Designing Internal Control System To Minimize Fraud And
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学生个人简历英语范文3篇英文简历能帮助学生求职者博得用人单位的青睐和赏识,那你知道学生的英文简历该怎么写吗?下面是小编整理的学生英语范文,以供大家阅读。
学生个人简历英语范文(一)Robert Andrews5894 southern province, BostonNear merry laneHome: 45698-45897-3235Cell: 002556-7895-1587Email:Career objective :A skilled and experienced telemarketing professional with more than five years of experienced in the mentioned position. Exposed to diverse business organizations dealing with different service and products. Looking for a challenging position in an organization to utilize my skills and knowledge.Areas of Interest :Good communication and supervisory skillsProficient in Microsoft Office, Word and ExcelPossess good management skillsExtensive knowledge of developing scripts and promotion productPossess excellent phone etiquettesAbility to work under pressureProfessional Experience:ABC Network & Enterprises, Marytown, BC20xx till dateTelemarketing managerImplemented strategic business plans and set sales targets Responsible for hiring, training and supervising over fifty Tele Sales representativesHandled the tasks of designing and executing quality standards to improve call qualityResponsible for establishing sales goals and objectives of the organizationsConducted meetings with branch Tele Sales managersPerformed inventory control to prevent fraud and lossATRD Business associate & Co, Marytown, BC19xx to 20xxTelemarketing RepresentativesResponsible for preparing presentations about the products and servicesConducted market research to obtain potential customersHandled customer queries about service, product and price Maintained record of orders and customer contactsConfirmed orders with field representativesResponsible for follow-up on existing quotesProfessional Achievements:Awarded Tele Sales person of the year, 20xxIncreased sales by 98% within two monthsEducational summary:Bachelor of Arts in Business administration, Daffodils College, 19xxMaster of Arts in Marketing, University of Marytown, BC 19xx 学生个人简历英语范文(二)Jim JohnsonHouston, Texas 77034,(315) 525-5445Objective:An opportunity to obtain a treasury analyst position in a finance company that can allow me to apply my knowledge of accounting and finance.Education:Bachelor's Degree in Finance, University of Houston (1991) Master of Business Administration in Finance, University of Houston (1993)Special Knowledge, Abilities, Skills:Strong analytical skills to perform in depth financial analysis Strong accounting, negotiation, and influencing skillsAbility in interface with senior levels of management internally and externallyStrong knowledge of financial principles, treasury, and capital marketsProficient with MS Excel, Word and PowerPointExcellent verbal and written communication skillsExcellent customer service skillsProfessional Experience:Pfizer, Inc., Houston, TX (1997-Present)Senior Treasury AnalystResponsibilities:Performed analysis of all daily and non-daily financial treasury operations activitiesParticipated in cross-functional finance projects as necessary Assisted in developing and performing treasury transactions according to personal goals, objectives and annual accountabilitiesWorked closely with business customers to identify, prioritize and document business requirementsPerformed treasury operational functions such as cash management, cash forecasting, interest rate monitoring and forecasting, capital funding and financial derivative analysis Prepared daily/monthly treasury journal entries and upload into SAP G/L SystemFMC Technologies, Houston, TX, (1993-1997)Treasury AnalystResponsibilities:Prepared internal treasury reportingAssisted with subsidiary capital structure managementAnalyzed operating procedures for the purpose of improving or replacing with more effective substitutesAssisted in the design, testing and implementation of new or enhanced information systemsAssisted in the provision of operational and financial analysis of proposed new investmentsProduced monthly cash forecasts and developed improvements to the forecasting modelUploaded divisional financials reports, producing monthly financial package学生个人简历英语范文(三)OBJECTIVEHuman Resources, Recruiter, Benefits Advisor, ManagerRELOCATEINTo obtain a Human Resources position within a goal oriented company that has future opportunities for advancement.EXPERIENCE1999 V October 20xx Heritage Homes of Indiana Shelbyville, In.Director of Human Resources / Payroll ManagerOversee operations of the corporate office and nine Certified Medicaid / Medicare healthcare facilities employing over 650 employees.Responsibilities included:Senior executive recruitment for all senior management personnel.Writing and implementing company policy and procedures.Maintaining current knowledge and interpretation for all State/Federal laws and regulations.Served as an officer on the Corporate Compliance Committee.Serve as the Employee Grievance Officer for 650 employees.Plan Administrator for all company Health and Dental Insurance.Risk Management Officer and Worker Compensation AdministratorHIPAA Compliance Officer.COBRA administration and manage the coordination of benefits.1989 V 1999 J.L. Johnson's Fine Jewelry Greenwood, In.Store ManagerManaged all production and procedures for custom jewelry start to finish.Responsible for all Human Resource duties.Extensive contact and relationships with vendor representatives, trade accounts and advertising media.Responsible for all administrative duties including all daily banking transactions, customer relation issues and training of all new staff.1987-1989 Greenwood, In.Sales, Facility Assistant ManagerResponsible for key marketing campaigns and strategies, generated high volume sales, customer care issues, required quarterly reporting on sales figures and quotas and personnel training of clients.EDUCATION1987 V 1990 Indiana University / Purdue University Indianapolis, In.Business Marketing and Human Resources Administration American Council of Exercise (ACE) certified personal trainer for 17 years.REFERENCESFURNISHED UPON REQUEST。
Auditors' Report to the Shareholders ofABC (SUZHOU) CO., LTDWe have audited the accompanying financial statements of ABC (SUZHOU) CO., LTD, which comprise the balance sheet as at December 31, 2006, and the income statement, cash flow statement for the year then ended, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes.Management’s Responsibility for the Financial StatementsManagement is responsible for the preparation of these financial statements in accordance with the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises and Accounting Systems for Business Enterprises. This responsibility includes: (1) designing, implementing and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error; (2) selecting and applying appropriate accounting policies; (3) making accounting estimates that are reasonable in the circumstances.Auditor’s ResponsibilityOur responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the Independent Auditing Standards of China. These standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement.An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amount and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the a uditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.OpinionIn our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of ABC (SUZHOU) CO., LTD as of December 31, 2006, and of its financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises and Accounting Systems for Business Enterprises .AAACertified Public AccountantBBBCertified Public AccountantSuzhou XYZ Certified Public Accountants Co., Ltd. Suzhou P.R. ChinaJanuary 18, 2007。
审计报告说明中英文版审计报告说明中英文版审计报告 Auditors’Report 德信(20XX)审字第 XXXXX 号 De Xin (20XX) Audit No. XXXXXXXX ABC股份有限公司全体股东: To the shareholders of ABC Co., Ltd. (the “Company”): 我们审计了后附的ABC股份有限公司(以下简称“贵公司”)及其子公司和合营企业(以下统称“贵集团”)财务报表,包括20XX 年12月31日的合并及母公司资产负债表、20XX年度的合并及母公司利润及利润分配表、股东权益增减变动表和现金流量表以及财务报表附注。
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of ABC (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Group”) as of 31st December 20XX and the related consolidated in come statement, consolidated statement of changes in equity and consolidated cash flow statement for the year then ended, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes. 一、管理层对财务报表的责任按照企业会计准则和《企业会计制度》的规定编制财务报表是贵公司管理层的责任。
这种责任包括:(1) 设计、实施和维护与财务报表编制相关的`内部控制,以使财务报表不存在由于舞弊或错误而导致的重大错报;(2) 选择和运用恰当的会计政策;(3) 作出合理的会计估计。
AUDITOR' S REPORTYue Hua Shen / Yan Zi (2014) No. 0002 ICPA filingnumber: 020201401000420To all shareholders of ****** Co., Ltd:We have audited the accompanying financial statements of ****** Co., Ltd ( “Your Company” ), which comprise the balance sheetas of 31 December 2013, the income statement,statement of changes in owner's equity and cash flow statement for the year then ended, and notes to the financial statements.I. Management ' s responsibility for the financial statementsManagement of your Company is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements.This responsibility includes: (1) in accordance with the Accounting Standardsfor Business Enterprises and its relevant provisions, preparing the financial statements and reflecting fair presentation; (2) designing, implementing and maintaining the necessary internal control in order to free financial statements from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.II. Auditors' responsibilityOur responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with Chinese Certified Public Accountants Auditing Standards. Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement.An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditors' judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements,whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, we consider the internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriatenessof accounting policies used and the reasonablenessof accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.III. OpinionIn our opinion, the financial statements of your Company have been prepared in accordance with the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprise and its relevant provisions in all material respect, and present fairly the financial position of your Company as of 31 December 2013, and the results of its operations and cash flows for the year then ended.Guangdong Huaxin Accounting Firm (general partner)Guangdong, ChinaChin ese Certified Public Acco untant:Chin ese Certified Public Acco untant:Jan uary 3, 2014BALANCE SHEETAS OF 31 DECEMBER 2013 Unit: RMB Yua nINCOME STATEMENTFOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2013 Un it: RMB Yua nPrepared by:Audited by: Finance Man ager: Compa ny Leader:Prepared by:ager: Leader:CASH FLOW STATEMENTFOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2013 Un it: RMB Yua nSTATEMENT OF CHANGES IN OWNEREQUITYFOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2013Prepared by:Audited by: Finance Man ager: Compa ny Leader:****** CO., LTDNOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTSFOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,2013(All amou nts in RMB Yua n)I. Company Profile******* Co., Ltd. (here in after referred to as the "Compa ny") is a limited liability company (Sino-foreign joint venture) jointly invested and established by **** Co., Ltd. and ******* Limited on 24 June 2013. On December 26, 2013, the shareholders have been changed to**** CO., LTD and ******* LIMITED.Bus in ess Lice nse of En terprise Legal Pers on Lice nse No.:Legal Represe ntative:Registered Capital: RMB (Paid-in Capital: RMB )Address:Busin ess Scope: Financing and leas ing bus in ess; leas ing bus in ess; purchase of leased property from home and abroad; residue value treatme nt and maintenance of leased property; consulting and guarantees of lease transaction (articles invoIved in the in dustry lice nse man ageme nt would be dealt in terms of n ati onal releva nt stipulati ons)II. Declaration on following Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises The financial statements made by the Company are in accordanee with the requireme nts of Acco un ti ng Sta ndard for Busin ess En terprises, which reflects the financial position, financial performance and cash flow of the Company truly and completely.III. Basic of preparation of financial statementsThe Compa ny impleme nts the Acco unting Stan dards for Bus in ess En terprises (Finance and Accounting [2006] No. 3” )issued by the Ministry of Finance on February 15, 2006 and the successive regulations. The Company prepares its financial stateme nts on a going concern basis, and recog ni zes and measuresits acco unting items in complia nce with the Acco un ti ng Sta ndards for Busin ess En terprises -Basic Stan dards and other releva nt acco unting sta ndards, applicati on guideli nes and criteria for interpretation of provisions as well as the significant accounting policies and acco un ti ng estimates on the basis of actual tran sacti ons and eve nts.IV. The main accounting policies, accounting estimates and changes Fiscal year The Company adopts the calendar year as its fiscal year from January 1 to December 31.Functional currencyRMB was the fun cti onal curre ncy of the Compa ny.Acco un ti ng measureme nt attributeThe Company adopts the accrual basis for accounting treatments and double-entry bookkeep ing of borrow ing for finan cial acco un ti ng. The historical cost is gen erally asthe measurement attribute, and when accounting elements determined are in line with the requirements of Accounting Standards for Enterprises and can be reliably measured,the replacement cost, net realizable value and fair value can be used for measureme nt.Accounting method of foreign currency transactionsThe Compa ny'foreig n curre ncy tran sact ions adopt approximate spot excha nge rate of the transaction date to convert into RMB in accordanee with systematic and rati onal method; on the bala nee sheet date, the foreig n curre ncy mon etary items use the spot exchange rate of the balanee sheet date. All balances of exchange arising from differe nces betwee n the bala nee sheet date spot excha nge rate and the in itial recognition or the former balanee sheet date spot exchange rate, except that the excha nge gains and losses aris ing by borrow ing foreig n curre ncy for the eon structi on or product ion of assetseligible for capitalizatio n are tran sactedin accorda ncewith capitalizati on prin ciples, are in eluded in profit or loss in this period; the foreig n curre ncy non-mon etary items measured at historical cost will still be conv erted with the spot excha nge rate of the tran sact ion date.The standard for recognizing cash equivalentWhe n making the cash flow stateme nt, cash on hand and deposits readily to be paid will be recog ni zed as cash, and short-term (usually no more tha n three mon ths), highly liquid and readily con vertible to known amounts of cash with in sig nifica nt risk of cha nges in value are recog ni zed as cash equivale nt.Financial InstrumentsClassification, recognition and measurement of financial assets-The company at the time of initial recognition of financial assets divides it into the following four categories: financial assets measured at fair value with changes in eluded in the profit or loss of this period, loa ns and receivables, finan cial assets available for sale and held-to-maturity investments. Financial assets are measured at fair value whe n in itially recog ni zed. Releva nt tran sact ion costs of finan cial assets measured at fair value with cha nges in eluded in the profit or loss of this period are recog ni zed in profit or loss of this period, and releva nt tran sact ion costs of other categories of financial assets are recognized in the amount initially recognized.--Finan cial assets measured at fair value with cha nges in eluded in the profit or loss of this period refer to the short-term sales finan cial assets, in clud ing finan cial assets held for trad ing or finan cial assets measured at fair value with cha nges in eluded in the profit or loss of this period designated upon initial recognition by the management. Finan cial assets measured at fair value with cha nges in eluded in the profit or loss of this period are subseque ntly measured at fair value, and the in terest or cash divide nds obta ined duri ng the holdi ng period will be recog ni zed as inv estme nt in come, and the gains or losses of the cha nge in fair value at the end of this period are recog ni zed in the profit or loss in this period. When it is disposed, the differenee between the fair value and the in itial recorded amount is recog ni zed as inv estme nt in come, while adjusting gains from changes in the fair value.--Loans and receivables: the non-derivative financial assetswithout the price in an active market and with fixed and determinable recovery cost are classified as loans and receivables. Loans and receivables adopt the effective interest method and takeamortized cost for subsequent measurement, and gains or losses arising from derecognition, impairment or amortization are included in the profit or loss of this period. -- Financial assets available for sale: including non-derivative financial assets available for sale recognized initially and other non-derivative financial assets except for loans and receivables, held-to-maturity investments and trading financial assets. Financial assets available for sale are subsequently measured at fair value, and interest or cash dividends obtained during the holding period will be recognized as investment income, and gains or losses arising from the changes in fair value at the end of this period are recognized directly in owners' equity until the financial asset is derecognized or impaired and then is recognized as the profit or loss in this period.-- Held-to-maturity investments: the non-derivative financial assets with clear intention and ability to hold to maturity by the management of the company, a fixed maturity date and fixed or determinable payments are classified as held-to-maturity investments. Held-to-maturity investments adopt the effective interest method and take amortized cost for subsequentmeasurement,and gains or losses arising from derecognition, impairment or amortization are included in the profit or loss of this period.Classification, recognition and measurement of financial liabilities- The company at the time of initial recognition of financial liabilities divides it into the following two categories: financial liabilities measured at fair value with changes included in the profit or loss of this period and other financial liabilities. Financial liabilities are measured at fair value when initially recognized. Relevant transaction costs of financial liabilities measured at fair value with changes included in the profit or loss of this period are recognized in profit or loss of this period, and relevant transaction costs of other financial liabilities are recognized in the amount initially recognized.-- Financial liabilities measuredat fair value with changesincluded in the profit or loss of this period include the trading financial liabilities and financial liabilities measured at fair value with changes included in the profit or loss of this period designated upon initial recognition. Financial liabilities are subsequently measured at fair value, and the gains or losses of the change in fair value are recognized in the profit or loss in this period.-- Other financial liabilities: adopting the effective interest method and taking amortized cost for subsequent measurement. The gains or losses arising from derecognition or amortization is included in the profit or loss of this period. Requirements for derecognition of financial liabilitiesFinancial liabilities shall be entirely or partially derecognized if the present obligations derived from them are entirely or partially discharged. Where the Company enters into an agreement with a creditor so as to substitute the current financial liabilities with new ones, and the contract clauses of which are substantially different from those of the current ones, it shall recognize the new financial liabilities in place of the current ones. Where substantial revisions are made to some or all of the contract clauses of the current financial liabilities, the Company shall recognize the new financial liabilities after revision of the contract clauses in place of the current ones entirely or partially.Upon entire or partial derecognition of financial liabilities, differences between the carrying amounts of the derecognized financial liabilities and the consideration paid (including non-monetary assets surrendered or new financial liabilities assumed) are charged to profit or loss for the current period.Where the Company redeems part of its financial liabilities, it shall allocate the carrying amounts of the entire financial liabilities between the relative fair values of the parts that continue to be recognized and the derecognized parts on the redemption date. Differences between the carrying amounts allocated to the derecognized parts and the consideration paid (including non-monetary assets surrendered and the new financial liabilities assumed) are charged to profit or loss for the current period. Recognition and measurement for transfer of financial assetsIf the Company has transferred nearly all of the risks and rewards relating to the ownership of the financial assetsto the transferee, they shall be derecognized.If it retains nearly all of the risks and rewards relating to the ownership of the financial assets, they shall not be derecognized and will be recognized as a financial liability. If the Company has not transferred nor retained nearly all of the risks and rewards relating to the ownership of the financial assets:(1) to give up the control of the financial assets to be derecognized; (2) not giving up control of the financial asset to be recognized based on the extent of its continuing involvement in the transferred financial assets and liabilities are recognized accordingly.If the transfer of entire financial assets satisfy the criteria for derecognition, differences between the amounts of the following two items shall be recognized in profit or loss for the current period: (1) the carrying amount of the transferred financial asset; (2) the aggregate consideration received from the transfer plus the cumulative amounts of the changes in the fair values originally recognized in the owners 'equity. If the partial transfer of financial assets satisfy the criteria for derecognition, the carrying amounts of the entire financial assets transferred shall be split into the derecognized and recognized parts according to their respective fair values and differences between the amounts of the following two items are charged to profit or loss for the current period: (1) the carrying amounts of the derecognized parts; (2) The aggregate consideration for the derecognized parts plus the portion of the accumulative amounts of the changes in the fair values of the derecognized parts which are originally recognized in the owners ' equity.Determination of the fair value of financial instruments- If financial instruments trade in an active market, the quoted price in an active market determines its fair value; if financial instrument trade not in an active market, the valuation techniques determine the fair value. Valuation techniques include recent market transaction price reference to the familiar situation and volunteer transaction, current fair value reference to other substantially similar financial instruments, disco un ted cash flow method and opti on pric ing model and so on.Test and Provisions for impairment loss on financial assets--Except tradi ng finan cial assets, the Compa ny makes assessme nton the carry ing values of financial assets at the balance sheet date. If there is evidence that the fair value of specific financial asset has been impaired, provisions for impairment loss is made accord in gly.--Measureme nt of impairme nt of finan cial assets measured at amortized cost If there is objective evide nce that the finan cial asset measured at amortized cost has been impaired, the carrying amount of the financial asset is written down to the prese nt valueof estimated future cash flows (excludi ng future credit losses that have not yet occurred), and the amount of reduct ion is recog ni zed as impairme nt loss and is recognized in the profit or loss of this period. The Company carries out the impairment test of significant single financial asset separately, carries out the impairme nt test on in sig nifica nt sin gle finan cial asset from a si ngle or comb in atio n of an gles, and carries out the impairme nt test on sin gle asset without objective evide nce of impairment along with the financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics to con stitute a comb in ati on, but does not carry out the impairme nt test on the provisi on for impairment of financial assets based on the single in the portfolio. In the subsequent period, if there is objective evidence that the value of financial asset has bee n restored and recog ni zed releva nt to the objective matters occurri ng after the impairme nt, previously recog ni zed impairme nt loss shall be reversed and charged into the profit or loss of this period. But the book value after the reversal should not exceed the amortized cost at the reversal date of the financial assets supposed no provision for impairment. When the financial assets measured at amortized cost actually occur loss, offset aga inst the related provisi on for impairme nt.--Available for sale finan cial assetsIf there is objective evidence that an impairment of available for sale financial assets occurs, even though the financial asset has not been derecognised, the cumulative loss of decreaseof the faire value originally recorded in the owner's equity should be tran sferred out and charged in to the curre nt profit and loss. The cumulative loss is the initial acquisition cost of available for sale financial assets, deducting the fair value of the withdrawing principal and amortization amount and impairment loss as well as net impairme nt amount origi nally charged into the profit or loss.Recog niti on and provisi on for bad debts of acco unts receivableIf there is objective evide nce that receivables are impaired at the end of this period, the carrying value will be written down to its present value of estimated future cash flows, and the amount of reducti on is recog ni zed as impairme nt loss and is recog ni zed in the current profit or loss. Present value of estimated future cash flows is determined through future cash flows (excluding credit losses that have not been incurred) disco un ted at the origi nal effective in terest rate, tak ing in to acco unt the value of related collateral (less estimated disposal costs, etc.). Origi nal effective in terest rate is the actual interest rate when the receivables are recognized initially. The estimated future cash flows of short-term receivables have small difference from the present value, and the estimated future cash flows are not discounted in determining the related impairme nt loss.The sig nifica nt sin gle receivables are separately carried out impairme nt test at the end of this period, and if there is objective evidence that the impairment has occurred, based on the differe nce of the prese nt value of future cash flows less tha n the book value, the impairme nt loss is recog ni zed and the provisi on of bad debts is done. The significant single amount refers to top five receivable balances or the sum of payme nts acco un ti ng for more tha n 10% of receivable bala nces.If there is objective evide nce that the in dividual non-sig nifica nt receivables impairment has occurred, separate impairment test is done, the impairment loss is recog ni zed and the provisi on for bad debts is done; other in dividual non-sig nifica ntreceivables and receivables not impaired after separate test are together divided into several comb in atio ns for impairme nt testi ng with aging as the similar credit risk characteristics, to determ ine the impairme nt loss and do provisi on for bad debts.In addition to separate provision for impairment of receivables, the company is based on the actual loss rate of receivable portfolio with the same or similar to the previous year and aging as the similar credit risk characteristics, and combines the current situation to determine the ratio of provision for bad debts as follows:Fixed assets and depreciation accounting methodRecognition criteria of fixed assets: fixed assets refer to tangible assets held for the purpose of produc ing commodities, provid ing services, ren ti ng or bus in ess man ageme nt with useful lives exceed ing one acco un ti ng year and high unit value. Classification of fixed assets: buildings and constructions, machinery equipment, tran sport equipme nt and office equipme nt.Fixed assets pricing and depreciation method: the fixed assetsis priced based on actual cost and depreciated in a straight-line method. The estimated useful lives, estimated residual rate and annual depreciation rate of various categories of fixed assets are listed as follows:end of the report ing period, and if the market con ti nuing to fall or tech no logical obsolescence, damage, long-term idle and other reasons result in fixed assets recoverable amount lower than its book value, in accordancewith the difference provision for impairment of fixed assets, the impairment loss is recognized in fixed assetsa nd can not be reversed i n a subseque nt acco un ti ng period. The recoverable amount is recog ni zed based on the fair value of the assets deduct ing the net amount after disposal expensesand the present value of cash flows of the estimated future assets. The present value of the future cash flows of the asset is determined in accorda nee with the result ing estimated future cash flows in the process of con ti nu ous use and final disposal to select its appropriate discount rate and the amount of the disco unt. Accounting method of construction in progressThe construction in progress is priced on the actual cost, to temporarily transfer to fixed assets whe n reach ing the in ten ded use state in accorda nce with the project budgetand the actual cost of the project, and to adjust the book value of fixed assets according to the actual cost after handling final settlement of accounts. Acquisition, con struct ion or producti on of assets eligible for capitalizatio n borrowed specifically or the in terest on gen eral borrowi ng costs and auxiliary expe nses of specific borrow ings occurred can be in cluded in the cost of capital assets and subseque ntly recog ni zed in the curre nt profit or loss before the acquisiti on, con structi on or product ion of the qualify ing asset reaches the inten ded use state or the sale state.Impairme nt of con struct ion in progress: the Compa ny con ducts a comprehe nsive inspection of construction in progress at the end of the reporting period; if the con struct ion in process is stopped for long time and will not be con structed in the n ext three years and the con struct ion in progress brings great un certa inty to the econo mic ben efits of en terprises due to backward performa nce or tech niq ues and the con struct ion in progress occurs impairme nt, the bala nce of recoverable amount of sin gle con struct ion in progress lower tha n the book value of con struct ion in progress is for impairme nt provisi ons of con struct ion in progress. Impairme nt loss on the con struct ion in progress shall not be reversed in subseque nt acco unting periods once recog ni zed. The pricing and amortizing of intangible assetsPricing of the intan gible assets---The cost of outsourcing intangible assets shall be priced based on the actual expe nditure directly attributable to in ta ngible assets for the expected purpose.---Expenditure on internal research and development projects is charged into the current profit or loss, and expense in the development stage can be recognized as in tan gible costs if meeti ng the criteria for capitalizati on.---Intangible assets of investment is in accordance with the agreed value of the in vestme nt con tract or agreeme nt as costs, exclud ing not fair agreed value of the con tract or agreeme nt.---Intan gible assets of the debtor obta ined in the non-cash asset cover debt method can be accepted; if the receivable creditor' right is changed into intangible assets, then record accord ing to the fair value of intan gible assets.---For non-monetary transaction intangible assets,the fair value and related taxes payable of non-mon etary assets should be the acco un ti ng cost.Amortizati on of in tan gible assets: as for the in tan gible assets with limited service life, it is amortized by straight-line method when it is available for use within the service period. As for unforeseeable period of intangible assets bringing future economic ben efits to the compa ny, it is regarded as in tan gible assets with un certa in service life, and in tan gible assets with un certa in service life can not be amortized. The Compa' in tan gible assets in clude land use rights, forest land use rights and the producti on and marketing information management software. The land use rights are amortized averagely in accordanee with 50 years of service life, forest land use rights are amortized averagely in accordanee with 30 years of service life, and the production and marketing information management software are amortized averagely in accorda nee with 5 years of service life.Expe nditures aris ing from developme nt phase on internal research and developme nt projects can be recog ni zed as intan gible assetswhe n satisfy ing all of the follow ingconditions: (1) there is technical feasibility of completing the intangible assets so that they will be available for use or sale; (2) there is in ten ti on to complete and use or sell the in ta ngible assets; (3) the method that the in ta ngible assetsge nerate econo mic ben efits, in clud ing existe nee of a market for products produced by the intan gible assets or for the intangible assets themselves, shall be proved. Or, if to be used intern ally, the usef uln ess of the intan gible assets shall be proved; (4) adequate tech ni cal, finan cial, and other resources are available to complete the developme nt of intan gible assets, and the Compa ny has the ability to use or sell the intan gible assets; (5) the expenditures arising from development phase of the intangible assets can be measured reliably.Impairme nt of in ta ngible assets: the Compa ny con ducts a comprehe nsive in spect ion on intangible assetsat the end of the reporting period. If the intangible assetshave bee n replaced by other new tech no logies so as to seriously affect its capacity to create econo mic ben efits for the en terprise, the market value of certa in in ta ngible assets sharply fall and is not expected to recover in the remaining amortization period, certa in in tan gible asset has exceeded the legal time limit but still has some value in use as well as the intangible asset impairment has occurred, the provision for impairme nt is done accord ing to the differe nce betwee n the in dividual estimated recoverable amount and the book value. Impairme nt loss on the intan gible asset shall not be reversed in subseque nt acco unting periods once recog ni zed.Acco un ti ng method of capitalizatio n of borrowi ng costsBorrow ing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisiti on, con struct ion or product ion of qualify ing assets for capitalizati on should be charged into the releva nt costs of assets and therefore should be capitalized. Borrowing costs incurred after qualify ing assets for capitalizatio n reaches the estimated use state are charged to profit or loss in the curre nt period. Other borrow ing costs are recog ni zed as expe nses based on the accrual and are charged to profit or loss in the curre nt period.Capitalizati on of borrow ing costs should meet the follow ing con diti ons: expe nditures are being in curred, which comprise disburseme nts in curred in the form of payme nts of cash, tran sfer of non-mon etary assetsor assumpti on of in terest-beari ng debts for the acquisiti on, con struct ion or product ion of qualify ing assets for capitalizati on; borrow ing costs are being in curred; purchase, con structi on or manu facturi ng activities that are n ecessary to prepare the assets for their inten ded use or sale are in progress. Capitalizati on amount of borrowi ng in terest: the borrowi ng in terest in curred from the acquisiti on, con struct ion or producti on of assets eligible for capitalizatio n borrowed specifically or gen erally should be determ ined the capitalizati on amount accordi ng to the followi ng method before the acquisiti on, con struct ion or product ion of a qualify ing asset reach ing its inten ded use or sale state:---Where funds are borrowed specifically for purchase, con structi on or manu facturi ng of assets eligible for capitalization, costs eligible for capitalization are the actual in terest costs in curred in curre nt period less the in terest in come of unu sed borrowi ng funds deposited in the bank or any in come earned on the temporary inv estme nt of such borrow in gs.---Where funds allocated for purchase, con struct ion or manu facturi ng of assets eligible for capitalization are part of a general pool, the eligible capitalization interest。
Unit 2 审计AuditingUnit 2 审计 Auditing1.审计计划 Audit Planning实际执行的重要性 The materiality of actual execution确定实际执行的重要性需要注册会计师运用职业判断,并考虑下列因素的影响:CPA should use professional judgment when determining the materiality of actual execution and consider the effects of following factors:a.对被审计单位的了解;Understanding the auditee;b.前期审计工作中识别出的错报的性质和范围;The nature and scope of misstatements identified in preliminary audit work;c.根据前期识别出的错报对本期错报作出的预期。
Prediction of current period misstatements according to previous period misstatements identified.通常而言,实际执行的重要性通常为财务报表整体重要性的50%-75%。
Generally, performance materiality will be at 50% to 75% of the materiality for the financial statements as a whole.实际执行的重要性接近整体重要性50%的情况:a.非连续审计;b.以前年度审计调整较多;c.项目总体风险较高。
Under the following circumstances, the performance materiality will be close to 50% of the overall materiality for the financial statements: a.It is a non-recurring audit;b.There were many audit adjustments in previous years;c.The overall risk of the project is high.接近75%的具体情况:a.连续审计,以前年度审计调整较少;b.项目总体风险较低。
资金调拨管理制度英语翻译1. IntroductionThe Funds Transfer Management System (FTMS) is a comprehensive set of policies and procedures designed to regulate the movement of funds within the company. The FTMS provides the framework for managing and controlling the transfer of funds between accounts, departments, and entities. This system is essential in ensuring transparency, accountability, and compliance with regulatory requirements and internal controls.2. PurposeThe primary purpose of the FTMS is to ensure the efficient and secure transfer of funds within the organization. It aims to minimize the risk of fraud, error, and misuse of funds, while also ensuring that funds are allocated and utilized in accordance with the company's strategic objectives and financial policies.3. ScopeThe scope of the FTMS includes all activities related to the transfer of funds within the organization, including but not limited to:- Transfers between bank accounts- Transfers between departments- Transfers to and from subsidiaries or affiliated entities- Payments to vendors and suppliers- Capital investments and divestments- Loans and borrowings4. GovernanceThe FTMS is governed by a dedicated Funds Transfer Committee, comprised of senior management and finance personnel. The Committee is responsible for overseeing the implementation, monitoring, and review of the FTMS to ensure its effectiveness and compliance with internal and external requirements.5. Roles and ResponsibilitiesThe FTMS assigns specific roles and responsibilities to individuals involved in the funds transfer process, including:- The Funds Transfer Committee, which oversees the overall management of the FTMS and monitors its performance.- Authorized signatories, who are responsible for approving funds transfers within specified limits and in accordance with the company's financial authority matrix.- Finance and accounting personnel, who are responsible for initiating, processing, and reconciling funds transfers in compliance with the FTMS.- Internal auditors, who are responsible for conducting periodic reviews and assessments of the FTMS to ensure its integrity and effectiveness.- IT and security personnel, who are responsible for maintaining the integrity and security of the systems and networks used for funds transfers.6. ProceduresThe FTMS establishes a set of procedures governing the initiation, approval, processing, and reconciliation of funds transfers. These procedures include:- Clear guidelines for the initiation of funds transfers, including the documentation and authorization requirements.- Authorization levels and limits for different categories of funds transfers, based on the financial authority matrix.- Segregation of duties to ensure that no single individual has control over the entire funds transfer process.- Secure transmission and storage of payment instructions and other relevant documentation.- Reconciliation of funds transfer records with bank statements and other relevant accounts.7. ControlsThe FTMS incorporates a series of controls to mitigate the risk of fraud, error, and misuse of funds, including:- Dual controls for authorization and execution of funds transfers, requiring the involvement of at least two authorized signatories.- Use of secure and verified communication channels for transmitting payment instructions, such as encrypted emails or secure file transfer protocols.- Regular monitoring and reconciliation of funds transfer records to identify and rectify any discrepancies or anomalies.- Periodic reviews and audits of the FTMS to assess its effectiveness and compliance with internal policies and external regulations.8. ComplianceThe FTMS is designed to ensure compliance with all relevant laws, regulations, and internal policies governing the transfer of funds. It incorporates measures to prevent money laundering, fraud, and other illicit activities, in line with industry best practices and regulatory requirements.9. Reporting and MonitoringThe FTMS includes provisions for reporting and monitoring the performance and effectiveness of the funds transfer process. This includes the generation of regular reports on the volume, value, and nature of funds transfers, as well as the identification and resolution of any issues or discrepancies.10. Training and AwarenessThe FTMS includes provisions for training and awareness programs to ensure that all personnel involved in the funds transfer process are knowledgeable about their roles and responsibilities, as well as the policies and procedures governing funds transfers.11. ConclusionThe Funds Transfer Management System is a critical component of the organization's financial management framework. It provides the structure and discipline necessary to ensure the efficient, secure, and compliant transfer of funds, thereby safeguarding the company's assets and reputation. The effective implementation and enforcement of the FTMS are essential in mitigating the risk of financial loss and ensuring the integrity of the organization's financial operations.。
财务制度及流程英文IntroductionA financial system is a set of procedures and regulations established by an organization to ensure the accurate and efficient management of its financial resources. It encompasses various financial systems and processes such as budgeting, accounting, internal controls, and financial reporting. The financial system is crucial in helping an organization achieve its financial objectives, comply with legal requirements, and make informed financial decisions.This article will explore the components of a financial system and outline the key processes involved in managing the organization's financial resources.Components of a Financial System1. BudgetingBudgeting is an essential component of a financial system as it helps organizations plan and allocate resources effectively. A budget outlines the expected revenues and expenses for a specific period, enabling management to assess the financial health of the organization and make informed decisions. The budgeting process involves setting financial goals, forecasting revenues and expenses, and monitoring actual performance against budgeted targets.2. AccountingAccounting involves recording, classifying, and summarizing financial transactions to provide relevant financial information to stakeholders. The accounting process includes preparing financial statements such as the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. Accounting also involves analyzing financial data to assess the financial performance of the organization and make recommendations for improvement.3. Internal ControlsInternal controls are procedures and policies implemented by an organization to safeguard its assets, ensure the accuracy of financial data, and prevent fraud and errors. Internal controls help management monitor and control financial activities, identify risks, and comply with legal and regulatory requirements.4. Financial ReportingFinancial reporting involves presenting financial information to stakeholders such as investors, creditors, and regulators. Financial reports provide an overview of the organization's financial performance, position, and cash flows. The key financial reports include the annual report, quarterly reports, and interim financial statements.Key Processes in Financial Management1. Financial PlanningFinancial planning involves setting financial goals, developing strategies, and allocating resources to achieve the organization's objectives. The financial planning process includes forecasting revenues and expenses, analyzing financial data, and developing a budget. Financial planning helps management assess the financial health of the organization and make informed decisions.2. Budgeting ProcessThe budgeting process involves preparing a budget for the organization's operations, projects, or departments. The budget outlines the expected revenues and expenses for a specific period, enabling management to allocate resources effectively and monitor performance against budgeted targets. The budgeting process includes setting financial goals, forecasting revenues and expenses, and monitoring actual performance.3. Financial AnalysisFinancial analysis involves analyzing financial data to assess the financial performance and position of the organization. Financial analysis helps management make informed decisions, identify trends and patterns, and develop strategies for improvement. Key financial analysis tools include ratio analysis, trend analysis, and variance analysis.4. Financial Reporting ProcessThe financial reporting process involves preparing and presenting financial information to stakeholders such as investors, creditors, and regulators. Financial reports provide an overview of the organization's financial performance, position, and cash flows. The financial reporting process includes preparing financial statements such as the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement.5. Internal Control ProceduresInternal control procedures are policies and practices implemented by an organization to safeguard its assets, ensure the accuracy of financial data, and prevent fraud and errors. Internal control procedures help management monitor and control financial activities, identify risks, and comply with legal and regulatory requirements. Key internal control procedures include segregation of duties, authorization procedures, and physical controls.6. Audit ProcessThe audit process involves reviewing and assessing the organization's financial statements, processes, and controls to provide assurance on the accuracy and reliability of financial information. Auditors examine financial records, verify transactions, and assess compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The audit process helps stakeholders assess the organization's financial health and make informed decisions.ConclusionA robust financial system is essential for organizations to manage their financial resources effectively, make informed decisions, and achieve their financial objectives. The financial system encompasses various components such as budgeting, accounting, internal controls, and financial reporting. Key processes in financial management include financial planning, budgeting, financial analysis, financial reporting, internal control procedures, and the audit process.By implementing a comprehensive financial system and following established processes, organizations can improve their financial performance, reduce risks, and enhance stakeholder confidence. It is crucial for organizations to continuously review and update their financial system to adapt to changing business environments and regulatory requirements. A well-designed financial system and processes are essential for the long-term success and sustainability of an organization.。
审计报告中英文对照Audit Report审计报告致:XYZ公司管理层我们对XYZ公司及其附属公司(统称为“集团”)2024年12月31日的合并财务报表以及截至该日的年度进行了审计。
合并财务报表包括截至2024年12月31日的合并资产负债表,年度综合收益表,股东权益变动表和合并现金流量表,以及合并财务报表的附注。
Responsibility of the Management for the Consolidated Financial Statements管理层对合并财务报表的责任The management of the Group is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidatedfinancial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. This responsibility includes designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.集团管理层负责根据国际财务报告准则编制并公正呈现这些合并财务报表。
这一责任包括设计、实施和维护与合并财务报表编制和公正呈现有关的内部控制,确保合并财务报表不存在重大错误或舞弊。
Responsibility of the Auditor审计师的责任我们的责任是根据我们所进行的审计,对这些合并财务报表发表意见。
第1篇As we approach the end of the year, it is essential to take a moment to reflect on the financial activities and achievements of the past year. This summary aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the keyfinancial operations, challenges encountered, and strategies implemented to ensure the financial health and stability of our organization. The following report details our year-end financial work summary.I. IntroductionThe financial year [Year] has been a period of significant activity and change for our organization. It has been marked by both challenges and opportunities, and our financial team has worked tirelessly to navigate these changes and ensure that our organization remains financially sound. This summary covers the key areas of financial operations, including budgeting, revenue management, expense control, and investmentactivities.II. Budgeting and Forecasting1. Budget Approval and Implementation:- The budget for the financial year [Year] was approved in [Month], reflecting our strategic objectives and financial goals.- The budget was implemented effectively, with monthly monitoring and adjustments made to ensure alignment with our goals.2. Forecasting Accuracy:- Our forecasting model was reasonably accurate, with a variance of [X%] between actual and forecasted figures.- The variance was primarily due to [mention specific reasons, e.g., market fluctuations, unexpected expenses].III. Revenue Management1. Revenue Growth:- Total revenue for the year was [X%] higher than the budgeted amount, reaching [Amount].- The increase was driven by [mention key factors, e.g., new product launches, increased market share].2. Revenue Streams Analysis:- The breakdown of revenue streams revealed that [mention top contributors, e.g., product sales, services, subscriptions].- We focused on diversifying our revenue streams to reduce dependence on a single source.IV. Expense Control1. Cost Reduction Initiatives:- We implemented several cost reduction initiatives, resulting in a reduction of [mention percentage] in overall expenses.- Key initiatives included [mention specific actions, e.g., energy conservation, process optimization].2. Supplier Management:- We reviewed and renegotiated contracts with key suppliers,resulting in [mention savings percentage] savings.- This helped in maintaining a healthy balance between cost and quality.V. Investment Activities1. Investment Returns:- Our investment portfolio generated a return of [mention percentage], exceeding the benchmark index by [mention percentage].- The portfolio was well-diversified, with exposure to [mention sectors, e.g., stocks, bonds, real estate].2. Risk Management:- We conducted regular risk assessments to identify and mitigate potential risks to our investment portfolio.- The risk management strategy was effective in safeguarding our investments.VI. Financial Reporting and Compliance1. Monthly Financial Reporting:- Our monthly financial reports were submitted on time, providing stakeholders with accurate and timely financial information.- The reports were well-received and utilized for decision-making processes.2. Compliance:- Our organization remained compliant with all relevant financial regulations and standards.- Regular audits were conducted to ensure compliance and identify areas for improvement.VII. Challenges and Lessons Learned1. Market Volatility:- The volatility in the market posed challenges in revenue forecasting and investment management.- We learned the importance of maintaining a flexible and adaptive approach to financial planning.2. COVID-19 Impact:- The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted business operations and affected revenue streams.- We implemented remote working arrangements and explored new business models to mitigate the impact.VIII. Future Outlook and Strategies1. Revenue Growth:- We plan to focus on expanding our market presence and diversifying our product offerings to drive revenue growth.- Strategic partnerships and collaborations will be a key focus area.2. Expense Management:- We will continue to monitor and control expenses, ensuring cost efficiency in all operations.- Regular reviews of supplier contracts will be conducted to optimize costs.3. Investment Strategy:- Our investment strategy will remain focused on diversification and risk management.- We will explore new investment opportunities in emerging markets and technologies.IX. ConclusionAs we conclude the financial year [Year], we are proud of the achievements and the resilience demonstrated by our financial team. The past year has been a testament to our commitment to financial stability and strategic growth. We look forward to the challenges andopportunities that the coming year will bring and are confident that our proactive approach and dedicated team will ensure our continued success.This year-end financial work summary serves as a benchmark for our past performance and a roadmap for our future endeavors. We remain committed to maintaining transparency, accountability, and excellence in all our financial operations.Thank you to all team members for their hard work and dedication throughout the year. We look forward to another successful year ahead.[Your Name][Your Position][Your Organization][Date]第2篇IntroductionAs the year comes to a close, it is essential to take a moment toreflect on the achievements, challenges, and lessons learned throughout the year in the financial department. This year-end financial work summary aims to provide an overview of the key activities, outcomes, and insights gained during the past year. It will cover various aspects such as financial planning, budgeting, accounting, auditing, and risk management.I. Financial Planning and Budgeting1. Strategic PlanningDuring the year, our financial department actively participated in the company's strategic planning process. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the market environment, industry trends, and competitive landscape to identify potential risks and opportunities. Based on this analysis, we provided valuable insights to support the development of the company's strategic goals and objectives.2. Budgeting ProcessWe implemented an efficient budgeting process to ensure that the company's financial resources are allocated effectively. The budgeting process involved the following steps:a. Revenue Forecasting: We analyzed historical data, market trends, and economic forecasts to estimate the company's revenue for the upcoming fiscal year.b. Expense Planning: We identified all potential expenses, categorized them into different cost centers, and allocated them accordingly.c. Budget Approval: The budget was reviewed and approved by theexecutive team, ensuring that it aligned with the company's strategic goals.d. Budget Monitoring: We established a budget monitoring system to track actual expenses against budgeted amounts and take corrective actions if necessary.II. Accounting and Reporting1. General Ledger ManagementOur accounting team maintained an accurate and up-to-date general ledger, ensuring that all financial transactions were recorded correctly. We implemented a robust accounting system to streamline the recording process and minimize errors.2. Financial ReportingWe prepared timely and accurate financial reports, including balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements, in compliance with relevant accounting standards. These reports were used by management to make informed decisions and by stakeholders to assess the company's financial performance.3. Tax ComplianceOur tax team ensured that the company's tax obligations were met in a timely and accurate manner. We stayed updated on tax laws andregulations and worked closely with external tax advisors to minimizetax liabilities.III. Auditing and Internal Controls1. Internal AuditWe conducted regular internal audits to ensure that the company's financial processes and controls were effective. The audits covered various aspects, including financial reporting, compliance with internal policies, and adherence to regulatory requirements.2. Internal ControlsWe strengthened the internal control framework to mitigate the risk of fraud and errors. This involved implementing segregation of duties, conducting regular internal control assessments, and providing training to employees on internal control policies and procedures.IV. Risk Management1. Credit Risk ManagementOur credit risk management team monitored and evaluated the creditworthiness of customers to minimize the risk of bad debts. We established credit limits, conducted credit assessments, and followed up on payment collections.2. Market Risk ManagementWe monitored market risks, including interest rate risk, currency risk, and commodity price risk, and implemented hedging strategies to mitigate potential losses.3. Operational Risk ManagementOur operational risk management team identified, assessed, and mitigated operational risks that could impact the company's financial performance. This involved implementing process improvements, ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements, and providing training to employees on operational risk awareness.ConclusionIn conclusion, the financial department has achieved significant milestones throughout the year. We have successfully implemented strategic planning and budgeting processes, maintained accurate accounting and reporting, ensured compliance with tax regulations, conducted thorough audits and internal controls, and managed various risks.Looking ahead, we will continue to enhance our financial processes, improve risk management practices, and contribute to the company'soverall success. We are committed to delivering exceptional financial services and supporting the company's strategic objectives in the upcoming year.Thank you for your continued support and collaboration throughout the year. We look forward to achieving even greater success in the year ahead.第3篇Introduction:As we approach the end of the financial year, it is crucial to take a moment to reflect on the achievements, challenges, and lessons learned over the past twelve months. This year-end work summary aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the financial department's performance, strategies implemented, and future plans. The following sections will delve into key areas such as financial planning, budgeting, risk management, and compliance.I. Financial Planning and Forecasting:1. Objective Setting: The financial department successfully aligned with the organization's strategic goals, setting realistic and achievable financial objectives for the year.2. Budgeting Process: A well-structured budgeting process was implemented, ensuring that all departments were involved and that resources were allocated efficiently.3. Forecasting Accuracy: The financial team's forecasting models demonstrated high accuracy, allowing for informed decision-making and proactive management of financial risks.II. Revenue and Expense Management:1. Revenue Growth: The financial department played a pivotal role in driving revenue growth through effective pricing strategies, new product launches, and market expansion.2. Expense Control: Aggressive expense management measures were implemented, resulting in significant cost savings across various departments.3. Revenue Recognition: Strict adherence to accounting standards ensured accurate revenue recognition, maintaining the integrity of financial statements.III. Risk Management:1. Credit Risk: A robust credit risk management framework was established, minimizing the risk of bad debts and improving cash flow.2. Market Risk: The financial team continuously monitored market trends and fluctuations, implementing hedging strategies to mitigate potential losses.3. Operational Risk: Regular risk assessments were conducted to identify and address operational risks, ensuring business continuity.IV. Compliance and Regulatory Reporting:1. Regulatory Compliance: The financial department maintained strict compliance with all relevant financial regulations and standards, minimizing the risk of penalties and legal issues.2. Reporting Accuracy: Accurate and timely financial reporting was ensured, meeting both internal and external stakeholders' expectations.3. Audit Preparedness: Preparations for annual audits were completed efficiently, resulting in a smooth and successful audit process.V. Project Management and Collaboration:1. Project Execution: The financial department successfully managed several key projects, delivering results within budget and on schedule.2. Team Collaboration: Effective communication and collaboration with other departments fostered a positive work environment and facilitated the achievement of organizational goals.3. Technology Integration: The adoption of new financial software and tools improved efficiency and accuracy in financial processes.VI. Challenges and Lessons Learned:1. Economic Uncertainty: The global economic downturn presented challenges in revenue growth and expense management. However, the financial department adapted quickly and implemented contingency plans to mitigate the impact.2. Technology Integration: The integration of new financial software posed initial challenges but, with continuous training and support, the team successfully overcame them, resulting in improved efficiency.3. Team Development: Investing in the professional development of team members enhanced their skills and contributed to overall departmental success.VII. Future Plans and Goals:1. Strategic Financial Planning: The financial department will continue to align with the organization's strategic goals, developing long-term financial plans to support growth and sustainability.2. Risk Management Enhancement: The risk management framework will be further strengthened, incorporating emerging risks and evolving market conditions.3. Technology Innovation: The adoption of advanced financial technologies will be prioritized to improve efficiency, accuracy, and data-driven decision-making.Conclusion:As we conclude the financial year, the financial department is proud of its achievements and the contributions made towards the organization's success. The past twelve months have been marked by effective financial planning, revenue growth, expense control, and robust risk management. The team has also learned valuable lessons from challenges faced, enabling us to grow stronger and better equipped for the future. Withthe outlined plans and goals, we are confident in navigating the upcoming financial year and achieving even greater success.。
D:\iknow\docshare\data\cur_work\36368723.doc Designing Internal Control System To Minimize Fraud And Designing Internal Control System For Mfis Parveen Mahmud, FCA, Deputy Managing Director Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation (PKSF), Bangladesh
ABSTRACT In section 1.0 this paper gives an introduction to Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) informal financial service delivery mechanism which are not under any regulatory framework like the formal sector. So, there is a necessity to internalize a built-in internal control system through self-regulation to mitigate exposure to risk in MFI. In 2.0 sound and reliable management system for MFIs through self-regulation are discussed. Section 3.0 discussed under internal control its basic criteria: appropriateness, consistency and cost effectiveness. In section 4.0 an overview of risk management of MFIs are discussed under different dimensions: governance risk, management risk which are split into operating risk and financial risk. Financial risk is again sub-divided under portfolio risk, liquidity risk and interest risk. Under section 5.0 tools for effective internal control in MFI are discussed. Section 6.0 portrays steps for designing internal controls for MFI. In section 7.0 conclusion has been drawn that the internal control can be expected to provide only reasonable assurance.
1. INTRODUCTION Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) are informal financial service providers and are not under any regulatory framework like the formal sector. On the demand side the MFIs offer collateral-free loans. Social collateral replaces material collateral through an intangible micro-network of mutual accountabilities. Again, from the supply side, distinct characteristics of MFIs in Bangladesh are not- for profit organizations. Board members are not shareholders, they do not have financial stakes. MFIs through microcredit programs (MCPs) mobilize poor and distressed target people and extend collateral- free small loans to them with the objective of creating self-employment for poverty alleviation. The most important asset in MFIs is the portfolio, and the liability is the savings deposit taken from the poor MCP members. Savings mobilization takes place as a source of funding for the Revolving Loan Fund (RLF). A distinct characteristic of MFIs is its informal, decentralized process of service delivery technology. Although they have a Central Head Office, the MCP is operated at the grass root level through Branches. For better administration Branches are organized under Regions and if necessary, Regions under Divisions. Though the average individual loan size in the MCP is small, the number of transactions is high. At the field level, the amount of cash handling is also high, which creates opportunities for fraud. MFIs can partially compensate for structural shortcomings by practicing self regulation through effective internal control system linked to sound risk management strategies. It will keep the MFIs on the track to achieve a sustainable MFI corporate culture.
2.0 SELF-REGULATION “The basic concept of self-regulation is the “internal good governance” on the basis of: shared values and principles, shared standards among MFIs, local network as local value D:\iknow\docshare\data\cur_work\36368723.doc
guardian for ensuring “standard”.”1 Self-regulation is expected to be ingrained within the
MFIs integrated management system to ensure sound and organized growth on a sustainable basis. And, the dormant attribute is “internal control” to minimize risk management. Broadly, Governance and Accountability are essential elements for self- regulated integrated management system. Specific requirements are: a) A strong and capable board of directors that establishes sound program interventions, financial and risk management policies and ensures management accountability for effectively implementing these policies. b) Developing standard accounting system that is transparent and acceptable universally c) An intensive and extensive internal audit function to confirm that the approved policies are followed and procedures are effective. d) Development of effective mechanism for saver’s protection e) Efficient management and an effective Management Information System (MIS). f) Development of effective financial and operational performance standard. g) High quality external auditing by competent auditors experienced in microcredit as an objective check on internal control systems to protect against fraud and mismanagement. h) Strategic monitoring of financial performance standards, program performance and compliance of the code of norms/conducts by competent management.