21世纪研究生英语（综合教程2）练习题答案
Unit One
Text A Putting in a Good Word for Guilt
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) They think guilt is a bad thing for one’s psychology, and if you want to live with true liberation, you should get rid of the sense of guilt and try to believe everything and everybody is OK, no matter what you have done.
(2) Under this kind of conception, people try to ignore the sense of guilt without finding out its real meaning in life. And it’s somewhat like self deceiving to say everything is ok because in deeper conscience, people will still feel uneasy if sense of guilt is not dealt with properly.
(3) Some people can go through their lives without a moment of guilt, while the other group of people may feel guilty just for being alive.
(4) A sense of guilt, as well as a sense of duty, can urge us to do the right thing when we may not feel like doing it. In that way, a sense of guilt is the great civilizer of our basic conscience and the maintainer of our behavior.
(5) You can ei ther change the opinion of a perfect image so that you’ll feel less guilty when failing to achieve something, or change the behavior in a way that is more in accord with your right conscience.
2. Vocabulary
(1) slaying (2) obsessively (3) ingrained (4) hustles
(5) inflicted (6) commandment/stampede (7) infidelities
(8) qualms (9) catatonic
3. Paraphrase
(1) But then it came to my mind that people have given up guilt for too long a time. During that period of time of about ten years or more, those welcome psychologists solved people’s mental problems by writing books instead of giving clinical treatment. And they are trying to advocate the concept that nobody should feel guilty for anything.
(2) In the past, it was commonly thought that to love himself, everyone should first give up his guilt. For the most part of the past ten years, people deliberately ignored the sense of guilt without understanding its meaning and significance.
(3) What’s more, we would never be one of those who give up their guil t while becoming more and more deteriorated in excessive admiration of themselves.
(4) There are people who are tortured by unreasonable guilt. Of course we are not willing to be one of them or guide our children to be one of them.
(5) In such a changeable world, our sense of duty is very likely to change our feeling. Now an old concept may conflict with a new one on what we should do. There is a great difference between our belief and the education we got, and that difference results in the sense of guilt.
(6) If guilt represents the contradiction of our standards of behavior, it is a good thing full of strength and humanness.
(7) In some aspect, the so called bad feeling reflects the best nature of human being. Because we don’t want to feel guilty, we will not do bad things.
(8) In that aspect, guilt can make us civilized and force us by conscience to be good people instead of putting ourselves in the first place urgently.
4. Cloze
(2) responsibility(3) reason(4) triggered(5) anxiety(6) committed(7) criticism(8) empathy(9) develop(10) violates(11) value(12) intended(13) fulfill(14) generally(15) failing(16) intended(17) biochemical (18) judged(19) since(20) nature5. Translation A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
究其最深层最彻底的含义，内疚感是我们心中一个渴望被捕获的罪犯。做错了事就产生这种可怕的、发自内心的感觉。这正如麦克白夫人满脑子想的那个别人看不到的血点一样……而且我们还不能四处张望。
没有内疚就等于没有良知。感觉不到内疚的人给他人造成痛苦后心情照样不错，结果他们就心安理得地接着给别人制造痛苦。我们什么不要都可以，唯独不能不要良知。
弗洛伊德曾说过：“上帝在良知方面处理不当，有些粗心，大多数人生来良知就不算多，要么就少的不值一提。”
这里说明一点，我并不是建议每个人报名参加寻找内疚之旅。然而，我们必须对以下两种观点加以区分：一种认为我们所有人都应该为诸如贫困或种族主义感到内疚；另一种则断言受压迫者是“命里注定”。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) People appealed to the government to put in a good word for the real hero after the truth came out.
(2) On the coming of the New Year, it occurred to Sam that he should put aside his work for a while and call his parents.
(3) In a time of change, young people often put self interest in the first place and tune out social commitment.
(4) The government has realized that serious social problems may arise from wealth polarization, and measures have been taken to shorten the distance.
(5) As the cost of being famous, stars are particularly vulnerable to criticism, because people always have higher expectations of them.
Text B Ambition
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. F
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. F
9. F 10. T
Unit Two
Text A In the Beginning: God and Science
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) “Immaterial” has two senses: (a) Of no importance or relevance, inconsequential
or irrelevant; (b) Having no material body or form. It seems that people have taken the conception that religion or spiritual activity is of no importance in human’s life.
(2) The Steady State theory that the universe just exists infinitively without generation and destruction.
(3) Because they seem to get some confirmation from the science of the creation of world described in Bible.
(4) Because it is one of the basic scientific principle that every effect has a cause, but the creation of the universe, as the starting point of everything, has no cause, which contradicts with the principle.
(5) Of course it is not the final conclusion about the creation of world. But both scientific and religious fields should take some effort to explore with proper awe the unknown area that is suggested by it.
2. Vocabulary
(2) serenity (3) ignites (4) receding(5) subversive(6) convergence (7) provisional(8) defies (9) concur (10) becoming3. Paraphrase
(1) It’s hard and even intolerable to imagine the infinitive unive rse, like the endless time, but this idea can at least make people feel calm and peaceful.
(2) However, in recent decades, the Steady State model of universe has been substituted in scientific field by a more difficult idea that the universe is full of forceful actions.
(3) The Big Bang theory makes some astronomers very uneasy, but at the same time, creates a little excitement in religious field for it seems to confirm their belief in creation.
(4) Science educed the Big Bang theory from the hard work of assumption and testification and even unexpected but pleasant incidents, which share little interest with ideology.
(5) Many theologians also agree that the similar points of religion and science on the issue of creation is accidental without deep significance.
(6) Some scientists refuse to consider the issue of creation with the attitude of dealing with the fact.
(7) Yet, actually everyone, including scientists and common religious persons, is possessed by the confusing issues of creation and even what happened before it.
(8) People who are engaged in the hi tech field need something from spirit and ethics to conduct their work.
(9) The Big Bang theory of course is not the perfect final theory of creation that human can develop, but what it shows to us is a vast unknown area that requires effort and appropriate respect from both religion and science.
4. Cloze
(2) deeply(3) movements(4) longing(5) endeavor(6) present(7) religious(8) suffice(9) varying(10) experience(11) primitive(12) evokes(13) stage(14) poorly(15) creates(16) depend(17) handed(18) disposed(19) degree(20) basis5. Translation
A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
硅芯片时代的不可知论可被除了造物之外的许多疑惑所动摇。几乎具有同样神秘色彩的问题是，在几十亿年前，是什么条件产生了第一个能够复制自身的分子。这一步使得遍布地球的所有生命形式的发展成为可能。为什么恰在那时发生呢?对于科学和神学在大爆炸宇宙学上表面的趋同，宗教界表现出来的热情是可以理解的。自启蒙运动以来，《圣经》所述的创世故事或者其它“事件”，如人之堕落和耶稣基督的奇迹，屡屡遭遇科学的贬抑；它们仅仅被当作神话、迷信而已。现在信徒们不由得要相信科学已经费力地证实了至少一个圣经“神话”：创世说。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) Since my grandma knows nothing about electrical appliance, she always stays clear of any of them with fear.
(2) Although they have been sieged for almost a week, the soldiers swear never to yield the ground to the enemy.
(3) He found with embarrassment that his new boss turned out to be his primary school classmate, on whom he used to play trick.
(4) Everybody should know how to choose when their social responsibility clashes with their personal interest.
(5) Tourists from all over the world are really taken by the beauty and intelligence shown in this palace.
Text B Science and Religion
Ⅱ. Key to the exercises
1.T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. F
6. F
7.T8T9F10T
Unit Three
Text A Privacy and Property on the Net
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) The writer intends to show there exists hypocrisy in government’s confidentiality protections.
(2) The author implies to satirize that copyright fails to fulfill its function that it was intended to perform, that is, to protect performers, either celebrities or unknown performers, equally. Instead, it states a distinction between them.
(3) Citizens’ privacy is violated by government surveillance (refer to para. 7).
(4) Scientists can utilize data mining. Although internet based research like data mining has its drawbacks such as lack of reliability, impossibility of impartiality, the writer still holds the view that “internet research could benefit science, as well as society.”
(5) Government should keep pace with the societal development and timely update its policies on privacy and property based on appropriate research.
2. Vocabulary
(1) confidential (2) facilitate (3) bizarre (4) innovation
(5) surveillance (6)incidentally (7) administered (8) deregulation
3. Paraphrase
(1) Although privacy and property are firmly established in the history of human development, they vary as the social criteria change.
(2) They two are based on experience and can be scientifically true. However, they may be proved wrong in some domains like social aspects.
(3) Court officials who have made a solemn promise could explore the doubtful cases then specify those really guilty few and report to punish them according to laws. (4) Information technology can not provide convincing answers to such questions thus ending up being doubted by public, following nuclear power and genetic engineering.
(5) Internet based investigations might succeed, but they are usually less reliable than traditional randomly sampled polls.
4. Cloze
(1) sophisticated(2) protect(3) named(4) employed(5) one(6) decode(7) only(8) public(9) possessed(10) periodically(11) forge(12) Another(13) limit(14)
privileges(15) accountable(16) confidential(17) access(18) difficult(19) mixture(20) symbols5. Translation
A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
这样一个多层机密系统的最佳构思是什么呢？是否会出现意外的后果？公众是否能接受？如果不能很好地回答这些问题，信息技术将会像核能源和基因工程一样被笼罩在大众的疑云之中。现在无处不在的电话销售已经让人们变得十分抵触通过电话进行的科学调查了。网络调查倒是大有前途，但是显然缺乏传统的随机抽样调查的可信度。另一个问题是，政府以安全为目的进行数据收集和整合，但是对其真实结果的研究在政府的安全机构内部是不可能公正的，因为要想获得科学的公正性，研究就必须公开进行。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) The news rendered us extremely excited that our contestant had won the championship in the contest.
(2) After every Spring Festival graduates travel around the country in the pursuit of job.
(3) How can you tell he has murdered his neighbor in the absence of any specific proof?
(4) Under the threat of terrorists’ attacks government has to sift through heaps of mails every day.
(5) The conference committes’ members are discussing whether the topic should fall under this session’s the me.
Text B Looking for Community on the Internet
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. T
7. T
8.T
9. F10. F
Unit Four
Text A The New Whiz Kids (I)
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) A whiz kid, also called a child prodigy, usually refers to a person who is unusually intelligent, clever or successful, especially at an early age. Whiz kid is often used to refer to the intelligent, promising but inexperienced young officials in Kennedy’s cabinet, for example, Robert McNamara and Harold Brown.
(2) Because young Asian American students are superachievers in their eyes: they are setting the educational pace for the rest of America, cutting a dazzling figure at the country’s finest schools, and they are exceptionally excellent on the math section of SAT. A higher percentage of these young people complete high school and finish college than white American students.
(3) There are some reasons: first, “they work harder”—they spend more time on their homework, take more courses and graduate with more credits than other American students; second, “It involves a variety of national, cultural and religious heritages.” For instance, they view education as the ticket to success; they credit the influence of their educated parents.
(4) No. Even the coun try’s best universities set admissions quotas to restrict the numbers of Asian Americans on campus. Before 1965, the exclusionary quotas even prevent them from going to America.
(5) The inclination for math and science can be partly explained by the fact that Asian American students generally have better knowledge in math but little or no knowledge of English and they feel there will be less discrimination in areas like math and science as they will be judged more objectively. What is more, they are influenced by the promise that the investment in education is more immediate in something like engineering than with a liberal arts degree.
2. Vocabulary
(1) rudiments/ affluence(2) peers(3) stereotype/ paragons
(4) conceals(5) telling(6) inclination
3. Paraphrase
(1) No matter how these young Asian American students (mainly Chinese, Korean and Indochinese) came, they are setting up good examples for other American students and an amazingly large number of them were enrolled by the best US universities.
(2) They are graduating far above the average in the math part of SAT.
(3) All this seems to be another version of success story for the American Dream, which is an example showing that immigrants are urged to get continuous success so that it will be possible for their nation to become prosperous.
(4) Asian American students believe that their being regarded as the few excellent students will be a misleading label, which will limit their personality and the real problems will be hidden.
(5) The phrase “Asian American” involves all kinds of legacies concerning the corresponding nation, culture and religion.
(6) Asian American students tended to be educated in the fields of math and science when they came to US for further study, partly because they are good at math yet poor in English.
4. Cloze
(6) language (7) for (8) licensed (9) system (10) compatible(11) ultimate (12) fortune (13) estimates (14) private (15) extraordinary(16) view (17) oil (18) perils (19) where(20) into5. Translation
A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
过去的三十年，在文化、种族及阶级层次等方面均截然不同的大批亚洲移民涌入美国，改变了美籍亚裔的群体结构，使第一代移民占据绝对优势，呈现出多样化的趋势。如此大量及多样化的移民潮对美籍亚裔的影响是多方面的。人口的迅速增长提高了亚裔的政治经济权力，同时为亚裔研究的发展提供了具有批评眼光的大众。在全美各校园里，亚裔要么是人数最多、要么是增长速度最快的少数民族群体，他们对亚裔研究的强烈兴趣使当时受财政困难制约的各高校开设了这门课程。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) Billy’ s mother blindly equates a good boy with a boy who can learn well.
(2) There is a natural inclination in old men to be talking of themselves.
(3) We must credit them with our good intention in doing such a seemingly cruel thing.
(4) Practice repeatedly proves that history is the most telling witness.
(5) He concealed the bad news from his mother because it is the Mother’s Day today.
Text B The New Whiz Kids (Ⅱ)
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1.F
2.T
3.T
4.F
5.F
6.T
7.F
8.T
9.F
Unit Five
Text A Using Popular Movies in Psychotherapy
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) This essay mainly discusses cinematherapy. The psychotherapist is using popular movies in psychotherapy.
(2) The goal is to help clients look at their situations from a novel perspective, because we sometimes understand ourselves best while listening to a story about another person.
(3) Bibliotherapy is a technique employed in the 1930s by psychiatrist Carl Menninger, who assigned fiction and nonfiction readings to hospitalized psychiatric patients to expand their horizons and redirect their attention. Cinematherapy is a similar intervention, but it benefits from many practical advantages that movies have when people watch TV more than they read books.
(4) “One True Thing”: a movie about an estranged daughter Renee Zellweger and her mother Meryl Streep who is dying of cancer, proved useful in treating a woman who entered psychotherapy in hopes of improving her relationship with her 21year old daughter.
(5) In the current therapy environment, it is important to get at critical issues as quickly as possible. Films can do that better than almost any other art medium because they are emotionally rich, treat relevant themes, and are easy to obtain at the neighborhood video store. It is much more likely that busy people will spend two hours watching a film.
(6) Because, first, we want clients to watch films in an environment that is therapeutically friendly. Second, it is sometimes necessary to watch a picture several times to mine the therapeutic gold. With videotapes, it is just a matter of rewinding and playing again. Finally, viewing a movie therapeutically is different from seeing it merely for pleasure. When we are absorbed in the plot of a movie, we do not pay as much attention to character development. The heart and soul of cinematherapy is in noting how characters change during the course of the story.
(7) The author asked him to see the picture because he was not completely conscious of how life with his own father had shaped his behavior; after seeing the movie, he used the word “abusive” for the first time. It was a key change and very essential to treatment. He could not see the man he was becoming until he saw a character from the movie acting out that role.
(8) Because his mother described his father as god like and thought of him as a wonderful man, kind, gentle, and courageous, the author was convinced he would never be the man his father was; after he saw the movie “Saving Private Ryan,” a strange thing happened. For the first time, he realized how his only 23 father really was in World War Ⅱ. He was mortal, and thus real. He was just a very young man, alone, afraid, and trying to survive. Then an unbearable weight was lifted from his shoulders.
2. Vocabulary
(1) integrate(2) eloped(3) reconciled(4) exclusively(5) munch(6) abusive(7) lecturing(8) articulate3. Paraphrase
(1) Our teenage son is lively and troublesome. But the reason that I come here is that I’m very concerned about my daughter aged 21.
(2) During the period of the past 21 years, I have always tried to persuade my kids to believe that if they want to live a better life, they should receive a higher education. (3) She said: “if you tend to love the things you own rather than to think about something that you have lost, you will feel happy easier.”
(4) From an aesthetic point of view, some films we use are not ideal; critics, in fact, dislike many movies we most often want clients to watch, which is not important. (5) I was willing to take the risk of understanding his mind without scolding him concerning his film choice. I prepare for more useful conversations selected from movies in the future.
(6) She didn’t realize that the more she described him as a wonderful man, like God in his qualities, the more I was sure I could never reach his excellence.
4. Cloze
(1) down(2) and(3) rationally(4) unfamiliar(5) as(6) into(7) effective(8) learn(9)
out(10) gives(11) different(12) easily(13) but(14) with(15) use[](16) behavioral(17) helpful(18) by(19) problems(20) needs5. Translation
A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
经历过一次痛苦的离婚，一场使得十多岁的女儿对自己形同陌路的监护权争夺战以及一次中年危机之后，斯蒂芬·德沃曼决定以自己遭遇的麻烦为原形制作并导演一部电影。影片中的妻子长有一张蜥蜴的面孔。他在加利福尼亚州圣莫尼卡市距前妻的住宅仅5个街区的一个电影院里首映了这部电影。德沃曼为筹拍《离婚，音乐喜剧》卖掉了他的商业电视及广告咨询生意的一半，现在他希望保本甚至赚点钱。46岁的德沃曼说：“这绝不是为了报复。我压根儿没有这种念头。”
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) The arrogant young man is so critical that he found it hard to identify with any of the characters in this novel.
(2) The pharmaceutical factory has teamed up with a research institute of a medical college to develop a new cough medicine.
(3) The latest movie of the famous director is concerned with later marriage.
(4) They set the stage for a military coup after the president’s death.
(5) My older brother owes his success more to his ability than to my parents’ support.
Text B The Foundations of Personality
Key to the exercises
1.F
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. F
8. T
Unit Six
Text A On the Sense of Humor
Ⅳ. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) According to Lin Yutang, humor is the highest form of human intelligence because it goes with good sense, the reasonable spirit and some subtle powers of the mind. It’s very useful in changing the quality and character of our entire cultural life because of its chemical function. For example, it helps humorists see larger things; it goes to the very root of culture, and opens a way to the coming of the Reasonable Age in the future human world; it’s full of common sense, philosophy and simplicity, with which the prevalence of humorous thinking can finally be achieved.
(2) The author uses Kaiser Wilhelm and Franklin D. Roosevelt as two examples to illustrate his ideas that humor is very important in national life. The former is the negative example while the latter is positive.
(3) The politicians are described as “the able, the clever, and the ambitious and haughty...the most cowardly and muddleheaded, lacking in the courage and depth and subtlety of the humorists. They are forever dealing with trivialities,” while the humorists are described as having “greater sweep of mind.” As argued by the author,
a humor ist can definitely be a good diplomat, at least “any war can still be averted.”
(4) (open)
(5) Simplicity is not only the outward symbol of deep thought, but also the ideal for civilization and culture; and it is the sense of humor nourishes simplicity. Therefore, “a sane and reasonable spirit, characterized by simplicity of living and thinking, can
be achieved only when there is a very much greater prevalence of humorous thinking.”
(6) Starting from humorist who is of course full of sense of humor, the author proves his idea through a persuasive rational analysis: “...a humorist keeps closer touch with facts, ... indulges in flashes of common sense or wit, which show up the contradictions of our ideas with reality with lightning speed, thus greatly simplifying matters. Constant contact with reality gives the humorist a bounce, and also a lightness and subtlety. All forms of pose, sham, learned nonsense, academic stupidity and social humbug are politely but effectively shown the door.... All is simple. All is clear.”
2．Vocabulary
(1) share (2) virtuosity(3) presupposes(4) degenerate
(5) perceived(6) cowardly (7) catastrophic (8) arduous
3．Paraphrase
(1) I am not sure whether we have totally understood the importance of humor, the possibility of its use in changing the quality and character of our entire cultural life, for example, its importance in politics, scholarship, and the whole life.
(2) As for me, the most profound criticism about autocracy is that presidents of democratic nations can laugh; whereas autocrats always show a very serious facial expression as if they were doing something extremely important and they are the only persons that can save the world.
(3) If we send these humorists to a conference just before an awful war is about to take place, we will see that a European war will never start however hard they try. (4) After all, the only important thing is the birth of a new race that is full of reasonable spirit, good sense, simple thinking, good tempered and civilized.
(5) At present, we must admit that simplicity of life and thought is the highest and most reasonable ideal of civilization and culture; we must also admit that when a civilization loses it, and the complicated people do not go back to the naivete or simplicity, that civilization will meet with troubles and even collapse.
(6) It is difficult to have a clear thought, thus it is even more difficult to achieve simplicity in that simplicity comes from clear thoughts.
(7) Humor is the highest form of human intelligence because it is definitely related with good sense and reasonable spirit, and we are quite able to find out discrepancies, stupidities and bad logic. Therefore, it is safe to believe that each nation will surely have their mentally healthy representatives.
(8) Digestion and maturity are the preconditions of simplicity: as we grow older, our thoughts become clearer while those unimportant or even false aspects are eliminated and stop to bother us. Correct ideas take on clearer shapes and long trains of thought slowly become a simple formula which comes to us one bright morning, then we would arrive at a bright realm of wisdom.
4．Cloze
[WX((3)8*2,7*3。3〗(1) to (2) Comedy (3) with(4) nature (5) surprises (6) spectator(7) types(8) happily (9) circumstances (10) another 〖〗(11) humor (12)
While(13) laughter (14) vary (15) partners (16) witnessed (17) everyday (18) sick(19) manner(20) merged5．Translation
A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
我们现在必须承认：生活及思想的简朴性是文明与文化的最崇高最健全的理想，同时也必须承认当一种文明失掉了它的简朴性，而浸染习俗，熟悉世故的人们不再回到天真纯朴的境地时，文明就会到处充满困扰，日益退化下去。于是人类变成在他自己所产生的观念、思想、志向和社会制度之下，当着奴隶，负荷这个思想、志向，和社会制度的重担，而似乎无法摆脱它。幸而人类的心智尚有一种力量，能够超脱一切观念、思想、志向而付之一笑，这种力量就是幽默家的微妙之处。幽默家运用思想和观念，就像高尔夫球或弹子戏的冠军运用他们的球，或牧童冠军运用他们的缰绳一样。他们的手法，有一种因熟练而产生的从容，有着把握和轻快的技巧。总之，只有那个能轻快地运用他的观念的人，才是他的观念主宰，只有那个能做他的观念主宰的人，才不被观念所奴役。严肃终究不过是努力的标记，而努力又只是不熟练的标志。一个严肃的作者在观念的领域里是呆笨局促的，正如一个暴发户在社交场中那样呆笨而不自然一样。他很严肃，因为他和他的观念相处还不曾达于自然。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) I appreciated his problem in learning English very much, but I don’t think I can help him.
(2) He attended the party in the name of his father, because his father is far away in America.
(3) Smith tried hard to think what could have hapened, but nothing suggested itself to him.
(4) After having insulted his host unconsciously, the servant was shown the door.
(5) Hilaire Belloc believes that “one never can see the thing in itself, because the mind does n ot transcend phenomena.”
Text B Confession of a Humorist
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. T
2.T
3.F
4.T
5.F
6.F
7.F
8.T
Unit Seven
Text A Enterprising Women
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) She is a woman who is creative, hardworking and diligent, and she has a very strong sense of self achievements.
(2) She became successful in her business mainly by self struggling.
(3) Oradee is an expert in planting flowers and knows much about this field, but she began to do business only after she randomly talked with her brother about the planting and export of flowers.
(4) People can live a good life on this really high profit business, which is what she had in her mind, i.e. to help to develop cut flower export industries.
(5) It was soon after China’s open door policy to the world.
(6) Three.
2．Vocabulary
(2)verge (3)turn (4)irrigate (5)bustling (6)contend (7) legwork 3. Paraphrase (1) Liew changed her job and began to work in a big department store. There, she worked very hard and was promoted from a buyer manager to a merchandise manager.
(2) Liew says that she would never have achieved what she had today /she wouldn’t be so successful as she is today, if she were not fired at her middle age.
(3) “Sometimes, you have to make full advantages of your situation.”
(4) Though she had frequent and energetic contact with the outside world, she still often appeared in the busy Chatuchat market.
(5) Although her father’s position and reputation made it easier for her business, Wu had to do the practical work by herself.
4．Cloze
(2) represent (3) globalization (4) mainly (5) employed (6) manufacturing (7) due (8) open (9) training (10) than (11) average (12) variations (13) earn (14) opportunities
(15) men (16) work (17) elder (18) responsibility (19) jobs (20) home5. Translation
A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
中国的男人在过去普遍要受三种优系统的权利（政权、族权、神权）的支配……至于女子，除了受上述三种权力的支配以外，还受男子的支配（夫权）。这四种权力——政权、族权、神权、夫权，代表了全体封建宗法的思想和制度，是束缚中国人特别是农民的四根极粗的绳索。但是，当今世界的妇女，有权通过各种途径和形式，管理国家大事，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务。她们享有与男子平等的选举权和被选举权。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) He quickly donned a welcoming smile as his guest arrived.
(2) I’m rather skeptical about their professed sympathy for the poor.
(3) They are somehow estranged.
(4)That Government clashed with Opposition on the question of unemployment.
(5) That song is so reminiscent of my adolescence.
Text B Women Warriors
Key to the exercises
1.F
2.F
3.F
4.F
5.T
6.T
7.F
8.F
Unit Eight
Text A Dolly’s False Legacy
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) The focus is on moral and medical implications. Ian Wilmot believes what are missed in the discussion are: cloning is a very inefficient procedure; all the reasons for people to have a clone seem impractical; there is a lot we do not know about the
effects of cloning, especially in terms of aging and the most appropriate means of controlling the development and use of these techniques.
(2) The author lists a number of possible reasons:
a. Couples unable to have children might choose to have a copy of one of them rather than accept the intrusion of genes from a donor.
b. A cloned child was imagined to create hypothetical families — a copy of one partner in a homosexual relationship or of a single parent, for example.
c. Cloning is also suggested as a means of bringing back a relative, usually a child, killed tragically.
d. Copying is also suggested as a means by which parents can have the child of their dreams.
(3) From this example we can know the author’s against the idea of copying people. He thinks it would be ridiculous as well as impossible for all three of them (his wife, himself and the copy of him) to be confronted with one another. For more examples, refer to answers to the previous question.
(4) Sentences indicating the development of the text are like:
a. ...cloning is a very inefficient procedure.
b. Even if the technique were perfected, however, we must ask ourselves what practical value whole being cloning might have.
c. Why “copy” people in the first place?
d. Moreover, there is a lot we do not know about the effects of cloning, ...
(5) A lot remains unknown to us about cloning, such as the issue of aging, genetic errors, biology associated with cloning and technical control.
2. Vocabulary
(1) sparked(2) incidence(3) emerges(4) intrinsic(5) frame(6)specifing(7) championed(8) justified3. Paraphrase
(1) 〖ZK(#](This is an inserted sentence) The fact that cloning is a very inefficient procedure is neglected in the debate about the morality of cloning.
(2) The high failure rate of cloning disappoints people working with animals, which makes it hard to imagine to apply the technology to human beings.
(3) Infertile couples may prefer a child copied from one of themselves to one whose gene comes from a third person.
(4) How could a teenager who is a copy of me stand to look at me and accept that what I look like is what he will be like in future?
(5) What should we do if the child cannot achieve what the parent expects of him simply because of bad luck?
(6) In natural reproduction, the production of sperm and eggs can make it possible to restart the age cycle of biological clock — i.e. each new child can experience the periods of growing up and growing old.
(7) People assume that governments should control the issues of production and sale of drugs, but in fact sometimes governments failed to do that.
4. Cloze
(1) verb (2) identical(3) themselves(4) splitting(5) genetically(6) clones(7) sexual(8) carries(9) which(10) offspring(11) either(12) organisms(13) differs(14) depending(15) take(16) of(17) place(18) from(19) divides(20) as5. Translation
A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
为何首先要“复制”人呢？不能生育的夫妇可能选择复制他们自己之一而不接受捐献者的基因。我和妻子生有两个孩子，又领养了一个，但是假使克隆一个我自己来弥补不能生育的遗憾的话，那对我的婚姻意味着什么？这样的换位思考非常有益。我与妻子在高中相识。她将如何面对让她陷入爱河的那个年轻人的克隆？如果我们任何人发现和自己生活在一起，我们会做出什么反应？当然，那个被克隆的人——当前情况下，也就是我——将认为他理解他的复制品的行为，因而比起一般的父亲，他更可能强加一些愿望在孩子身上。但是，最重要的是，一个十多岁的孩子怎样能忍受这样的情形：看着我——一个日渐秃顶、衰老的人——明白这就是他将来的模样？
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) In the event of rain, the rugby game long expected by fans will have to be postponed.
(2) People have doubts if the measure taken by the company is in the interests of majority of employees.
(3) In order to live up to parents’ expectations, he did the best to achieve his goal to become an excellent pianist.
(4) On what ground did you say that the official had taken bribes? If you couldn’t offer us any clues, it would be unlikely for us to make investigations.
(5) Terrorism is becoming rampant. However, we always believe that the cause of counter terrorism will for sure succeed one day, based on an alliance between nations and championed by people from all around the world.
Text B The Issue of Human Cloning
Ⅱ．Key to the exercises
1.F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. F10. F
Unit Nine
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) As President Clinton addresses to Chinese students, by citing the words written by Chinese he closes the distance between Americans and Chinese to show: freedom is not only our ideal, it is also your ideal and we share your ideas.
(2) In order to make his speech authoritative and convincing.
(3) It refers to the freedom from want. True freedom also includes freedom of speech.
(4) Evidence in the 3rd paragraph.
(5) It is used to defend the President against the critics. According to Franklin, since the American President has more critics, he has more friends.
(6) From the historical point of view, President Clinton points out that China has a long, proud history, but still young and is capable of making a still prouder history in future and the united States wants to be China’s friend.
2. Vocabulary
(1) divergent (2)coup (3)conviction (4)millennium
(5)enshrined (6)odds (7)unprecedented(8)imposed
3. Paraphrase
(1) The gift from China conveys American people’s wish; that is the right to...
(2) These are the ideals that were the main principle of the founding of our nation.
(3) I have seen the new emergence of democracy developing in the remote villages of the inlands in China.
(4) The question is what we should do in future and how we work together to do good to humans.
(5) The President of the United states now has more friends than anyone else .But it is really true.
(6) It is to your advantage and the world’s for the young Chinese to develop the greatest potential of their minds freely.
(7) Faced with great difficulties in the 20th century, China has not only survived, it is making dramatic progress as well.
4. Cloze
(2)comes (3)authority (4)people (5)democratic (6)ruled (7)based (8)majorities
(9)implement (10)power (11)temporary (12)including (13)government (14)oppose
(15)notions (16)one (17)others (18)dependent (19)otherwise (20)form5. Translation
A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
换言之，我们永远不可能尽善尽美，但我们必须不断改进。每当我们放弃不断改进努力，每当我们由于种族或宗教原因，由于是新移民，或者由于他们持不受欢迎的意见而剥夺我们人民的自由，我们的历史就会出现最黑暗的时刻。每当我们保护持不受欢迎意见者的自由，或者将大多数人享受的权利给与以前被剥夺权利的人们，从而实践《独立宣言》和《宪法》的诺言，而不使其成为一纸空文，我们的历史就会出现最光明的时刻。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) He cherish es the illusion that she’s in love with him.
(2) China’s government has made great strides in nurturing democracy, developing economy, and removing poverty.
(3) We should continue to improve laws, and strengthen law education so as to sweep away corruption.
(4) We should educate our children not to look to their parents for everything so as to make them form a doing by yourself habit.
(5) We should create a democratic atmosphere in the Party so that everyone can speak his mind.
Text B As You Come Out to Join Society
Key to the exercises
1.F
2.T
3.F
4.F
5.T
6.T
7.F
8.T
9.T10.T 10
Unit Ten
Text A Ethics in Business
Ⅱ. Keys to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) A bogus testing was completed in the National Semiconductor labs, and the documentation department also falsified documents stating that the parts had surpassed the governmental testing standards.
(2) As for the opposition to the delegating of moral responsibility, mitigating factors and excusing factors, they would argue that the entity of the corporation as a whole should be held responsible. Reasons are as follows: a company should be reprimanded and be left alone to carry out its own internal investigation and repercussions since a corporation is defined as being a separate legal entity; this allowed a relatively quick resolution as well as the ideal scenario for National Semiconductor; it would be best for a company to determine what specific departments are responsible rather than having a court of law impose a burden on every employee in its corporation.
(3) The conflict refers to the self interests of the company, with main goal of maximum profit, and the impacts that a corporation can cause on society.
(4) The author agrees with the use of mitigating factors in determining moral responsibility — when a company has acted irresponsibly, its employees must be held liable in a proportionate amount. In order to improve ethics in business, the author speculates that employees should start to think more in long term benefits and profits and there needs to be a shift for businesses to the thinking of total utility for the social community in order to weigh their decisions.
(5) Part 1 (para. 1) To raise the topic for the article: who will be morally responsible for guilty performance of a business?
Part 2 (para. 2 to para.5 ) From an ethical perspective the part looks at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components.
Part 3 (para. 6 to para. 7) It analyzes the final ruling from a corporate perspective and examines the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to find a resolution for cases like these.
Part 4 (para. 8) A conclusion on ethics in business.
2. Vocabulary
(2) downfalls (3) plausible (4) gauging (5) magnitude (6) inconvenience (7) margins (8) proportionate3. Paraphrase
(1) Employees weren’t informed of the real situation and thus they could be set free from any accusation of damage caused by their work.
(2) A false testing was done in the National Semiconductor labs and then the department providing documents forged evidence that stated the tested parts had gone beyond the governmental testing standards.
(3) The electrical engineer designing the defective parts performed honestly and believed the parts would satisfy the governmental testing standards.
(4) The government excluded National Semiconductor from its approved contractor list for ever and National began to find a resolution of the guilt in its own company.
(5) The result was in the company’s interest fr om the angle of National Semiconductor if we took into consideration that the government might have taken other steps to solve the problem.
(6) When it comes to financial perspective of a business, the business must determine if the long term benefits brought by the governmental punishment weighed more than instant profits.
(7) When corporations evaluate the decisions they have made they have to begin to think of benefits for the common good.
4. Cloze
(2) since(3) corporations (4) subjective (5) conducts(6) response(7) although (8) feasible (9) with (10) Yet(11) that (12) like (13) implementing (14) Once (15)
other(16) suit(17) deterioration (18) entire 19) account(20) in5. Translation
A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
当讨论公司的责任时，一个问题会自然而然地出现：在公司内部使用哪种检查和平衡手段以确保公司及其各代理商依道德行事。从国家半导体公司的案例中，可以发现许多未能履行道德责任的事例。国家半导体公司必须让其雇员，尤其是主管人员，重温诚实等基本道德价值观。毕竟最终导致公司身败名裂的是检测部门普遍存在的伪造行为，而非雇员的诚信。这一案例的概况中从没提及是员工提出这种想法，似乎是主管人员命令篡改文件的。为了达到这一目的，公司的管理人员不得不鼓励员工表明他们关注公司发展。经过公开交流，公司能够解决各种道德窘境。至于经济方面，公司必须权衡政府申斥带来的长期效应是否超过了盈利底线。也就是说，公司不得不开始脱离即时效益的想法而意识到长期效果与利益。长期利益包括一种劳动力更强的道德感以及一个总体上更好的社会。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) I don’t know exactly what she said to hi m, but it was something along the lines that he would lose his job if he didn’t work harder.
(2) Although our living standard has been improving, housing purchase remains a big burden to many families in the aggregate.
(3) Corruption is becoming increasingly serious so the government has determined to carry out investigations in the first place to bring to light some big corrupt practices.
(4) His excellent performance excused him from the regular training.
(5) Because voters/electorates made complaints, we narrowed the list of candidates from ten down to three.
Text B The Dream of Mr. Clean
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1.F
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. F
7.T
8. F
9. F 10. T
Unit Eleven
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1)A chronic surfeit of traffic, inefficient management and inadequate funding.
(2) The author uses Colin Dexter to create a suspension for the whole passage for generally murder always arouses interests and curiosity. Undoubtedly, this has close
connection with the theme of the passage. Because elaboration on Colin Dexter and his books may lead to the discussion of serious problems faced by Oxford.
(3)Oxford dons. Because their personality (ambitious and arrogant) makes them attractive characters in murder mysteries.
(4)Reducing the number of parking spaces, raising fees and implementing an extensive park and ride scheme. These policies seem to be successful for Oxford traffic levels have been held steady at a time when traffic volume nationally has increased by 60 percent.
(5)Traditionally, the government provided nearly all university funding for Oxford. But since 1986, it began to solicit donation from its alumni and other donors.
(6) The second pronoun “it” refers to the fact that dating from the 15th century, the Bodleian is one of the oldest and largest libraries in Europe. As the oldest and largest Library in Europe, it has both merits and defects. For example, it has the largest volumes of books and very old buildings and ancient layouts. But on the other hand, it is also very costly and inefficient.
(7) Like the British manufacturing industries, Oxford will lose its preeminence if the government continuously fails to invest adequately in the future.
2. Vocabulary
(2) locales(3) frustrating (4) implementing(5) tranquility (6) enchanting(7) novelty(8) soliciting3. Paraphrase
(1) In fact, recently he is busy writing murder mystery and has little time for other matters.
(2) Dexter knows clearly that many of the unpleasant or disgusting characters in his books are university professors.
(3)If Colin Dexter’s novels give people the impression that the Oxford drawing rooms and studies are full of murders, but in reality, this is untrue.
(4)These days most crimes occurred in Oxford are involved with cars—breaking into or stealing cars, which has been a commonplace in British cities.
(5)To maintain the Oxford ancient education infrastructure is alarmingly costly. The most obvious example is perhaps the unmatched most important institution — the great Bodleian Library.
(6) Due to its extraordinary quality of being ancient, Bodleian Library, unlike any other library in the world, has very complicated catalog system.
(7) At present no one believes that Oxford University will lose its superiority and become the middle rank university in the future.
(8) Britain may be spared from the tragedy for a moment, but if the government still cuts expenditures and fails to fund Oxford sufficiently in the future, Oxford will gradually lose its preeminence.
4. Cloze
(2) confusing(3) random(4) have(5) With(6) nowhere(7) where(8) one(9) benefit(10) outside(11) score(12) being(13) notice(14) work(15) loom(16) anyone(17) or(18) hint(19) same(20) between5. Translation
A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
那看起来是一大笔资金, 但牛津大学需要很多钱。牛津大学不仅要供养伟大教育事业所需的教学基础设施, 而且要维护八个世纪积累下的诸如像植物园、礼拜堂、大教堂、剧院、三个博物馆之类的附属设施。一些这样的外围设施是无法自给自足的。牛津大学出版社, 世界最大的大学出版社, 每年能挣到相当多的未公开的资金来支付其运营成本。但其他大部分附属设施不过是耗钱机器。例如, 大学的圣玛丽教堂是英国访客最多的教区教堂, 但每年三十万游客只给其捐款箱留下八千英磅, 这对其运营成本来说只是杯水车薪。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) We whiled away all the summer evening talking and drinking wine.
(2) I went without food for three days, but some people had to go without a lot longer than that.
(3) Tom was invited to the reunion party and he came up with a date at the last minute.
(4) A lot of celebrities believe that just because they are so popular that they can get away with anything.
(5) “911” Terrorist Attack made government officers aware that they could not cut corners when dealing with public safety.
Text B Where Do Asia’ s Best an d Brightest Get Their MBAs?
Ⅲ. Key to the exercises
1. F
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. F
6. F
7. T
8. F
9. T10. F
Unit Twelve
Ⅱ. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) (open)
(2) Edward Burton both in appearance and manner suggested a definite type. He was always decently dressed. He was a gentlemen. He didn’t talk very much, but what he said was sensible. He was humourous. He was popular in his company. He had a united and affectionate family. People felt in him a real love for his fellow. He had charm, but there was nothing mawkish in him. He was a rich man and he had made every penny himself. People felt he could not bear to hurt a fly.
(3) Lenny Burton was a good for nothing person. He was a gambler, and made money by playing bridge. He didn’t hold a job. He was a remittance man, living on money sent from home. He was thirty five and had been doing nothing very much. From the story we can find the following words used to describe Lenny Burton: a remittance man, the best bridge player I ever met, a remarkable player, always well dressed and smart looking, handsome, wild, drank too much, etc.
(4) Because Lenny Burton won a good deal of Edward Burton at bridge, and the narrator indicates that Edward could lose money at bridge with a good grace. Another reaso n is that Lenny was a namesake of Edward. Still from the narrator’s description of Edward Burton in para.3, anyone who knew Edward Burton would turn to him for help because people thought he loved his fellows.
(5) First there was no more money coming from home. Second, he had had bad luck
at cards for some time, he hadn’t been willing to stick to bridge, he’d been playing poker, and he’d got trimmed, and we know, he hadn’t a job.
(6) Apparently, Edward suggested Lenny swim across the beacon just because Lenny could only swim apart from playing cards. But in fact, the real reason is that Edward hadn’t got a vacancy in his office at the moment.
(7) For example, para. 2, “he interested me because once he gave me a great surprise. Unless I had heard the story from his own lips I should never have believed that he was capable of such an action”; para. 1, “my oldest friends are just those of whom I can say that I don’t know the first thing about them.”
2. Vocabulary
(1) haphazard(2) pawned(3) trim(4) benign(5) Constitution(6) vacancy(7) exhilarated(8) affectionate3. Paraphrase
(See teacher’s notes)
4. Cloze
(1) Shortly after(2) so(3) unlikely(4) full time(5) workaholic(6) ballet(7) because of(8) circus(9) on(10) knocked(11) huddled(12) Once(13) cuddled(14) sick(15) drops(16) shares(17) pain(18) encourages(19) offers(20) follow5. Translation
A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
在我看来很有可能一方崇高地维护友谊，而另一方却没有任何相应的回应，这种可能性比我以前所了解得更大。为什么我要烦恼自己，抱怨对方不够宽容？太阳从不烦恼，它的一些光线未落中目标，白白地落在不知感激的太空，只有一小部分落在能反射的行星上。用你自己的伟大感化同伴的粗鄙和冷淡。如果他不配，就会很快消失；但你却因自己的光芒而更加伟大。而且，你将不再是蛙类和虫类的同伴，你会与天堂中的天使一起飞翔并发光。付出爱却没有回报一般被认为是不光彩的事。但高尚的人要确保真正的爱不会不得到回报。真正的爱超越一些不配得到它的物体，停留并盘旋于永恒之上，此时，插入其中的面具土崩瓦解。这并不可悲，只是让人更感到去掉了许多的尘土，更感到了独立。这些东西要说出来必定会一定程度上背叛友谊。友谊的本质是完全，是高尚和信任。友谊不容猜疑，不会懦弱。友谊将其对象视为神，友谊将把双方神圣化。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) The characters in his later works are largely self contradictory, while the characters in his early works are mainly of a piece.
(2) We don’t know the first thing about some of our friends, though we have kn own each other for a long time.
(3) Our company thinks no much of those who have only book knowledge but no working experience.
(4) He has lost his family, his job and confidence. He is down and out.
(5) They went all to pieces when they knew their son, who had been out of contact for three days, was captured as a hostage by terrorists.
Text B Of Friendship
Key to the exercises
1. T
2. F
3.F
4.T
5.T
6. F
7.T
8. F
9.T10.F
Assembly-line workers at Ford and Chrysler no longer chat about whether they'll spend their $5,000-to-$10,000 year-end profit-sharing windfalls on a family vacation or a motorboat. This year there's little profit to share. Many also stand to lose $10,000 to $20,000 in reduced annual overtime pay. And their white-collar bosses aren't doing much better. Ford's 6,000 executives won't be getting any bonuses. The people who sell the cars and make most of their money from commissions are suffering much the same fate. All these workers are in effect paying to keep their job--and it's a trend that's accelerating far beyond the auto industry. Suddenly, everyone from $1 million-a-year investment bankers to middle managers and department-store clerks is facing a reduction of 10% to 100% in bonuses, profit sharing, stock options and commission payments. Some workers are even taking cuts in base salaries. Many employers and economists believe this newfound flexibility in pay may help keep unemployment a bit lower than it has been in previous downturns. But even as it cushions the blow, it is also spreading the pain to far more Americans. Robert Reich, Labor Secretary in the first Clinton Administration and now a professor of economics and social policy at Brandeis University, observes that "the biggest problem people will face this time around will be not the loss of jobs but the loss of income."
课文原文1-7 Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness 1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it." 1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击,没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是,很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生,但因为它我变得更完美了。” 2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved. 2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事,可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理,这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中,人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出?积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上,大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。
How empathy unfolds 同感是怎样表露的 1 The moment Hope, just nine months old, saw another baby fall, tears welled up in her own eyes and she crawled off to be comforted by her mother, as though it were she who had been hurt. And 15-month-old Michael went to get his own teddy bear for his crying friend Paul; when Paul kept crying, Michael retrieved Paul's security blanket for him. Both these small acts of sympathy and caring were observed by mothers trained to record such incidents of empathy in action. The results of the study suggest that the roots of empathy can be traced to infancy. Virtually from the day they are born infants are upset when they hear another infant crying – a response some see as the earliest precursor of empathy. 霍普才九个月大，一见到另一个婴儿摔倒，泪水就涌了出来。她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰，就好像是她自己摔疼了。15个月大的迈克尔把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗；保罗不停地大哭的时候，迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。这项研究的结果表明，同感的根源可以追溯到人的婴儿期。实际上，从出生的那天起，婴儿在听到其他婴儿哭闹的时候就会感到不安——有些人认为这种反应是同感的最初先兆。 2 Developmental psychologists have found that infants feel sympathetic distress even before they fully realize that they exist apart from other people. Even a few months after birth, infants react to a disturbance in those around them as though it were their own, crying when they see another child's tears. By one year or so, they start to realize the misery is not their own but someone else's, though they still seem confused over what to do about it. In research by Martin L. Hoffman at New York University, for example, a oneyear-old brought his own mother over to comfort a crying friend, ignoring the friend's mother, who was also in the room. This confusion is seen too when one-year-olds imitate the distress of someone else, possibly to better comprehend what they are feeling; for example, if another baby hurts her fingers, a one-year-old might put her own fingers in her mouth to see if she hurts, too. On seeing his mother cry, one baby wiped his own eyes, though they had no tears. 成长心理学家发现，甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其他人而存在之前，婴儿就感受到了同情的苦恼。甚至在出生后几个月，婴儿就会对周围人的烦躁不安做出反应，就好像他们自己的烦躁不安一样，看到别的孩子哭也跟着哭。到了一岁左右，他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们的，而是别人的，可是他们对这样的事情似乎还是感到不知所措。例如，在纽约大学的马丁·L.霍夫曼所做的一项研究中，一个一岁的孩子把自己的妈妈拉过来安慰哭闹的朋友，却忽视了同在一室的朋友的妈妈。这样的困惑在其他一岁大的孩子身上也能看到，他们模仿别的孩子的痛苦，也许是为了更好地理解他们的感受。例如，如果别的婴儿伤了手指，一个一岁大的孩子就会把自己的手指放进嘴里，看看自己是否也感觉到痛。看到自己的妈妈哭，婴儿即使没有眼泪，也会擦拭自己的眼睛。 3 Such motor mimicry, as it is called, is the original technical sense of the word empathy as it was first used in the 1920s by E. B. Titchener, an American psychologist. Titchener's theory was that empathy stemmed from a sort of physical imitation of the distress of another, which then evokes the same feelings in oneself. He sought a word that would be distinct from sympathy, which can
Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)
一、你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人 如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活 [1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。 [2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。” [3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。 [4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。 [5]公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。 [6]他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另一种方法。” [8]无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。” [9]据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。 [10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。 [11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。 [12]许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，无法避开生活中的打击，无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。 [13]在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，消极的或积极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。 [14]随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。 [15]悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。 [16]匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。 [17]因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法：
Unit1 One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon). But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?
Unit 1 我的第一份工作 汽车清洁工 [1] 我从父母那儿获得了很强的工作道德观。他们俩都经历过大萧条时期，对不是按常规工作的人感到难以理解。我曾经告诉我妈妈，西尔堆斯特·史泰龙工作10周挣1200万美元，“那他在一年其余的日子里干什么呢?”她问。 [2] 我把父母的工作道德观带入了我在故乡马萨诸塞州安多佛镇附近的威尔明顿镇福特汽车专营店干的第一份工作。那时我16岁，学期当中我干活干到五、六点，暑假期间则每天干12个小时。我干的是汽车清洁小工的活儿，也就是清洗，抛光等事，并确保纸地板垫的位置合适。还有一项职责是在夜里将汽车轮毂盖取下来以免被偷，第二天再还回原处。这是一项很费劲的工作，因为我们有占大约7英亩地的汽车。 [3] 一天，我抱着一大捧毂盖转过一个角落，几乎与我们新任总经理撞了个满怀。我吓了一跳，结果把毂盖全掉在了地上。他当场就解雇了我。 [4] 我羞愧万分，不愿让父母知道这件事。大约有两周的时间，我每天都忙到晚上，然后我会回家说工作干得很愉快。
[5] 走投无路之下，我写了一封信给亨利·福特二世，告诉他所发生的事情。我说我们家是福特车的忠实用户，并说我长大成年后打算买一辆野马车。最后，汽车专卖店的店主给我打来了电话。“我不知道你在底特律认识谁，”他说，“但如果你还想要回你原来的工作的话，这工作就归你了。” [6] 后来在大学期间，我想在一家劳斯菜斯(罗尔斯—罗伊斯)的专营店干活，但店主说他们不缺人。即便如此，我还是开始在那儿清洗汽车。当店主注意到我时，我说我会一直干到他雇我。最后他真雇了我。 [7] 成功需要毅力。态度也很重要。我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活别人都赶不上。 出纳员 [1] 第一次与我祖母坐在她位于曼哈顿的药店的现金出纳机后时，我l0岁。不久之后，她就让我一个人坐在那儿。很快我就知道了礼貌对待顾客以及说“谢谢”的重要性。 [2] 起初我的报酬是糖果，后来我每小时得到50美分。每天放学后我都工作，暑假、周末和假期则从上午8点干到下午7点。我父亲帮我在银行立了一个账户。看着存款数增加比我当时本可以买到的任何东西都更让我满足。 [3] 祖母是一位严厉的监工，从不给我任何特殊照顾。她像鹰一样注视着我的一举一动，不过却放手让我应付象在午餐高峰时干活这样压力很大的场面。她的信任教会了我如何对待责任。
Unit 1 To have a mind to do a thing is to foresee a future possibility; it is to have a plan for its accomplishment; it is to note the means which make the plan capable of execution and the obstructions in the way--or,if it is really a mind to do the thing and not a vague aspiration it is to have a plan which takes account of resources and difficulties. ——John Dewey 用心去做一件事，就是要预见未来的可能性，要为成功制定一个计划，要找到实施计划、避开障碍的方法——或者是一颗真正做事的心，而不是一个模糊的愿望，是考虑了所有资源和困难的计划。 ——约翰·杜威The Good Mind Is Flexible 优秀的头脑是灵活的 Edgar Dale埃德加?戴尔 1For many years we have talked about education in a changing society but have done little to educate for uncertainty. Perhaps the best insurance we can offer for this uncertainty is the presence of a good mind. To develop a good mind the student must learn how to learn and develop a taste for learning. The world of tomorrow needs flexible individuals, intellig ently mobile individuals, individuals who can land on their feet when their jobs become technologically obsolete, individuals who can cope with the unexpected. 1 多年来，我们一直在讨论日新月异的社会中的教育问题，却没有采取切实行动来教育人们如何应对变化。或许面对变化，我们的最佳保障是拥有优秀的头脑。要培养优秀的头脑，学生需要掌握学习方法，培养学习兴趣。未来的世界所需要的人才应该具备很强的适应能力，而且他们灵活而机敏，当其所从事的工作技术上落伍时，他们依然能够于逆境之中站稳脚跟，而且他们有能力应对突发的意外。 2To educate for flexibility we must distinguish between training and education. To train is to emphasize fixed responses, to stress immediate goals to the neglect of long-term growth . To educate, however, is to foster limitless growth, lifelong learning, to develop the good mind. 2 要培养灵活的头脑，我们需要区别什么是训练，什么是教育。训练就是加强固定的反应，重视即时目标，而忽略长远发展。教育则旨在促进无限的成长，鼓励终生的学习，培养优秀的头脑。 3Mark Twain's story about the cat is in order here. He said that a cat that jumps onto a hot stove will never jump on a hot stove again. Nor, he added, will she ever jump on a cold one. The cat can be trained but, contrary to what cat-lovers may say, cannot be educated.
One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon). But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?
研究生英语应用教程翻译Unit 1~4 英国人把排队叫做“queue up”，美国人把排队叫做“wait in line”，只有纽约人不同，他们把排队叫做“wait on line”。似乎没有人知道纽约人为什么要这样说，这倒是我们在排队时可以好好考虑的问题。 排队是城市生活中一个严峻的现实。尽管对于什么是城市中最难排的队似乎还没有一个一致的意见，但是人们在谈话中经常提到的是午饭时间在银行和邮局前排起的队。年轻人则经常提到买电影票时以及注册上大学时排的长队。 不论排什么队，最基本的原则都是要讲个先来后到，亦即社会学家所说的“公平分配”的原则。例外情况也有可能发生，如在高档饭店里，领班就会优先照顾他们偏爱的某些顾客。但一般来说这条规则还是管用的。 那么从理论上说，每个人都应当同样关心把队排好。但实际上每个人的关注程度会随着在队伍中的位置不同而有所不同。一般来说最强烈的抗议往往来自于那些直接受害者，也就是正好排在插队的人后面的那些人。而排在队伍后面的人就抱怨的相对少些，或者根本不抱怨，尽管前面插了一个人，他们的利益也同样遭受到损失。 1. 一位艾滋病研究专家昨天在华盛顿说，有些人感染了艾滋病毒后仍然十分健康地活着。这为他们的研究提供了“一线希望”，那就是一旦传染上艾滋病并不等于被判了死刑。 2. 是否能够欣赏这些现代画取决于你的想象力。 3. 许多人宁愿放弃比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方是人之常情。 4. 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 5. 走在纽约第五大道的人行道上，污雪成浆，阴冷潮湿，他疲惫不堪。
6. 许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。 7. Since he was not clear with this matter, he declined to express his ideas. 8. The sight of him reminds me of his father. 9. The misunderstanding was caused by their quarrel. 10. The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to. II. Suggested answer: 到了成人阶段，传统观点认为女人感情过于脆弱，不适合权利太大或需要承担责任的职位。通常这些职位都是为男人保留的，而女人则发现她们自己的身份往往是妈妈、主妇或其他一些照顾别人的职业，例如教师或护士。但是现在这些观点正在发生改变。 上世纪下半叶，服务产业增长迅速。在美国，1960到1985年期间，服务业所占的比重从56,增长到69,，而同期在欧洲则从33,增长到55,。另外，计算机在从农业到电信业的各个行业产生了巨大影响。这两者共同促使了我们通常所说的信息时代的到来。这一时代，信息和知识取代了传统制造业的地位。技术，尤其是计算机技术的快速发展，引领了一种全新的工作方式，改变了现代社会对男女角色的看法，而人口老龄化和缺乏有经验的技术人员更加快了这一变化。 过去的传统行业只要求工作人员能够胜任工作要求。然而现在的工作要求已经发生了显著的变化，从“可以胜任”转化为能够与同事合作，解决问题并做出决策。简而言之，工作单位目前需要员工受过良好的教育，有天赋和创造力，并具有良好沟通能力的，而这些则是女性一贯所擅长的领域。 Exercises
新世纪大学英语综合教程2课文翻译 UNIT 1 “我原谅你” 1、并非只有婚姻关系才需要宽恕。我们与子女、朋友、同事、邻居，甚至陌生人相处时同样需要宽恕。事实上，没有宽恕的氧气，任何人际关系都无从维系。宽恕并不是脾气好的人们才拥有的特质；它是所有关系的必要条件，也是自己的身心健康不可缺少的。 2、有些人可能认为，自己受伤太深、次数太多，无法宽恕。可耐人寻味的是，恰恰是被伤得最深的人，才真正需要宽恕别人，原因很简单：仇恨就像癌症，会毁掉宿主。如果不尽快铲除，它就会生根发芽，使那些执意仇恨无法释怀的人受伤甚至死亡。 3、因为事实是，除非我们能宽恕他人，否则就永远无法恢复。伤口会继续溃烂，永不愈合。中国有句古谚，“复仇者必自绝”。 4、对有些人来说，宽恕他人似乎是不可能的，因为他们根本不知从何做起。首先你要接受一个非常重要的事实：宽恕他人并不是件容易的事。事实上，对于我们大多数人来说，这也许是最难做到的。 5、被伤害的是我们，却还要宽恕他人，这似乎毫无公平可言，然而这正是宽恕的关键所在。 6、“宽恕并忘记”，这句俗话谁都会脱口而出，但实际上既简单又肤浅。一则这是绝对不可能的，二则它完全偏离了宽恕的真正含义。生活中最需要宽恕的事正是那些无法忘记的事。我们不应把这些事掩饰起来，而需记住它们，并有意不因此对做过这些事的人怀有成见，然后继续生活。 7、这就是为什么有的时候会感到：宽恕别人，一开始会相对容易些，难的是每次你看到那个人，与他谈话，甚至只是想起他之后如何控制自己的感情。真正的宽恕不是一劳永逸之举，而是持久的情感面对。 8、等待越久，宽恕就越难。实际上，时间不会愈合伤口，只会让愤懑和仇恨更长时间地吞噬你的内心。如果要等待“适当的时候”，你也许永远都找不到机会。 9、开始运用宽恕的艺术之前，你先要问自己这样一个问题：我们中有多少人在特定的场合下是完全无辜的呢？ 10、几年前，我和妻子买了一件便宜家具。最初几个月，它蒙蔽了所有人——美观、实用、人见人爱。我们认为它太适合我们家了。可时间一长，表面薄层的边角部分开始慢慢脱落。再也没有当初的效果了，不过至少它现在是以真实面目示人！事实是，不管喜欢不喜欢，在漂亮的表层下，我们都只是刨花板。因此，在我们评判别人之前，明智的做法是先在镜子里认真审视自己。我们越是审视自己，正视自己的缺点，便越愿意也越能够宽恕他人的缺点，宽恕得越多，也就越能体会到真正的满足。
第一单元 “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。 “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting …there? faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move q uickly, but you have to know how t o decide where …there? is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation. 第四单元 很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons thatpeople's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems. 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。 What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that "there's one person out there that one is meant for" and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are "filtered out" by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearanc e. 第五单元 做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20 分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。 Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours, with one hour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation. Some yoga routines, depending on the teacher and school, can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout, and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady. Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person?s strength, flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many. 第七单元 人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝