to supply chain planning, also can produce such as transportation time is too long, inventory cost is high and cannot succeed reasons.
Three, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control strategy
according to the problems,combining domestic and foreign enterprise practice experience and theory research, mainly launch the following strategy:
1 supplier management Inventory strategy
that is VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory) Inventory management mode. Vendor management inventory strategy is to point to a way between suppliers and users of cooperative strategy, the basic idea is to through the integrated supply chain on the nodal enterprises of the inventory control functions, so as to achieve the purpose of lower overall inventory costs.
VMI is the main ideas of the supplier in the user's permission set up under the inventory, confirm the inventory level, supply strategy and have stock control. In this inventory control strategy, allow the organization to upstream of the downstream tissues inventory strategy, ordering strategy planning and management. VMI has been widely used in under the environment of supply chain management in the inventory control.
2. Joint inventory management strategy
in practice, VMI management mode to suppliers to bring a lot of pressure. VMI in again on the foundation developed a new Inventory management strategy, is the Inventory management mode JMI (Joint Managed Inventory).
JMI is a kind of upstream and downstream enterprise right enterprise responsibility balance and share the risk of inventory management mode. JMI embodies the strategic supplier alliance's new enterprise cooperation relations, the emphasis on the supply chain enterprise mutually beneficial cooperation between both sides.
Joint inventory management is to solve the supply chain system because each node in the enterprise independent inventory operation mode in demand amplification phenomenon, improve the supply chain of the synchronization degree of a kind of effective method. Joint inventory management emphasis on each node in the supply chain and participate in, make joint stock plan, make each of the supply chain process inventory managers have come from mutual coordination consideration, keep supply chain between each node of the inventory managers of demand expectations remain consistent, thus eliminating the demand variation amplification phenomenon. Any adjacent node determine the demand is both the supply and the demand coordination of result, inventory management is no longer the fragmented independent operation process, but the supply and demand of the connection link and the coordination center.
3. XieTongShi supply chain inventory management strategy
XieTongShi supply chain inventory management strategy (Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment), hereinafter referred to as the CPFR, it is based on the best classification JMI and VMI based on practice, and abandon the lack of supply chain integration between main faults, can also reduce the amount of stock of distributors, increase sales of suppliers. It used a series of treatment process and technology model, covering the whole supply chain cooperation process, through the joint management business process and share information to improve the distributors and suppliers of partnership, increase the prediction accuracy, eventually to improve the supply chain efficiency, reduce inventory and the purpose of improving customer satisfaction.
4. Multilevel inventory optimization and control strategy
based on coordination center of inventory management is a joint LianBangShi supply chain inventory management strategy, is to supply chain of local optimization control, but must carry on the supply chain global optimization and control, it must use multilevel inventory optimization and control strategy. Multi-stage inventory optimization and control is in the single stage formed on the basis of the inventory control. Multi-stage inventory control method has two kinds: one kind is suppressive (distributed) strategy, and the other is the suppressive (centralized) strategy.
（1）the suppressive inventory control strategy. The suppressive inventory control is the supply chain inventory control can be divided into three cost down center, namely the manufacturing cost center, distribution cost center, retailers, and cost center, each center according to their own inventory cost optimization control strategy is made. The suppressive inventory control to get the whole supply chain optimization effect, need to increase supply chain information sharing degree that the supply chain in every sector of the uniform market will share information. The multi-level inventory control strategy suppressive can make the enterprise according to the actual conditions of the independent decision making fast, to play enterprise their own initiative and flexible mobility. The multi-level inventory of suppressive optimization strategy management is simple, but does not guarantee the produce of the whole supply chain optimization. It requires the coordination between enterprises is better, if poor coordination, low degree of information sharing, may lead to a fragmented situation.
(2) suppressive inventory control. Suppressive control is in the core enterprise will control center, by the core enterprise supply chain system inventory control, coordinate with the downstream enterprises inventory of the activities. So the core enterprise become a supply chain data center (data warehouse), a data integration, responsible for coordinating function. Inventory optimal control of suppressive goal is to make the minimum total inventory cost supply chain. Suppressive with strategy, all inventory point control parameters are also decide, considering the inventory of the relationship between each point, through the coordination of the optimization of the way to get inventory. But in the management of coordination suppressive strategy of difficulty bigger, especially the level of supply chain is more, namely the length of the supply chain is increased, the more
increased coordination control of difficulty.
Conclusion
the enterprise in the competition to win and must be quickly from traditional management mode to supply chain management model change, and gradually break inventory control of the situation of each does things in his own way, establish the overall concept. According to the enterprise is facing the supply chain inventory control problems, find suitable for their own and the development of supply chain management strategy, a variety of methods, and the combination of targeted, can effectively improve the operational efficiency of the supply chain, and improve the systemic and integration, so that each enterprise in the supply chain to achieve win-win goals
Agent controlled traffic lights Author：Danko A. Roozemond，Jan L.H. Rogier Provenance：Delft University of Technology Introduction The quality of (urban) traffic control systems is determined by the match between the control schema and the actual traffic patterns. If traffic patterns change, what they usually do, the effectiveness is determined by the way in which the system adapts to these changes. When this ability to adapt becomes an integral part of the traffic control unit it can react better to changes in traffic conditions. Adjusting a traffic control unit is a costly and timely affair if it involves human attention. The hypothesis is that it might offer additional benefit using self-evaluating and self-adjusting traffic control systems. There is already a market for an urban traffic control system that is able to react if the environment changes;the so called adaptive systems. "Real" adaptive systems will need pro-active calculated traffic information and cycle plans- based on these calculated traffic conditions- to be updated frequently. Our research of the usability of agent technology within traffic control can be split into two parts. First there is a theoretical part integrating agent technology and traffic control. The final stage of this research focuses on practical issues like implementation and performance. Here we present the concepts of agent technology applied to dynamic traffic control. Currently we are designing a layered model of an agent based urban traffic control system. We will elaborate on that in the last chapters. Adaptive urban traffic control Adaptive signal control systems must have a capability to optimise the traffic flow by adjusting the traffic signals based on current traffic. All used traffic signal control methods are based on feed-back algorithms using traffic demand data -varying from years to a couple of minutes - in the past. Current adaptive systems often operate on the basis of adaptive green phases and flexible co-ordination in (sub)networks based on measured traffic conditions (e.g., UTOPIA-spot,SCOOT). These methods are still not optimal where traffic demand changes rapidly within a short time interval. The basic premise is that existing signal plan generation tools make rational decisions about signal plans under varying conditions; but almost none of the current available tools behave pro-actively or have meta-rules that may change behaviour of the controller incorporated into the system. The next logical step for traffic control is the inclusion of these meta-rules and pro active and goal-oriented behaviour. The key aspects of improved control, for which contributions from artificial intelligence and artificial intelligent agents can be expected, include the capability of dealing with conflicting objectives; the capability of making pro-active decisions on the basis of temporal analysis; the ability of managing, learning, self adjusting and responding to non-recurrent and unexpected events (Ambrosino et al.., 1994).
一单元；1、A maglev is a type of train that is suspended in the air above a single track ,and propelled using the repulsive and attractive forces of magnetism 是一种类型的磁悬浮列车悬浮在空中上面一条清晰的足迹,和推进的反感和有吸引力的部队使用的磁性 2、Japan and Germany are active in maglev research ,producing several different approaches and designs . 日本和德国都活跃在磁悬浮研究、生产几种不同的方法和设计。 3、The effect of a powerful magnetic field on the human body is largely unknown 一个强大的影响磁场对人体是未知 4 ，Some space agencies are researching the use of maglev systems to launch spacecraft 一些空间研究机构磁悬浮系统使用发射的宇宙飞船里踱步 5，Inductrack(感应轨) was originally developed as a magnetic motor and bearing for a flywheel to store power Inductrack最初是作为一个磁轴承飞轮电机和一个存储能力 二单元；1，A classification yard is railroad yard found at some freight train stations , used to separate railroad cars on to one of several tracks 一个分类码是发现在一些货运铁路院子火车站,用来分离的一个铁路汽车在几条轨道 2,There are three types of classification yards : flat-shunted yards ,hump yards and gravity yards 有三种类型的分类码:flat-shunted码,驼峰码和重力码 3,F reight trains which consist of isolated cars must be made into trains and divided according to their destinations 货运列车由孤立的车辆必须制成火车和划分根据他们的目的地 4,The tracks lead into a flat shunting neck at one or both ends of the yard where the cars are pushed to sort then into the right track 铁轨引到一个平面并联脖颈一个或两端的院子里的汽车被推到分类然后进入正确的轨道5,they are operated either pneumatically or hydraulically 他们要么气动或液压操作 三单元1，The most difficult distinction to draw is that between light rail and streetcar or tram systems. 最困难的区别之间画是轻轨和电车或电车系统。 2,Light rail is generally powered by electricity ,usually by means of overhead wires ,but sometimes by a live rail ,also called third rail . 轻轨一般是靠电力,通常采用架空导线,但有时是由生活轨道,也被称为第三轨道。 3, Automatic operation is more common in smaller people mover systems than in light rail systems . 自动操作是较常见的系统在较小的人比原动机轻轨系统。 4, Many modern light rail projects re-use parts of old rail networks ,such as abandoned industrial rail lines 许多现代轻轨项目重复旧的铁路网络部分,比如废弃工业铁路线 5, Light rail trolleys are heavier per pound of cargo carried than heavy rail cars or monorail cars 轻轨电车每磅重的货物进行重轨车比或单轨车
关于扩大汽车零部件出口的思考 曲婕 汽车零部件产业是汽车产业发展的基础,推动汽车零部件扩大出口是我国实现由汽车产业大国走向汽车产业强国的必由之路。受国际金融危机的影响, 2008年下半年以来,我国汽车零部件出口开始由快速发展期进入调整期。本文深入分析了金融危机为我国汽车零部件出口带来的负面影响和契机,以及我国汽车零部件产业自身存在的问题,并在此基础上有针对性地提出了中国汽车零部件扩大出口的对策建议。 汽车零部件产业是汽车产业发展的基础,汽车制造业的竞争在很大下汽车零部件企业通过出口,参与程度上是零部件产业的竞争。当国际分工,融入全球采购体系已经成为适应经济全球化发展趋势的必然选择。一国汽车零部件产业在国际分工中的地位也在很大程度上代表了一国汽车工业竞争力的强弱。推动汽车零部件扩大出口,在更高层次上参与国际分工,不仅有利于调整出口产品结构,转变外贸增长方式,而且可以统筹国际、国内两个市场、两种资源,加快汽车零部件产业结构调整与技术进步的步伐,是我国实现由汽车产业大国走向汽车产业强国的必由之路。 1. 中国汽车零部件出口由快速发展期进入调整期 进入21世纪以来,我国汽车产业保持高速发展,2008年已成为世界第二大汽车生产国、第二大新车消费市场和第一大潜在市场。在高速增长的整车市场的带动下,我国汽车零部件产业在技术水平、质量水平及管理水平等取得了长足的进步。据统计，2008年，我国共有规模以上汽车零部件企业8 000多家，汽车零部件制造业实现工业总产值为9 480.7亿元，同比增长23.9%，占汽车工业总产值的36.6%。我国汽车零部件产业已初步形成与整车发展相适应、门类齐全、具有一定竞争力的配套体系。 在满足国内市场需求的同时,我国汽车零部件产品开始进入国际市场,并呈现出逐年递增的态势,出口金额从2000年的33.2亿美元快速增长到2008年的312.9亿美元,年增长率均保持在 30%以上,即便是在受金融危机影响的 2008年,仍保持了10.3%的增长。2005年,我国汽车零部件对外贸易首次实现顺差,此后贸
Increasing an individual’s quality of life via their intelligent home The hypothesis of this project is: can an individual?s quality of life be increased by integrating “intelligent technology” into their home environment. This hypothesis is very broad, and hence the researchers will investigate it with regard to various, potentially over-lapping, sub-sections of the population. In particular, the project will focus on sub-sections with health-care needs, because it is believed that these sub-sections will receive the greatest benefit from this enhanced approach to housing. Two research questions flow from this hypothesis: what are the health-care issues that could be improved via “intelligent housing”, and what are the technological issues needing to be so lved to allow “intelligent housing” to be constructed? While a small number of initiatives exist, outside Canada, which claim to investigate this area, none has the global vision of this area. Work tends to be in small areas with only a limited idea of how the individual pieces contribute towards a greater goal. This project has a very strong sense of what it is trying to attempt, and believes that without this global direction the other initiatives will fail to address the large important issues described within various parts of this proposal, and that with the correct global direction the sum of the parts will produce much greater rewards than the individual components. This new field has many parallels with the field of business process engineering, where many products fail due to only considering a sub-set of the issues, typically the technology subset. Successful projects and implementations only started flow when people started to realize that a holistic approach was essential. This holistic requirement also applies to the field of “smart housing”; if we genuinely want it to have benefit to the community rather than just technological interest. Having said this, much of the work outlined below is extremely important and contains a great deal of novelty within their individual topics. Health-Care and Supportive housing： To date, there has been little coordinated research on how “smart house” technologies can assist frail seniors in remaining at home, and/or reduce the costs experienced by their informal caregivers. Thus, the purpose of the proposed research is to determine the usefulness of a variety of residential technologies in helping
摘要 毕业设计主要包括三个部分，第一部分是上海地铁场中路站基坑围护结构设计；第二部分是上海地铁场中路站基坑施工组织设计；第三部分是专题部分，盾构施工预加固技术研究。 在第一部分基坑围护结构设计中，根据场中路站基坑所处的工程地质、水文地质条件和周边环境情况，通过施工方案的比选，确定采用地下连续墙作为基坑的围护方案，支撑方案选为对撑，从地面至坑底依次设四道钢管支撑，并进行围护结构及支撑的内力计算、相应的强度和地连墙的配筋验算以及基坑的抗渗、抗隆起和抗倾覆等验算。 第二部分的施工组织设计，根据基坑围护方案、施工方法和隧道周边的环境情况，对施工前准备工作，施工场地布置，围护结构施工、基坑开挖与支撑安装等进行设计，并编制了工程进度计划，编写了相应的质量、安全、环境保护等措施。 第三部分专题内容是盾构施工中的预加固技术研究。针对工程施工中的地质条件和施工工况，总结了盾构施工中的土体预加固的技术措施和相关的参考资料，提出在盾构施工中土体预加固的技术措施。 关键词：基坑；地下连续墙；施工组织；支撑体系；盾构预加固技术 目录 第一部分上海地铁场中路站基坑围护结构设计 1 工程概况 (1) 1.1工程地质及水文地质资料 (1) 1.2工程周围环境 (2) 2 设计依据和设计标准 (4) 2.1 工程设计依据 (4) 2.2 基坑工程等级及设计控制标准 (4)
3 基坑围护方案设计 (5) 3.1基坑围护方案 (5) 3.2基坑围护结构方案比选 (6) 4 基坑支撑方案设计 (8) 4.1支撑结构类型 (8) 4.2支撑体系的布置形式 (8) 4.3支撑体系的方案比较和合理选定 (10) 4.4基坑施工应变措施 (10) 5 计算书 (12) 5.1 荷载计算 (12) 5.2 围护结构地基承载力验算 (14) 5.3 基坑底部土体的抗隆起稳定性验算 (14) 5.4抗渗验算 (15) 5.5抗倾覆验算 (16) 5.6整体圆弧滑动稳定性验算 (17) 5.7围护结构及支撑内力计算 (17) 5.8 支撑强度验算 (21) 5.9 地下连续墙配筋验算 (23) 6 基坑主要技术经济指标 (25) 6.1 开挖土方量 (25) 6.2 混凝土浇筑量 (25) 6.3 钢筋用量 (25) 6.4 人工费用 (25) 第二部分上海地铁场中路站基坑施工组织设计 1 基坑施工准备 (25) 1.1 基坑施工的技术准备 (25) 1.2 基坑施工的现场准备 (25) 1.3 基坑施工的其他准备 (27) 2 施工方案 (29) 2.1 概况 (29) 2.2 施工方法的确定 (29) 2.3 施工流程 (32) 2.4 质量控制 (35) 2.5 施工主要技术措施 (36) 2.6关键部位技术措施 (38) 3施工总平面布置 (40)
9个常用的国外英文论文文献数据库 9个论文文献数据库，科研搬砖，阅读涨姿势，论文写作小帮手！先说说什么是数据库：学术科研中说的「数据库」和「文献数据库」，往往是一种的形式，这个的贮存了大量文献数据（比如论文）可以简单的理解为一个网络图书馆。 数据库中的论文往往都是耗费了大量的时间和精力整理出来的，还有很多是需要购买才可以放在互联网上的，再加上维护这个本身就耗费颇多，因此这些数据库通常不是完全免费的，你可以在上面免费查找文献，浏览摘要等简介容，但是如果你要下载文献，就要付钱。 大学因为科研和教学需要，常年要下载大量的论文材料，所以就会和数据库的经营者签订很多协议，例如包年，就是给一定量的钱，然后就可以无限制下载论文。也有按照下载的数量进行计费。那英语作为世界第一学术语言，有哪些数据库是值得大家分享的呢？1、Wiley InterScience(英文文献期刊)Wiley InterScience是John Wiely & Sons公司创建的动态在线容服务，1997年开始在网上开通。通过InterScience，Wiley公司以许可协议形式向用户提供在线访问全文容的服务。Wiley InterScience收录了360多种科学、工程技术、医疗领域及相关专业期刊、30多种大型专业
参考书、13种实验室手册的全文和500多个题目的Wiley 学术图书的全文。网址：onlinelibrary.wiley./其中被SCI 收录的核心期刊近200种。期刊具体学科划分为：Business,Finance & Management (商业、金融和管理)、Chemistry (化学)、Computer Science（计算机科学）、Earth Science （地球科学）、Education （教育学）、Engineering （工程学）、Law（法律）、Life and Medical Sciences （生命科学与医学）、Mathematics and Statistics（数学统计学）、Physics （物理）、Psychology （心理学）。 2. ICPSRICPSR全称为Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research，即美国校际社会科学数据共享联盟。成立于1962年，位于美国密西根大学安娜堡分校(University of Michigan- Ann Arbor, 1817-)，储存超过17000种调查研究资料，如军队官兵总名册，遗嘱、遗嘱查验与税收纪录，是现在世界上最大的社会科学数据中心，拥有600多个成员机构，包括大学和各种研究中心。网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/ed8454963.html,/icpsrweb/landing.jsp其中400多个成员机构在美国，我国的国家人口发展研究战略课题组，大学，大学，科技大学，浸会大学也是成员之一。 3. IEEE 电气电子工程师学会IEEE（Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers）是电子信息领域最著名的跨国性学
跨境电商外文文献综述 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型 摘要 通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。 关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链
1.简介 电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口 在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。 2.背景 在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。 2.1 B2B电子商务在伊朗 如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。伊朗和许多其他国家接壤，它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路，铁路，海上和空中的方式来完成。因此，这个国家的中部和战略作用，使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。今天，在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成，由商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。今天，伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的，商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电子商务供应链交换电子文件的过程。这里提到的一些系统，由商务部在伊朗的电子服务被提及：进口订单管理系统。贸易统计制度。伊朗法典伊朗。这些电子系统的主要使用，以促进在伊朗贸易过程。这里提到的系统作为独立的贸易者可与建议本文模型在未来的作用。在亚洲的区域性单
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系别光电信息系 专业测控技术与仪器 班级 B090102 姓名马丽娜 学号 36 外文出处 Spriger Link 附件 1. 原文； 2. 译文 2013年3月
Based on single chip microcomputer intelligent street light control system 【abstract 】 A street light automatic control system design, combined with the control, electric lamp switch control function; And street lamp fault detection and fault street lamp according to the function of the number. Use on STC 89C51 as the core Control unit; Using DS1302 clock chip to control the point open to turn off the lights when street lamps; By a photosensor complete collection of ambient light and street light fault detection, so as to realize the number of optically controlled open to turn off the lights and fault street lamp display. This system Can through the RS - 232 communication port with the street light control room of the upper machine communication. 【key words】STC 89C51; Clock chip DS1302; photosensor Introduction For the most part at present domestic cities and regions of the street lamp Lighting adopts electric control, time control and single point of electrons Control, maintenance management and manual inspections and the masses The traditional way, because of the lack of scientific and effective monitoring Means, large area lighting during the day, night not large area Light phenomenon occurs frequently, often can't find and in a timely manner Processing, not only caused power resources, human resources Cost, improve the operating costs of the system and to citizens Life bring inconvenience. Intelligent road lighting system can according to different area Domain of different functional requirements, at different times and different every day Natural light or under different traffic flow conditions, the press According to a specific setting, realize dynamic wisdom of road lighting Can management, namely the TPO management (TIME/PLACE, TIME Location/OCCASION occasions). Intelligent road lighting Control system, through the comprehensive consideration and analysis and road Ming is closely related to the intensity of illumination time, road, environment and hand it in Scene control methods of factors such as flow rate, in the
数据库外文参考文献及翻译 数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库管理系统——实施数据完整性一个数据库，只有用户对它特别有信心的时候。这就是为什么服务器必须实施数据完整性规则和商业政策的原因。执行SQL Server的数据完整性的数据库本身，保证了复杂的业务政策得以遵循，以及强制性数据元素之间的关系得到遵守。因为SQL Server的客户机/服务器体系结构允许你使用各种不同的前端应用程序去操纵和从服务器上呈现同样的数据，这把一切必要的完整性约束，安全权限，业务规则编码成每个应用，是非常繁琐的。如果企业的所有政策都在前端应用程序中被编码，那么各种应用程序都将随着每一次业务的政策的改变而改变。即使您试图把业务规则编码为每个客户端应用程序，其应用程序失常的危险性也将依然存在。大多数应用程序都是不能完全信任的，只有当服务器可以作为最后仲裁者，并且服务器不能为一个很差的书面或恶意程序去破坏其完整性而提供一个后门。SQL Server使用了先进的数据完整性功能，如存储过程，声明引用完整性（DRI），数据类型，限制，规则，默认和触发器来执行数据的完整性。所有这些功能在数据库里都有各自的用途;通过这些完整性功能的结合，可以实现您的数据库的灵活性和易于管理，而且还安全。声明数据完整性声明数据完整原文请找腾讯3249114六,维-论'文.网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/ed8454963.html, 定义一个表时指定构成的主键的列。这就是所谓的主键约束。SQL Server使用主键约束以保证所有值的唯一性在指定的列从未侵犯。通过确保这个表有一个主键来实现这个表的实体完整性。有时，在一个表中一个以上的列（或列的组合）可以唯一标志一行，例如，雇员表可能有员工编号（ emp_id ）列和社会安全号码（ soc_sec_num ）列，两者的值都被认为是唯一的。这种列经常被称为替代键或候选键。这些项也必须是唯一的。虽然一个表只能有一个主键，但是它可以有多个候选键。 SQL Server的支持多个候选键概念进入唯一性约束。当一列或列的组合被声明是唯一的， SQL Server 会阻止任何行因为违反这个唯一性而进行的添加或更新操作。在没有故指的或者合适的键存在时，指定一个任意的唯一的数字作为主键，往往是最有效的。例如，企业普遍使用的客户号码或账户号码作为唯一识别码或主键。通过允许一个表中的一个列拥有身份属性，SQL Server可以更容易有效地产生唯一数字。您使用的身份属性可以确保每个列中的值是唯一的，并且值将从你指定的起点开始，以你指定的数量进行递增（或递减）。（拥有特定属性的列通常也有一个主键或唯一约束，但这不是必需的。）第二种类型的数据完整性是参照完整性。 SQL Server实现了表和外键约束之间的逻辑关系。外键是一个表中的列或列的组合，连接着另一个表的主键（或着也可能是替代键）。这两个表之间的逻辑关系是关系模型的基础;参照完整性意味着这种关系是从来没有被违反的。例如，一个包括出版商表和标题表的简单的select例子。在标题表中，列title_id （标题编号）是主键。在出版商表，列pub_id （出版者ID ）是主键。 titles表还包括一个pub_id列，这不是主键，因为出版商可以发布多个标题。相反， pub_id是一个外键，它对应着出版商表的主键。如果你在定义表的时候声明了这个关系， SQL Server由双方执行它。首先，它确保标题不能进入titles表，或在titles表中现有的pub_id无法被修改，除非有效的出版商ID作为新pub_id出现在出版商表中。其次，它确保在不考虑titles表中对应值的情况下，出版商表中的pub_id的值不做任何改变。以下两种方法可
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月
目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)
1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面， ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法，已知的当做服务公司模型，表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款，监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司，和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验，在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。
智能家居外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 译文： 提高个人的生活质量，通过他们的智能家居 该项目的假设是：可以增加一个人的生活质量的“智能技术”集成到他们的家庭环境。这个假设是非常广泛的，因此，研究人员将调查它考虑到多方面的，潜在的过度研磨，分节的人口。特别是，该项目将重点放在与卫生保健需求的环节，因为它认为，这些子章节将获得最大的受益于这种增强的方法住房。两个研究问题流从这一假说：什么是保健，可以改善通过“智能住宅”的问题，什么是技术问题需要解决，让“智能住宅”建造？虽然存在少量的措施，在加拿大境外，据称这方面的调查，没有这方面的全球视野。工作往往是在小范围内的各个部分是如何有助于实现更大的目标只有有限的想法。这个项目有一
个非常强烈的责任感，并认为，如果没有这一全球性的方向，其他措施将失败，以解决各部分的重要问题，而且正确的全局方向的总和的部分会产生更大的回报比的各个组成部分。这个新的领域与业务流程工程领域，有许多相似之处，很多产品失败的原因只考虑一个子集的问题，通常是技术的子集。成功的项目和实施才开始启动，当人们开始认识到，一个全面的方法是至关重要的。这种整体性的要求也适用于领域的“聪明屋”，如果我们真的希望它有利益于社区，而不仅仅是技术的兴趣。话虽如此，下面列出的大部分工作是非常重要的，在其个人的主题包含了大量新奇的。 医疗保健和保障性住房： 至目前为止，很少有人协调，研究如何“聪明屋”的技术可以帮助体弱的老人留在家里，或降低成本所经历的非正式照顾者。因此，建议研究的目的是确定帮助老年人保持自己的独立性和帮助照顾者维持他们的爱心活动中的各种住宅技术的实用性。 整体设计的研究是集中在两个群体的老年人。首先是老人出院急性护理环境的潜在能力下降，保持独立。一个例子是有髋关节置换手术的老年人。本集团可能会受益于技术，这将有助于他们成为适应他们的行动不便。第二个是老年人有慢性健康问题，如老年痴呆症和接受援助的非正式护理员的生活在距离。关心的高级生活的距离是非正式照顾者在照顾者的职业倦怠的高风险。监测的关心，高级健康和安全是通过这样照顾者的重要任务之一。如地面传感器和访问控制来确保安全的入侵者或指示私奔与老年痴呆症的高级设备，可以减少护理
品牌国际化外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
企业品牌战略研究 在经济全球化的今天，如何适应国际化潮流，建立强势品牌，提高竞争能力，已经成为国内企业面临的迫切问题。本文在分析我国企业营销品牌战略发展状况的基础上，从品牌战略的内涵与其功能意义入手，探讨了品牌战略在企业营销中的作用。企业需要综合运用多种竞争手段提高品意，搞好品牌定位，塑造良好品牌形象。 一、日系品牌全线崩溃 2006年11月22日上午，NEC宣布将推出2G及2.5G手机市场，这意味着继夏普、松下、东芝、三菱、三洋之后又一家日本手机厂商退出中国市场，日系手机除京瓷外几乎全部退出中国2G手机市场的争夺。 如果我们总结今天的中国家电市场与十年前有什么不同的话，我想，最大的不同就是，日系企业在中国的繁荣已经渐行渐远。 对于日系手机败退，乃至日系家电走到中国市场的低谷，主要原因有以下几点：一是企业制度呆板，决策困难，反应速度慢，与另市场现实格格不入，难以适应快速变化的中国市场;二是市场营销能力弱，产品规划能力不强，很难根椐自己对市场的判断与预测推出迎合消费需求的产品，一直处于跟风的被动局面，无法满足中国市场的需要;三是未能把握住产业转型最佳时机，是日系家电企业失去市场主导地位的重要原因。 日系企业在中国市场上走到边缘是否引起我们民族企业的深思？欲走国际化路线的企业又是否从“日系企业”的背后吸取教训？ 二、我国企业实施品牌战略的现状分析处 第一，众多昔日名牌“昙花一现”，中外企业在市场上的品牌大战，使刚刚成长起来的民族品牌受到极大的冲击。上世纪80年代稍有知名度的品牌，不是被抢注商标，就是被收购、挤垮，即使残留下来的也是惨淡经营，真正发展起来的极为有限。这里典型的案例，上世纪80年代至90年代初期，曾在空调界创下奇迹的华宝空调，在1998年被科龙收购，其后的品牌形象就一再下滑。 第二，品牌战略已日渐引起国内企业重视，获得政府的扶持。自上世纪80年代改革以来，我国社会主义经济建设取得了令人瞩目的成就，从计划经济时代走向市场经济时代的中国企业，品牌经营无从无到有。