2011北大博士生考试英语词汇汇总

原创医学博士英语统考考前加油站－立足实战！适合考前速记！常考及重难点词汇总结注意：以下词汇精选自“考博真题＋约30套模拟题词汇选择部分，均为个人查阅参考书总结；不当之处，请批评指正！市场流通的模拟题和真题的资料，答案解析部分均有个别错误！欢迎讨论！这里举一个普遍存在错误的例子，引以为戒：(三种版本的真题均错！)：(2008年第40题) The government always_____on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military prjects.A.takes upB.cheeks upC.works outD.looks into看过两本真题资料，题干都一样，一本资料给的答案是B，另一本是D？这里存在两个问题：1.题目本身有错误，以讹传讹！选项B cheek是check的误写！2.这里填的词组是“检查，调查”，此处check up 体格检查，核对，检查；但作不及物动词使用，不能直接接宾语；而check up on＝examine＝(synonym) look into 可以直接加宾语！。

言归正传！正文如下：1. exacerbate(使)恶化,(使)加重；exasperate激怒,触怒=infuriate;2.imminent (通常指不愉快的事)即将发生的, 逼近的，临近的；eminent (人)知名的，受人尊崇的，良好品质，非凡的，杰出的3.be prone to/liable to=be susceptible to敏感的,易受影响的, 易感染的; =predispose sb to=be predisposed to; be subjected to 受到，经受，遭受.4.incredible 不可信的; incredulous 不轻信的; be suspected of 被怀疑5.make for：1).走向, 前往2).冲向, 向…猛扑3).有利于, 有助于, 促进6.momentous adj.重大的, 严重的；momentary 刹那间的,顷刻的,短暂的7.sentiment n.柔情,伤感，柔情,哀伤;sentimental adj.伤感的，充满柔情的，情感的（而非理性的）；sensation n.感觉, 感受,直觉, 轰动；哗然；引起轰动的人（或事物)sensational adj. 轰动性的,引起哗然的,(报章等) 哗众取宠的；耸人听闻的8.plunder＝loot v.掠夺, n.(尤指战争中）掠夺的财物9.假的：pseudo,supposititious,dummy,feigned,bogus, false, fake;10.盗版piracy，pirated copy/version (of software, e.g.)反盗版：anti-pirate，fight against piracy;盗版问题Problem of Piracy12.娇惯pamper; coddle; spoil; 娇生惯养be spoiled; be spoiled and pampered13.毫不费力的，容易的effortless;不辞辛劳/不遗余力的painstaking，hardworking，y up(laid up)使卧床歇工；搁置不用：She's laid up with flu/ a broken leg.lay off解雇, 停止, 关闭, 休息;lay down 放下（武器）, 放弃, 制定（计划、法律、规则）, 出钱(买);lay out设计,安排,陈列,花费,拟定;lay on猛打,安装,提供(饭食等),涂上(油漆等),征收, 放在…上；强调.15.analgesia痛觉缺失;止痛；mortuary停尸间;太平间；16. airborne: 1).Carried by or through the air: airborne pollen.由空气传播的：空气传播的花粉症2). Transported in aircraft: airborne troops. 空运：空降部队;17.ambulant【医】(病人)可走动的,(治疗时)病人不需卧床的;流动的,移动的ambulance n.救护车;野战医院,流动医院;伤患运输机amphibian水陆两用飞机;两栖类的;两栖动物;水陆两栖的18.puffiness n.膨胀,肿大;自傲,夸张；puff up使骄傲自大;吹捧,吹嘘; 肿胀19.sanitation：公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备20.syringe注射器, 注射筒,用注射器清洗; gauze薄纱,网纱,(医用)纱布21.交通阻塞traffic jam/congestion; traffic block22.freelance vi/adj/adv. 做自由职业者/工作,从事自由职业,自由职业（者）的; freelancer自由职业者,自由作家,自由记者23.bandage n.绷带vt.用绷带绑扎；bondage奴役, 束缚，身体受束缚24.inspection, palpation，percussion，auscultation视诊、触诊、叩诊、听25.安乐死euthanasia; mercy killing26.holistic medicine整体医学；wholesome 有益于健康的：wholesome food;27.sedentary adj.久坐的, 固定不动的;28.supine/lying face upward 仰卧的; prone/ prostrate/lying face down俯卧的；seduce引诱、拐骗，勾引29.suntan n. 晒黑(的肤色)；sunburn：晒伤;晒太阳过量而引起皮肤灼痛30.convex lens 凸透镜；concave lens凹透镜；contact lens隐形眼镜31.知识产权intellectual property right(s);32.节约、节俭thrift; economize; economy，thrifty; frugal; economical33.dwell on老是想着,唠叨,细看，凝视;dwell in住在(某地)，保留, 存在34.deter vt.阻止, 威慑, 威吓；defer v. 推迟, 延期；35.defer to尊重,顺从，服从；deference尊重,顺从，服从；deferent传送的,输出的36.justify证明…有理，为…辩护，对…作出解释，为…辩解（或辩护）。

全国医学博士英语统考医学英语词汇表(精选)AAlimentary /’aeli'menteri／a．营养的；消化器官的alkaline／'aelkalain／a．碱性的n．碱性，碱度allergic / e'le:d3ik / a．过敏的alleviate／e'li：vieit／v．减轻(痛苦)，缓和alveolus／ael'viales／n．小窝，牙槽；肺泡ambulant／'sembjulan“a．走动的；适宜于下床活动的ameliorate／8'mi,"Uereit／v．改善，改良，转好ammonia／'aemaunj8／n．氨anatomy／e'naetemi／n．解剖学amputate／'aempju,teit／V．切断，截(肢)anemia／e'ni：mie／n．贫血症anesthesia／aenes'ei：zie／n．感觉缺失；麻醉anesthetic／,aenis'Setik／a．麻木的n．麻醉剂anhydrous／aen'haidres／a．脱水的，无水的ankle／'aerjk(9)J／n．踝anorexia / ,aerie(u)’reksia／n．食欲缺失；厌食anoxia / ae'noksie／n．缺氧(症)antacid／aent'aesid／n．解酸药，抗酸剂antibiotics / aentibai'atiks／n．抗生素antibody／'aenti,bodi／n．抗体antifebrile／,aenti'fi：brailla．退热的n．退热药antigen／'aentid3an／n．抗原antiseptic／,aenti'septik／a．防腐的，抗菌的n．防腐剂；抗菌剂antitoxin^aenti'toksin／n．抗毒素antiviral／'aenti'vaiarel／a．抗病毒的antivirus／'aenti'vaieras／n．抗病毒素apparatus^~epa'reites／n．器械，仪器，装置appendicitis／e,pendi'saitis／n．阑尾炎appendix／e'pendiks／n．附录；阑尾appetite／'aepitait／n．食欲，胃口，要求，欲望appliance／a'plaians／n．器具；用具；器械arrh、rthmia／a'riOmie／n．心率不齐；心率失常artery／'a：teri／n．动脉，干线arthritisla：'Oraitisln．关节炎articular／a"tikjulala．关节的aseptic／ei'septik／a．无菌的；防腐的；冷漠的asphyxia／aes'fiksie／n．窒息aspirate／'aespereit／v．吸出；抽出aspirin／'aesperin／n．阿司匹林assay／e'sei／n．测定，鉴定；化验v．化验，分析；尝试’assimilate／e'simileit／v．吸收；同化asthma／'aesma／n．气喘，哮喘asymmetric(a1)／aesi'metrik(kal)／a．不对称的；不匀称的；偏位的atrium／'eitriem／n．心房atropine / 'aetrapi：n／n．阿托平attenuate／o'tenjueit／vt．使变稀薄，稀释atypical／’eitipik(a)I／a．非典型的；不规则的，不匀称的；不正常的audiometer／，o：di'omita／n．听度计，听力计augment／o：g'ment／V．扩大；增长aural／’a：ral／a．听觉器官的；耳的auscultate|?a：skelteit|v．噘诊auspice／’o：spis／n．预兆，先(前)兆；吉兆autoclave／’0：taukleiv／n．高压消毒锅autopsy／'o：topsi／n．尸体解剖，尸检axilla／aek'sile／n．腋(窝)Bbacillus／ba'silas／n．芽孢杆菌backache／'baekeik／n．背痛bacterial／baek'tieriel／a．细菌的bactericidal／baek'tiarisaidal／a．杀菌的bacteriology／baek,tieri'olad3i／n．细菌学的bacterium／baek'tieriem／n．细菌bandagel'baendid3／n．绷带barbiturate／ba：'bitluarit／n．巴比妥盐BCG卡介苗bellyache／’belieik／n．腹痛beriberi／'beri'beri／n．脚气病bicarbonate／bai'ka：banit／n．碳酸氢盐bilateral／bai'laetaral／a．两边的，双侧的bile／bail／n．胆汁biliary／'biUari／a．胆汁的bioactiveI,baia~aektiv／a．生物活性的biochemistry／'baieu'kemistri／n。

Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D. seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A. You have contacted …we could comply withB. Had you contacted …we could have complied with页脚内容1C. You had contacted …could we have complied withD. Have you contacted …we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscioustheir psychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms ofthe waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.页脚内容2A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobodyseemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating页脚内容326. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)页脚内容4Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35 . According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable页脚内容535. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”页脚内容6The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors页脚内容742. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over time页脚内容8B. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.页脚内容9In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit.And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?页脚内容10A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working class页脚内容11C. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S ．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Jan．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Jan．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality.Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed页脚内容12tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolution页脚内容13D. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attemptto .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new idea页脚内容14B. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.页脚内容15During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.页脚内容16B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.页脚内容17C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom页脚内容18recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmart．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though Mr．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it. (74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it页脚内容19。

Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20％)Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet。

11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing" for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C。

needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control，it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message。

A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value。

A。

at itself B. as itself C. on itself D。

in itself14．us earlier，your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC。

Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35. According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question orunfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit.And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality.Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterdayafternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65)Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。

历年考研英语的高频单词（3～13次）历年考研英语的高频单词（2次）2011年考研大纲词汇AA,anart.一(个);任何一个;每,每一件abandonv.放弃;抛弃abidev.(by)坚持,遵守abilityn.能力,智能;才能,才干ablea.有能力的,能干的,显示出才华的able to inf. 能,会abnormala.反常的,不正常的aboardad.在船(飞机,车)上,上船（飞机,车）prep.在（船,飞机,车）上,上（船,飞机,车）abolishv.废除,取消aboutad.在周围,附近,到处;大约,差不多prep.关于,对于;在…周围,在…附近a.准备be about to+inf.即将aboveprep.在…上面,超过,高于a.上面的,上述的ad.在上面,以上above all首要,尤其abroadad.到国外,在国外;到处abrupta.突然的,意外的;(举止,言谈等)唐突的,鲁莽的absencen.缺席,不在场;缺乏,没有absenta.(from)缺席,不在场;缺乏的漫不经心的absolutea.绝对的,完全的absorbv.吸收;吸收,使专心be absorbed in专心于absorptionn.吸收abstracta.抽象的n.摘要,提要v.提(抽取)absurda.荒唐的abundancen.丰富,充裕abundanta.(in)丰富的,充分的,充裕的abusev./n.滥用;虐待;谩骂academica.学院的;学术的academyn.学院acceleratev.加快,促进accelerationn.加速(度)accentn.腔调,口音;重音(符号)acceptv.接受,认可;同意,认可acceptablea.可接受的acceptancen.接受,验收;承认,认可accessn.接近,进入;入口,通道,入口;接近（或进入）的方法have/gain access to可以获得accessoryn.附件,配件a.附属的accidentn.事故;意外的事,偶然的事by accident偶然accidentala. 偶然的,意外的accommodatev.留宿,收容;供应,供给accommodation(s)n.住宿,留宿;膳宿供应accompanyv.陪同,伴随;为…伴奏accomplishv.完成accordancen.一致in accordance with与…一致according to按照,根据accordinglyad.因此,从而,相应地,照着（办）accountn.账（目,户）;叙述,说明v.说明,解释account for说明（原因等）on account of因为,由于take …into account考虑accumulatev.积累,积蓄,堆积accuracyn.准确,准确度accuratea.精确的,准确的accusev.（of）控告,谴责accustomv.（to）使习惯accustomeda.惯常的,习惯的be accustomed to习惯于achev.痛n.疼痛,酸痛achievev.完成;达到,达成,获得acidn.酸a.酸的acknowledgev.承认;致谢acquaintv.(sb.with)使认识,使了解acquaintancen.熟人,相识acquirev.取得,获得;学到acquisitionn.获得,获得物acren.英亩acrossprep.横过,穿过;在...对面,与...交叉ad.横过,穿过,横断;宽,阔actv.行动,做事;(on)起作用;表演n.行为,动作;(一)幕;法令,条例actionn.行动,行为;动作,活动;(on)作用activatev.使活动,起动activea.有活力的,活跃的,敏捷的,在活动中的activityn.活动;活性,活力actorn.男演员actressn.女演员actuala.实际的,现实的acutea.敏锐的,尖锐的;(疾病)急性的AD/A.D.n.公元ad=advertisementn.广告adaptv.(to)(使)适应,适合;改编,改写adaptationn.改编;适应addv.(to)加,增加;补充说,又说add up to合计,总计additionn.(增)加,加法;附加(物)in addition另外in addition to除...之外additionala.附加的,另外的,额外的addressn.地址,通讯处,致词v.致函,写姓名地址;向...讲话adequatea.足够的,充分的,恰当的adherev.(to)粘附,胶着;坚持adjacenta.(to)邻近的,毗连的adjectiven./a.形容词(的) adjoinv.毗连,靠近adjustv.调节,调整,校正administrate/administe rv.掌管,料理...的事务;实施,执行;给予,投(药)administrationn.管理,经营;行政(机关,部门);政府admirationn.钦佩,赞美admirev.钦佩,赞赏,羡慕admissionn.允许进入,接纳,收容;承认admitv.让...进入,接纳;承认adolescentn.青少年a.青春期的,青少年的adoptv.采用,采纳,通过;收养adoptionn.采用,采纳,通过;收养adultn.成(年)人a.成年人的,已成熟的advancev.前进,进展;推进,促进;提出(建议等);提前n.前进,进展;预付,预支in advance提前,预先advanceda. 高级的,先进的,前进的advantagen.优点,长处,有利条件;利益,好处gain/have anadvantage over胜过,优于take advantage of利用advantageousa.有利的adventuren.冒险,冒险活动;奇遇adverbn.副词advertisev.做广告advicen.劝告,忠告,(医生等的)意见advisablen.可取的,适当的advisev.劝告,忠告;建议;通知advocaten.提倡者,鼓吹者v.提倡,鼓吹aeriala.空中的,航空的n.天线aeroplane/airplanen.飞机aerospacen.太空,宇宙空间aesthetic/esthetica.美学的,艺术的;审美的affairn.事,事情,事件affectv.影响;感动affectionn.爱,慈爱,感情;影响affiliatev.使隶属(或附属)于n.附属机构,分公司affirmv.断言,肯定affirmativea.肯定的affordv.担负得起,买得起,花得起(时间);供给,给予afraida.(of)怕,害怕的;恐怕,担心的African.非洲Africana.非洲(人)的n.非洲人afterprep.在…以后,在...后面conj.在...后ad.以后,后来afternoonn.下午,午后afterward(s)ad.后来,以后againad.又,再(次),重新againstprep.对(着),逆;反对;违反;靠近,倚在;对比agen.年龄;时期,时代v.变老,老化agencyn.代理(处),代办处agendan.议事日程agentn.代理商(人),代表aggravatev.恶化,加重,加剧aggressivea.侵略的,好斗的;敢作敢为的,有进取心的agitatev.鼓动,搅动;搅拌agoad.以前,...前agonyn.苦恼,痛苦agreev.(to,with)同意,赞成;一致,适合agreeablea.惬意的,令人愉快的;易相处的;同意的agreementn.同意,一致;协定,协议agriculturala.农业的agriculturen.农业aheadad.在前,向前,提前,前头ahead of在...前面,先于aidv.援助,救援,帮助n.援助,救护;助手,辅助物,辅助设备aimv.(at)目的在于,旨在;瞄准,针对n.目标,目的airn.空气,大气,天空;神气,架子v.使通风in the air在流行中,在传播中aircraftn.航空器,飞机airlinen.航线;航空公司airmailn.航空邮件,航空邮政airplane/aeroplanen.飞机airportn.机场,航空站alarmn.警报;惊恐,惊慌v.使惊恐,惊动,惊吓;向...报警alcoholn.酒精,乙醇alerta.警惕的;机灵的alienn.外侨;外星人a.外国的;(from)相异的;(to)不相容的alikea.相同的,想像的alivea.活着着;活跃的,热闹的alla.所有的,全部的pron.一切,全部ad.完全,都,十分above all首要,尤其after all终于,毕竟;虽然这样all but几乎,差一点;除...之外其余都all out全力以赴,竭尽全力all over遍及,到处all right行,可以;顺利,良好at all完全,根本in all总共,共计not at all一点也不allegev.断言,宣称alleviatev.减轻,缓解,缓和alliancen.结盟,联盟;联姻in alliance with 与...联盟allieda.联合的,同盟的allocatev.分配,分派,把...拨给allowv.允许,准许;承认;让...得到allow for考虑到allowancen.津贴,补助(费)make allowance(s) for考虑到,顾及;体谅,原谅alloyn.合金allyn.同盟国,同盟者;支持者v.(with)使结盟almostad.几乎,差不多alonea.单独,独立,独一无二的ad.仅仅,只;单独地,独自leave/let...alone听其自然,不要去管let alone更不用说alongprep.沿着ad.向前along with与...一起alongsideprep.在…旁边,横靠,与...并肩ad.并排地,并肩地aloudad.出声地,大声地alphabetn.字母表alreadyad.已,已经alsoad.也,同样;而且,还not only...but also不但...而且alterv.改变,变更alterationn.改变,变更alternatea.交替的,轮流的v.交替,轮流alternativea.两者挑一的n.可供选择的事物,替换物,选择对象althoughconj.尽管,虽然,即使altituden.高度,海拔altogetherad.完全,全部地;总共;总之aluminum/aluminiumn.铝alwaysad.永远,始终;总是,一直AM/A.M./a.m.上午amateura.业余的n.业余(活动)爱好者amazev.使惊奇,使惊愕,使惊叹ambassadorn.大使ambiguousa.模棱两可的ambitionn.雄心,野心ambitiousa.有雄心的,野心勃勃的ambulancen.救护车amendv.修改,修正American.美洲;美国Americana.美洲(人)的;美国(人)的n.美国人;美国人among(st)prep.在…之中,在...中间amountn.数量,总额v.(to)合计,总共达,等于amperen.安培amplea.充分的,富裕的;宽敞的,宽大的amplifiern.放大器,扩音机amplifyv.放大,增强amusev.逗...笑,给...以娱乐(消遣)amusementn.娱乐,消遣;娱乐活动analog/analoguen.类似物;模拟analogyn.比拟,类比by analogy用类推的方法analysisn.分析,分解analytic(al)a.分析的,分解的analyze/analysev.分析,分解ancestorn.祖宗,祖先anchorn.锚v.抛锚,停泊ancienta.古代的,古老的andconj.和,与,而且;那么;接连,又angeln.天使angern.(愤)怒,气愤v.使发怒,激怒anglen.角;角度,方面,观点angrya.愤怒的;生气的;(风雨等)狂暴的animaln.动物,野兽,牲畜a.动物的,野兽的anklen.踝anniversaryn.周年(纪念日)announcev.宣布,发表,通行;报告...的来到announcern.播音员,报幕员annoyv.使恼怒,使生气,打搅annuala.每年的,年度的n.年刊,年鉴anonymousa.匿名的;无名的;无特色的anothera.另一,再一;别的,不同的pron.另一个,类似的一个one after another一个接一个one another互相answerv.回答,答复,响应;(for)负责,保证;(to)符合,适合n.回答,答复,答案antn.蚂蚁antarctica.南极(区)的n.[the Antarctic]南极洲,南极(圈)antennan.天线anticipatev.预期,预料,预感,期望anxietyn.挂念,焦虑,焦急,忧虑;渴望,热望anxiousa.(about)忧虑的,担心的,焦急的;渴望的anya.[否定,疑问,条件句中]什么,一些;任何的,任一的pron.无论哪个,无论哪些;一个,一些ad.稍,丝毫anybodypron.任何人,无论谁;重要人物anyhowad.不管怎样,无论如何;不论用何种办法anyone=anybodypron.任何人,无论谁anythingpron.无论什么事(物),一切;什么事(物),任何事(物)anything but除...以外任何事(物),根本不anyway=anyhowad.无论如何anywheread.在什么地方,无论哪里apartad.撇开;分开,分离;相距,相隔apart from除去apartmentn.[英]房间,套间;[美]公寓apologize/apologisev.(to,for)道歉,认错apologyn.道歉,歉意,认错apparatusn.器械,设备,仪器,装置apparenta.(to)明显的,显而易见的;表面的,貌似的appealv.(to)呼吁,要求;对...有吸引力;申述,上诉n.(to)呼吁,要求;吸引力;申诉,上诉appearv.出现,显露;出场,问世;来到;好像是,仿佛appearancen.出现,出场,露面;外表,外貌,外观appendixn.附录,附属物appetiten.食欲,胃口;欲望,爱好,要求applaudv.喝彩,欢呼,鼓掌,称赞applausen.鼓掌欢迎,欢呼applen.苹果(树)appliancen.用具,器具applicablea.(to)能应用的,适用的applicationn.请求,申请(书,表);应用,运用;施用,敷用applyv.(for)申请,请求;(to)适用,应用,运用appointv.任命,委任;约定,指定appointmentn.任命,委任;约定,指定appraisaln.估计,估量;评价appreciablea.可以察觉的,可估计的appreciatev.感谢,感激;正确评价,欣赏,赏识apprehensionn.忧虑,担心,疑惧;理解,领悟approachv.靠近,接近,邻近n.方法,途径;探讨appropriatea.(to)适当的,恰如其分的approvaln.赞成,同意;认可,批准approvev.(of)赞成,满意,同意;批准,审定,通过approximatelyad.近似地,大约Apriln.四月apta.恰当的,适宜的;(习性)易于...的,有...倾向的Arabiann.阿拉伯人a.阿拉伯(人)的arbitrarya.任意的,专断的archn.拱门,弓形结构,桥拱洞v.拱起,(使)变成弓形architectn.建筑师architecturen.建筑(式样,风格);建筑学arctica.北极(区)的n.[the Arctic]北极,北极圈arean.面积;地区,区域;范围,领域arguev.争论,辩论;主张,论证;说服argumentn.争论,辨认;论据,论点arisev.出现,发生;(from)由…引起,由...产生arithmeticn.算术armn.(手)臂,臂状物;扶手,衣袖;[pl.][总称]武器,武装v.武装,装备armyn.军(队),陆军;大群aroundad.各处,到处;周围,在附近;大约prep.在...周围,在...附近,在...各地arousev.唤醒,唤起;激起,引起arrangev.整理,排列,布置;安排,筹备arrayn.一系列,大量;排列v.排列arrestv./n.逮捕,拘留arrivaln.到来,到达;到达的人或物arrivev.到达,来到arrive at达到,得出arrown.箭;箭头(符号),箭状物artn.艺术,美术;技术,技艺;[pl.]文科,人文学科articlen.文章,论文;物品,商品;项目,条款;冠词articulatea.善于表达的,口齿清晰的v.明确有力地表达artificiala.人工的,人造的;人为的,娇揉造作的artistn.艺术家,美术家artistica.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的asad.一样,同样conj.像...一样;由于;正当;以致;虽然,尽管prep.作为,如同as...as像...一样as for至于,就...方面说as if好像,仿佛as though好像,仿佛as to至于,关于as well也,又as well as(除...之外)也,既...又not as/so...as不如...那样ascendv.攀登,上升ascertainv.查明,弄清,确定ashn.灰(烬)ashameda.(of)羞耻,惭愧,害臊ashoread.在岸上,上岸Asian.亚洲Asiana.亚洲(人)的n.亚洲人asidead.在旁边,到旁边aside from除...以外askv.(询)问;请求,要求;(邀)请,约请ask after询问,问候ask for请求,要求asleepa.睡着的aspect n.样子,外表,面貌;(问题等的)方面assaultv./n.袭击,攻击assemblev.集合,集会,会议;装配assemblyn.集合,集会,会议;装配assertv.断言,宣称assessv.估价,评价assignv.分配,委派;指定(时间,地点等)assignmentn.分配,委派;任务,(课外)作业assimilatev.(被)吸收,(被)消化;(使或被)同化assistv.帮助,援助,协助assistancen.帮助,援助assistantn.助手,助教a.辅助的,助理的associatev.(with)使联系,使联合;交往,结合n.合作人,伙伴,同事,同行a.副的associationn.协会,团体;联合,联系,交往;联想assumev.假装;假定,设想;采取,承担;呈现assumptionn.假定,设想;采取;承担assurancen.确保,断言;保证,担保assurev.使确信,使放心;保证,担保astonishv.使惊讶,使吃惊astronautn.宇航员astronomyn.天文学atprep.[表示地点,位置,场合]在,于,到...处;[表示时刻,时节,年龄]在...时,当;[表示目标,方向]对着,向;[表示速度,价格等]以,在...方面athleten.运动员Atlantica.大西洋的n.[the Atlantic]大西洋atmospheren.大气(层);空气;气氛,环境;大气压(压力单位)atmospherica.大气的,空气的atomn.原子;微粒,微量attachv.(to)缚上,系上,贴上;使依附,使隶属,使依恋attached to附属于,隶属于attackv./n.攻击,进攻,抨击;着手,开始n.(病)发作attainv.达到,获得attemptv.尝试,试图n.(at)企图,努力attendv.出席,参加;(to)照顾,护理attendancen.到场,出席attendantn.服务员,值班员;护理人员attentionn.注意(力),留心;立正pay attentin to注意attentivea.注意的,留神的attituden.(to,towards)态度,看法;姿势attorneyn.律师attractv.吸引,招引,引诱,引起(注意等)attractivea.有吸引力的,引起兴趣的,动人的attributen.属性,品质,特征v.(to)把…归于;认为...是...所为audiencen.听众,观众,读者;谒见,会见augmentv.扩大,增加,提高Augustn.八月auntn.伯母,婶母,姑母,舅母,姨母aurala.听觉的Australian.澳大利亚,澳洲Australiana.澳洲的;澳大利亚(人)的n.澳大利亚人authorn.作者;创始人authorityn.权力,威信,权威;权威者,有权威性的典籍;[pl.]当局,官方auton.汽车automaticn.自动机构a.自动的,无意识的,机械的automationn.自动(化)automobilen.汽车autumnn.秋(季)auxiliarya.辅助的,补助的availn.[一般用于否定句或疑问句中]效用,利益,帮助v.有用于,有助于avail (oneself) of 利用of/to no avail不起作用,没有用availablea.可用的,可得到的;可以见到的,随时可来的avenuen.林荫道,大街;途径,手段averagen.平均(数)a.平均的;通常的,一般的v.平均,均分on (the/an) average 平均,一般说来avertv.防止,避免;转移(目光,注意力等) aviationn.航空,飞行avoidv.避免,回避,逃避awaitv.等候,期待awakea.醒着的,警觉的v.唤醒,唤起;醒,觉醒,醒悟到,认识到awardn.奖(品)v.授予,奖给awarea.(of)知道的,意识到的awayad.离开,远离;…去,...掉;不断...下去right away立即,马上awfula.极度的,极坏的,糟糕的;威严的,可怕的ad.十分,极度地awfullyad.非常,很awkwarda.笨拙的,不灵活的;棘手的,尴尬的;使用不便的ax/axen.斧(子)axisn.轴(线);构图中心线Bbabyn.婴儿,孩子bachelorn.单身汉;[亦作B-]学士(学位)backn.背(面),后面a.后面的ad.在后,向后;回,回复;以前v.后退;支持back and forth来回,往返,来来往往地back down/off放弃,让步,退却back of在...后部,在...背部back up支持,援助;倒退,后退backgroundn.背景,经历backwarda.向后的,倒行的,落后的;迟钝的ad.(also backwards)向后,朝反方向baconn.咸肉,熏肉bacterium([pl.]bacteria)n.细菌bada.坏的,恶的,错的;低劣的,拙劣的;不舒服的,病的;腐败的;严重的badgen.徽章badlyad.坏,恶劣地;严重地,非常,厉害地badmintonn.羽毛球bagn.袋,包baggagen.行李bakev.烤,烘,焙;烧硬,焙干bakeryn.面包房balancev.称,(使)平衡n.天平,称;平衡,均衡;差额,结余,余款balda.秃的,秃头的balln.球,球状物;舞会balloonn.气球banv.取缔,查禁;(from)禁止n.禁止,禁令bananan.香蕉bandn.条,带;乐队;波段;一群,一伙v.缚,绑扎bandagen.绷带v.用绷带扎缚bangn.砰砰的声音;猛击,猛撞v.砰地关上,猛撞,猛击bankn.岸,堤;银行,库v.存入银行bankrupta.破产的bankruptcyn.破产v.使破产bannern.旗(帜)barn.条,杆,棒,棍,闩;酒吧,餐柜;栅,栏,障碍(物)v.闩上,阻拦,拦住,妨碍barbern.理发师barea.赤裸的,光秃的,空的;稀少的,仅有的v.露出,暴露barelyad.赤裸裸地,无遮蔽地;仅仅,勉强,几乎没有bargainn.廉价货;交易,契约,合同v.议价,成交barkv.吠叫,咆哮n.吠声,狗叫声barnn.谷仓,仓库barreln.桶;枪管,炮管barriern.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物)basen.基础,底部;基地,根据地v.(on)把...基于,以...为根据baseballn.棒球basementn.建筑物的底部,地下室,地窖basica.基本的,基础的basinn.盆,脸盆;内海,盆地basisn.基础,根据on the basis of根据,在...的基础上basketn.篮(子),篓basketballn.篮球batn.球拍,球棒,短棒;蝙蝠batchn.一批,一组,一群bathn.沐浴,洗澡;浴室(池,盆)v.(给...)洗澡bathev.游泳,洗澡,浸,弄湿bathroomn.浴室;盥洗室,卫生间batteryn.电池(组);炮兵连,炮组battlen.战役,战斗;斗争v.战斗,斗争,搏斗bayn.海湾,(港)湾BC/B.C.公元前bev.(就)是,等于;(存)在;到达,来到,发生beachn.海滩,湖滩,河滩beamn.(横)梁,桁条;(光线的)束,柱v.微笑;发光beann.豆;菜豆,蚕豆bearn.熊v.忍受,容忍;负担,负荷;结果实,生子女beardn.胡须beastn.兽,牲畜;凶残的人,举止粗鲁的人beatn.敲打,敲击声,节拍;(心脏等)跳动,搏动v.打,敲;打败,战胜;(心脏等)跳动,搏动beautifula.美(好)的beautyn.美(丽);美人,美丽的东西becauseconj.因为because of由于,因为becomev.成为,变得;适宜,同...相称bedn.床(位);苗床,圃,花坛;河床,矿床,海底bedroomn.卧室been.(蜜)蜂beefn.牛肉beern.啤酒beforeprep.在…以前;在...前面,当着...的面conj.在...之前ad.前面,从前,早些时候beforehandad.预先,事先begv.乞求,乞讨;请求,恳求beginv.开始begin with从...开始beginnern.初学者beginningn.开始,开端behalfn.利益on behalf of代表,为了behavev.举止,举动,表现;运转,开动behavior/behaviourn.行为,举止;(机器的)特性behindprep.在…后面,落后于ad.在后,向后,落后beingn.生物,人;存在,生存beliefn.信仰,信条;相信,信念believev.(in)相信,信仰;认为make believe假装belln.钟,铃belongv.(to)属于,附属,隶属;应归入(类别,范畴等)beloveda./n.受爱戴的,敬爱的;爱人,被心爱的人belowprep.在...下面,在...以下ad.在下面,向下beltn.(皮)带,腰带;地带benchn.长凳,条凳;(工作)台,座bendv.(使)弯曲;屈从,屈服n.弯曲(处),曲折处beneathprep.在…下边,在...之下ad.在下方beneficiala.(to)有利的,有益的benefitn.利益,好处,恩惠v.有益于;(from,by)受益benta.弯曲的berryn.浆果besideprep.在…旁边,在...附近;与...相比besidesprep.除...之外ad.而且,还有besta.最好的ad.最,最好(地)at (the) best充其量,至多do/try one’s best(to+inf.)尽力,努力get the best of胜过make the best of充分利用,妥善处理betv.赌,打赌n.打赌,赌注betrayv.背叛,出卖;暴露,流露,泄露bettera.较好的,更好的ad.更好(地)v.改良,改善n.较佳者,较优者for the better好转,改善get the betterr of占上风,胜过had better最好还是,应该betweenprep.在(两者)之间ad.当中,中间bewarev.当心,谨防bewilderv.使迷惑,难住beyondprep.在(或向)...的那边,远于;迟于;超出ad.在那边,在远处biasn./v.(使有)偏见,偏心,偏袒Biblen.圣经bicyclen.自行车bidv.祝愿;命令,吩咐;报价,投标n.出众,投标biga.大的,巨大的;重大的,重要的biken.自行车billn.账单;招贴,广告;单子,清单,(人员,职称等的)表;钞票billionnum./n.[美]十亿,[英]万亿bindv.捆,绑,包括,束缚biographyn.传记biologyn.生物学birdn.鸟,禽birthn.出生,分娩;出身,血统biscuitn.饼干,点心bitn.一点,一片,一些bitev./n.咬,叮n.一口bittera.(有)苦(味)的;痛苦的,厉害的blacka.黑(色)的,黑暗的n.黑人,黑色blackboardn.黑板blamev.责备;怪,怨,把…归咎于n.责任,过错;责备blanka.空白的,空着的;失色的,无表情的n.空白;表格blanketn.毛毯,毯子blastn.一阵(风),一股(气流);爆炸冲击波;管乐器或汽笛声v.爆炸,爆破blazen.火焰;火光;闪光,光辉v.燃烧,冒火焰bleaka.荒凉的;冷酷的;没有希望的bleedv.出血,流血blendn.混合(物)v.混和,混杂blessv.祝福,保佑blessingn.祈祷,祝福blinda.瞎的;盲目的v.使失明;蒙蔽n.百叶窗blockn.大块木料(或石料,金属);一排房屋,街区;阻塞v.阻塞,拦阻,封锁bloodn.血(液);血统,宗族,门第;血气,气质bloodya.流血的,血腥的bloomn.花(朵);开花(期)v.开花blossomn.花v.开花blowv.吹(气),充气,打气;吹响(乐器,号角等),吹风;爆炸,爆裂n.打,殴打,一击,打击bluea.(天)蓝色的,青的;伤心的,沮丧的,忧郁的n.蓝色blunderv.(因无知,粗心等而)犯大错;踉踉跄跄地走n.大错blunta.率直的;钝的v.(使)钝;(使)迟钝blushv./n.脸红boardn.板,木板,纸板;全体委员,委员会,部门;伙食;船舷v.上船(车,飞机)on board在船(车,飞机)上boastv.(of,about)自夸,夸耀n.自夸,大话boatn.小船,艇bodyn.身体,躯体,本体;主体;尸体;物体;(一)群,批,堆boilv.(使)沸腾,煮(沸)boilern.锅炉;煮器(壶,锅等)bolda.大胆的,勇敢的;冒失的;黑体的,粗体的boltn.螺栓,(门,窗的)插销v.闩(门),关窗,拴住bombn.炸弹v.投弹于,轰炸bondn.结合(物),粘结(剂),联结;公债,债券,契约bonen.骨(骼)bonusn.奖金,红利bookn.书(籍);卷,篇,册v.预定,订(票,房间等)boomv.迅速发展,兴旺;发出隆隆声bootn.(长统)靴boothn.电话亭,货摊bordern.边界,国界;边(沿)v.交界,与...接壤;接近borev.钻(孔),挖(洞),打眼,钻探;烦扰,使厌烦n.讨厌的人,麻烦事borna.出身于...的,天生的,生来的borrowv.借(用)bosomn.(心)胸bossn.工头,老板,上司v.指挥,支配,发号施令bothpron.二者,双方a.两,双both...and既...又...,两个都botherv.打扰,烦扰;烦恼,操心n.麻烦bottlen.瓶(子)v.装瓶bottomn.底(部);基础,根基;海底,湖底,河床boughn.大树枝,主枝bouncev.跳起,弹起n.(球)跳起,弹回boundv./n.跳(跃)a.被束缚的,理应...的,必定的,一定的;准备(或正在)到...去的,开往...的boundaryn.分界线,边界bowv./n.鞠躬,点头n.弓(形);蝴蝶结bowln.碗(状物),钵boxn.箱(子),盒(子);包厢v.拳击,打耳光boyn.男孩;男服务员,男仆boycottn./v.(联合)抵制,拒绝参与bracev.使防备,使受锻炼;支撑;使(手,足,肩等)绷紧n.托架,支架bracketn.(方)括号brainn.(大)脑,骨髓;[pl.]脑力,智能brakev./n.制动(器),闸,刹车branchn.(树)条,分支;分部,分店;(学科)分科,部门;支流,支脉,支线brandn.商标,标记,牌子v.使铭记;打火印,打烙印brandyn.白兰地酒brassn.黄铜,铜器bravea.勇敢的braveryn.大胆,勇敢breadn.面包breadthn.宽度,幅breakv.打破,折断,破碎;使中止,打断;破坏,违反n.打断,中止;休息时间break away(from)脱离,逃跑break down损坏,分解,瓦解break in强行进入,闯入;打断,插嘴break into闯入break off断绝,结束break out突然发生,爆发;(of)逃出break through突破break up中止,结束;打碎,拆散breakdownn.垮,衰竭;损坏,故障,倒塌breakfastn.早饭,早餐v.吃早饭breastn.胸膛,乳房breathn.呼吸,气息catch one’s breath 屏息,歇口气out of breath喘不过气来,上气不接下气breathev.呼吸,吸入breedv.(使)繁殖,生殖;产生,引起;教养,抚养,饲养n.品种,种类breezen.微风,和风briben.贿赂v.向...行贿,买通brick n.砖(状物)briden.新娘bridgen.桥(梁)v.架桥,建桥briefa.简短的,简洁的v.简短介绍,简要汇报in brief简单地说,简言之brighta.明亮的,辉煌的;聪明的,伶俐的;欢快的,美好的brillianta.光辉的,灿烂的;卓越的,有才华的brimn.边缘,帽沿bringv.带来,拿来;引起,导致bring about带来,造成bring down打倒,挫伤;降低bring forth产生,提出bring forward提出bring out使出现,使显明;公布,出版bring to使恢复知觉bring up教育,培养,使成长briska.轻快的;生气勃勃的;兴隆的Britainn.不列颠,英国Britisha.不列颠的;英国(人)的brittlea.易碎的,脆(弱)的broada.宽的,广阔的;广大的,广泛的;宽宏的,豁达的broadcastv./n.广播(节目)brochuren.小册子brokena.破碎(了)的bronzen.青铜(色),青铜制品brookn.小河,溪broomn.扫帚brothern.兄弟;同胞;教友brown.眉(毛);额brownn./a.褐色(的),棕色(的)brushn.刷(子),毛刷;画笔v.刷,擦,掸,拂;擦过,掠过brutala.残忍的;严峻的;严酷的bubblen.泡,水泡,气泡v.冒泡,起泡,沸腾bucketn.水桶,吊桶budn.芽,花苞v.发芽,含苞欲放budgetn.预算v.做预算buffetn.自助餐bugn.臭虫;小毛病;窃听器v.窃听buildv.造,建筑,建设,建立build up积累,堵塞;树立,逐步建立;增进,锻炼buildingn.建筑(物),房屋,大楼bulbn.灯泡,球状物bulkn.体积,容积;主体,大批,大量,大块in bulk散装;大批,大量bulln.公牛bulletn.子弹,枪弹bulletinn.公报,公告,告示bumpv.(against,into)碰,撞;颠簸着前进n.碰撞;隆起物bunchn.(一)簇,束,捆,串bundlen.捆,包,束burdenn.担子,负担,重担bureaun.署,局,司,处burnv.燃烧,烧毁,烧伤n.烧伤,灼伤burn out烧掉burn up烧起来,旺起来;烧完,烧尽burstv.爆裂,炸破;突然发生,突然发作n.突然破裂,爆发buryv.埋(葬),安葬;埋藏,遮盖busn.公共汽车trolley bus无轨电车bushn.灌木(从)businessn.商业,生意;事务,业务,职责on business因公,因事busya.忙的,繁忙的;(with)忙于...的v.使忙于butconj.可是,但是,而;除...外prep.除...外ad.只,仅仅,不过but for除...以外,倘没有,除非butchern.屠夫,卖肉者buttern.黄油,奶油v.涂黄油于...上butterflyn.蝴蝶buttonn.纽扣,按钮(开关)v.扣紧;扣上纽扣buyv.(购)买n.购买,买卖byprep.在...旁,靠近;被,由;经,沿,通过;不迟于,到...时为止;根据,按照;[表示方法,手段]靠,用,通过ad.在近旁,经过bypass/by-passn.旁路,迂回的旁道by-productn.副产品Ccabbagen.洋白菜,卷心菜cabinn.客舱,机舱;小(木)屋cabinetn.橱柜;内阁cablen.电报;电缆;缆,索,钢丝绳v.拍电报cafen.咖啡馆,(小)餐馆cafeterian.自助食堂cagen.鸟笼caken.饼,(蛋)糕calculatev.计算,推算;计划,打算calendarn.日历,月历calln.叫喊,呼声;(电话)通话v.叫(喊),招呼;把...叫做,称...为;(on,at)访问,拜访;打电话call for邀请;要求,需要call forth唤起,引起;振作起,鼓起call off放弃,取消call on/upon访问,拜访;号召,呼吁call up召集,动员;打电话;使人想起calma.(天气,海洋等)静的,平静的;镇静的,沉着的n.平静,风平浪静v.(使)平静;(使)镇定cameln.骆驼cameran.照相机,摄影机campn.野营,营地;帐篷,阵营v.设营,宿营campaignn.战役;运动campusn.(大学)校园canaux.v.能,会;可以;可能n.罐头v.装罐头Canadan.加拿大Canadiana.加拿大的n.加拿大人canaln.运河;(沟)渠cancelv.取消,把...作废;删去,划掉cancern.癌candidaten.候选人,候补者;报考者candlen.蜡烛candyn.糖果cannonn.大炮,火炮canoen.独木舟,小游艇canteenn.食堂canvasn.帆布;油画布,油画capn.便帽,军帽;盖,罩,套v.覆盖于...顶端capablea.有本领的,有能力的;(of)可以...的,能...的capacityn.容量,容积;能量,能力;接受力capitaln.首都,首府;大写字母;资本,资金a.首位的,最重要的,基本的capitalismn.资本主义capsulen.胶囊;太空舱captainn.首领,队长;船长;上尉v.做...的首领,指挥captiven.俘虏a.被俘虏的,被监禁的capturev./n.捕获,俘虏v.夺得,攻占carn.车(辆),汽车;(火车)车厢carbonn.碳carbon dioxide二氧化碳cardn.卡片,名片;纸牌;纸片ID card身份证credit card信用卡caren.小心,谨慎,注意;关怀,操心,照料v.(about)关心,介意,计较care for照管,关心;喜欢,意欲take care小心,当心take care of照顾,照料;承担,处理,负责careern.生涯,经历;专业,职业carefula.小心的,仔细的;细致的,精心的cargon.船货,货物carpentern.木工,木匠carpetn.地毯carriagen.(四轮)马车;(火车)客车厢carriern.搬运人;载体carrotn.胡罗卜carryv.运送,搬运;传送,传播;领,带carry off夺去carry on继续下去,坚持下去;从事,经营carry out贯彻,执行,实现cartn.(二轮货运)马车,手推车cartoonn.漫画,幽默画;动画片carvev.(雕)刻casen.箱,盒,容器;情况,事实;病例;案件in any case无论如何,总之in case假如,以防(万一),免得in case of假使,万一in no case决不cashn.现金,现款v.兑现,付(或收)现款cashiern.收银员,出纳员cassetten.盒子;盒式磁带castv.投,扔,掷,抛;铸造n.演员表castlen.城堡casuala.偶然的,碰巧的;临时的,非正式的casualtyn.伤亡人员;受害人catn.猫catalog/cataloguen.目录(册)v.编目(录)catchv.捕捉,捕获;赶上;感染;理解,听到catch on理解,明白catch up with追上,赶上categoryn.种类,类目cathedraln.大教堂Catholica.天主教的n.天主教徒cattlen.牛;牲口,家畜causen.原因,理由;事业,事件,奋斗目标v.使产生,引起cautionn.小心,谨慎;警告,告诫v.警告cautiousa.(of)小心的,谨慎的caven.洞,穴ceasev./n.停止,中止ceilingn.天花板celebratev.庆祝cell n.细胞;小房间;蜂房;电池cellarn.地窑,地下室cementn.水泥;胶泥,胶接剂v.胶合;巩固,加强censusn.人口普查(调查)centn.分(币);百per cent百分之center/centren.中心(区),中央v.集中centigraden./a.摄氏温度计(的);百分度(的)centimetre/centimetren.厘米centrala.中心的,中央的,中枢的;主要的centuryn.世纪,(一)百年ceremonyn.典礼,仪式;礼节,礼仪certaina.某,某一,某些;(of)一定的,确信的,可靠的certainlyad.一定,必定,无疑;当然,行certaintyn.必然,肯定;必然的事certificaten.证(明)书,执照chainn.链(条);[pl.]镣铐;一连串,一系列,连锁v.用链条拴住chairn.椅子;主席(职位)chairmann.主席,议长,会长,董事长chalkn.粉笔,白垩challengen.挑战(书);艰巨任务,难题v.向...挑战chambern.房间,室championn.冠军,得胜者;拥护者,斗士chancen.机会;可能性,或然性;偶然性,运气v.碰巧,偶然发生by chance偶然,碰巧take a chance冒险一试changen.改变,变化;零钱,找头v.更换,调换,交换,互换;改变,变化channeln.海峡,水道;信道,波道;路线,途径chaosn.混乱,紊乱chaptern.章(节),回charactern.性格,品质,特性,特征;人物,角色;字符,(汉)字characteristica.(of)特有的,独特的n.特征,特性characterize/characterisev.表示...的特性;描述...特性chargev.索(价),要(人)支付,收费;控告,指控;充电n.[pl.]费用,代价;电荷,负荷in charge (of)负责,主管take charge of担任,负责charityn.慈善(团体),仁慈,施舍charmn.吸引力,魅力;美貌v.迷人,(使)陶醉;施魔法于charminga.迷人的,可爱的chartn.图,图表charterv.租船,租车n.宪章chasev./n.追逐,追求chatv./n.闲谈,聊天cheapa.便宜的;低劣的,不值钱的cheatv.欺骗;作弊n.骗子;欺诈,欺骗行为checkv.检查,核对;制止,控制;(凭票)托运或寄存n.(=cheque)检查,核对;方格图案,格子织物check in办理登记手续check out结帐后离开;检验,核查check up/(up)on校对,检查,检验check/chequen.支票cheekn.面颊,脸cheerv.(使)振奋,(使)高兴v./n.喝彩,欢呼cheer up使高兴,使振奋;高兴起来,振作起来cheerfula.愉快的,高兴的cheesen.干酪,乳酪chemicala.化学的n.[pl.]化学制品,化学药品chemistn.化学家;药剂师chemistryn.化学cheque/checkn.支票,空白支票;总收入cherishv.珍爱;怀有。

医学博士英语常考及重难点词汇总结1. exacerbate(使)恶化,(使)加重；exasperate激怒,触怒=infuriate;2.imminent (通常指不愉快的事)即将发生的, 逼近的，临近的；eminent (人)知名的，受人尊崇的，良好品质，非凡的，杰出的3.be prone to/liable to=be susceptible to敏感的,易受影响的, 易感染的; =predispose sb to=be predisposed to; be subjected to 受到，经受，遭受.4.incredible 不可信的; incredulous 不轻信的; be suspected of 被怀疑5.make for：1).走向, 前往2).冲向, 向…猛扑3).有利于, 有助于, 促进6.momentous adj.重大的, 严重的；momentary 刹那间的,顷刻的,短暂的7.sentiment n.柔情,伤感，柔情,哀伤;sentimental adj.伤感的，充满柔情的，情感的（而非理性的）；sensation n.感觉, 感受,直觉, 轰动；哗然；引起轰动的人（或事物)sensational adj. 轰动性的,引起哗然的,哗众取宠的；耸人听闻的8.plunder掠夺9.假的：pseudo,supposititious,dummy,feigned,bogus, false, fake;10.盗版piracy，pirated copy/version (of software, e.g.)反盗版：anti-pirate，fight against piracy;盗版问题Problem of Piracy12.娇惯pamper; coddle; spoil; 娇生惯养be spoiled; be spoiled and pampered13.毫不费力的，容易的effortless;不辞辛劳/不遗余力的painstaking，hardworking，y up(laid up)使卧床歇工；搁置不用：She's laid up with flu/ a broken leg.lay off解雇, 停止, 关闭, 休息;lay out设计,安排,陈列,花费,拟定;lay on猛打,安装,提供(饭食等),涂上(油漆等),征收, 放在…上；强调.15.analgesia痛觉缺失;止痛；16. airborne: 1).Carried by or through the air: airborne pollen.由空气传播的：空气传播的花粉症2).17.ambulant【医】(病人)可走动的,(治疗时)病人不需卧床的;流动的,移动的ambulance n.救护车18.puffiness n.膨胀,肿大;自傲,夸张；puff up使骄傲自大;吹捧,吹嘘; 肿胀19.sanitation：公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备20.syringe注射器, 注射筒,用注射器清洗; gauze薄纱,网纱,(医用)纱布21.交通阻塞traffic jam/congestion; traffic block22.freelance vi/adj/adv. 做自由职业者/工作,从事自由职业,自由职业（者）的; freelancer自由职业者,自由作家,自由记者23.bandage n.绷带vt.用绷带绑扎；24.inspection, palpation，percussion，auscultation视诊、触诊、叩诊、听25. bondage束缚，身体受束缚26.holistic medicine整体医学；wholesome 有益于健康的：wholesome food;27.sedentary adj.久坐的, 固定不动的;28.supine/lying face upward 仰卧的; prone/ prostrate/lying face down俯卧的；29.suntan n. 晒黑(的肤色)；sunburn：晒伤;晒太阳过量而引起皮肤灼痛30.convex lens 凸透镜；concave lens凹透镜；contact lens隐形眼镜31.知识产权intellectual property right(s);32.节约、节俭thrift; economize; economy，thrifty; frugal; economical33.dwell on老是想着,唠叨,细看，凝视;dwell in住在(某地)，保留, 存在34. defer v. 推迟, 延期；35.defer to尊重,顺从，服从；deference尊重,顺从，服从；deferent传送的,输出的36.justify证明…有理，为…辩护，对…作出解释，为…辩解（或辩护）。

考博英语—词汇精讲I am a slow walker, but I never walk backwards.单词的构建Ipneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis189819 个派生oriental转换father 例：Einstein fathered the relativity.合成moonlighting发明helicopter mom拼缀motel=motor + hotel 取首字母缩写WC=water + closet截短缩略词ad=advertisement外借舶来词Shangri-Laaptadaptadapt oneself toadapt foradapt fromoptoptionoptionalopticaloptimisticActions speak louder than wordssayingdictaddictcontradictpredictunpredictablestudy &learn acquireacquisitionrequireinquireLive and learn.Discovery coveruncoverrecoverprotectdetectdetective从v olvo 看人生involveevolveevolutionrevolvemissionadmitpermitcommitcommitteeemittransmitsubmitomit别把自己“隔离”起来isolateinsulateinsularinsulin多接触美好的世界touch tangtangibleintangiblecontagioustegintegralintegritycontactintacttacttactics做个优秀的人eminentprominentimminent不要总是沉在水下mergesubmergeemergeemergentemergency做有价值的事worth adj.& n.值得，应该,sb./sth. be worth ...The book is worth 200 yuan.be worth doingThis book is worth reading.worthy adj.& n.有价值的,值得...的, be worthy of +n.She is worthy of our praise.be worthy of being doneThe film is worthy of being watched.be worthy to be doneThe film is worthy to be watched.worthwhile adj.值得做的..值得出力的be worthwhile doing/be worthwhile to do It is worthwhile reading more books=It is worthwhile to read more books.1. In a materialistic and monetary pursuit. society people’s interest seems to be focused solely onA. adaptiveB. addictiveC. acquisitiveD. arrogant2. Even if I won a million-dollar lottery, I would continue to live .A. subtlyB. frugallyC. explicitlyD. cautiously3. Doctors must inform parents about the low odds of success in fertility treatments.A. protectiveB. respectiveC. prospectiveD. perspective4. Moshe katzma, 24, denied any with the beating given to the homeless man, who was found outside a National Headquarters office.A. involvementB. admissionC. isolationD. access5. There are an estimated eight million people currently thought to be eligibleto income tax.A. reclaimB. recoverC. restoreD. return6. As the sky lightened even more, they began to their surroundings more clearly.A. fall outB. fall intoC. make upD. make out7. China's cultural heritage should be better protected through efforts to preserve endangered art.A. inalienableB. intangibleC. intelligibleD. indivisible8. The matter is settled; we may look upon it as being settled.A. as long asB. for goodC. for sureD. as good as9. An announcement of further cuts in government expenditure is .A. imminentB. eminentC. illiterateD. emergent10. The in our soaps should come only from essential oils. Which are steamed or pressed from plants.A. scentsB. scenariosC. scenesD. scales11. A of this approach is that the variables are visually presented in a style that can be understood by generalists and specialists alikeA. valueB. meritC. factorD. worth12. Desperation, hunger, thirst, and resentment all make it likely that people will a more powerful figure who promises them help and or salvation.A. be prone toB. give inC. live up toD. put an end to13. The sentence given to the criminal was much too ; murder should carry themaximum penalty.A. negligentB. solitaryC. lenientD. tedious14. Though it was less attractive, Ralph knew the metal box would be more than the wooden box.A. terminalB. durableC. persistentD. bearable15. In china, although people in many regions earn much less than those in prosperous regions, they also pay much less for commodities, such as housing.A. disposableB. redundantC. equivalentD. interchangeable16. This leads record companies to treat musicians as contracted artists who are not paid a fixed sum for their labor-time, but instead receive royalties in to their success.A. additionB. relationC. percentageD. proportion17. Terrorists will go to any length to their evil ends, and pay no attention to the basic living rights of other peace-loving peopleA. reachB. gainC. achieveD. succeed18. Australia continued the fight to end Japan's annual whale hunts, warning that its plan to kill humpback whales in Antarctica could outrageA. sparkB. leadC. resultD. involve19. At the moment every culture in Britain has a similar philosophy as far as size ; if you want to look good and be desirable, you've got to be thin.A. showsB. statesC. saysD. goes20. Women who entered voluntary work during the inter-war years did so largely because it provided then with _from household routineA. distortionB. diversionC. dissipateD. discountrespectadmirationrespectable respectfulrespectivein respect ofwith respect to irrespectiveadj.不考虑的,不顾的spectspectacle spectacularspectatorspectrumspeculateaspectperspectivesuspectinspect看多了就会印象深刻impressionpresspressureexpressdepresssuppresscompress condensed milk从“依云”到“天真”eviannaivefinfinerefinefinalsemi-finalconfinerestrictconfinedefinedefinitiondefinitive因为“无知”，所以恐惧worriedanxiousnervousupsetelevatoralleviaterelievehumanitarian relief一直“走”下去precede unprecedented concede“走”recedesucceedcessaccessexcessexcessive package gressprogressin progress regressioncongressaggressaggressivevadeevadeclaimclaimsacclaimexclaimproclaimreclaim位置positioncomposedecomposition放proposedisposedisposabledepositimposeimpose onopposeoppositeexpose“活”出个样来microbiologyantibioticsvivesurvivereviveanimalanimateanimationexanimateunanimous1. Let's give a big to tonight's prize-winner.A. respectB. shoutC. praiseD. hand2. It was a depressed and divided country, accustomed to failure and of Change.A. definiteB. curiousC. suspiciousD. anxious3. The secret of the success of Wal- mart in the retailing industry lies inits single-minded and skillful pantsuit of the lowest prices.A. unalleviatedB. uncombedC. unprecedentedD. unaccompanied4. Those who got angry and crazy set fire to ears and shops in the Paris suburb ofClichy-sous-Bois, then the problems .A. evolvedB. evaporatedC. escalatedD. exalted5. The supervisor, his explanation when his fault was pointed out by some talented young students.A. stumbled overB. got overC. dashed toD. gave out6. It is evident that no one, no matter how much they is immunity from the effect of advertising.A. refuseB. reflectC. proclaimD. protest7. "It's probably just stress. " How many times have you uttered those words to yourselfto a headache, pain or illness?A. dismissB. disposeC. dispelD. disrupt8. Schools and colleges have no right to use our public money to promote conduct thatis to the religious and moral values of parents and taxpayers.A. conduciveB. comparableC. pointingD. offensive9. The old farmer his wife, living until 105 years of age.A. beatB. survivedC. lastedD. endured10. He didn't know anything about business, so starting his own was .A. a climb to powerB. a leap in the darkC. a run on the bankD. a step backwards11. Public attitudes toward business regulations are deeply : most people resent intensive government rules, yet they expect government to prevent business from defrauding, exploiting the public.A. hostileB. emotionalC. ambiguousD. cynical12. Ever since the TV show came off the air, there has been that a movie might be made of the show. Finally in autumn 2007, news broke that filming had started.A. specificationB. suspicionC. simulationD. speculation13. A quick wit and a warm smile were the salesman's stock .A. in tradeB. in reserveC. in effectD. in business14. Innovative product platforms like the portable transistor radio and thewalkman the digital lifestyle era.A. set the Stage forB. shed light onC. made sense ofD. gave a hand to15. Successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of , as the first step in learning to be creative.A. resolutionB. eleganceC. aspirationD. originality16. Our parents love us because we are their children, and this is an fact. so that we feel safer with them than with anyone else.A. unambiguousB. uncontrollableC. unalterableD. unintentional17. As a journalist Hemingway trained himself in of expression. His deliberate avoidance of very attractive adjectives is some of the traces of his early journalistic practices.A. economyB. eleganceC. depthD. neatness18. It is the vast number of irresponsible dog owners which has roused public and demands for tighter controls.A. obsessionB. apprehensionC. exclamationD. indignation19. Talking to children about the death of others is a subject that adults away from very strongly.A. shyB. stayC. slipD. skip20. That's all right, it is better to the feeling than to let it build up.A. displaceB. disarmC. dischargeD. dispatchstimulatestimulationstimulant n. 兴奋剂;刺激物stimulus n. 刺激;刺激物;促进因素simulatesimultaneousSI simultaneous interpretation活得多姿多彩varyvarietya variety ofwidely-varyingvariousinvariably构建出人生美好框架skeletonsketchskepticskepticalbe skeptical of sth.suspicious明白自己的首要任务at firstat the beginning ofprime n.全盛时期prime timeprime ministerprimaryprimitive大胆地做act actionactivityhyperactivityoveractivityactiveradioactive bioactiveactorcharacterbe characterized byexactpracticepracticalin practice 实际上out of practice 生疏的put into practice 实行interactreactreactorreactionaryreactivatecounteractcompacttracttractorabstractsubtractretractprotractdistractextractfractFracturefractionrefractoryfragilefragmentfragrance n.芬芳;香味;香气factas a matter of factfactorfactionmanufacture dissatisfaction benefactormalefactionfacilefacilitatefacilityfacsimileaffectaffectionperfectdefecteffecteffectiveinfectsacrificeefficacyefficientproficientproficiencysufficientfictionprofitartificialsuperficialfeaturedefeatfeasiblefigureoperateinoperablecooperate1. Drink coffee when you're sleepy; it's a good and will help to keep you awake.A. incentiveB. promptC. stimulusD. appetite2. Neatly 1000 people are presumed dead as chances of finding more survivors from the sunken Egyptian ferry.A. bubbleB. dwindleC. swayD. shiver3. The only way he escaped from the bitter reality was to lose himself in a movie, allowing his imagination to , viewing himself as a character in it.A. take upB. take onC. take offD. take over4. The market for non-food GE, products could exceed the market for GE food products by a widewithin the next few years.A. varietyB. marginC. rangeD. spectrum5. Newspapers and magazines carry extensive of diet and health topics and diet books are among the best sellers.A. sketchB. concernC. coverageD. involvement6. That war robbed him of the of his career, when he was the best player in the world.A. prejudiceB. preferenceC. privilegeD. prime7. All sorts of technology have to make the new medical systems applied in rural areas efficient and effective.A. come into playB. come into conflictC. taken actionD. taken place8. If a guest wants to tip the housekeeping staff, it's best to leave a little something inan envelope each night instead of a larger amount checkout.A. due toB. owing toC. prior toD. as to9. The lawyer his ideas loudly and clearly at the court, which surprised her a great deal.A. acclaimedB. admonishedC. addressedD. asserted10. The world leaders need to take fiction on the energy crisis that is before our eyes.A. taking shapeB. taking effectC. taking apartD. taking over11. Steve Ells has never advice he couldn't ignore, conventional wisdom he couldn't disregard, a rule he couldn't break.A. come acrossB. come up toC. come up againstD. come around12. He writes in a very manner there're many mistakes almost every page.A. illegibleB. illiterateC. irregularD. irreversible13. She could have cried, but she had no time to dwell her disappointment, for suddenly a harsh voice hailed her from below.A. onB. atC. inD. for14. inflation, driven by rising food and oil costs, is striking hardest at theworld's poorest, who are forced to spend 60 to 80 percent of their income on food.A. SproutingB. SurgingC. SpillingD. Spinning15. She makes no of their affair in public and he understands that he is not to refer to it with these new acquaintances.A. concealmentB. complimentC. amendmentD. acknowledgement16. Mark's posture and attitude boredom when the teacher was giving his instructions.A. transmittedB. deliveredC. endowedD. implied17. John occasionally a great deal of pleasure from taking long trips by himself.A. deviatedB. arousedC. absorbedD. derived18. Wealthy nations have fallen far behind on their aid to the world's poor.A. commitmentsB. engagementsC. responsibilitiesD. applications19. Even at 87, John's mother-in-law has her physical energy and youthful attitude.A. resolvedB. retainedC. retardedD. restrained20. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, _its always being combinedwith elements, most commonly with oxygen.A. referring toB. except forC. regardless ofD. owing to继承heir n. 继承人heritageinherithereditary adj. 世袭的, 遗传的adherecoherecoherentcohesion 凝聚力inherenthesitate学会抗打击hit 有目标地打；袭击He hit him on the face．他打了他的脸。