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第十章凯恩斯模型 一、思考题 1.凯恩斯怎样批判了新古典经济学? 2.说明凯恩斯就业理论的基本内容。 3.简要分析影响消费的因素与消费函数理论的发展。 4.什么是边际消费倾向递减规律和资本边际效率递减规律? 5.简单凯恩斯模型中均衡收入是怎样被决定的? 6.什么是乘数理论和加速原理? 7.什么是IS曲线和LM曲线，怎样推导? 8.IS—LM模型怎样说明均衡国民收入与利息率同时决定?如出现不均衡说明调整与达到均衡的过程。 9.IS曲线和LM曲线的移动如何影响均衡收入与利息率? 10.简述开放的IS—LM模型及怎样同时达到内部均衡与外部均衡。 11.对IS—LM模型的分析与借鉴。 二、计算题 1.假定货币供给量为M，价格水平为P，货币需求L=ay-br，（1）求出LM 曲线的表达式；（2）试从表达式分析影响LM曲线斜率的因素。 2.假设一个经济社会的消费函数是C1＝1000＋0.8Y，I＝500。求出（1）均衡收入，消费和储蓄。（2）若实际为8500，非自愿存货如何变动？（3）若投资增加500，收入增加多少？（4）若消费函数变成C2＝1000＋0.9Y，投资仍为500，收入、储蓄是多少？投资增加500，收入增加多少？（5）消费函数变动后，乘数有何变化？ 3.假定一个经济社会的四部门为：C＝100＋0.9(1-t)Y，I=200-500r，NX=100-0.12Y-500r，G=200，t=0.2，L=0.8Y-2000r，M S=800。试求（1）IS曲线；（2）LM曲线；（3）双重均衡时r与Y；（4）双重均衡时，C、I和NX。 参考答案： 一、思考题 1.答：《通论》奠定了现代宏观经济学的理论基础。凯恩斯认为传统理论不符合事实，只适用于特殊情况，只有他的宏观经济理论才是普遍适用的“一般理论”，强调《通论》中的“通”字。凯恩斯指出：“如果正统经济学有错误的话，其病不会在其上层建筑，而在其前提之不够明白，不够普遍。” 凯恩斯批判了传统理论： 首先，指出真实工资不等于现行就业量的边际负效用，因为在货币工资没有变动，真实工资随物价上涨而下降时，工人仍然愿意受雇而不退出劳动市场，这说明真实工资大于现行就业量的边际效用。 其次，传统理论认为现实经济活动中的失业只有两种：摩擦失业和自愿失业。摩擦失业是指在生产过程中，由于暂时或局部的不可避免的摩擦而导致的失业；自愿失业是指工人不愿意接受现行工资而导致的失业。凯恩斯指出这与实际不符，新提出了另一种失业——不自愿失业，这种失业是指愿意接受现行工资，仍然找不到就业机会而出现的失业。这种失业是由有效需求不足造成的，只要消除了不自愿失业，就是实现了充分就业。这是凯恩斯充分就业概念的特殊含义。
Chapter 10 Externalities 1. Market failure in the form of externalities arises when a. production costs are included in the prices of goods. b. not all costs and benefits are included in the prices of goods. c. the benefits exceed the costs of consuming goods. d. the market fails to achieve equilibrium. ANSWER: b not all costs and benefits are included in the prices of goods. SECTION: INTRO OBJECTIVE: 1 2. Which of the following is an example of a positive externality? a. air pollution b. a person littering in a public park c. a nice garden in front of your neighbor’s house d. the pollution of a stream ANSWER: c a nice garden in front of your neighbor’s house SECTION: INTRO OBJECTIVE: 1 3. The social cost of a good is a. its benefit to the people who buy and consume it. b. its total benefit to everyone in society. c. its cost to everyone in the society that occurs in addition to the private costs. d. the cost paid by the firm that produces and sells it. ANSWER: c its cost to everyone in the society that occurs in addition to the private costs. SECTION: INTRO OBJECTIVE: 1 4. The private benefit of consuming a good is a. its benefit to the people who buy and consume it. b. its total benefit to everyone in the society. c. its cost to everyone in the society. d. the cost paid by the firm that produces and sells it. ANSWER: a its benefit to the people who buy and consume it. SECTION: INTRO OBJECTIVE: 1 5. When a person drives a car that pollutes the air the a. private cost of consuming the car’s ser vices exceeds the social cost. b. private benefit of consuming the car’s services exceeds the social benefit. c. social cost of consuming the car’s services exceeds the private cost. d. social benefit of consuming the car’s services exceeds the private benefits. ANSWER: c social cost of consuming the car’s services exceeds the private cost. SECTION: INTRO OBJECTIVE: 1 57
第十章垄断性竞争条件下的产量与价格决策 一、单项选择题 1、垄断性竞争市场的主要特征是： a、很少几个占统治地位的企业，进入障碍较少 b、数量众多的企业，严格的进入限制 c、数量众多的企业，进入障碍较少 d、很少几个占统治地位的企业，严格的进入限制 2、在垄断性竞争市场中，进入市场 a、完全没有障碍 b、比在充分竞争市场中困难，但比在纯粹垄断市场中容易 c、比在纯粹市场中更困难 d、完全禁止 3、非价格竞争是指： a、不同行业产品之间的竞争 b、竞争对手之间对相互之间的价格变动视而不见 c、以广告、促销及改变产品的特性等手段进行竞争 d、降低生产成本，但并不由此降低价格 4、下列哪一项不是垄断性竞争市场的特征？ a、非价格竞争 b、产品存在差异 c、进入市场较容易 d、在长期内在ATC的最低点上进行生产 5、垄断性竞争行业既有竞争因素也有垄断因素，其垄断因素主要源于： a、串通共谋的可能性 b、较严格的进入障碍 c、产品的差异性 d、决策时的相互依赖性 6、垄断性竞争企业与充分竞争企业最显著的区别在于： a、前者不追求利润最大化 b、后者只有降价，才能增加销售 c、前者的需求曲线完全缺乏弹性 d、前者销售的是相似的但并不完全相同的产品 7、垄断性竞争市场和充分竞争市场的相似之处在于： a、都没有进入障碍，即使有也非常少 b、都肯定在短期内能获得经济利润 c、都生产存在差异的产品 d、在两种市场中单个企业面对的需求曲线都具有完全弹性 8、垄断竞争企业的边际收益曲线 a、具有负斜率且与需求曲线合而为一 b、与需求曲线合而为一且与横轴平行 c、具有负斜率且位于需求曲线下方 d、由于企业是“价格制定者”，所以其边际收益曲线不存在 9、垄断性竞争企业 a、在短期内获得正常利润，但在长期内遭受损失 b、在短期内可能获得利润也可能遭受损失，但在长期内获得正常利润
第十章 一般均衡与福利经济学 第一节 一般均衡理论 到目前为止，我们讨论的市场基本上都是相互独立的市场，也就是说我们假定，当一个市场的价格发生变化的时候，这种变化并不会影响到其他市场的价格，这是局部均衡分析，这种分析是研究一个单独市场的变化。但是实际上，在现实生活中，市场与市场之间总是相互联系，相互影响的。比如，中国南方的一场大洪水，将使得国内的粮食价格上升，而相应的以粮食为原料的加工工业的产品价格，就会相应的上涨，这可能带动的是一连串的价格变化。 一、一般均衡与局部均衡 1． 局部均衡分析 只考察某一个市场的供求均衡，而把其他市场、其他主体排除在外，这种分析方法我们称作局部均衡分析（partial equilibrium approach ）。局部均衡分析法是在分析时，只以一种商品为研究对象，而假定“其他事物不变”，即这种商品价格只取决于这种商品本身的供给和需求的作用，而不受其他商品的价格和供求状况的影响。这种分析方法是马歇尔最先于1890年，在他的代表著作《经济学原理》中使用的，同时也成了马歇尔经济学说在方法论上的一个主要特点。 2． 一般均衡分析 一般均衡分析是指，在分经济问题时假定各种商品的价格、供求、需求等等都是相互作用的、彼此影响的。因此，一种商品的价值不仅取决于它本身的供给和需求的状况，而且也要受到其他商品的价格和供求状况的影响。因而一种商品的价格和供求的均衡，只有在一切商品的价格和供求都达到均衡时才能决定。 通常认为，一般均衡理论是瓦尔拉斯在他的《纯粹经济学要义》中创立的。瓦尔拉斯认为，整个经济体系处于均衡状态时，所有消费品和生产要素的价格将有一个确定的均衡值，它们的产出和供给，将有一个确定的均衡量。他还认为在“完全竞争”的均衡条件下，出售一切生产要素的总收入和出售一切消费品的总收入必将相等。 下面举一个例子来说明。假设消费者认为苹果和葡萄是可替代物品。这样，两种产品的相对价格就会对两个市场的总量产生影响。图10.1画出了两个市场的初始均衡。 元/ a S 3.5 3 2 2 0 0a Q 1a Q *a Q 苹果 图10－1 (a)
CHAPTER 10 TEACHING NOTES Because of its realism and its care in stating assumptions, this chapter puts a somewhat heavier burden on the instructor and student than traditional treatments of time series regression. Nevertheless, I think it is worth it. It is important that students learn that there are potential pitfalls inherent in using regression with time series data that are not present for cross-sectional applications. Trends, seasonality, and high persistence are ubiquitous in time series data. By this time, students should have a firm grasp of multiple regression mechanics and inference, and so you can focus on those features that make time series applications different from cross-sectional ones. I think it is useful to discuss static and finite distributed lag models at the same time, as these at least have a shot at satisfying the Gauss-Markov assumptions. Many interesting examples have distributed lag dynamics. In discussing the time series versions of the CLM assumptions, I rely mostly on intuition. The notion of strict exogeneity is easy to discuss in terms of feedback. It is also pretty apparent that, in many applications, there are likely to be some explanatory variables that are not strictly exogenous. What the student should know is that, to conclude that OLS is unbiased – as opposed to consistent – we need to assume a very strong form of exogeneity of the regressors. Chapter 11 shows that only contemporaneous exogeneity is needed for consistency. Although the text is careful in stating the assumptions, in class, after discussing strict exogeneity, I leave the conditioning on X implicit, especially when I discuss the no serial correlation assumption. As the absence of serial correlation is a new assumption I spend a fair amount of time on it. (I also discuss why we did not need it for random sampling.) Once the unbiasedness of OLS, the Gauss-Markov theorem, and the sampling distributions under the classical linear model assumptions have been covered – which can be done rather quickly – I focus on applications. Fortunately, the students already know about logarithms and dummy variables. I treat index numbers in this chapter because they arise in many time series examples. A novel feature of the text is the discussion of how to compute goodness-of-fit measures with a trending or seasonal dependent variable. While detrending or deseasonalizing y is hardly perfect (and does not work with integrated processes), it is better than simply reporting the very high R-squareds that often come with time series regressions with trending variables. 117
一、单项选择题 题目1 正确 获得1.00分中的1.00分 标记题目 题干 总需求曲线AD是一条（） 选择一项： A. 向右上方倾斜的曲线 B. 与横轴垂直的线 C. 水平的直线 D. 向右下方倾斜的曲线 反馈 你的回答正确 正确答案是：向右下方倾斜的曲线 题目2 正确 获得1.00分中的1.00分 标记题目 题干 长期总供给曲线表示（） 选择一项： A. 经济中的资源还没有得到充分利用 B. 经济中存在着严重的失业 C. 在价格不变时，总供给可以无限增加
D. 经济中的资源已得到了充分利用 反馈 你的回答正确 正确答案是：经济中的资源已得到了充分利用 题目3 正确 获得1.00分中的1.00分 标记题目 题干 短期总供给曲线表明（） 选择一项： A. 总供给与价格水平同方向变动 B. 总供给与价格水平反方向变动 C. 总需求与价格水平反方向变动 D. 总需求与价格水平同方向变动 反馈 你的回答正确 正确答案是：总供给与价格水平同方向变动 题目4 正确 获得1.00分中的1.00分 标记题目 题干 总供给曲线垂直的区域表明（） 选择一项：
A. 资源没有被利用 B. 经济增长能力已达到了极限 C. 国民收入减少 D. 国民收入增加 反馈 你的回答正确 正确答案是：经济增长能力已达到了极限 题目5 正确 获得1.00分中的1.00分 标记题目 题干 导致短期总供给曲线向右下方移动的因素是（）选择一项： A. 社会投资增加 B. 社会投资减少 C. 利率水平上升 D. 社会生产能力减少 反馈 你的回答正确 正确答案是：社会投资增加 题目6 正确 获得1.00分中的1.00分
International Economics, 8e (Krugman) Chapter 10 Trade Policy in Developing Countries 1) The infant industry argument was an important theoretical basis for A) neo-colonialist theory of international exploitation. B) import-substituting industrialization. C) historiography of the industrial revolution in Western Europe. D) East-Asian miracle. E) None of the above. Answer: B 2) Sophisticated theoretical arguments supporting import-substitution policies include A) terms of trade effects. B) scale economy arguments. C) learning curve considerations. D) the problem of appropriability. E) None of the above. Answer: D 3) Which trade strategy have developing countries used to restrict imports of manufactured goods so that the domestic market is preserved for home producers? A) international commodity agreement B) export promotion C) multilateral contract D) import substitution E) None of the above. Answer: D 4) The infant industry argument is that A) comparative advantage is irrelevant to economic growth. B) developing countries have a comparative advantage in agricultural goods. C) developing countries have a comparative advantage in manufacturing. D) developing countries have a potential comparative advantage in manufacturing. E) None of the above. Answer: D 5) The infant industry argument calls for active government involvement A) only if the government forecasts are accurate. B) only if some market failure can be identified. C) only if the industry is not one already dominated by industrial countries. D) only if the industry has a high value added. E) None of the above. Answer: B 6) The imperfect capital market justification for infant industry promotion A) assumes that new industries will tend to have low profits. B) assumes that infant industries will soon mature. C) assumes that infant industries will be in products of comparative advantage. D) assumes that banks can allocate resources efficiently.