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Unit 7
Part B
Global Food Insecurity
全球粮食匮乏
A particular problem directly related to continuing population growth is growing global food insecurity. For a variety of reasons the demand for food by the consumer has begun to outrun the capacity to provide. Where all attention was previously focused on population growth as the sole source of demand on available food stocks, today an equally important source of demand has become apparent and that is affluence. As per capita income increases, purchasing power climbs and with it a demand for higher quality foods , especially foods of animal origin such as meat, eggs, milk, and milk products. Eating meat can be considered an inefficient way of utilizing grain. In the United States it takes three pounds of grain to produce a pound of poultry; 5 : 1 is the ratio for pork, and 10:1 for beef. In the end, Americans eat eighty percent of all the grain they consume indirectly, first using it for feed and then consuming the meat. On the basis of these data, Americans consume the equivalent of one ton of grain a year while inhabitants of poorer countries consume one fifth as much. Outside our borders, other nations with growing economies but without comparable agriculture have also increased their appetites for animal protein. Hence, sixty percent of North American agricultural sales has been to nations whose people are already rather well fed. At this time, the approximately one billion people of the developed world feed enough grain to their livestock and poultry to provide minimal nutritional requirements to another 2 billion people. Over the last twenty years, the rich minority of the world has doubled its meat consumption. This is, however, not due to eating twice as much meat per capita, although there has been some rise here. Rather, there are twice as many people with the money to buy a higher quality protein-rich diet. The net result is that while world population has been growing at 1. 6 percent and agricultural production at 2. 5 percent, world demand for food has been increasing at 3 percent per year.
人口的持续增长带来了与此直接相关的与日俱增的全球粮食匮乏的特殊问题。众多的原因导致了消费者对粮食的需求已经超出了能够提供的能力。之前所有的注意力
都放在人口数量增加上，以为其对食物储备供应的唯一来源，而现在一个同等重要的来源已经变得明显，那就是充足的储备。随着人均收入的增加，消费能力的提升，人们提出了高品质食物的要求，特别是动物制品的来源，如肉类、鸡蛋、牛奶及奶制品等。吃肉被认为是谷物的无效利用。在美国，花三磅重的谷物才能喂养出一磅重的家禽，即3：1的比例，猪肉的比例是5：1，牛肉是10：1。最终，美国人间接吃了80%的谷物，包括直接吃的谷物和用来喂养动物的。在这些数据的基础之上，美国人一年消费一吨的谷物，而那些较穷国家的居民最多达到五分之一。我们边境周围的其它国家在经济增长和农业增长不相匹配时仍然增大对动物蛋白的胃口。因此，北美农业60%都是提供给那些生活水平已经很好的国家。同时，近10亿发达国家的人们喂养足够的谷物给家禽和牲畜为了提供极少的营养需求给另外20亿人口。在过去的二十年里，少数的富人已经加倍了肉的消费。这就意味着，不是人均吃了两倍的肉，尽管也有一些增加，而是有两倍多的人用钱买了更高品质的高蛋白饮食而已。网络调查表明，当世界人口增长到1.6%而农业产量在2.5%的时候，世界对食物的需求就会每年增长3%。
It is to our advantage and the world' s as well that the United States grain harvests in the years 1975 — 1977 have resulted in bumper yields. Overflowing granaries and low grain prices are the mark of this high productivity. But the great increases in food production have not occurred where populations are growing the fastest. Gains in production require modern energy intensive methods combining irrigation, pesticides herbicides, fertilizers, genetics, and mechanization. One reason, among several, why poor countries have lagged behind in food production is because their farmers have not had access to appropriate technologies, such as sufficient fertilizers, irrigation, improved seeds, pesticides, storage facilities, and transportation. The world's poor are thus driven to world food markets to supplement their needs. However, they must compete there with richer nations whose own increased demands have forced the price of grain upward. Caught in the price-squeeze of competition in which rising food prices outstrip purchasing power, the poor countries can buy less and less with their precious dollars. So today, we have the producer nations with surpluses to sell, the affluent consumer nations who have money to buy, and the low income consumer countries that can't effectively compete in the world food markets. World hunger is sustained by scarcity promoted by the economic system of rich countries. According to some estimates, world agriculture could produce enough to feed up to 30 billion people. What appears to be a food shortage may, in fact, be an uneven
worldwide distribution of economic power. These differentials represent an evergrowing number of hungry people. The result is famine in some parts of the world, most notably on the Indian subcontinent and some countries of Africa, Latin American, and South America, and an over-abundance of food in a number of others.
对我们及整个世界有利的是美国在1975-1977年富饶的田地丰收了大量谷物。谷物满溢出来的粮仓和超低的谷物价格是高产量的标志。但是，食物产量的增加赶不上人口疯狂的增加。谷物的生产需要现代化的精力加强的方法加上灌溉、杀虫、除草、施肥、基因及机械化。为什么贫穷国家在食物产量上要落后的众多原因之一是其农民没有获得适合技术的捷径，如有效的肥料和灌溉、加强的种子和杀虫剂、贮存的设备及便捷的运输。这些使得贫穷国家不得不到世界食品市场去满足他们的需求，但是，在那里他们必须与富裕国家竞争。富裕国家内部人口增长的需求已经将谷物价格抬高了，深陷压价竞争中，疯长的价格已经远超出了我们的购买能力，结果是贫穷国家只能用他们珍贵的美元买到越来越少的东西。所以，今天我们是有剩余谷物可以售卖的出产国家，富裕的消费国家用钱来买，而低收入的消费国家就不能在世界食品市场中进行有效的竞争。缺乏富裕国家经济制度的推动，世界上挨饿的人是持续不变的。据估计，世界农业能够生产足够的粮食满足300亿人口的需求。表面上的食物短缺事实上是因为世界范围内不一致的经济力量的贡献导致。导致世界上一些地区，特别是在印度、非洲的一些国家、拉丁美洲以及南美的饥荒是因为许多其它国家的食物过量。
But along with this there is also a less visible crisis emerging, the silent crisis of malnutrition, which is denying close to an estimated billion human beings the "basic right to realize their full genetic potential, their full humanity" . It is believed that twenty percent of all the people in developing countries — 350 to 450 million people are undernourished due to insufficient caloric intake; kwashiorkor, a disease brought on by insufficient protein but adequate calories, is found in 1 to 10 percent of preschool age children in
less-developed countries; marasmus, a protein plus calorie malnutrition disease, has a frequency of 1.2 to 8 percent in preschool age children in low income countries. The effects of malnutrition are far-reaching. During infancy, brain size can be reduced and a permanent deficiency in intelligence can result. Physical size and vigor is diminished. Life span may be shortened. Certain nutritional deficiencies can cause specific diseases, such as blindness caused by lack of vitamin A or anemia by a shortage of iron.
与此同时，还有几乎看不见的危机在发生，悄无声息的营养不良危机，这是对大约上亿人类“基本实现完全遗传的蛋白质和全部人权”的最接近的否认。据报道，20%
的发展中国家人口中有3.5亿-4.5亿人由于不充足的卡路里的摄取出于营养不良。夸休克尔症，即恶性营养不良是由不充足的蛋白质及过度卡路里导致的，在不够发达的国家有1%-10%的学龄前儿童患有此症。消瘦，蛋白质和卡路里营养不良疾病，在低收入国家有1.2%-8%的学龄前儿童患有此症。营养不良带来的影响是长远的，婴儿期，大脑的大小会被减少并会导致永久性的智力的缺乏，大脑的物理大小和精力被减少，寿命也会被缩短。某种营养物质的缺乏也会导致具体的疾病，如缺乏维生素A会导致夜盲症，缺铁会导致贫血
If "nothing will work but food", what is the potential for increasing the world food supply? Optimists assert that the earth can easily support a population several times larger than the present one. The future-oriented Hudson Institute calculates that, based on present technology alone, there is enough arable land and, food, and resources to support 15 to 20 billion people with an average per capita income of $ 20, 000. According to some estimates, the number of people who could be fed can be increased tenfold by taking the following measures:
如果“没有食物什么都无法运转”，那么增加世界食物供应的潜在力量是什么呢？乐观主义者声称地球能够轻易地支持比现在人口数量多七倍以上的人口。有未来导向的胡德森研究学院表明，仅仅建立在现在技术之上，我们有足够的耕地、食物和资源可供150-200亿人均收入为2万美元的人生存。根据一些预估，可养活的人口数量能够增加十倍如果采用以下措施：
(1) Bring marginal or hitherto unused agricultural land into production. One-half to one-third of the total cultivate land is left fallow or used as meadow-land; chemical fertilizers, irrigation in some areas, drainage control in others, could bring this land into production. Reasonable estimates suggest the possibility of about a fifty percent increase in usefully cultivatable areas, worldwide.
⑴把不重要的或者到目前为止未使用的农业用地投入生产。二分之一或者三分之一的可耕地被用作休耕地或者草场；把化学肥料和灌溉用在一些地上，把排水控制在其它地里可以使这些地投入生产。合理的评估暗示世界范围内大约有50%的有用的可耕地能够使用。
(2) Shifting from nonessential to essential agricultural production. About ten percent of the agricultural land is used to grow nonfood crops such as cotton, tobacco, rubber, coffee, etc.
⑵从不重要的到重要的农产品的转换。大约10%的农业用地被用于生产非食物作
物，如棉花、烟草、橡胶、咖啡等等。
(3) Simplifying diets from animal to plant protein; e.g., the wealthy minority of the world feeds as much grain to animals as the rest of the world eats; feedlots accentuate the problem, requiring ten times more grain and seven times more high-protein feed than range cattle.
⑶将饮食从动物蛋白到植物蛋白简单化。如：少数富裕国家摄取的谷物相当于整个世界其它国家加起来那么多；饲养场强调这个问题，需要十倍多的谷物和七倍多的高蛋白来饲养超出平均值的牛羊群。
(4) Better insect and pest control. Ten to twenty percent of all crops are destroyed in the field or in storage by pests of various kinds.
⑷更好地控制昆虫和害虫。10%-20%的谷物在田地里或者储存时都被各种各样的虫类毁坏了。
(5) Increased agricultural technology. Irrigation, pesticides, fertilizers, applied genetics, and mechanization increase yields in most areas of the world. Agricultural technology is thought to be the major way to increase production (both India and China faced famine in 1973, but China did not fear famine, for the past twenty years water control programs have had top priority there; 35 giant reservoirs have been built, rivers have been broadened, and thousands of wells have been dug. China, with 25 percent of the world's people, owns about eight percent of the world's arable land , yet significant hunger has been eliminated from the country. India, on the other hand, has tapped less than three percent of its water resources.
⑸增强农业技术。灌溉、杀虫、施肥、运用遗传学和机械化在世界大多数地区。农业技术被认为是最主要的提高产量的办法。1973年，印度和中国都遇到饥荒，但是中国不惧怕饥荒，在过去的20年里水利工程已经放到了优先的地位；35个巨大的贮水池已经被建立，河流被拓宽，成千上万的水渠被挖出。拥有世界25%人口的中国仅有世界耕地的8%，但是，饥荒已经彻底地从这片大地上消失了。印度，相反却只利用了其3%的水利资源。
Part C
Passage One
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many food unfit to eat . Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of colon. Different cultures are more prone to contract certain illness because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is
not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to cows and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals, in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
我们吃的食物似乎与我们的健康有着深深的影响。尽管科学已经做出巨大进步去制造更适合吃的食物，但在同时，也导致了食物不适合食物。一些研究表明，大约80%的人类疾病与饮食有关，40%的癌症也与饮食相关，特别是结肠癌。不同的文化更易于染上某种疾病，因为食物也带有文化特征。食物导致疾病不是一个新的发现。在1945年，政府研究表明，硝酸盐被普遍用于保证肉类和其它食物颜色鲜艳的添加剂导致癌症。但是，这些致癌的添加剂仍然在我们的食物里，这就使我们更难得知包装上写的食物究竟对我们有用还是有害。同时，我们摄入的添加剂不一定是直接的。农民经常给牛群或者家禽注射青霉素，并且这些青霉素已经在牛奶中发现了，有时相似的药被用于动物身上却并非出于医疗的目的，而是商业利益。为了获得市场上的高价，农民用一些药物很快地让动物长肥。尽管食物药物监管部门一直在控制此类事情的发生，事实上却屡禁不止。
1.How has science done to mankind?
A.Because of science ,disease caused by contaminated food has been virtually
eradicated.
B.It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.
C.As a result of scientific intervention, some potentially harmful substances
have been added to our food.
D.The scientists have preserved the color of meats but not of vegetables.
2.What are nitrates used for?
A.They preserve flavor in packaged foods.
B.They preserve the color of meats.
C.They are the objects of research.
D.They cause the animals to become fatter.
3.What dose FDA mean?
A.Food Direct Additives.
B. Final Difficult Analysis.
B.Food and Drug Administration. D. Federal Dairy Additives.
4.The word “carcinogenic” means most nearly the same as ______.
A. trouble-making
B. color-retaining
C. money-making
D. cancer-causing
5. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons.
B. Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are
given to the living animals.
C. Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for a long
time.
D. Food may cause forty of cancer in the world.
Passage Two
Japanese researchers say they successfully bred pigs with vegetable genes. Japanese consumers are divided on the safety of this and other genetically modified foods Japanese scientists say the combination of animal and vegetable may create meat with lower fat content. They inserted spinach genes into fertilized pig eggs and implanted them in the womb of a substitute mother. She gave birth to healthy piglets with modified genes.
Akira Iritani is a professor of development biology at Kinki University in western Japan and the research team leader. "We used spinach because of its image as a healthy food and the fact that it is easy to extract high amounts of a gene called FAD-2 from spinach, " Mr. Iritani said.
The gene changes about a fifth of the pig' s saturated fatty acids into healthier linoleic acids, so that their meat has less dietary fat than normal pork. In an age when many people are concerned about heart disease and other diet-related illness, such meat could have broad appeal.
But in Japan, as in Europe, many consumers fear that genetically modified foods are unsafe. Namiko Ono represents a Tokyo group that opposes GM foods, and says the new meat raises both safety and ethical problems. "While we are familiar with vegetables that are genetically changed, in this case we are talking about an animal. It is ethically wrong to conduct such an experiment on pigs, " Ms. Ono said.
日本研究者宣布他们成功地实验出了带有蔬菜基因的猪。日本消费者也被分为了怀疑其安全性及其它转基因食物两类。
日本科学家说动物和植物的结合可能会创造出带有低脂肪量的肉类。他们将菠菜的基因植入处理过的猪卵细胞里，然后将它们转移到替换母体的子宫里，最后产出健康的转基因小猪。
教授（Akira Iritani）是日本西部大学生物发展研究队的领导。“我们用菠菜是因为它的形象可以作为健康食物并且事实表明它更容易植入大量的FAD2基因。”教授说到。
基因将猪体内大约五分之一的饱和脂肪酸转化成了更健康的亚油酸，这样他们的肉就有更少的食用脂肪相对其它普通的猪肉。在一个许多人关注心脏及其它饮食相关的疾病的时代，这样的肉就有更大的吸引力。
但是在日本，和欧洲国家一样，许多消费者担心转基因食物不安全。东京队的一个反对转基因食物的代表认为这种新的肉类带来的不仅仅是安全问题，还有种族问题。他说“当我们熟悉的蔬菜基因被转变了，在这种条件下，我们谈论的蔬菜变成了动物。在猪身上做这样的实验是种族上的错误。”
6. In line 5, the word “they ” refers to _____.
A. animal and vegetable
B. meat with lower fat content
C. Japanese scientists
D. pigs with vegetable genes
7. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A. Pigs with Vegetable Genes Have Been Bred
B. How To Breed Pigs with Vegetable Genes
C. Genetic Pigs Are Welcome
D. GM Foods Are Unsafe
8. Why spinach is used to create the new pork?
A. It’s quite easy to get spinach.
B. Spinach has the same gene as pig.
C. FAD-2 gene can be easily got form spinach.
D. Spinach contains healthier got form spinach.
9. According to the author , the genetic pork _____.
A. may possibly attract many consumers
B. will be undoubtedly rejected
C. will become good seller
D. will cause heart disease and other diet-related illness
10. According to the passage , opponents of GM foods believe that GM foods _____.
A. must be very expensive
B. are neither safe nor ethical
C. will go too far
D. always remind the consumers of animals they dislike.
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
Unit1 1. She doesn’t seem to get along with her new classmates. 2. I’d been out of touch with Mary for year, but I managed to reach her by phone yesterday. 3. The veteran enjoys showing off his medals to everyone who visits him. 4. He husband seems very much opposed to her going abroad. 5. As Thomas couldn’t settle down in his job, his parents were very worried. 6. I always have all kinds of bits and pieces in my pockets. 7. Her mother pulled a few strings to get her into the business circle. 8. I hope the food is to your liking. 9. I told the boys off for making so much noise. Unit2 1. He resolved to work on the complicated project immediately. 2. They saw an old man knocked over by a car coming from the opposite direction. 3. He walked unsteadily / stumbled along in the dark, groping for the light-switch. 4. After three month’s illness, he found it difficult to rise to his feet again. 5. Owing to the staff shortage, the task could not be fulfilled on schedule. 6. During the period of depression, the company was running into financial difficulties. 7. When the blind girl got on the crowded bus, the passengers made room for her. 8. He at last managed to hold on to the rock on the cliff and stopped himself from slipping. Unit3 1. Mother immediately sent Tom for the doctor. 2. She failed to bake the cake as she had run out of sugar. 3. I know how desperately busy you are now. 4. The whole class roared with laughter at Tom’s slip of the tongue. 5. Such things as needles and scissors should be kept out of the reach of children. 6. The soldiers stood under the burning scorching sun, drenched with sweat. 7. He returned to his own country / motherland in the end. Unit4 1. Obviously I overestimated my sense of direction. Net time, I will remember to bring along a map with me. 2. The mother is not thoroughly disillusioned with her selfish unfilial son. 3. She has no knack for saying the right thing at the right time. 4. He and football were meant for each other from the start. 5. My boss assigned me the secretarial work for the first month. 6. If a driver breaks traffic rules, are there any alternatives to a fire? 7. Being a clumsy person, he often subjects himself to ridicule. Unit5 1. Did James have supper with you on the night in question? 2. The coach was satisfied with the ultimate victory of the match. 3. To remove the linguistic barriers in communication among the people of the world, linguists have embarked on the study of a new universal language. 4. The emergence of joint-venture enterprises has increased our opportunities to have contact with foreigners. 5. Mother asked him to gather up the bits and pieces of his belongings from the desk and put them
新一代大学英语综合教程1 课后翻译 UNIT 1 2、Indeed, we might feel as if we are suddenly awash in friends. Yet right before our eyes, we're also changing the way we conduct relationships. Face-to-face chatting is giving way to texting and messaging; people even prefer these electronic exchanges to, for instance, simply talking on a phone.Smaller circles of friends are being partially eclipsed by Facebook acquaintances routinely numbered in the hundreds. Amid these smaller trends, growing research suggests we could be entering a period of crisis for the entire concept of friendship. Where is all this leading modern-day society? Perhaps to a dark place, one where electronic stimuli slowly replace the joys of human contact.确实如此，我们似乎感到突然之间好友数量井喷。不过，我们眼前也正在改变为人处世的方式。面对面的聊天正在被短信取代；相比打个电话，人们甚至更愿意使用这些电子交流方式。脸谱网上的熟人圈儿动辄数百人，相比之下，现实生活中规模较小的朋友圈则显得黯淡少光。在这些较细微的趋势中，越来越多的研究表明友谊的整个概念正在遭受危机，而我们也许正在一步步地迈向这个危机时代。所有这一切要把现代社会引向何方？也许现代社会就此陷入黑暗深渊，在这个深渊里，人与人之间交往的乐趣慢慢地被电子诱惑所取代。 8、No single person is at fault, of course. The pressures on friendship today are broad. They arise from the demands of work, say, or a general busyness that means we have less quality time for others. How many individuals would say that friendship is the most important thing in their lives, only to move thousands of miles across the continent to take up a better-paid job?当然，这并不是某个人的错。如今，交友压力来自方方面面。比如来自工作压力，或是整天瞎忙，无法和他人享有高质量的沟通时间。有人嘴上说友谊是生命中最重要的东西，却为了一份收入颇丰的工作远赴千里之外。这样的人还少吗？ 9、Of course, we learn how to make friends — or not — in our most formative years, as children. Recent studies on childhood, and how the contemporary life of the child affects friendships, are illuminating. Again, the general mood is one of concern, and a central conclusion often reached relates to a lack of what is called "unstructured time."当然，我们是在性格成型的最重要的孩提时期学会如何结交朋友或是如何断交。最近，关于儿童期和儿时生活对交友的影响的研究很有启发性。这些研究再一次关注了风气这个问题，其主要结论都与孩子缺少“计划外时间”有关。 10、Structured time results from the way an average day is parceled up for our kids —time for school, time for homework, time for music practice,
新职业英语·职业综合英语课文翻译 第一课谷歌 上过互联网的人都见过谷歌，许多人要在互联网上查找某方面的信息时，他们都会去“谷歌”一下。作为全世界最有名的互联网搜索引擎，谷歌是网络业界功成名就的最好范例之一。 谷歌始于1996年1月斯坦福大学博士生拉里?佩奇的一个研究项目。为了找到一种能帮助网络用户搜索到相关网页的更好方法，佩奇设想可以通过检索网页之间的关系来实现。他认为其他网页链接最多的那些网页一定是最受欢迎的，这项技术结果看起来是成功的。 佩奇和他的合作伙伴谢尔盖?布林于1998年9月7日创建了自己的公司，并在之后的一周注册了https://www.doczj.com/doc/e714492173.html,这一网址。这个搜索引擎很快声名鹊起，2000年谷歌开始在自己的网站出售广告。在投资者的热情资助下，经过几年的发展，谷歌上市了，谷歌的很多雇员一夜之间成了百万富翁。 谷歌最近收购了互联网最大的视频共享网站https://www.doczj.com/doc/e714492173.html,，而且每天都在不断增加一些新功能，如工具栏、邮件和广告。当然，成长与成功也带来了竞争。微软最近就试图收购雅虎以便能在互联网搜索引擎领域与谷歌抗衡。 随着公司的壮大与知名度的提高，谷歌在美国公司就业吸引力的排名也上升到第一。他们尝试打破传统的办公室设计，努力把办公室变成员工感觉舒适、并能充分发挥自己才华的地方。 现在，谷歌已拥有YouTube、Blogger和其他一些热门网站，并且成为网络广告收入方面的领头羊。当初两个学生的一个小点子已发展成为一家拥有十亿美元资产的大公司，谷歌也成为全球最著名的商标之一。谷歌的发展史为当今的网络企业家树立了一个完美的典范，也提供了灵感。 第二课秘书 秘书可能会有很多其他不同的头衔，例如行政助理、文员或私人助理。尽管所有这些头衔都以行政工作为主旨，但它们却反映了不同种类的秘书工作。秘书岗位十分古老，例如，古希腊和罗马的商人和政客们就曾雇用私人秘书和文员来管理他们的事务。 秘书的工作就是使办公室顺利运转。秘书的职责范围很广，依据他们所在办公室的不同而各异。就最低要求来说，秘书要处理信函，跟踪日程安排，管理文件系统，操作电话、传真机、复印机等办公设备。许多秘书还要接听电话，并将其转给适当的人员。有些秘书还要负责办公室用品的采购，他们也可能会处理预算、簿记和人事文档。秘书应当具备使用电脑和其他电子设备的经验，因为他们将处理大量的电子资料，包括往来信函。
human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to sense of reality by giving meaning to events. 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker?s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an impli cit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as”. 生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来！比喻，这种能产生文字图像的修辞，可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐喻。 明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较，一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不会出现like 和as 这些连接词。 Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of
《综合英语教程》第二册课文、扩展阅读课文译文 Unit 1 Text 等候的人们 我坐在一个机场，观察着等候所爱之人到达或离开前最后一刻的人们。他们有的不安地来回走着，有的互相凝视着，有的拉着对方的手。此时的感情是强烈的。 一位讲西班牙语的女士正来回转圈地跑着，想要将全家人集中起来道别。她的嗓门很高。当登机前的最后时刻到来时，她用双臂搂着儿子，似乎这一紧紧的拥抱能保佑他将来平安地归来。 在我候机坐位旁的栏杆边站着一位祖母和她的孙子，该来接他们的人还没到。他们旁边有两位女士，互相之间显然没有关系，但她们的眼光都象扫视着大海的探照灯一样朝通道口仔细地搜索着。一位怀抱婴儿的母亲正与丈夫吻别。泪水打湿了她的面颊。这时刻十分令人动情。 在第13号出口处，抵达者们刚刚进站。“我看见她了，她在那儿。”以同样感人的激情，这些抵达者融入了庞杂的人群，仿佛他们是这人群中失而复得的一个组成部分。泪水、笑容，和由衷的快乐洋溢在久别重逢的欢声笑语中。 我坐着边翻书边等着我的登机时刻，感到有点孤独，因为亲人与我的时间不配；而我要去见的人，我的女儿，却在我旅程的另一端。 我在回想往日的离别和重逢。忆起我看见女儿，就是我现在要去见的女儿，正从那狭窄的通道走过来，肩上背着背包，怀里抱着塞得满满的行囊，带着的耳机让她无暇顾及身旁川流不息的人群。她当时上大学一年级，11月回家度假——8月份以来第一次回家。我紧紧地拥抱着她，似乎我曾失去过她。 今天我乘坐的航班晚点两小时。手里的书今天读起来没劲，不如观看眼前这熙来人往的人群。一个5岁左右的男孩第一次见到他的祖父。他一点点往上看，半天才看到了对成人来说并不算高的一位男人的脸。一高一矮的两人脸上都放出了喜悦的光芒，我不知道人们如何能用语言和胶卷来捕捉这一时刻。 当我的航班终于呼叫登机时，我收起书本和行李。既然无人相送，我就没有回头看看来时的方向，而是在想上班的丈夫此刻极想知道我是否已起飞，在另一端的女儿也正惦记着同一件事。 登机时，我回想起另一种离别和重逢。有一次我新婚不久，91岁的祖父去世了。我们的关系一直很密切，那天傍晚，我参加完他的葬礼乘飞机返回，一边离开机场一边哭着。我们刚刚结婚一年的丈夫等候在出站口，把我拥抱在怀中。满脸的泪水招来了大家对我的关注，但我并不在乎。不管怎么说，我内心的那种感受在机场没有什么不合时宜的。 生命始终都需要这般关注。我祝愿所有旅行的人们归来时都能看到有人在等候迎接他们。我也祝愿他们出发前有人去送行。我想到自己的祖父并认识到，如果死亡就像这样，一次旅行而已，那么，我就不会害怕。 （吕睿中译，胡一宁审校） Read more 重要之事
作文翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。 但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。 虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit 3 食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要的
NUIT1 大学已经不再特别了 有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20世纪60年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在大麻烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人，这话可能是真的。但是，20世纪60年代有一件事人人都记得，那就是：上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。 20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而，加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生示威、罢课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966年，罗纳德?里根竞选加州州长，他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、唱反调的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。 在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投入到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国，巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟，发动了一场大罢工，最终导致戴高乐总统辞职。 20世纪60年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方，上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味，初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才能阅读你的第一本禁书，看你的第一部独立影人电影，或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米?亨德里克斯或兰尼?布鲁斯的志同道合者。那是一段难以想象的自由时光，你一生中最无拘无束的时光。 可如今那份激情哪儿去了？大学怎么了？现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50％的30岁以下的人上大学的目标（即使愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外）。不过，大学教育已不再是全民重视的话题了。如今，大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。 没有了20世纪60年代大学生所发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛，如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国文化协会最近做了一项调查，研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时所考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是：课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全问题、生活方式，以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。 童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了，大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能和经济有关。在一个没有保障的世界里，现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户，因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返了。如今，大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友，没问题，我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。
Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit
Unit 1 Changes in the Way We Live 在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的情感。许多居住在城镇的人梦想着自己办个农场，梦想着靠土地为生。很少有人真去把梦想变为现实。或许这也没有什么不好，因为，正如吉姆·多尔蒂当初开始其写作和农场经营双重生涯时所体验到的那样，农耕生活远非轻松自在。但他写道，自己并不后悔，对自己作出的改变生活方式的决定仍热情不减。 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life Jim Doherty 有两件事是我一直想做的――写作与务农。如今我同时做着这两件事。作为作家，我和E·B·怀特不属同一等级，作为农场主，我和乡邻也不是同一类人，不过我应付得还行。在城市以及郊区历经多年的怅惘失望之后，我和妻子桑迪终于在这里的乡村寻觅到心灵的满足。 这是一种自力更生的生活。我们食用的果蔬几乎都是自己种的。自家饲养的鸡提供鸡蛋，每星期还能剩余几十个出售。自家养殖的蜜蜂提供蜂蜜，我们还自己动手砍柴，足可供过冬取暖之用。 这也是一种令人满足的生活。夏日里我们在河上荡舟，在林子里野餐，骑着自行车长时间漫游。冬日里我们滑雪溜冰。我们为落日的余辉而激动。我们爱闻大地回暖的气息，爱听牛群哞叫。我们守着看鹰儿飞过上空，看玉米田间鹿群嬉跃。 但如此美妙的生活有时会变得相当艰苦。就在三个月前，气温降
到华氏零下30度，我们辛苦劳作了整整两天，用一个雪橇沿着河边拖运木柴。再过三个月，气温会升到95度，我们就要给玉米松土，在草莓地除草，还要宰杀家禽。前一阵子我和桑迪不得不翻修后屋顶。过些时候，四个孩子中的两个小的，16岁的吉米和13岁的埃米莉，会帮着我一起把拖了很久没修的室外厕所修葺一下，那是专为室外干活修建的。这个月晚些时候，我们要给果树喷洒药水，要油漆谷仓，要给菜园播种，要赶在新的小鸡运到之前清扫鸡舍。 在这些活计之间，我每周要抽空花五、六十个小时，不是打字撰文，就是为作为自由撰稿人投给报刊的文章进行采访。桑迪则有她自己繁忙的工作日程。除了日常的家务，她还照管菜园和蜂房，烘烤面包，将食品装罐、冷藏，开车送孩子学音乐，和他们一起练习，自己还要上风琴课，为我做些研究工作并打字，自己有时也写写文章，还要侍弄花圃，堆摞木柴、运送鸡蛋。正如老话说的那样，在这种情形之下，坏人不得闲――贤德之人也歇不了。 我们谁也不会忘记第一年的冬天。从12月一直到3月底，我们都被深达5英尺的积雪困着。暴风雪肆虐，一场接着一场，积雪厚厚地覆盖着屋子和谷仓，而室内，我们用自己砍伐的木柴烧火取暖，吃着自家种植的苹果，温馨快乐每一分钟。 开春后，有过两次泛滥。一次是河水外溢，我们不少田地被淹了几个星期。接着一次是生长季节到了，一波又一波的农产品潮涌而来，弄得我们应接不暇。我们的冰箱里塞满了樱桃、蓝莓、草莓、芦笋、豌豆、青豆和玉米。接着我们存放食品罐的架子上、柜橱里也开始堆