1.【2019江苏卷】What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _________a good time together.
A. had
B. will have
C. would have had
D. had had
【答案】C句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光, 否则, 我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快时光的。根据上文, 可知是对过去事情的虚拟, 与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他, 主句：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他, 故选C。
2.【2019·天津卷】The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ____________ the task in half the time.
A. accomplished
B. had accomplished
C. would accomplish
D. would have accomplished 【答案】D句意：工人们没有被更好的组织起来, 否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据上句the workers were not better organized可知, 这是对过去事情的虚拟。与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他, 主句：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他, 故选D。
3.【2018江苏】It’s strange that he _______ have taken the books without the owner’s permission.
A. would
B. should
C. could
D. might
【答案】B句意：真奇怪, 他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型”It is
important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural that...”中, 其中由that引导的主语从句通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气, 其中的should可以省略。故选B。点睛：本题考查虚拟语气。It is
important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural that... 主语从句多数情况下用虚拟语气, 表达一种要求、命令或者责备、建议或主观看法。但是如果只是表示陈述一个事实而不是强烈的感情, 完全可以用一般的陈述语气。试比较：It is strange that he had made a mistake.（陈述一个事实：他犯了错误让人有点奇怪。）It is strange that he (should) have made a mistake. （虚拟语气, 说话者是在责备他本不应该犯错。）
4.【2018江苏】There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I ___ a second chance to become more involved.
A. had
B. will have
C. would have had
D. have had
【答案】A句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活, 并且我希望我再有机会去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句, 表示与现在事实相反的愿望, 所以从句用一般过去时。故选A。
5.【2018北京】They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.
A. drove
B. would drive
C. were to drive
D. had driven
【答案】D句意：如果他们多开几公里的话, 他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。由“they might have found a better hotel”可知, 该句是表示对过去的虚拟。if ____ a few more kilometers是条件句部分, 表示对过去的虚拟, 条件句部分要用过去完成时态, 故D选项正确。
6.【2018天津】If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach
A. had caught
B. caught
C. have caught
D. would catch
【答案】A句意：如果我们昨天赶上飞机的话, 现在我们正在海滩享受我们的假日了。根据时间状语yesterday 可知, 从句表示与过去事实相反, 故用had + v-ed。故选A。
7.【2017北京卷】If the new safety system _______ to use, the accident would never have happened.
A. had been put
B. were put
C. should be put
D. would be put
【答案】A句意：如果这个新的安全系统被投入使用过的话, 这个事故就不会发生了。根据主句确定是对过去情况的虚拟,所以从句谓语用had done形式,此外根据句意可知是被动, 用被动语态, 故A项是正确的。
8.【2017江苏卷】_______ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were
B. Were it
C. It was
D. Was it
【答案】B虚拟语气中, be动词统一用were；虚拟语气的省略形式主要是把if省略, 同时把were/should/had 提前, 即Were /Should/ Had I..., 故选B。在虚拟语气中, be动词只能用were；虚拟条件句省去连词if时, 从句主谓部分倒装：Were/Had/Should+主语+谓语动词...若条件从句为否定句, 否定词not应置于主语之后, 而不能与were, should, had 等缩略成Weren’t, Shouldn’t, Hadn’t置于句首。
9.【2017天津卷】—Do you have Betty’s phone number?
—Yes. Otherwise, I ______able to reach her yesterday.
A. hadn’t been
B. wouldn’t have been
C. weren’t
D. wouldn’t be
【答案】B句意：——你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？——有。否则我昨天就联系不到她了。此处otherwise(否则)相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句, 由yesterday可知本句对过去进行虚拟, 由此可以判断出主句用wouldn’t have done, 故选B。
10.【2016北京】Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week? If you ______ me, I could have helped.
A. told
B. had told
C. were to tell
D. would tell
【答案】B根据句意, “你上周为什么没有告诉我你遇到麻烦”, 表示与过去的虚拟, 句型结构为if+主语+had done, 主语+would/could/might/should + have done, 故选B．
11.【2016江苏】If it for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.
A. had not been
B. should not be
C. were not to be
D. should not have been
【答案】A句意：要不是几天前的邀请, 我现在就不会在这儿了．本题考查错综时间的虚拟条件句；主句中的now说明是与现在事实相反的结果；从句中the other day（几天前）说明从句是与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句中, 从句中用过去完成时
12.【2016天津】I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I ____.
A. were injured
B. would be injured
C. had been injured
D. would have been injured 【答案】D句意：我当时系着安全带。如果我没有系安全带, 我就会受伤了。根据if条件句用的had done, 可知, 主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟, 而且I和injure是被动关系。故选D。
13.【2016浙江】Had the governments and scientists not worked together , AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.
A. had not fallen
B. would not fall
C. did not fall
D. would not have fallen 【答案】D句意：如果政府和科学家不共同努力, 与艾滋病相关的死亡人数就不会从2005年的最高点下降。使用虚拟语气, if条件句用的had done, 而且省略if, 将had提前, 主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟。故选D。
14.【2015北京】If I _____it with my own eyes ,I wouldn’t have believed it.
A . didn’t see B. weren’t seeing C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen
【答案】D句意：如果不是我亲眼看到, 我不会相信。根据后半句wouldn’t have believed可以判断是对过去的虚拟。所以从句是if+主语+ had +done的形式。故选D。
15.【2015重庆】Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway____ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
A .didn’t write B. hadn’t written C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have written
【答案】D句意：没有他战时的经验, 海明威就不可能写出著名的小说永别了武器。根据without his wartime experience没有战时的经历, 可知表示对于过去的否定猜测, 故主句用would have done, 因此选D项。【名师点睛】虚拟语气是一种动词形式, 表示说话人的一种愿望, 假设, 怀疑, 猜测建议等含义, 表示的含义不是客观存在的事实, 此类的题目一般难度不大, 主要找对时间状语, 并且看分清时间状语与主句还是从句有关系, 再来确定用对现在, 过去还是将来的虚拟。
16.【2015天津】I wish I _____at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
A. will be
B. would be
C. have been
D. had been
【答案】D句意：上个周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼, 但那时我在纽约出差。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句, 表示与过去事实相反的愿望, 从句用had + 过去分词。根据句意可知选D。
17.【2015陕西】Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I as well as her.
A. dance
B. will dance
C. had danced
D. danced
【答案】C句意：Ellen是一个很棒的舞蹈演员。但愿我能和她跳得一样好。I wish“但愿”后面接宾语从句用虚拟语气, 和现在相反用一般过去时, 所以选C。
18.【2015江苏】It might have saved me some trouble ______ the schedule.
A. did I know
B. have I known
C. do I know
D. had I known
【答案】D句意：如果我早知道日程安排, 可能会省去我一些麻烦。根据题干中might have saved可知主句是对过去的虚拟, 从句应用if I had known与主句保持一致。if虚拟条件句中含有had时, 可将if省去, 同时将had提前构成倒装结构。故选D项。虚拟语气重要做题原则：根据题干中主句或从句中动词形式判断所考查的动词的虚拟时间, 一般要保持一致, 但要注意错综时间虚拟语气要根据各自所表示的虚拟时间做出调整。另外, 当if 条件句中含有助动词 had, should 或were 时, 可以省略if, 而将 had, should 或were提到句首, 从而构成倒装虚拟条件句。
19.【2015安徽】It is lucky we booked a room, or we ______nowhere to stay now.
A. had
B. had had
C. would have
D. would have had
【答案】C句意：我们很幸运地订到了房间, 否则的话, 我们现在就会无处可去了。or引导含蓄虚拟条件句, or后面是主句, 相当于if we hadn’t booked a room, we would have nowhere to stay now., 根据“now”可知, 是对现在进行虚拟, 因此用would+动词原形, 故选C。
20. If Mr. Dewey _____ present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.
A. were
B. had been
C. should be
D. was
【答案】B根据从句的结构would have offered可知本题考查的是与过去事实相反的情况, 而且主、从句时间一致, 不存在混合的情况．与过去事实相反的虚拟语气, 条件状语从句要使用“过去完成时had done”, 主句要使用“would/could/might/should +have done”, 故B选项正确．
21. It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I it?
A. had done
B. have done
C. did
D. am doing
【答案】A题意：John打坏了窗户, 为什么跟“我”谈话？好像是“我”打坏了窗户似的。题中broke表明“打坏窗户”发生在“过去”。as if / though后面的从句用had done表示对“过去”的虚拟。故A项正确。
22. no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
A. Were there
B. Had there been C .If there are D. If there have been
【答案】A对现在情况的虚拟, 条件句中用一般过去时, 主句用“would/ should/ might/ could +动词原形。
虚拟条件句中有had, should, were时, 可以将if去掉, 然后把had, should, were提到主语前面。所以选A。
句意：如果没有现代的通信, 我们将会等上几周的时间才能得到来自世界的新闻。
23. We would rather our daughter ________ at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
A. would stay
B. has stayed
C. stayed
D. stay
【答案】C would rather后直接跟宾语从句中, 从句不用that连接。①如果表示现在或将来要做的事情,从句的谓语动词用一般过去式。如：I'd rather you met her at the airport tomorrow morning. (将来) 我但愿你明天早上能在机场见到他。②如果谈论过去动作,从句的谓语动词用过去完成式。如：I'd rather you hadn't told him the news that day. (过去) 我宁可你那天没有把那消息告诉他。根据语境, 这是与现在事实相反的愿望, 故选C。
24. ________ the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.
A. Did he catch
B. should be catch
C. has he caught
D. Had he caught
【答案】D句意：如果他赶上了早班火车, 开会就不会迟到了。主句的zhi谓语动词是would not have been , 说明与过去事实相反, 从句则可以用if he had caught the morning train, 当if从句中有were、had或者should 时, 在可以省略if, 把were、had或者should放在句首构成倒装句形式。本句中含有had, 所以不用if时, 就变成了Had he caught the morning train。所以选D。
25.We __________ back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.
A. are
B. were
C. will be
D. would be
【答案】D句意：如果你不丢失地图, 我们就已经到旅馆了。根据条件状语从句中“if we didn’t lose the map”可知, 主从句都是对现在情况的假设, 所以选用D。
26. They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they ___ to our help.
A. would have come
B. could come
C. have come
D. had come
【答案】A试题分析：这里when引导的是定语从句, 修饰前面的名词months;根据谓语动词were可知事情发生过去, or后是对过去的虚拟, 所以应该用would have done, 故选A。句意：在我们进行调查期间他们在国外, 要不然的话他们就来帮忙。
27.My mom suggests that we eat out for a change this weekend.
A. should
B. might
C. could
D. would
【答案】A句意为：母亲提议这个周末出去吃饭换换口味。suggest(建议)接宾语从句时谓语动词用(should)do。
28.－I t rained cats and dogs this morning. I’m glad we took an umbrella.
－Yeah, we would have got wet all over if we
A. hadn’t
B. haven't
C. didn't
D. don't
【答案】A句意：—今早下了倾盆大雨, 我很高兴我们带雨伞了。—是啊, 如果我们不带, 我们就淋湿了。题干I’m glad we took an umbrella.表明带了伞是事实, 那么假设没带伞, 就是与过去事实相反的假设, 所以从句部分要用had/hadn’t done的形式。选A。
29.If we a table earlier, we couldn’t be standing here in a queue.
A. have booked
B. booked
C. book
D. had booked
【答案】D 根据语境可知, 此处是if引导的虚拟条件状语从句, 从句中叙述的是与过去事实相反的情况, 因为"我们没有早点订桌子", 所以从句谓语动词用had done．因为事实上"我们没有订桌子（we haven't booked a table）, 为现在完成时, 所以变成虚拟语气的条件状语从句为"过去完成时"we had booked．主句为情态动词加上真实情况的时态"现在进行时"--not be standing here．故正确答案为D项．
30.If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before, he able to speak it much better now.
A. will be
B. would be
C. has been
D. would have been
【答案】B句意：“如果他以前花更多的时间练习说英语, 那么现在他就能说的更好了。”这是一个混合条件句, 是虚拟语气。前一句话是对过去的假设(had spent), 后一句话是对现在的假设(now)。if条件句的虚拟有三种情况：对过去的虚拟, 从句用had done, 主句用could/would/might+have done；对现在的虚拟, 从句用did, 主句用could/would/might+do；对将来的虚拟, 从句用did/were to do/should+do, 主句用could/would/might+do。在这里, 如果后面没有now这个时间标志, 就填D。故选B。
31.—Do you think George has passed the driving test?
—No. If so, he _____his car to our college yesterday.
A. would drive
B. drove
C. would have driven
D. had driven 【答案】C解析句意为：——你认为George已经通过驾照考试了吗？——没有。如果通过的话, 昨天他就会开车来我们的大学了。本题表达的是对过去事实的假设, 句子结构为：If...had done..., ...would(might, could, should) have done...。
32.Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam____at the age of six months old.
A . was B.be C. were D.is
【答案】B考查虚拟语气。此处考查的是recommend后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气, 根据语法规则可知, 从句中谓语动词应用“should＋动词原形”, 其中should可以省略, 故选B项。
33.I should not have laughed if I you were serious.
A. thought
B. would think
C. had thought
D. have thought
【答案】C句意：如果我知道你是严肃的话我就不笑了。本句意思是当时不知道所以笑了, 表示与过去事实相反, 用“had thought”表示对过去情况的虚拟。
34.Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she _____there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.
A. lives
B. would live
C. has lived
D. were to live
【答案】D考查虚拟语气。由doesn’t want to move to New York 可知Grace 还没有去纽约, zhi所以句子应该是对将来的虚拟。对将来的虚拟if 条件状dao语从句谓语动词的时态有三种形式：were to do / should do / did (were), 由此可知答案为D 选项were to live。句意：格瑞斯不想移居到纽约, 因为她认为如果住到那儿的话, 她就不能够经常看到她得父母了。
35.We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ______more places of interest yesterday.
A. visited
B. had visited
C. would visit
D. would have visited
【答案】D本题关键是从时间状语yesterday知道是对过去的虚拟, 前半句是个过去的客观事实“我们在那个小山村迷路”, otherwise否则后半句是用对过去的虚拟would have done, 答案为D项。对虚拟语气的做法主要是看时间状语或是看里面的关键词是对什么时间的虚拟, 这就很容易了。
36.If my car______more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.
A. was
B. had been
C. should be
D. would be
【答案】B考查虚拟语气。根据主语的谓语动词可知题干是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气, 从句谓语动词用had done, 选B。
37.Had they known what was coming next, they______second thoughts.
A. may have
B. could have
C. must have had
D. might have had
【答案】D试题分析：句意：如果他们知道接下来是什么,他们可能会重新考虑的。Had they known what was coming next=If they had known what was coming next, 表示如果过去他们知道将会发生什么事, 后半句应用could/should /might/would+have+p.p.的形式, 表示对过去事实的假设。故选D。
38.We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold_______us a ride home.
A. didn’t offer
B. wouldn’t offer
C. hasn’t offered
D. hadn’t offered
【答案】D考查虚拟语气的条件句。would have done 表明是对过去的虚拟, 所以条件句需要用had done。句意：昨天如果哈罗德不主动开车送我们回家的话, 我们就要打的了。
39.If we ______adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have bee n so successful.
A. haven’t made
B. wouldn’t make
C. didn’t make
D. hadn’t made
【答案】D考查虚拟语气的用法。在虚拟条件句中, 表示与过去事实相反的情况, 从句用过去完成时, 主句用would have done的形式。句意：如果我们没有做好充分的准备, 会议就不会这样成功。
40.Jack is a great talker. It's high time that he ______something instead of just talking.
A. will do
B. has done
C. do
D. did
【答案】D句意：Jack总爱夸夸其谈, 他该做点事了, 而不是仅仅空谈。这里是“It's (high/about) time that...”句型, 从句谓语应用过去式或“should＋动词原形”
41.Don’t handle the vase as if it _____made of steel.
A. is
B. were
C. has been
D. had been
【答案】B试题分析：句意：别把这花bai瓶拿得跟它好像是用钢做的似的。as if“仿佛, 好像”其后内容若与事实不符则用虚拟语气, 花瓶不是用钢做的, 因此选择B。若其后发生的可能性较大则用陈述语气。42.——Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined.
——I wish they always late.
A. weren’t
B. hadn’t been
C. wouldn’t be
D. wouldn’t have been
【答案】A【解析】句意为“——孩子们哪儿去了？这顿饭快要吃不起来了。——我但愿他们不要老是迟到。”wish引出虚拟语气, 题干中出现always, 从句虚拟使用一般过去时。选A。
43.Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
A. studied
B. would study
C. had studied
D. was studying
【答案】C【解析】句意为“或许当初我要是学了理科而不是文科, 现在就能给你更多的帮助。”then表示过去的时间, if引导的从句是对过去的虚拟, 因此使用过去完成时。选C。
44.I__________through that bitter period without your generous help.
A. couldn’t have gone
B. didn’t go
C. wouldn’t go
D. hadn’t gone
【答案】A【解析】句意为“没有你的慷慨帮助, 我是不可能度过那段痛苦的时期的。”that bitter period表示过去的时间, 对过去的虚拟语气用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达, 故选A。
45.We _____John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent in jury.
A. will put
B. will have put
C. would put
D. would have put
【答案】D【解析】句意为“要不是因为他最近受伤, 我们本应该把John的名字加进昨天的比赛名单中。”but for 是虚拟语气的提示, yesterday表示过去的时间。对过去的虚拟, 用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达, 故选B。
46.If he my advice, he wouldn't have lost his job.
A. followed
B. should follow
C. had followed
D. would follow
【答案】C根据“wouldn’t have lost”可判断if引导的状语从句表示与过去事实相反的虚拟, 故选C项。
47.John went to the hospital alone. If he me about it, I would have gone with him.
A. should tell
B. tells
C. told
D. had told
【答案】D句意：约翰独自去了医院。如果他告诉我的话, 我会跟他一起去的。前一句是陈述语气, 说明动发生在过去, 而且后一句的主句已经是would have gone说明是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。与之对应的从句结构, 应该用had +过去分词。
48.George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he_______ more on its culture.
A. focus
B. focused
C. would focus
D. had focused
【答案】Bwould rather后应用虚拟语气, 表示与现在时间相反, 用动词的过去式
49.If we ___ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.
A. take
B. had taken
C. took
D. have taken
【答案】B所填词做虚拟语气中条件状语从句的谓语, 根据主句的谓语动词形式might have ar rived可知题干是与过去事实相反, 故所填部分用had+过去分词形式, 选B。
50.Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .
A. would have been saved
B. had been saved
C. will be saved
D. was saved
【答案】A根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟语气, 原形是：If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .故选择A。句意为：如果我早知道这个电脑程序, 就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。
51.This printer is of good quality. If it _______ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.
A. would
B. should
C. could
D. might
【答案】B句意为：这个打印机的质量很好, 如果在一年内出现故障, 我们将免费维修。
52.But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition.
A. would not win
B. would not have won
C. would win
D. would have won
【答案】B此处虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反, 句子谓语动词用would/should/could/might + have done结构
53.Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it yesterday.
A. was happening
B. happens
C. has happened
D. happened
【答案】D as if仿佛, 好像, 其后的从句可出现虚拟语气。句意为：Eliza清楚地记得每一件事, 仿佛它是昨天发生的！句中remembers为一般现在时, 故as if从句中用一般过去时来表示虚拟语气。
54. fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be
B. Should you be
C. Could you be
D. Might you be
【答案】B should you be =" if" you should be句意：如果你被解雇,你的卫生保健和其它利益将立即被取消。
高中英语虚拟语气详细讲解 虚拟语气 什么是虚拟语气？是的，我们要学习虚拟语气就必须先弄明白它的概念。 虚拟语气包含两种：一种指与事实相反或不可能发生。“虚拟条件句+虚拟主句”的结构都属于这一类；even if、even though、as if、as though引导的状语中如果需要用到虚拟语气也属于这一类；wish、would rather后面接的宾语从句表示不可能实现的愿望，还是属于这一类。 另一种指与事实实际是否发生没有直接关系。如和suggest、order、demand等表示建议、命令、要求等相关的名词性从句都属于这一类。 大家知道以上两类虚拟语气后，我们就从从句的角度来系统学习虚拟语气。紧跟小简老师的步伐哦！ 一. 虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况 从句：If+主语+did(be动词用were) 主句：主语+ should/would/might/could+do
If I were you,I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. 如果我知道他的，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道） If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句：If+主语+had+done 主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have done If I had got there earlier,I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） 3、表示与将来事实相反的情况
高考英语语法知识讲解 (名师详细讲解语法+配套实战练习，零基础也可以学 好英语，建议下载保存) (绝对精品文档，价值很高，值得下载打印收藏) (每天背诵提高英语语感。零基础学英语，每天进步一 点点！)
第一讲座：名词---基础篇 一、名词的复数： 1. 名词变复数的规则形式： 1). 一般情况下直接加s：book------books cup-----cups 2). 以辅音字母+y结尾的，先变y为i再加es： city-------cities family-----families 3). 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es： bus-----buses wish------wishes watch------watches 4). 以o结尾的多数加S 初中阶段只有三个单词加es： tomato-----tomatoes potato------potatoes hero-----heroes Negroes 5). 以f、fe 结尾的，先把f、fe变v 再加es： leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves 2. 少数名词的复数形式是不规则的： man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice 3. 单数和复数形式相同： deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 4. 某国人的复数： 1). 中、日不变：Chinese----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 2). 英、法变：Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen 3).其余s加后面：American-----Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians 二、不可数名词： 1. 不可数名词： 1). 不能直接用数字表数量；2). 不能直接加a或an；3). 没有复数形式； 4). 可用some、any、lots of、plenty of、much 修饰；5). 可用“量词短语”表示； 2. 不可数名词的数量的表示方法：a / 数字+ 量词+ of + 不可数名词： a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk 三、名词的所有格： 1. ’s 所有格：
2020届高考一轮复习语法专项十七：连词连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词是连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；而从属连词一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等。 （一）并列连词： 并列连词可用来连接词与词，词组与词组，分句与分句。常用的并列连词有：and（和），as well as（既…又），both … and（不但…而且），not only … but also（不但…而且），not … but（不是…而是），neither … nor（既不…也不），either … or（不是…就是），or（或者），but （但是），yet（然而），for（因为），so（所以），while（而），when（这时）等。如：Both my brother and my sister are teachers./ His room is bright but mine is gloomy（暗沉沉的）./ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious（光荣的）yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot. （二）从属连词 从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有： 引导时间状语从句的：after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as 引导原因状语从句的：because, since, as 引导让步状语从句的：although, though, no matter（无论）, even if (though) 引导条件状语从句的：if, unless, once, so (as) long as 引导结果状语从句的：so … that …, such … that … 引导目的状语从句的：so that …, in order that … 引导比较状语从句的：as … as …, not so (as) … as …, … than … 引导方式状语从句的：as if … 引导主语，宾语或表语从句的连词主要有：that, whether, if三个。其中that 和whether 间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。 （三）某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别 1、当while, when, as引导时间状语从句时的区别：①while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while 的这些用法可用when代替，等于“at the time that”, “during the time that”。例如：Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying；② when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于“at the time”，也就是说
虚拟语气 第一节语气 英语的动词一般可带有三种不同的语气：陈述语气（Indicative Mood），祈使语气(Imperative Mood)和虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）。不同的语气用动词的不同形式（有的还借助句法形式）来表示。 第二节虚拟语气的概念 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。 第三节虚拟语气在条件句中 １．当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句“，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整． If you had followed my advice , you would be better now. 如果你听我的建议，你现在就会痊愈了． ２．在条件句中，可省略 if，把were ,had, should 提到句首，变为倒装句式． If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
第四节虚拟语气在名词从句中的运用 一、虚拟语气在主语从句中 A.在句型“It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... ”中，表示某事 重要、奇怪、自然、必要等；that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形（should 可以省略）例如： It’s important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。 这类的形容词还有advisable（可取的），appropriate（适当的），compulsary（必须的），crucial （关键的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），important(重要的)，possible（可能的），preferable（更好的），probable（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（急迫的），vital（极为重要的）等。 B. 在It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/recommended/requested/required/. that-clause句型中从句用(should )+动词原型，表示愿望，建议，请求等主观意愿等。 It is demanded that we should work out a plan. C. 在It is a pity/a shame/ no wonderproposal/recommendation/suggestion/surprise/advice that…..句型中从句也常用(should )+动词原型,表示建议，命令，请求，道歉，怀疑，惊奇等。 It’s a pity that you (should) miss a good chance. 二、用于宾语从句 用于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句。 insist, suggest, order, command, advise, propose, require, request, demand, desire etc. 注意：suggest 当表示“暗示、表明“讲时，insist 表示”坚持认为“之意时，应用陈述语气。 The teacher suggested that we should clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. 他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意． He insisted that all of us be there on time by any means. 他坚持要求我们大家想尽办法按时去那里。 The man insisted that he had never stolen the money. 那个人坚持说他没有偷钱． 三、用于表语从句和同位语从句 在suggestion / proposal / order / plan / advice / idea / request /desire/ recommendation/resolution 等名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用“should＋动词原形” should可以省略． My advice is that you should practice speaking English as often as possible. 我的建议是你要尽可能经常地练习说英语。 The suggestion that the mayor should present the prizes was accepted by everyone. 每个人都接受由市长颁发奖金这一建议。 第五节虚拟语气在其他从句中 1. It is (high / about ) time that…从句中的谓语动词用过去式或should＋动词原形，should 不能省略．
专题一定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which 指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略） who 指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which 或of which+the+名词 2、as 的用法 （1）常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个 （2）as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 C、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 3、but用作关系代词，相当于who/that…not 例：In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng. 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 4、当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 5、当先行词是数词时. 6、当先行词既指人又指物时。 7、如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that。 8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。 9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。 10、先行词为what，关系代词用that。
高中英语知识结构网络图 修饰词：形容词、副词 被修饰：名词（代词）、动词 辅助词：数词、连词、冠词 词类：不考词：叹词 难点词：介词 名词：可数名词、不可数名词、名词所有格、名词单复数 动词：动词的数 词法：动词的时态：一般过去时、一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时、 过去进行时、进来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、 完成进行时 动词的语态（主动、被动） 非谓语动词（不定式、分词、动名词） 语法代词（高考常考：（人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、） 比较） 短语：动词短语、名词短语、介词短语（300短语） 词汇：全部考纲词汇及其派生词、不在纲内但是常见常用的词汇（3500多单词四会词语：2000多单词） 特殊结构：倒装句、强调句、插入语、it句型、虚拟语气 1.话题项目（24）：1.个人情况（Personal information）； 2.家庭、朋友与周围的人 （Family, friends and people around）；3.周围的环境（Personal environments）；4. 日常活动（Daily routines）；5.学校生活（School life）；6.兴趣与爱好（Interests and hobbies）；7，个人感情（Emotions）；8.人际关系（Interpersonal relationships）； 9.计划与愿望（Plans and intentions）；10.节假日活动（Festivals, holidays and celebrations）；11.购物（Shopping）；12.饮食（Food and drink）；13.健康（Health）；
高考英语语法填空专题练习含答案 阅读下面短文，根据上下文填入适当的词语，或使用括号中的词语的适当形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡上标号的相应位置. 〔1〕 In the United States, there were 222 people 1.__________〔report〕to be billionaires〔亿万富翁〕in 2003. The 2.__________of these is Bill Gates, worth at least $ 41 billion, who made his money 3. 4. 5. __________the time he was 6.__________, there are still some other people who have made lots of money at even 7.__________〔young〕ages. Other young people who have struck it rich include Jackie Coogan and Shirley Temple. 8.__________of these child actors made over a million dollars 9.__________〔act〕in movies before they were 14. But 10. __________ youngest billionaire is Albert von Thurn und Taxis of Germany, who, in 2001, inherited 〔继承〕a billion dollars when he turned 18! 〔2〕 Finishing their shopping at the mall, a couple discovered that their new car 1.__________〔steal〕. They filed a report 2.__________the police station and a detective drove them 3.__________to the parking lot to look for evidence. To their 4.__________〔amaze〕, the car had been returned 5.__________there was a note in it that said: “I apologize for taking your car. My wife was having a baby and I had to rush her to the 6.__________. Please forget the inconvenience. There are two tickets 7.__________tonight's M ania Twain concert.” Their faith in humanity restored. The couple attended 8.__________concert. But when they returned home, they immediately found. 9.__________their house had been ransacked 〔洗劫〕. On the bathroom mirror was 10.__________note: “I have to put my kid through college somehow, don't I?” 〔3〕 People 1.__________〔live〕in different countries made different kinds of words. Today there are about fifteen hundred 2.__________in the world. Each contains many thousands of words. A very large dictionary, for example, contains four 3.__________ five hundred thousand words. But we do not need 4.__________these. To read short stories you need to know only about two thousand words. 5.__________you leave school, you will learn only one thousand or more.
江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总 一、冠词The Article 知识要点： 冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。 一、不定冠词的用法 1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple. 2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library. A Li is looking for you. 一位姓李的同志正在找你。 3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如： I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes. 4、用于某些固定词组中。如： a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。 5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。 It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。 It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。 二、定冠词的用法： 1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如： Beijing is the capital of China. The pen on the desk is mine. 2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如： Where is the teacher? Open the window, please. 3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如： There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. The baby was thin. 4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：
高考英语虚拟语气知识点经典测试题及解析 一、选择题 1．I insisted he______ back the wallet to the lady, but he insisted he______it. A．handed; didn’t steal B．hand; hadn’t stolen C．hand; not steal D．handed; hadn’t stolen 2．Recent years have seen a growing increase in the emergence of cyber terms, without which our life _____ so colorful nowadays. A．won’t be B．hadn’t been C．wouldn’t be D．can’t be 3．This winter vacation, my family are going to visit the Great Wall, but I would rather we ________ to Shanghai Disneyland. A．go B．had gone C．would go D．went 4．The requirement of the government is that the citizens not set off fireworks from January 1, 2019 on. A．shall B．should C．can D．may 5．What do you think of the proposal that improvement ____ in the type of vacuum cleaner? A．be made B．will be made C．would be made D．has to be made 6．I wish I ________ an architect because then I ________ be able to design my own house. A．am, will be B．were, would C．will be, could D．was, could 7．How I wish I ______ my mouth before I shouted at my mum! A．shut B．have shut C．had shut D．would shut 8．That was not the first time he ____ us. I think it's high time we ____ strong actions against him. A．betrayed, take B．had betrayed, took C．has betrayed, took D．has betrayed, take 9．Studies show that historical barriers on women acceptance in organizational environments, the development of the company would already be way ahead. A．were it not for B．if there being no C．hadn't it been for D．if it is not for 10．The board thought it urgent that these files _____ right away. A．printed B．had been printed C．would been printed D．be printed 11．What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he ___________ it better. A．need have done B．must have done C．can have done D．might have done 12．If penicillin available, many people from sickness or even small wounds in World WarⅡ.
高考英语常考必考六个语法知识点 高考英语常考必考六个语法知识点 1. 语态和时态 —do you see those people on the little sandy island? —yes, they _______ handkerchiefs for the last half hour. i wonder why. a. were waving b. waved c. had waved d. have been waving 【正确答案】d 【高考考点】考查动词时态。现在完成进行时：表示一个从过去某一时刻开始的动作，一直延续到说话时还在进行或刚结束，句中常出现用for, since,how long等引导的时间状语。 his telephone has been ringing for a long it hasbeen raining since last sunday. how long have you been wearing glasses? 【题干句意】“你有没有看见那些在小岛上的人?”“是的，我看见了。他们在过去的半小时里一直在挥手帕，我不知道为什么。” 【详细解析】这个挥手帕的动作是在半小时前开始的，然后一直在挥，一直挥到了说话的这个时候，所以我们用的是一个现在完成进行时，强调一个动作的持续。我们再来看
一下其他几个时态： a选项是were waving——过去进行时，它指的是：①过去某一时刻正在进行;②过去某一阶段正在进行;——过去时，过去某时间发生的且已完成的动作，所以我们知道a 和b这两个时态都是和过去有关，而和现在是没有一点关系的，所以a和b这两个答案错了。 c. had waved——过去完成时：过去某一时刻或某一动作前完成的动作或状态，那么它所表达的时候是在过去的过去，例如： by theend of last year, we had built 5 newschools.到去年年底为止，我们已经建造了5所学校。首先，过去的时间是去年年底;而句子表达的意思是在去年年底之前，所以我们用过去完成时——hadbuil d.和现在是更加没有联系了，所以这个答案也是不正确的。 题干中的时间状语是“for the last halfhour”，注意这个last不是指“最后的”，而是指“刚才的——在刚才的半个小时里”，那么往往呢句中出现last,或者是last halfhour、recent这种词的话，我们一般都会选择现在完成进行时，因为它指的是“刚才”，那么肯定指“从刚才到现在”。所以本题答案是d. 2. 名词性从句 the information could be helpful to ____will take over the job.
高中英语语法填空练习（24篇） 阅读下面短文，根据上下文填入适当的词语，或使用括号中的词语的适当形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡上标号的相应位置。 （1） In the United States, there were 222 people 1.__________（report）to be billionaires（亿万富翁）in 2003. The 2.__________of these is Bill Gates, worth at least $ 41 billion, who made his money 3.__________starting the company Microsoft. Mr. Gates was only 21 years old 4.__________he first helped to set up the company in 1976. He was a billionaire 5. __________the time he was 6.__________, there are still some other people who have made lots of money at even 7.__________（young）ages. Other young people who have struck it rich include Jackie Coogan and Shirley Temple. 8.__________of these child actors made over a million dollars9.__________（act）in movies before they were 14. But10.__________ youngest billionaire is Albert von Thurn und Taxis of Germany, who, in 2001, inherited （继承）a billion dollars when he turned 18! （2） Finishing their shopping at the mall, a couple discovered that their new car 1.__________（steal）. They filed a report 2.__________the police station and a detective drove them 3.__________to the parking lot to look for evidence. To their 4.__________（amaze）, the car had been returned 5.__________there was a note in it that said: “I apologize for taking your ca r. My wife was having a baby and I had to rush her to the 6.__________. Please forget the inconvenience. There are two tickets 7.__________tonight's Mania Twain concert.” Their faith in humanity restored. The couple attended8.__________concert. But when they returned home, they immediately found. 9.__________their house had been ransacked （洗劫）. On the bathroom mirror was 10.__________note: “I have to put my kid through college somehow, don't I?” （3） People 1.__________（live）in different countries made different kinds of words. Today there are about fifteen hundred 2.__________in the world. Each contains many thousands of words. A very large dictionary,
㈠课程说明 教学目标： 虚拟语气是高考的重点，且难度较大。本次课程通过对虚拟语气知识点的复习讲解，总结概括，让学生知道虚拟语气是用来表示人的主观的愿望和假想，达到学生对知识点的熟练运用，在脑海中形成具有条理性的知识框架的目的。 教材分析： 虚拟语气是高考英语重点和难点，掌握好虚拟语气的重要性对每个参加高考的学生不言而喻。这次课程是高三第一轮复习时对虚拟语气的再次讲解和梳理，全部的知识都经过了高度的总结合概括，均是高考考点。 学生特征分析： 辅导的学生是高三年级，刻苦努力，理解能力较强，有一定的基础。基本知识掌握一般，且很多重要的知识点已经遗忘。 教学重点难点： 1、真实条件句和非真实条件句的用法。 2、虚拟语气用在主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，定语从句中 的用法。 3、情态动词+ have + done的用法。 ㈡课前准备： 教学方法： 一对一辅导，面对面答疑，培养学生对英语的理解表达和思维的
能力，同时安排适当的练习，保证学生能够当堂消化所讲内容。 教学器材： 黑板，粉笔，草稿纸，教案，给学生的资料，如果有条件可以适当运用多媒体。 时间分配： 讲课40分钟，做练习题20分钟。 ㈢课程设计： 一、导入： If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （这两个句子是什么形式？之前学过还有印象吗？通过提问问题激发学生的思考能力，再次对学生的知识掌握能力进行了解。） 二、讲解虚拟语气基本知识 Ⅰ什么是虚拟语气？ 虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义。虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。 Ⅱ虚拟语气在真实条件句非真实条件句中 真实条件句：表示现实或可能变为现实的条件。 非真实条件句：表示非现实的，或不可能，或不大可能变为现实的条件。 （老师举例说明真实条件句和非真实条件句。）
高考语法知识清单 词法 一、名词 1. 名词的分类 2. 名词的数 3. 名词的格 4. 名词的修饰语 5. 名词的功能 不定冠词 定冠词 零冠词 有无冠词的区别 三、代词 1. 人称代词 2. 物主代词 3. 反身代词 4. 指示代词 5. 不定代词 6. 相互代词 疑问代词 连接代词和关系代词 1. 形容词的构成 形容词的功能 形容词的位置 形容词的比较级和最高级 1. 副词的构成 副词的功能 副词的位置 副词的比较级和最高级 六、介词和介词短语 介词的分类 介词短语及其功能 3. 常见介词的用法 常见易混介词辨析 介词的固定搭配 七、数词 1. 基数词 2. 序数词 3. 数词的句法功能 4. 分数、小数、百分数 八、连词和感叹词 并列连词 从属连词 感叹词 九、动词和动词短语 1. 动词的分类 2. 情态动词的用法 1) 一般现在时 2) 一般过去时 3) 一般将来时 4) 现在进行时 5) 过去进行时 6) 将来进行时 7) 现在完成时 8) 过去完成时 9) 将来完成时 10) 现在完成进行时 11) 过去完成进行时 12) 时态的呼应 2. 语态 1) 被动语态的构成 2) 被动语态的用法 3) 主动和被动的转换 2. 虚拟语气在条件句中 3. 虚拟语气在主从、宾从、表从、同位语 从、定从和状从中的应用 4. 其他用法 动词不定式 2. 动名词 3. 分词 4. 独立主格
句法 一、句子成分和句子种类 1.句子成分 2.句子种类 2.主谓一致的几种情况 2.主语从句 3.宾语从句 4.表语从句 5.同位语从句 6.直接引语和间接引语 2.定语从句的分类 3.关系代词 4.关系副词 5.介词+关系代词 6.注意事项 7.定语从句和同位语从句的区别 8.定语从句和短语的转化 2.地点状语从句 3.条件状语从句 4.目的状语从句 5.原因状语从句 6.结果状语从句 7.让步状语从句 8.比较状语从句 9.方式状语从句 10.状语从句的省略 六、特殊句式 1.there be结构 倒装 强调 省略 5.插入语 七、情景交际 1.社会交往 2.态度 3.情感
高三英语专项训练----语法填空 （1）(Topic: ) Once there lived a rich man who wanted to do something for the people of his town. But first he wanted to find out 16 _______ they deserved his help. In the centre of the main road into the town，he placed 17 ___ very large stone. Then he 18____ (hide) behind a tree and waited. Soon an old man came along with his cow.“Who put this stone in the centre of the road?” said the old man, 19____ he did not try to remove the stone. Instead, with some difficulty he passed around the stone and continued on his way.20 ______ man came along and did the same thing; then another came，and another. All of them complained about the stone but did not tried to remove 21______. Late in the afternoon a young man came along. He saw the stone, 22 _______ (say) to himself: “The night will be very dark. Some neighbors will come along later 23 _____ the dark and will fall against the stone.” Then he began to move the stone. He pushed and pulled with all his 24 ________ (strong) to move it. How great was his surprise at last! 25 ________ the stone，he found a bag of money. （2）(Topic: ) The best gift I ever received is the parents that were given to me. I could not have picked out 16 _______ (good) parents myself. My mom is smart，funny，and very artistic. She loves painting and encouraging other people to paint as well. She owns 17______ own book and art store. And at night she teaches adult 18 ________ (educate). She helps kids 19 _________ have dropped out of high school 20 _________ (get) their diploma. She always has time for me and my brothers. She hardly ever gets mad 21 ______ us and loves doing new things with us，22 _____ going to a new museum or going out onto the beach in the middle of the winter and taking pictures at the beach in the snow. My dad knows 23 _____ to fix anything and loves to play musical instruments. He helps me with my science projects and other school projects. He works hard to make money for our family and hardly ever complains. He loves skating with me and 24______ (build) us a half pipe and other cool things. So I have to say that 25 _______ gift I’m most grateful for is the one the God gave me—my parents. （3）(Topic: ) Sometimes Chinese English teachers are puzzled by such questions，“Have you got any skills in reading comprehension?” Actually，many of the teachers can’t give students 16 ___ efficient way to deal with reading. Anyway，17 _____ often simply say，“Read more and practise more，and you 18 ______ (get) more experience in reading comprehension.” Frankly, these teachers’ good 19_________ (suggest) are only helpful to arouse students’ interest in reading 20 ____ not helpful to deal wit h the questions in the examinations of reading comprehension. Personally，I think the skill for reading comprehension should be based 21 ______ the knowledge of English writing. Since the English passages are written under some rules or principles，the science of reading 22 ______understanding may have a close relationship with writing.