GLOSSARY
Absolute Viscosity-A measure of the influence of the motion of one layer of a fluid upon another layer a short distance away.
Abstraction -See Initial Losses.
Adhesion-A property of water that allows it to cling to another body.
Apron-Concrete or riprap lining of the ground at the inlet or outlet of a storm sewer or culvert. Attenuation-A reduction of rate of flow accomplished by a detention basin, which temporarily stores storm water and then releases it slowly. Can also refer to the alteration in a hydrograph that occurs as water flows downstream.
Backwater Curve-A variation in the water surface profile of a channel or stream caused by an obstruction, such as a bridge crossing.
Base Flow-The constant low-level flow in streams due to subsurface feed.
Basin Divide-See Divide.
Berm-Earth embankment constructed on the downhill side of a detention basin to help contain the stored water.
Bernoulli Equation-Equation formulating the conservation of energy in hydraulics.
Broad-crested Weir-A commonly employed weir for dams and detention basins.
The multistage weir, a variation of the broad-crested weir, is used to regulate discharge very precisely.
Buoyancy-The uplifting force exerted by water on a submerged solid object.
Capillarity-Property of liquids causing the liquid to rise up or depress down a
thin tube.
Catch Basin-Stormwater inlet structure with sediment trap at bottom.
Catchment Area-Synonym for drainage basin or watershed.
Center of Pressure-Point on a submerged surface at which the resultant pressure
force acts.
Cipoletti Weir-A trapezoidal variation of the sharp-crested weir devised to compensate for loss of flow quantity due to contractions at the vertical edges of a rectangular weir.
Civil Engineer-An engineer specializing in the design and construction of structures and public works.
Cleansing Velocity-The minimum velocity of water flow through a pipe to avoid
deposits of silt and debris.
CMP-Corrugated metal pipe, used for storm sewers and culverts composed of aluminum or steel. Cohesion-A property of water that allows it to resist a slight tensile stress.
Combination Drain-A storm sewer made of perforated pipe backfilled with gravel to intercept groundwater in addition to conveying storm water.
Combined Sewer-An obsolete system once used to convey both sewage waste and storm water through the same pipes. Combined sewers have been nearly eliminated in favor of separate storm and sanitary sewers.
Confluence-The intersection of two branches of a stream.
Contraction-A loss of energy that takes place as water flows past the vertical sides of a weir. Control Section-Channel cross section used to start computation of a water surface profile.
CPP-Corrugated plastic pipe, used for storm sewers and culverts composed of high-density polyethylene.
Critical Depth-Depth of flow in an open channel for which specific energy is at minimum value. Critical Slope-A slope that causes normal depth to coincide with critical depth.
Critical Velocity-The velocity of water at critical depth.
Crown-The top of the inside of a pipe or culvert.
Culvert-Conduit to convey a stream or runoff through an embankment.
Current Meter-Device used to measure the velocity of flowing water.
Density-A measure of mass per unit of volume.
Design Storm-The largest storm expected to occur in a given period of time specified in the design parameters for a hydraulic project.
Detention Basin-A facility designed to store storm water temporarily during a rainfall event and then release the water at a slow rate.
Discharge-Flow of storm water either overland or in a conduit; measured as a rate of flow in cfs (m3/s).
Discharge Coefficient-A dimensionless constant that accounts for a number of various hydraulic factors. Used in computing the rate of discharge over a rectangular weir.
Discharge Rating-A table important in detention basin design, which displays discharge through the outlet structure as a function of water level in the impoundment.
Divide-The line on a map that outlines the watershed. All rainfall landing outside the divide does not flow to the point of analysis. Also called basin divide or watershed divide. .
Drainage Basin-Area of land over which rainfall flows by gravity to a single point called the point of analysis or point of concentration.
Emergency Spillway-A safety feature to prevent detention basins from overflowing, consisting of an additional outlet set higher than the other outlets. Water will enter only if the impoundment level rises higher than anticipated in the original design.
Energy Dissipater-A specially designed obstruction (block or blocks) placed at an outlet to create head loss in very high-velocity situations.
Energy Grade Line-Line graphed along a one-dimensional hydraulic system representing total energy or total head at every point along the system.
Energy Head-Energy of water per unit mass, expressed in length measure.
Entrance Coefficient-A dimensionless proportionality constant that accounts for the reduction of flow due to entrance head loss. Used in computing orifice flow.
Entrance Loss-A small but sudden drop of the energy grade line at the point where water enters a pipe from a larger body of water caused by loss of energy as the turbulent water enters the more restrictive pipe.
Erosion Control Mat-Mesh netting placed on the ground to protect the ground surface and anchor a vegetative cover.
Evapotranspiration-When rainfall strikes the ground, some of it is absorbed by plants and some evaporates immediately. This lost rainwater is not available for run off.
First Flush-The first flow of runoff that picks up the loose dust that has coated the ground since the last rainfall. First flush is responsible for most transport of pollutants.
Flared End Section-A precast section of pipe made in a flared shape to use at the inlet or outfall end of a storm sewer or culvert in place of a headwall.
Flood Flow-A quick surge in stream fiow due to runoff from a rainfall event.
Fluid-Material, such as gas or liquid, that flows under the slightest stress.
Freeboard-The vertical distance from the maximum or design level of water to the top of the structure containing or conveying the water.
Free Surface-The surface of water in a container or conduit exposed to the atmosphere.
Friction Loss-The constant drop in energy of water as it flows along the length of a pipe caused by contact with the inside surface of the pipe.
Froude Number-Parameter used to distinguish subcritical flow from supercritical flow.
Gabion-A rectangular wire mesh basket filled with rocks and placed on the ground as a protective lining similar to riprap.
Gauge Pressure-Water pressure in excess of atmospheric pressure.
Gradient-A measure of the slope of a channel or conduit expressed in ft/ft (m/m). Groundwater-A large pool of underground water filling the voids between soiland rock particles. Head-See Energy Head.
Headwall-Short retaining wall placed at the end of a storm sewer pipe or culvert(inlet or outlet). Headwater Depth-Upstream water depth, which provides the potential energy to drive water through a culvert. It can therefore become a measure of the capacity of a given culvert. Hydraulic Grade Line-A line drawn along a one-dimensional hydraulic system depicting potential energy expressed as position plus pressure head at all points along the system. Hydraulic Jump-An abrupt transition of channel flow from supercritical to subcritical flow. Hydraulic Path-Path traveled by the drop of rainwater landing at the most remote point in the drainage basin as it flows to the point of analysis.
Hydraulic Radius-Mathematical term defined by the ratio of cross-sectional area to wetted perimeter; a measure of the hydraulic efficiency of an open channel.
Hydraulics-The study of the mechanics of water and other fluids at rest and in motion. Hydrograph-A graph of runoff quantity or discharge versus time at the point of analysis of a drainage basin.
Hydrologic Cycle-The natural pattern of water evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and flow. Hydrology-The study of rainfall and the subsequent movement of rainwater including runoff. Impervious-A ground cover condition in which no rainfall infiltrates into the ground. Typically, pavement and roofs are considered impervious.
Impoundment-Volume of water stored in a detention basin.
Infiltration-The absorption of rainwater by the ground.
Infiltration Basin-A detention basin that promotes recharge of storm water to groundwater storage.
Inflow-Rate of flow of storm water into a detention basin.
Initial Losses-The amount of rainfall in inches that infiltrates into the ground before any runoff begins. Also called initial abstraction.
Inlet-A component of a storm sewer system, it is a precast concrete structure placed in the ground with a cast iron grate on the top. Storm water enters through the grate and into the storm sewer system.
Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curve-Central to the Rational Method for determining peak
runoff, IDF curves are developed by various government agencies based on data from Weather Bureau records. They show the relationship between rainfall intensity and duration for various return periods at given locations in the United States.
Invert-Lowest point on the cross section of a conduit, such as a pipe, channel, or culvert. Kinematic Viscosity-Absolute viscosity divided by density; a measurement useful in hydraulic problems affected by density.
Lag-A parameter used in runoff analysis; the time separation between the centroid of the rainfall excess graph and the peak of the hydrograph. Related empirically to time of concentration. Laminar Flow-Smooth, nonturbulent flow of water in a conduit, usually having low velocity. Manometer-A device, similar to a piezometer, for measuring water pressure.
Metric System-A standard of measurement used by most of the world. The United States has not yet completed a changeover to metric units, so the civil engineer is faced with the need to be conversant with both metric and English systems of measurement. Also known as the International System of Units
Modified Rational Method-Procedure for calculating a synthetic runoff hydrograph using a modification of the Rational Method.
Normal Depth-Vertical distance from the invert of a channel or conduit to the free water surface when water is flowing without the influence of backwater.
Ogee Weir-A rectangular weir used commonly as a spillway: the smooth, rounded surface of the ogee weir is designed to reduce energy loss by contraction.
Open Channel Flow-Water that flows by gravity through a conduit with its surface exposed to the atmosphere.
Orifice-An opening in a container through which stored water may flow.
Overbank-Land immediately adjacent to each side of the channel of a stream. When flow in the stream exceeds the top of bank, it spills onto the overbank area.
Overland Flow-Storm water runoff flowing over the ground surface in the form of sheet flow. Usually occurs at the beginning of the hydraulic path.
Outfall-The point of a storm sewer system where discharge leaves the system to enter the receiving body of water.
Outflow-Rate of flow of stored water out of a detention basin.
Outlet-Downstream end of a culvert.
Parshall Flume-Device used to measure flow in a channel.
Piezometer-A simple device for measuring water pressure, both static and dynamic.
Pipe-A hollow cylinder used in storm sewer systems to convey storm water toward a receiving stream.
Pitot Tube-A simple device for measuring discharge in a pipe.
Planimete r-A device for measuring the area contained within a line making a closed figure on a map.
Point of Analysis-Any point on the ground or along a stream at which the quantity of runoff from the upstream catchment area is to be determined.
Point of Concentration-Synonym for point of analysis.
Precipitation-Water that lands on the ground from the sky as part of the hydrologic cycle. Pressure-Force exerted by water against a unit area caused by the weight of the water above the point.
PVC-Polyvinyl chloride pipe; usually used for roof drains and sanitary sewer mains.
Rainfall Excess-The remainder of rainfall that reaches the point of analysis after initial losses and infiltration.
Rational Method-Procedure for calculating peak runoff based on theoretical reasoning.
RCP-Reinforced concrete pipe, used for storm sewers and culverts.
Receiving Water-A body of water into which a storm sewer system https://www.doczj.com/doc/e114064168.html,ually consists of a stream, lake, or another storm sewer.
Recharge-Engineered effort to redirect some runoff into the ground where it would seep down to the groundwater.
Retention Basin-A detention basin that holds some water under normal nonflooding conditions. Serves as a sediment basin as well as a detention basin.
Return Period-The average number of years between two rainfall events that equal or exceed a given number of inches over a given duration.
Ridge-A land formation shaped so that runoff diverges as it flows downhill. The opposite of a swale. A drainage basin divide runs along a ridge.
Riprap-Stones placed on the ground used as a protective lining at inlets and outlets of storm sewers and culverts.
Roughness Factor-A dimensionless parameter used in Manning's equation describing the roughness of the surface of a channel or pipe.
Routing-In hydraulics, a mathematical procedure for computing an outflow hydrograph when the inflow hydrograph is known.
Runoff-The quantity of surface flow or discharge resulting from rainfall.
Runoff Coefficient-A dimensionless proportionality factor used in the Rational Method to account for infiltration and evapotranspiration.
Saddle-A topographic feature marking the transition between two ridges and two swales. Sediment Basin-A depression in the ground lower than the invert of its outlet so
that storm water passing through will deposit its silt and sediment in the resulting ponded water.
NRCS Method-Procedure for calculating peak runoff or a synthetic runoff hydrograph based on an empirical method developed by the Soil Conservation Service, now called the Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Shallow Concentrated Flow-The form taken by storm water runoff as it flows along the ground and converges into rivulets due to irregularities in the ground surface.
Sheet Flow-The form taken by storm water as it flows along a smooth flat surface.
Flow lines remain parallel and do not converge.
Siphon-Tube or pipe used to convey flow from an impoundment to a lower elevation by first rising above the impoundment level.Slope-The ratio of the vertical drop to the length along a channel multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percent.
Specific Energy-A mathematical formulation equal to the flow depth in an open
channel plus the velocity head. It is the total energy head above the channel bed.
Specific Weight-The weight of water per unit volume. The specific weight of
water is taken as 62.4 lb/ft3 (9.8×l03 N/m3).
Spillway-A structure for regulating the outflow from a reservoir or detention
basin. Generally consists of a weir or orifice or both.
Spring Line-A line running the length of a pipe midway up the cross section of the pipe.
Stage-A term for elevation of water level in a stream or detention basin.
Standard Step Method-A method used to compute a backwater curve or profile.
Steady Flow-The rate of flow does not significantly vary with respect to time at any point along a stream.
Stilling Basin-A depression in the ground surface at an outlet designed to trap water and absorb excessive energy of discharge.
Storm Sewer-A pipe, usually underground, used to convey storm water runoff.
Storm water-Water that falls to earth as precipitation and then runs along the ground impelled by gravity.
Storm water Management-All endeavors to control the quantity and quality of runoff in areas affected by land development.
Stream Rating Curve-A graph of discharge versus water surface elevation used to analyze stream flow.
Subbasin-A portion of a drainage basin functioning as a complete drainage basin when calculating runoff. If a drainage basin is not homogeneous, it should be partitioned into two or more subbasins. Also called subarea.
Subcritical-When flow depth is greater than critical depth, the flow is relatively tranquil and is called subcritical.
Subsurface Flow-Water that originates as precipitation and infiltrates a short distance into the ground, then runs laterally within the ground, eventually reaching a stream.
Supercritical-Flow depths below critical depth that flow rapidly.
Superposition-A principle used to add two or more hydrographs to obtain the resulting total hydrograph.
Surface Tension-Property of water that gives rise to cohesion and adhesion.
Swale-A land formation shaped so that runoff converges as it flows downhill. The opposite of a ridge. A basin divide never runs along a swale.
Tailwater Depth-Depth of water immediately downstream of a culvert or storm sewer outfall. Time of Concentration-The amount of time needed for runoff to flow from the most remote point in the drainage basin to the point of analysis.
Turbulent Flow-Water flowing at a great enough velocity to develop eddies and cross currents. Turbulent flow results in more friction loss.
Uniform Flow-Flow of water in a conduit with constant shape and slope.
Unit Hydrograph-A generalized hydrograph resulting from a rainfall excess of one unit (1 inch or l cm).
Unsteady Flow-There is a change in the rate of water flow at any point along a stream.
Venturi Meter-Device used for the direct measurement of water flow or discharge in pipes. Viscosity-The ability of fluid molecules to flow past each other.
Water Hammer-The extreme variation in pressure within a pipe caused by an abrupt stoppage in flow.
Watershed-Synonym for drainage basin.
Weir-A structure, usually horizontal ,placed in a stream or pond over which water Flows.
Wet Basin-A detention basin constructed to have a permanent pond at its bottom.Also called a retention basin or sediment basin, it is especially effective at trapping pollutants.
Wetted Perimeter-The distance along the cross section of a channel or conduit where the surface is in contact with flowing water.
Wingwall-Retaining wall placed at each end of a culvert to stabilize the embankment slope and help direct the flow.
【关键词】外贸英语函电；语气 外贸英语函电是集国际贸易实务、英语写作、营销、商务谈判及应用文写作等知识为一体，是国际贸易传递信息的主要媒介之一，得到了越来越广泛的使用和重视，是贸易双方彼此相互了解、进行贸易往来的主要途径，可以说是“以笔代口谈生意”。其作为商贸英语的一个分支，具有独特的语域并影响其语言形式。一则好的外贸英语函电除了词汇、语法上准确无误外，在语气的选择与使用上也是十分讲究的，函电使用的语气反映了写信人的态度，对读信的人心理影响很大，可能会影响到交易的成功与否，因此我们在撰写外贸书信时应注意使用正确的语气。然而，在外贸英语函电课的教与学过程中却往往忽视这一点。学生所写的信函即使在词汇、语法上准确无误，却往往语气生硬，违反了交际原则，则传递的信息不为对方乐意接受，无法达到写信的目的。这个问题亟待大家的重视。 一、语气要亲切自然 外贸函电是贸易双方相互往来的途径。读信的人与写信人一样有他自己的感情，我们不得忽视他的感受，他们是在以笔代口谈生意，因而使用的语言不能生硬呆板，冷冷冰冰，显得缺乏亲切感。一则上乘的外贸书信的秘诀就是轻松自然、简单明了，好像是在谈话，亲切友善。但有些人本性热情亲切，然而写起信函就忘了自已是在以笔代口谈生意，所用的文字结构显得冷漠，缺乏热情，如常称自己为“writer”（笔者），该说“I visited yourshowroom.”却说“The writer visited yourshowroom”。殊不知籍借强调你、我或我们的亲切的文句有助于产生比较适合函电的热情友好的语气。 二、谦恭有礼、心平气和 语气委婉谦恭有礼是商场上的重要法则，接待顾客要有礼貌，函电往来也要有礼貌。利奇（Leech，1983）认为言语交际除了讲究合作原则（Cooperative Principle）外，还要讲究礼貌原则（Politeness Principle）。有礼貌的信可博得对方的好感，诸如“Please”、“Thank you”、“We have pleasure”、“We regret that”等用语，定能使对方产生好感.有助
1.红茶black tea 2.绿茶green tea 3.浓（淡）茶strong(weak)tea 4.砖茶brick tea 5.（不加牛奶的）纯咖啡black coffee 6.牛奶咖啡coffee with milk;white coffee 7.速溶咖啡instant coffee 8.可可cocoa 9.牛奶milk 10.全脂奶whole milk 11.奶酪milk curd 12.奶粉powdered milk 13.炼乳condensed milk 14.麦乳精malted milk 15.矿泉水mineral water 16.不含酒精的饮料soft drink 17.汽水soda water 18.桔子水orangeade 19.水果汁；果子露fruit syrup 20.烈性酒liquor;spirit 21.葡萄酒（含酒精度数较低的）wine 22.甜酒sweet wine 23.不甜的酒dry sweet wine 24.汽酒bubbing wine 25.黄酒；绍兴酒yellow wine;rice wine(Shaoxing wine) 26.白葡萄酒white wine 27.红葡萄酒red wine;port 28.雪利酒sherry 31.香槟酒champagne 32.白干；高梁酒white spirit 33.白兰地Brandy 34.苹果酒cider 35.威士忌whisky 36.松子酒；金酒gin; dry gin 37.伏特加；俄得克酒vodka 38.鸡尾酒cocktail 40.啤酒beer
41.生啤酒draught beer 42.黑啤酒dark beer 43.雪碧sprite beverages 饮料 soya-bean milk 豆浆 syrup of plum 酸梅汤tomato juice 番茄汁 orange juice 橘子汁coconut milk 椰子汁asparagus juice 芦荟汁grapefruit juice 葡萄柚汁vegetable juice 蔬菜汁ginger ale 姜汁sarsaparilla 沙士 coco-cola (coke) 可口可乐tea leaves 茶叶 jasmine tea 茉莉(香片) tea bag 茶包 lemon tea 柠檬茶 white goup tea 冬瓜茶 soda water 苏打水 artificial color 人工色素mineral water 矿泉水distilled water 蒸馏水coffee mate 奶精 iced coffee 冰咖啡 ovaltine 阿华田 chlorella yakult 养乐多 ice-cream cone 甜筒sundae 圣代; 新地 vanilla ice-cream 香草冰淇淋ice candy 冰棒 milk-shake 奶昔 straw 吸管
试行阶段：pilot stage 石油泄漏：oil spill 肥料：fertilizer 杀虫剂：pesticide 污染物：pollutant 惰性气体：inert gas 烟雾：smog 臭氧层：ozone layer 有机体：organism 《大气污染防治法》：Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law 《水污染防治法》：Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law 《环境影响评价法》：Environmental Impact Assessment Law 固体废物: solid waste 环境教育：environment education 联合国环境与发展大会（环发大会）：United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 环发大会首脑会议：Summit Session of UNCED 联合国环境规划署：United Nations Environment Programs 国际生物多样性日：International Biodiversity Day 世界水日：World Water Day 世界气象日：World Meteorological Day 世界海洋日：World Oceans Day 中国21世纪议程：China’s Agenda 21 人与生物圈方案：Man and Biosphere program 中国生物多样性保护行动计划：China Biological Diversity Protection Action Plan 生物多样性公约Convention on Biological Diversity 中国跨世界绿色工程规划：China Tran-Century Green Project Plan 防治荒漠化国际公约：：Convention to Combat Desertification 气候变化框架公约：United nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 污染者负担的政策：the-polluters-pay policy 国家环境保护总局：State Environment Protection Administration (SEPA)
外贸函电词汇 UNIT ONE 1 ESP： English for Specific/Special Purposes 专门用途英语 2 BE： Business English 商务英语 3 Correspondence for Import & Export 进出口函电 4 Good quality stationery 优质信笺信纸 5 Neat typing 整洁 6 Even spacing 间隔匀称 7 Short paragraphs 段落精短 8 Correct Grammar， Spelling and Punctuation 语法、拼写、标点正确UNIT TWO INQUIRIES 1 potential business 潜在业务 2 prospective customer 潜在顾客 3 customers of long standing 长期顾客 4 potential supplier 潜在供应商 5 trade fair 贸易博览会 6 the latest issue of 最新一期… 7 integrated software package 完整软件包 8 substantial order 大宗订单 9 quantity discount 数量折扣 10 cash discount 现金折扣 11 list price 标价、目录价格 12 export terms 出口条件
13 pictured/illustrated catalog 带插图的商品目录 14 article number / Art. No. 货号 15 bulk buyer 大买户 16 business concern 商行 17 business relations / relationship 业务关系 18 business status 业务状况 19 commercial counselor 商务参赞 20 commercial counselor's office 商务参赞处 21 means of packing 包装方法 22 parent company 母公司 23 sales literature 促销资料 24 trading association 贸易关系 25 trade journal 行业刊物 26 firm offer 实盘 27 non-firm offer： offer without engagement 虚盘 28 trade discount 同业/批发折扣 29 bill of exchange （bill / draft； B/E）汇票 30 documents against payment： D/P 付款交单 31 shipping documents 装运单据 32 line of business 业务/经营范围 33 specific inquiry 具体询价 UNIT THREE REPLIES AND QUOTATIONS 1 regular customer 老顾客
饮料的英语单词 有关饮料的英语单词 1.红茶blacktea 2.绿茶greentea 3.浓?淡?茶strong(weak)tea 4.砖茶bricktea 5.?不加牛奶的?纯咖啡blackcoffee 6.牛奶咖啡coffeewithmilk;whitecoffee 7.速溶咖啡instantcoffee 8.可可cocoa 9.牛奶milk 10.全脂奶wholemilk 11.奶酪milkcurd 12.奶粉powderedmilk 13.炼乳condensedmilk 14.麦乳精maltedmilk 15.矿泉水mineralwater 16.不含酒精的饮料softdrink 17.汽水sodawater 18.桔子水orangeade
19.水果汁?果子露fruitsyrup 20.烈性酒liquor;spirit 21.葡萄酒?含酒精度数较低的'?wine 22.甜酒sweetwine 23.不甜的酒drysweetwine 24.汽酒bubbingwine 25.黄酒?绍兴酒yellowwine;ricewine(Shaoxingwine) 26.白葡萄酒whitewine 27.红葡萄酒redwine;port 28.雪利酒sherry 29.味思美酒?苦艾酒Vermouth 30.罗木酒rum 31.香槟酒champagne 32.白干?高梁酒whitespirit 33.白兰地Brandy 34.苹果酒cider 35.威士忌whisky 36.松子酒?金酒gin;drygin 37.伏特加?俄得克酒vodka 38.五味酒punch 39.鸡尾酒cocktail 40.啤酒beer 41.生啤酒draughtbeer
环保: Kyoto Protocol《京都议定书》environmental protection n. 环境保护 eco-friendly adj. 环保的，生态友好的preserve v.保护，保存 carbon footprint碳足迹 carbon emission reduction碳减排ecotourism生态旅游 low-carbon economy 低碳经济 circular economy 循环经济 sustainable development可持续发展 污染： Pollute= contaminate, v. 污染 Pollution=contamination n. 污染 pollutant n. 污染物 sewage treatment污水治理 sewage treatment facilities 污水治理设备 垃圾: rubbish, garbage, trash, waste, litter 处理: dispose of, burn, bury (landfill垃圾场), dump倾倒，recycle 回收 plastic bags塑料袋, drinking cans饮料罐biodegradable packaging 可降解包装, throwaway 可丢弃的 disposable 可丢弃的
infectious disease 传染病（avian influenza/ bird flu 禽流感，swine flu猪流感，Ebola 埃博拉，SARS非典型肺炎） 燃料 non-renewable 不可再生的 fossil fuels矿石燃料: natural gas, coal, petroleum coal-fired generating/power plants 火力发电站/厂 limited/finite natural resources 有限的自然资源 coal reserve 煤炭储量 alternative energy替代能源 replace=substitute v.取代 wind power, 风能 hydropower水电, solar (lunar) power太阳能, nuclear power核能 bio-energy 生物能 geothermal energy 地热能 flammable ice可燃冰 radioactivity n. 辐射性 use up, deplete, exhaust v. 用光，耗尽 conserve v. 节省，节约, consume v. 消耗 危害动物: poaching非法打猎，盗猎, damage natural habitat 破坏自然栖息地,
M/Ts 公吨（Metric Ton） D/A 承兑交单（Days after Acceptance） D/P 付款交单（Document against Payment）L/C 信用状（letter of credit） L/G 银行保证书 T/T 电汇. D/D 票汇 B/L 海运提单Bill of Lading 提单INCOTERMS 国际贸易术语解释通则 CIF 到岸价（Cost Insurance and Freight）CFR 成本加运费 FOB 装运港船上交货 FCA 货交承运人 ICC 协会货物条款 CIP 运费、保险费付至 ETA 预计到港时间 CIC. 中国人民保险海洋运输货物保险条款FPA 平安险(Free From Particular Average) breakage 破碎险 W.P.A and War Risk 水渍险和战争险Packing List 包装清单 Inspection Certificate 检验证书 Insurance Policy and Clean 保险单和清洁On Board B/L 已装船的提单 freight prepaid 运费预付 after sight 见票后 draft at sight 即期汇票
shipping advice 装运通知EMP 欧洲主要港口 1. Chamber of commerce商会 2. Quotation报盘 3. Counter-offer还盘 4. Customs invoice海关发票 5. Open account terms赊帐方式 6. Certificate of origin原产地证 7. Import quotas system进口配额制 8. Bill of exchange汇票 9. Promissory note本票 10. Confirmed L/C保兑信用证 1. Quantity Discount数量折扣 2. Proforma Invoice形式发票 3. Non-Tariff Barriers非关税壁垒 4. Sales Contract销售合同 5. Documentary Bill跟单汇票 6. Sight Draft即期汇票 7. Irrevocable L/C不可撤消信用证 8. On Board B/L已装船提单 9. More or Less Clause溢短装条款 10. Insurance Policy保险单 1. Cash Discount现金折扣 2. Commercial Invoice商业发票 3. Import Licence System进口许可证制
转外贸函电缩写大全 缩写英文名称中文名称 a.a.r.against all risks一切险 a.c.v.actual cashvalue实际现金价值 a.d.(a/)after date.日期以后 A.F.ADVANCED FREIGHT预付运费 A.F. B.AIR FRIGHT BILL空运运单 a.g.w.t.actual gross weight实际毛重,实际总重量 A.H.AFTER HATCH后舱 A.N.ARRIVAL NOTICE到达通知 A.O.account of.的帐上 A.V.AD VALOREM ACCORDING TOVALUE运价标记,根据商品的价值(计算运费),从价费率 A/C for account of费用由.负担 A/or and/or和/或 A/P account paid已付帐款 A/R ALL RISKS一切险 a/s after sight见票后. A/S alongside靠码头,并靠他船
aa ALWAYS AFLOAT保持漂浮,永远漂浮 AC account current往来帐户，活期存款帐户，流通帐 ACC ALAMEDA CORRIDOR CHARGE绿色通道费 acc.acceptance；accepted已接受 acc.cop.according to the custom of the port按照.港口惯例 ACCT ACCOUNT帐目,帐户 ACPT ACCEPTANCE接受 ad val.(a/v)ad valorem(according tovalue)从价费率(按离岸价格) ADC ADVANCE CHARGES ADCOM/https://www.doczj.com/doc/e114064168.html,M ADDRESS COMMISSION订舱佣金,租船佣金 ADFT AFT DRAFT艉吃水 ADP automated data processing自动数据处理 ADR European Agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road ADV.ADVISE OR ADVANCE通知或提前 AETR European Agreement concerning the work of crews of vehicles engaged in international road transport AFC AMS Filing Charges美国自动报关费 AFRA average freight rate assessment运费费率平均运价 Agcy agency代理公司,代理行 AGRD AGREED同意 AGRT AGREEMENT协议
关于饮料的英文单词 篇一：有关饮料的英语单词 有关饮料的英语单词： 1.红茶 black tea 2.绿茶 green tea 3.浓（淡）茶 strong(weak)tea 4.砖茶 brick tea 5.（不加牛奶的）纯咖啡 black coffee 6.牛奶咖啡 coffee with milk;white coffee 7.速溶咖啡 instant coffee 8.可可 cocoa 9.牛奶 milk 10.全脂奶 whole milk 11.奶酪 milk curd 12.奶粉 powdered milk 13.炼乳 condensed milk 14.麦乳精 malted milk 15.矿泉水 mineral water 16.不含酒精的饮料 soft drink 17.汽水 soda water 18.桔子水 orangeade 19.水果汁；果子露 fruit syrup
20.烈性酒 liquor;spirit 21.葡萄酒（含酒精度数较低的） wine 22.甜酒 sweet wine 23.不甜的酒 dry sweet wine 24.汽酒 bubbing wine 25.黄酒；绍兴酒 yellow wine;rice wine(Shaoxing wine) 26.白葡萄酒 white wine 27.红葡萄酒 red wine;port 28.雪利酒 sherry 29.味思美酒；苦艾酒 Vermouth 30.罗木酒 rum 31.香槟酒 champagne 32.白干；高梁酒 white spirit 33.白兰地 Brandy 34.苹果酒 cider 35.威士忌 whisky 36.松子酒；金酒 gin;dry gin 37.伏特加；俄得克酒 vodka 38.五味酒 punch 39.鸡尾酒 cocktail 40.啤酒 beer
与环保有关的英文单词 (2009-02-19 00:16:01) 分类：污水处理百科 标签： 杂谈 wastebin 垃圾桶 plastic 塑料制品 environment pollution 环境污染 environmental conservation 环境保护 environmental legislation 环境立法 environmental reform 环境改造 净化purification 干净neat 循环recycle 节能energy saving 绿色环境green house 无污染not polluted 新科技advanced technology 环保英语用语 世界环境日World Environment Day (June 5th) 环境千年—行动起来吧！（2000）The Environment Millennium - Time to Act！拯救地球就是拯救未来！（1999）Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It! 为了地球上的生命—拯救我们的海洋!（1998）For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas! 为了地球上的生命（1997）For Life on Earth 我们的地球、居住地、家园（1996）Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home 国际生物多样性日International Biodiversity Day (29 December) 世界水日World Water Day (22 March)
世界气象日World Meteorological Day(23 March) 世界海洋日World Oceans Day (8 June ) 环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) 生态示区eco-demonstration region; environment-friendly region 级生态示区（）Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region 级园林城市Nationally Designated Garden City 对水质和空气质量的影响impact on the quality of the water and the air 治理环境污染curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control 海藻mostly in polluted waters) 工业固体废物industrial solid wastes 白色污染white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics) 可降解一次性塑料袋throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags 放射性废料积存accumulation of radioactive waste 有机污染物organic pollutants 氰化物、砷、汞排放cyanide, arsenic, mercury discharged 铅、镉、六价铬lead, cadmium, sexivalent chromium 城市垃圾无害化处理率decontamination rate of urban refuse 垃圾填埋场refuse landfill 垃圾焚化厂refuse incinerator 防止过度利用森林protect forests from overexploitation 森林砍伐率rate of deforestation 水土流失water and soil erosion 土壤盐碱化soil alkalization 农药残留pesticide residue 水土保持conservation of water and soil 生态农业environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture 水资源保护区water resource conservation zone
1. 申请人applicant 2. 实盘firm offer 3. 装运日期Time of shipment/delivery(date of shipment/delivery) 4. 航空货运单air waybill 5. 即期汇票sight draft 6. 合法持有人bona fide holder 7. 通知银行advising bank 8. 检验报告survey report 9. 到岸价CIF/cost, insurance and freight 10. 信用证修改书amendment to letter of credit 11. 中国对外贸易运输公司China National Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation 12. 代收银行，汇付行collecting bank 13. 订舱book shipping space 14. 运费率Freight rate 15.钩损险Hook Damage Risk 16.包装不良Improper packing 17. 支付条款Payment terms/terms of payment 18. 汇票draft 19. 装运港port of loading 20. 品质检验证书Inspection Certificate of Quality 21. 资信状况credit standing 22 信用证letter of credit
23. 销售确认书sales confirmation 24. 电汇telegraphic transfer 25. 仲裁Arbitration 26. 付款交单document(s) against payment 27. 水渍险With particular average/WPA 28. 提单bill of lading 29. 离岸价FOB/free on board 30. 贸易条款terms and conditions 31. 装箱单packing list 32. 原产地证明certificate of origin 33. 开证行Issuing/opening bank 34. 装运单据shipping documents 35. 综合险All Risks 36. 有关信用证the relevant letter of credit 37. 销售合同Sales Contract 38. 保险单Insurance Policy 39. 租船契约Charter Party 40. 索赔Lodge a claim (againt)…/claim 41.商业发票Commercial Invoice 42. 中国商检局China Commodity Inspection Bureau 43. 装船通知shipping advice/notice 44.目的港port of destination
环境保护常用词汇短句中英文对照 世界环境日World Environment Day (June 5th) 环境千年——行动起来吧！（2000）The Environment Millennium - Time to Act！拯救地球就是拯救未来！（1999）Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It! 为了地球上的生命—拯救我们的海洋!（1998）For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas! 为了地球上的生命（1997）For Life on Earth 我们的地球、居住地、家园（1996）Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home 国际生物多样性日International Biodiversity Day (29 December) 世界水日World Water Day (22 March) 世界气象日World Meteorological Day(23 March) 世界海洋日World Oceans Day (8 June ) 国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) 生态示范区eco-demonstration region; environment-friendly region 国家级生态示范区（珠海）Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region 国家级园林城市Nationally Designated Garden City 对水质和空气质量的影响impact on the quality of the water and the air 治理环境污染curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control 海藻mostly in polluted waters) 工业固体废物industrial solid wastes 白色污染white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics) 可降解一次性塑料袋throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags 放射性废料积存accumulation of radioactive waste 有机污染物organic pollutants 城市垃圾无害化处理率decontamination rate of urban refuse 垃圾填埋场refuse landfill 垃圾焚化厂refuse incinerator 防止过度利用森林protect forests from overexploitation 森林砍伐率rate of deforestation 水土流失water and soil erosion 土壤盐碱化soil alkalization 农药残留pesticide residue 水土保持conservation of water and soil 生态农业environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture 水资源保护区water resource conservation zone 海水淡化sea water desalinization 保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource 绿化祖国turn the country green 矿物燃料（煤、石油、天然气）fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas 清洁能源clean energy 汽车尾气排放motor vehicle exhaust 尾气净化器exhaust purifier 无铅汽油lead-free gasoline 天然气汽车gas-fueled vehicles 电动汽车cell-driven vehicles; battery cars 氯氟烃CFCs 温室效应greenhouse effect 厄尔尼诺南徊ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation)
外贸函电常用词汇 学习交流，开拓视野，资源共享， --实惠网外贸论坛热情欢迎外贸各行各业的朋友第一期:General Terms 1. establishing business relation-建立业务关系 2. inquiry-询盘 3. offer-报盘 4. counter offer-还盘 5. quantity-数量 6. packing-包装 7. time of shipment-装运期 8. price-价格 9. discount-折扣 10. terms of payment-支付条款 11. insurance-保险 12. commodity[k?'m?diti] inspection-商品检验 13. acceptance-接受 14. signing a contract-签订合同 15. claim [kleim]：索赔 16. agency ['eid??nsi]：代理 17. commission [k?'mi??n]：佣金 18. exclusive[iks'klu:siv] (独有的,独占的,专用的) sales: 包销
19. joint [d??int] venture-合资企业 20. compensation[,k?mpen'sei??n] trade-补偿贸易 21. processing and assembling trade-加工装配贸易 22. the terms of international trade-国际贸易术语 第二期:Establishing business relation 建立业务关系 1. recommendation [,rek?men'dei??n]：推荐、介绍 2. inform 通知 3. enter into business relations ：建立业务关系 4. catalogue['k?t?l?:g]：目录 5. for your reference ：供您参考 6. specific inquiry：具体询价 7. promptly [pr?mptli]：立即 8. representative [repri'zent?tiv]：代表 9. chamber ['t?eimb?] of commerce ['k?m?:s]：商会 10. specialize['spe??laiz]（专攻;专门从事）in：专营 11. on the bases['beisi:z] of equality[i:'kw?liti] and mutual['mju:t?u?l] benefit['benifit]：在平等互利的基础上 12. pamphlet['p?mflit]：小册子 They issued a pamphlet concerning[k?n's?:ni?] the worsening environment [in'vai?r?nm?nt]. 他们出了一本有关环境恶化的小册子。 13. a range of 一套 14. make offers 报价 15. import and export corporation 进出口公司 16. silk 丝绸 17. cotton piece goods 棉布 18. blouse [blauz]：女衬衫
饮料Drinks water 水 mineral water 矿泉水 distilled water 蒸馏水 soda water 苏打水 ice water 冰水 coffee 咖啡 iced coffee 冰咖啡 white coffee 牛奶咖啡 coffee with milk 牛奶咖啡 black coffee 纯咖啡（不加牛奶的）instant coffee 速溶咖啡 cocoa 可可 moca/CafeMocha 摩卡 coffee mate 奶精
juice果汁 orange juice 桔子原汁orangeade 桔子水 orange squash 桔子水lemon juice 柠檬原汁lemonade 柠檬水 tomato juice 番茄汁orange juice 橘子汁coconut milk 椰子汁asparagus juice 芦荟汁grapefruit juice 葡萄柚汁vegetable juice 蔬菜汁ginger ale 姜汁 soya-bean milk 豆浆 syrup of plum 酸梅汤
fruit syrup 水果汁；果子露 milk 牛奶 whole milk 全脂奶 milk curd 奶酪 powdered milk 奶粉 condensed milk 炼乳 malted milk 麦乳精 malted milk powder 麦乳精 long-life milk 保久奶beverages 饮料 Sprite 雪碧 coke 可乐 soda pop 汽水 soda water 汽水 soft drink 汽水(不含酒精的饮料)
与环保有关的英文单词(2009-02-19 00:16:01) 标签：分类： wastebin 垃圾桶 plastic 塑料制品 environment pollution 环境污染 environmental conservation 环境保护 environmental legislation 环境立法 environmental reform 环境改造 净化purification 干净neat 循环recycle 节能energy saving 绿色环境green house 无污染not polluted 新科技advanced technology 环保英语用语 世界环境日World Environment Day (June 5th) 环境千年—行动起来吧！（2000）The Environment Millennium - Time to Act！
拯救地球就是拯救未来！（1999）Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It! 为了地球上的生命—拯救我们的海洋!（1998）For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas! 为了地球上的生命（1997）For Life on Earth 我们的地球、居住地、家园（1996）Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home 国际生物多样性日International Biodiversity Day (29 December) 世界水日World Water Day (22 March) 世界气象日World Meteorological Day(23 March) 世界海洋日World Oceans Day (8 June ) 国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) 生态示范区eco-demonstration region; environment-friendly region 国家级生态示范区（珠海）Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region 国家级园林城市Nationally Designated Garden City 对水质和空气质量的影响impact on the quality of the water and the air 治理环境污染curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control 海藻mostly in polluted waters) 工业固体废物industrial solid wastes 白色污染white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics) 可降解一次性塑料袋throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags 放射性废料积存accumulation of radioactive waste
外贸英语函电复习资料 1、general merchandise杂货 2、trade terms贸易条款、条件（常用复数） 3、under separate cover 另函附上 4、for your reference 以供参考 5、receive our immediate attention 得到立即处理 6、our mutual benefit 相互利益 7、in duplaicate一式两份（duplicate 副本、复制品） triplicate三份、quadruplicate四份、quintuplicate五份、sextuplicate六份 8、terms of payment 付款方式 9、firm offer实盘、不能撤销的发价 10、an inquiry sheet 一份询价单 11、most favorable prices最优惠的价格 12、place large orders 大量订购 13、delivery date 交货期 14、specific inquiry 具体询价 15、subject to our final confirmation 以我方最后确认为准 16、attractive price 具有吸引力的价格 17、international market price 国际市场价 18、retail price零售价 19、wholesale price 批发价 20、net operating income营业净收入 21、longstanding business relations 长期的业务关系 22、out of line 不一致23、purchase the goods elsewhere 到他处订货 24、accept your quotation 接受你方报价 25、purchase order购货订单 26、in your favor 以你方为抬头 27、prompt shipment 迅速装船 28、shipping marks运输标志，俗称唛头 29、certificate of origin原产地证明书 30、gross weight 毛重，即商品本身的重量加包装的重量 31、trial order初试订货 32、effect delivery发运 33、up to our expectation 合乎我方要求 34、ready for delivery（货已备妥）待发 35、shipping advice 装运通知，装船通知 36、documents against payment 付款交单 37、arrange shipment 安排装运 38、not correspond to不符合 39、a special accommodation 特殊照顾 40、partial shipment 分装 41、transshipment转船 42、suitable for ocean transportation 适合于海运 43、take into account 珍惜 44、opening the L/C 开立信用证 45、extension of L/C 信用证延期 46、shipping document = export document 运输单据 47、packing list 装箱单 48、advance shipment 提前转运