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学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.理性的人知道生活中的决策很少是黑白的，但通常是灰色的。
在吃饭的时候，你面对的不是空腹或是像猪一样进食，而是吃额外的一匙土豆泥。
当考试开始时，你的决定不是介于两者之间，而是让他们减少或学习一天24小时，而不是花更多的时间复习笔记而不是看电视。
经济学家用“边际变化”这个术语来描述对现有的行动计划的调整。
请记住，边际意味着“边缘如此边缘的变化是在你正在做的边缘周围的调整”。
理性的人往往通过比较边际收益和边际成本来做出决定。
3.例如，考虑一家航空公司决定向待机乘客收取多少费用。
假设撒德躺在横跨美国的200座飞机上，航空公司损失100,000英镑。
在这种情况下，每个座位的平均成本是1,000美元/ 200美元，这是500美元。
有人可能会得出这样的结论：航空公司不应该售出票价低于500美元的机票。
事实上，一家理性的航空公司通常可以通过考虑利润率来提高利润。
想象一下，一架飞机即将起飞，有10个空座位，候机旅客在门口等候，将支付300美元的座位。
航空公司应该把票卖掉吗？当然应该。
如果飞机有空座位，增加一个乘客的成本很小。
乘飞机的平均成本是S500，边际成本仅仅是额外的乘客将消耗的花生袋和苏打水的成本。
只要备用乘客支付超过边际成本，售票是有利可图的。
4.边际决策有助于解释一些令人费解的经济现象。
这里有一个经典的问题：为什么水这么便宜，而钻石这么贵？人类需要水来生存，而钻石是不必要的；但出于某种原因，人们愿意付出更多的钻石比一杯水。
原因是一个人愿意支付任何好处是基于一个额外单位的好处会产生边际效益。
大学人文学术英语教材答案Unit 1: Introduction to Humanities1. Multiple Choice1. C2. B3. A4. D5. C2. True or False1. True2. False3. True4. False5. True3. Fill in the Blank1. architecture2. literature3. philosophy4. sculpture5. theaterUnit 2: Art and Aesthetics1. Short Answer1. Art can be defined as the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.2. Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty, and taste.3. The relationship between art and aesthetics is that aesthetics providesa framework for understanding and evaluating art. It helps us analyze and interpret the artistic elements and concepts present in a work of art.2. EssayArt is an essential component of human culture and allows individuals to express their creativity and emotions. Aesthetics, on the other hand, provides a set of principles to analyze and appreciate different forms of artistic expression.Art can take many forms, such as painting, sculpture, literature, music, and dance. Each form has its unique characteristics and techniques that contribute to its artistic value. For example, in painting, the use of color, composition, and brushstrokes can convey a variety of emotions and messages. In literature, the choice of words, structure, and narrative style can create different moods and meanings.Aesthetics helps us understand the underlying principles that determine the artistic value of a work. It allows us to analyze the formal elements, such as line, shape, color, and texture, and their arrangement within a composition. Moreover, aesthetics provides a framework for evaluating the subjective aspects of art, such as the emotional impact it has on the viewer or the social and cultural context in which it was created.In conclusion, art and aesthetics are interconnected. Artistic expression allows individuals to communicate and connect with others on a deeper level, while aesthetics provides the tools to analyze and appreciate the artistic qualities of different forms of expression. By studying both art and aesthetics, individuals can develop a richer understanding and appreciationof the world of humanities.Unit 3: Literature1. Matching1. C2. B3. D4. A5. E2. True or False1. False2. True3. False4. True5. True3. Fill in the Blank1. protagonist2. antagonist3. setting4. plot5. themeUnit 4: Philosophy1. Short Answer1. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of reality and existence. It explores fundamental questions about the nature of being, time, space, and causality.2. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, focusing on the nature of knowledge, justification, and the methods we use to acquire knowledge.3. Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles and values, determining what is right or wrong, good or bad.2. EssayPhilosophy is a discipline that tackles fundamental questions about the nature of reality, knowledge, and morality. It provides a framework for critical thinking and reflection, encouraging individuals to question assumptions and develop informed perspectives.Metaphysics, a branch of philosophy, delves into the nature of reality and existence. It seeks to answer questions about the fundamental nature of being, the nature of time and space, and the relationship between mind and matter. By exploring these questions, metaphysics allows individuals to examine their understanding of the world and their place within it.Epistemology, another branch of philosophy, focuses on the nature of knowledge and how we acquire it. It addresses questions such as: What is knowledge? What is the difference between belief and knowledge? How do we justify our beliefs? By examining these questions, epistemology helps individuals develop critical thinking skills and understand the limitations of human knowledge.Ethics, the third branch of philosophy, deals with moral principles and values. It explores questions of right and wrong, good and bad, and aims to provide a framework for ethical decision-making. Ethics encourages individuals to reflect on the consequences of their actions and to consider the well-being of others. By engaging in ethical discussions, individuals can develop a deeper understanding of their own values and responsibilities.In conclusion, philosophy serves as a guiding discipline in the realm of humanities. It fosters critical thinking, encourages exploration of fundamental questions, and provides a framework for understanding the world and ourselves. By studying philosophy, individuals gain valuableinsights into the nature of reality, knowledge, and morality, enhancing their overall understanding of the human experience.Note: The content above is purely fictional and does not represent any actual answer key for a university humanities textbook. This response is generated by an AI language model to meet the requirements specified in the user's request.。
Unit 1Language building-upTask 1/Specialized vocabulary1. 饲料经销商；饲料批发商2. 为他自己的收益而工作3. 技能与劳动力4. 制造塑料5. 私人交易6. 包装并定价7. 无形之手1. priced2. labor3. transactions4. gain5. labor; manufactured6. invisible hand7. distributorTask 2/Signpost language1. Today, in millions of homes across the nation, God will be thanked for many gifts, for the feast on the table and the company of loved ones, for health and good fortune in the year gone by, for peace privilege of having been born, or having become —American(Line 2, Para.1).2. And yet, isn't there something wondrous, —something almost inexplicable in the way your Thanksgiving weekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers? (Line 1, Para. 4)3. ...Thanksgiving Turkey, there would be one, —or more likely, a few dozen—waiting. (Line 3, Para.6)Task 3/Formal English1. very many2. buying or selling3. a large group of4. more huge5. understand6. troubledUnit 2Language buildingTask 1:Part 1:1)无形之手；2）自由企业制度3）股东4）经济体制5）开发产品和服务6）市场力量；市场调节作用7）金融机构8）严重衰退9）破产10）mission11）stock price12）corporate motto13）assets14）maximize profits 15）financial systemPart 2：1)market forces2）financial institutions 3）free enterprise system 4）deep institutions5）invisible hand6）stockholder7）profit maximization 8）economic system Task 2：1.and；2.Another；3. also；4. Not only；but；5. otherTask 31. understanding；2. agree with；3. forces…to be accepted;4. bad5. purpose6. charitable ;7. given;8.famous.Unit 3Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1) 充满敬畏与感激；2）与外部世界隔离3）陷入绝境4）易感抑郁5）恢复体能6）界定性特征7）暂时的挫败8）不因挫败而心烦意乱9）竞选权位10）吹着欢快的曲调Part 2：1)bout 2）validated3）squabble 4）aptitude5）platitude 6）debilitate7）reassuring 8）undermine9）ruminate 10）martialTask 2：1.contrasting；2.in contrast；3. However；4. different；5. on the other hand6. in the opposite way7.howeverTask 31. full of；2. becomes alert and energetic3. keeping thinking about4. been left in hopelessness5. likely to suffer from6. not disturbed7. saying something that people are quite familiar with8. officially approvedUnit 4Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. green movement2. protected areas3. extinction of animals and plants4. wild fish stocks5. make clean power6. save resources7. 培育生物多样性8. 控制污染9. 阻止对生态体系的破坏10. 扩大清洁产业11. 集体世界观12. 生态经济Part 2：1. Embedding a narrative that moves us on from protecting nature from people to protecting nature for people is an essential part of this reframing. (Para.6)If such a narrative is to gain practical effect, then looking after nature must urgently be seen as not only an environmental challenge, but also an economic one. (Para.7)The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating keys words such as narrative, nature.2. So long as we continue to travel in two directions at once, promoting environmental goals on the one hand while on the other directly contradicting that with measures to achieve more economic growth, the longer we will fail to make real progress. (Para.7)When it comes to economics and ecology there is plenty of good thinking already done. (Para.8) The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating key words such as economic, economics.Task 3 Formal language1. unchangeable; increasing2. control3. effort; charitable4. pleasant detail5. complicated6. change7. Changing8. importantUnit 5Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. having a mind2.behave as if you understand3.what and how we know4.inside;reflectsMentalist Dbehaviorist BEpistemologist Aphenomenologist CPart 21. psychological2.spiritual3.behaviour4.phenomenologist5.perplexity6.mentallyTask 2：…,classified…This class of…The class of……a less severe label…The huge classTask 31. what we imagine about computers today2.we have broken the distinction between ???3.for the sake of convenience so that it is easier to refer to the first type of response4. you have the same reason for thinking that M had a mind.5. (The reason you believe your mother has a mind is based) not on your prejudice6. as groundless as believing that computers have mindUnit 6Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. 数学化，数字处理2. 计算机辅助设计3. 统计4. 基因组学5. 运筹学6. 优化组合7. 概率8. 数据库Part 2：1. database2. CAD3. statistics4. probability5. optimization6. genomics7. mathematization8. Operations researchTask 2：1. Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extended from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:…(Line 1,para.8,Text A)2. Admittedly this is rather vague, but it will clarify a bit as I go on and mention a few of the manyexamples that Baker gives:…(Line 8, para.10, Text A)Task 3 Formal language1. exists2. included3. explained4. model5. get6. environment7. knowledgeable person; in which8. until now9. fix ideas of (caution) in one’s mindUnit 7Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. -h2.-f3.-a4.-j5.-i6.-b7.-d8.-g9.-c10.-ePart 2：1. To achieve professional development isimportant as a means to the end of becoming an expert and gaining more flexibility and independence2. Numerous studies over the last 30 years have suggested that personality is a powerful predictor of a person's life satisfaction3. An employee's work orientation is shaped in the first instance by their understanding of “what work is about”4. The government is trying to introduce new measures to create a better social safety net and encourage better worker pay5. Money has been used as the incentive of many intelligence contests in TV programTask 2：1. The present perfect tense（现在完成时）emphasizes that people’s conception about what money can bring them has changed greatly2. The tense switches from the present to the past to manifest that an example is given3.The tense switches between the present and the past to produce a comparison of different interpretations of a “calling”in different timesTask 3 Formal language1. pour heart and soul into :spare no efforts,try one's bestwhat will stimulate\encourage a worker to try his best in making good products?2. lure：temptationgrueling：working exhaustedlyPeople are no longer so tempted by the dream of becoming rich by working exhaustedly 80 hours a week for several years in a humble position3. lowly job：humble jobrecrafted：turnedHe might be doing a humble job，but he would turn it into a great mission4. entails：requiresA career requires more devotion to work5. contributing to：being beneficial toconnotation：implicationPeople who regard their work as a calling\great mission think that what they do helps serve the public and brings benefits to our society，and therefore it's quite proper to say that a mission\calling implies something similar to religious beliefsUnit8Task 1 Specialized vocabulare1. cultural tradition 文化传统2. social stability 社会稳定3. distinct identity 鲜明特色4. edge effect 边缘效应5. organic evolution 有机界进化6. mutual respect 相互尊重7.political correctness 政治正确性anic evolution2. mutual respect3. Edge effect4. social stability5. political correctness6. cultural tradition7. distinct identityTask 2 Signpost language1. Through; through; through2. not just; but3. first4. second5. next6. final7.not only; but alsoTask 3 Formal English1. develop2. combined3. skillful performers4. obvious5. friendly6. getting rid of7. combine8. changed9. imagine10. a large number ofUnit 9Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 D 医疗2 J 基因分型3 F 内窥镜检查4 A 生物技术5 H 诊断6 C 分子的7 I 治疗方案8 E 医生9 G 外科医生的；手术的10 B 胶囊1 diagnosis2 surgical3 Biotechnology4 healthcare5 protocols6 molecularTask 2 Signpost language1 known as2 referred to as3 call4 describe5 meanTask 3 Formal English1 increases2 marked3 arrival/ coming4 replaced5 move away6 filledUnit 10Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 b2 k3 f4 j5 g6 i7 e8 c9 h10 a11 d1 syntactic patterns2 Language faculty3 neural system4 underlying logic5 evolutionary adaptation6 formal instruction7 mental organ8 natural selectionTask 2 Signpost language1 for2 led to3 because4 Therefore5 Therefore6 because; because7 SoTask 3 Formal English1 explanation/interpretation; impacts2 is present all over; analyze/explain/interpret。
Unit 10Key1.1 pre-reading tasks(open questions, keys just for reference)What should you consider about the journal you are going to submit the paper to?●Factors to be considered: Impact factor(IF), manuscript processing time, journal missionand columns, citation, etc.What should you do to your paper before submission?●Studying the publication format of the target journal, and revising the paper formataccording to the "Guide for Authors".What should be included in your submission E-mail?● A cover letter, enclosure of the paper, etc.How can we sound polite when we write the submission cover letter and reply to the decision letter?●Use polite expressions.1.3.11. Paper title;2. author;3. affiliation;4. research focus;5. interest declaration;6. correspondence.1.3.2Main idea: major revisionThe author should1. make point- to- point revision according to the reviewers' comment.2. Check spelling and format in the main body and the references3. Highlight the change in "track change "mode.4. Upload and resubmit the paper2.1 omitted2.21. We are really sorry for the inappropriate language use. We have asked an English expert consultant to proofread the paper.2.We are very sorry for our incorrect reference to published literature, and have checked instructions for authors for the required journal format.3.We have made correction according to the reviewer’s comments on the use of +/- to express variation, and changed it to mean (SD).3.1 key omitted3.2Dear Dr/ Prof. James Joyce,On behalf of my co-authors, we thank you very much for giving us an opportunity to revise our manuscript. We greatly appreciate the editor and reviewers’ positive and constructive comments and suggestions on our manuscript entitled “Hydroxyapatite/Tetracalcium Phosphate/Polyacrylic Acid Cement: Chemical-Physical Properties and Cytotoxicity” (ID:IEJ-12-00123).We have studied the reviewers’ comments carefully and made revision in the places marked in red in the paper. We have tried our best to revise our manuscript according to the comments. Attached please find the revised version, which we would like to submit for your kind consideration.We would like to express our gratitude again to you and reviewers for the comments on our paper. I am looking forward to hearing from you.Yours sincerely,Ling HuchongCorresponding author:Name: Qiao FengE-mail: qiaofeng@3.3Dear Prof. ×××:Sorry for disturbing you. I am not sure if it is the right time to contact you to inquire about the status of my submitted manuscript entitled “Paper Title”. (ID: 文章稿号), although the status of “With Editor” has been lasting for more than two months, since it was submitted to the journal three months ago. I am just wondering whether my manuscript has been sent to reviewers or not?I would greatly appreciate it if you could spend some of your time checking the status for us. I will be very pleased to hear from the reviewer’s comments.Thank you very much.Yours sincerely,××××××Corresponding author:Name: ×××E-mail: ××××@××××。
Cultural Globalization1. Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and otherdiverse aspects worldcultures resultedfromthe isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising , then, that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever more frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music,and other such aspects of pop culture,but such analysis does not trivialize the subject,. Instead , a long standing bottom up line of political theoryargues that the world`s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional andevenglobal schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.1、不同语言、风俗习惯以及其他不同的文化背景下，世界文化的早期发展，是从彼此分离的人群中产生的。
