当前位置:文档之家› 东西方文化比较复习资料

东西方文化比较复习资料

东西方文化比较复习资料
东西方文化比较复习资料

What is culture?

?The word culture has many different meanings.

?For some it refers to an appreciation of good literature, music, art, and food.

?For a biologist, it is likely to be a colony of bacteria or other microorganisms growing in a nutrient medium in a laboratory.

?However, for anthropologists and other behavioral scientists, culture is the full range of learned human behaviour patterns.

?The term was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book, Primitive Culture, published in 1871. Tylor

said that culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as

a member of society." Of course, it is not limited to men. Women possess

and create it as well. Since Tylor's time, the concept of culture has become

the central focus of anthropology.

Understanding Culture

?G enerally speaking, Culture is the way of life, without it we can’t survive in society.

?Members of a particular culture have certain things in common.

?Culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.

Individualism & Collectivism

?Identity among collectivists is defined by relationships and group memberships. Individualists base identity on what they own and their

experiences.

?In collectivist cultures the collective is responsible for the wrongdoing of one of its members; in individualist cultures, it is solely the individual who is

responsible.

?History is more important to collectivists than to individualists. Collectivists see themselves as links in a long chain that consists of ancestors and

descendants. For individualists, the individual is in the center of the

stage—what comes before and after is more or less irrelevant. Individualism is :

1) a social pattern that consists of loosely linked individuals who view

themselves as independent of collectives;

2)are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the

contacts they have established with others;

3)give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others;

4)emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to

associating with others.

Collectivism is :

1) a social pattern consisting of closely linked individuals who see themselves as

parts of one or more collectives (family, co-workers, tribe, nation);

2)are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those

collectives;

3)are willing to give priority to the goals of these collectives over their own

personal goals;

4)emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.

Gift-giving in the West

?“In general, westerners do not use gifts to incur or repay social obligations.”

?When are valuable gifts appropriate?

?Valuable gifts are an appropriate way to show gratitude only for a truly significant favor, and only in situations where it will not look like the

gift-giver is trying to buy favor.

?Should I open it now?

?One interpretation of this practice of not opening gifts upon receiving them is this: the receiver is preserving the face of the giver by avoiding any possibility of evaluating the gift in the presence of the giver and others.

?“重义轻利”

?“受人财不以为富”——《礼记》

?李敖说:“中国的规矩是礼物当面不打开,所以你送一盒砖头给人,人家也不知道。”

Interpretation

?Communication is always an interpretive process. Whenever people communicate, they must interpret the symbolic behaviors of others and assign significance to some of those behaviors in order to create a meaningful

account of the other’s actions. This idea suggests that each person in a

communication transaction may not necessarily interpret the message in

exactly the same way. Indeed, during episodes involving intercultural

communication the likelihood is high that people will interpret the meaning of messages differently.

Interpretation is a rapid, automatic process

?The inferences we draw in ordinary conversation (as well as in reading written text) are drawn very quickly. Most researchers suggest that such inferences

must be drawn every time it becomes possible for speakers to exchange turns, and that such occasions occur approximately once every second in normal

conversation.

?Most of the time, people often conflate the process of perceiving and interpreting. When we communicate with others, we typically interpret

messages by attaching meaning directly to them. We do not stop to describe

what we saw or heard before we interpret it. Rather, we interpret messages as

we perceive them.

Perception

?Selective exposure:

?Q: Did people read only the ads about the car they had just purchased or did they also read ads for cars they had considered initially but did not buy?

?A: People expose themselves to information that would reinforce their decision to buy a particular car.

?Selective attention:

?We can all remember having been very hungry and found ourselves focusing on the food words and pictures in a movie, or been worried about an exam and viewed everything in relation to the subject area in which we were being

tested, or anxious about a family member’s health and noted only the medical

shows on television.

?Selective retention:

?Do you still remember the names of any of our elementary school teachers? If we do, we probably liked those teachers and worked well in their classrooms.

?

Perception in Intercultural communication

?Intercultural communicator normally is confronted with people who do not share his or her perceptions of the external world, and who may respond to

that world in a manner that is often hard to understand.

?In England, a person with good manners is perceived as someone with nonaggressive behavior in an interpersonal setting—some one who does not

speak to strangers. In other cultures, such as the Arab, Italian, or Jewish,

aggressive behavior during interaction is normal and is perceived as highly

desirable while a reserved attitude is a sign of bad manners. Generalization & Stereotype

?What is the relationship between generalization and stereotype?

?Why is stereotype dangerous in understanding another culture?

?Stereotype is a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people.

?Stereotype is a way of thinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, and does not acknowledge exceptions to its general rules or

principles.

Why Do Human Beings Stereotype?

?Human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.

?It is impossible for human beings to personally experience everything, and as

a measure of efficiency they develop simplified perceptions based on a few

outstanding characteristics.

Why Stereotypes problematic?

?1) Stereotypes give us a false sense of understanding of our communication partners.

?2) Stereotypes result in overestimates of the link between the category and the attributes of that category. Once the stereotype is in place, it influences how

we process information. We select information that fits the stereotype and

reject information that is inconsistent with it. As a result, we process very

easily information that is positive about the in-group and negative about the

out-group. We also remember information that is consistent with our

stereotypes better than other information.

?3) Stereotypes tend to decrease our information search. This makes our thinking less accurate and our judgments and decisions poor.

?4) Stereotypes often lead to self-fulfilling prophecies—people see in foreigners what they expect to see.

?5) Stereotypes about out-groups most often are predominantly negative, and consequently lead to expectations that are likely to organize our interaction

with a previously unknown member of the out-group in ways that promote

hostility, rejection, or conflict. Our negative stereotypes will lead us to expect negative behaviors from that stranger.

“Mindful Stereotyping”

?The line between stereotypes and generalizations is very thin. Given that at least some degree of stereotyping is probably inevitable, the question becomes how one should stereotype well.

?“mindful stereotyping”—Ting-Toomey thinks that there are differences between “mindless stereotyping and mindful stereotyping”. The first being

negative, over exaggerated, laden with bias and providing typecasts, and the

later consisting of thoughtful comparisons between ones self and others,

placed in context, respecting similarities and difference with an open mind to

new information.

?1) being aware that we are stereotyping;

?2) Assuming stereotypes are “best first guesses”, not “definite answers”;

?3) Using loose, interpretive categories rather than evaluative categories;

?4) Qualifying our perceptions and interpretations;

?5) Being open to new information, ready to redefine categories;

?6) Getting to know the identities of individuals within the group;

?7) Recognizing “meaningful and valid differences” between our group and theirs.

Enculturation & Acculturation

?Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. When you grow up in one culture, you learn one way of classifying,

coding, prioritizing, and justifying reality. All the activities of learning one’s

culture are called enculturation.

?Ac culturation, or cultural adaptation, refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture. The individual must

find a new source of livelihood and build a new life. This adapting to the new host culture is called acculturation.

? a. Assimilation: is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.

? b. Integration: is a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.

? c. Separation and segregation: Separation is when individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native

culture. If such separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society,

this is called segregation

? d. Marginalization: Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.

?

Culture Shock

?The term culture shock was coined by an anthropologist, Cora DuBois, in 1951. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. Culture shock is a basically a

communication problem that involves the frustrations accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture, its customs, and its value systems. Frustrations may include lack of food,

unacceptable standards of cleanliness, different bathroom facilities, and fear

for personal safety.

?People often become anxious when they lose their familiar surroundings.

However, if a person has adjusted exceptionally well to the host culture,

reverse culture shock may occur upon returning to the home country. This

type of culture shock may cause greater distress and confusion than the

original had. In reverse culture shock, the home culture is compared adversely to the admired aspects of the new culture. Both culture shock and reverse

culture shock show us that culture has an important influence on human

behavior.

Stages of Culture Shock

? 1. The first stage of initial contact, sometimes called the honeymoon stage or initial euphoria, is where everything is new and exciting. The person is

basically a tourist with her or his basic identity rooted in the home culture.

? 2. The second stage involves disintegration of familiar cues and irritation and hostility with the differences experienced in the new culture.

?People at this stage often cope with situation by making disparaging remarks about the culture; it is sometimes referred to as the “fight-back” technique.

Others deal with this stage by leaving, either physically or psychologically.

Those who remain may withdraw from people in the culture, refuse to learn

the language, and develop coping behaviors of excessive drinking or drug use.

Some individuals actually deny differences and will speak in glowing terms of the new culture.

? 3. The third stage involves a reintegration of new cues and an increased ability to function in the new culture. In the third stage, the adjustment phase, you

begin to accept the new culture. You try new foods and make adjustments in

behavior to accommodate the shopping lines and the long waits for public

transportation. You begin to see the humor in situations and realize that a

change in attitude toward the host culture will make the stay abroad more

rewarding.

? 4. In the fourth stage, gradual adjustment continues toward gradual autonomy and seeing “good” and “bad” elements in both the home and new cultures. The individual becomes more comfortable in the new culture as more things are

predictable. There are fewer feelings of isolation and people more in control

and more comfortable.

? 5. The final, fifth stage is described as reciprocal interdependence where the person has achieved biculturalism by becoming able to cope comfortably in

both home and new cultures. Full adjustment can take years.

U-curve Pattern

Honeymoon Period

Crisis Period

Adjustment Period

Biculturalism Period

W-curve Pattern (Reverse Culture Shock)

Strategies for managing culture shock

a. Study the host culture

b. Study the local environment

c. Learn basic verbal and nonverbal language skills

d. Develop intercultural relationships

e. Maintain an intimate social network

f. Assume the principle of difference/Remember your perceptual context

g. Anticipate failure events

High Context Culture

?In a communication of high-context (HC) culture, most of information is

already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted

message. As a result, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Instead, meaning can be conveyed through the use of space, silence, personal

affiliation, status, age, sex, education, family background, etc.

?“一切尽在不言中!”

?High-context cultures (including much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and

South America) are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. This means that people in these cultures emphasize interpersonal relationships.

Developing trust is an important first step to any business transaction.

?According to Hall, these cultures are collectivist, preferring group harmony

and consensus to individual achievement. And people in these cultures are

less governed by reason than by intuition or feelings.

?Words are not so important as context, which might include the speaker’s

tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, posture—and even the person’s

family history and status.

? A Japanese manager explained his culture’s communication style to an

American: “We are a homogeneous people and don’t have to speak as much as you do here. When we say one word, we understand ten, but here you

have to say ten to understand one.”

?High-context communication tends to be more indirect and more formal.

Flowery language, humility, and elaborate apologies are typical.

Low Context Culture

?In a communication of low-context (LC) culture, the mass of information is

drawn from explicit code. As a result, the verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in the context.

?Communicators in LC often have the “mindreader” complaint about indirect

communicators: “you expect me to be a mindreader; you never just say things plainly.”

?“The Squeaky Wheel Gets the Grease!”

?Low-context cultures (including North America and much of Western

Europe) are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.

?People from low-context cultures value logic, facts, and directness. Solving

a problem means lining up the facts and evaluating one after another.

Decisions are based on fact rather than intuition. Discussions end with

actions.

?Communicators are expected to be straightforward, concise, and efficient in

telling what action is expected. To be absolutely clear, they strive to use

precise words and intend them to be taken literally. Explicit contracts

conclude negotiations. This is very different from communicators in

high-context cultures who depend less on language precision and legal

documents. High-context business people may even distrust contracts and be offended by the lack of trust they suggest.

Five Culture Dimensions

?Hofstede has found five dimensions of culture in his study of national work

related values. Replication studies have yielded similar results, pointing to

stability of the dimensions across time.

?Individualism vs. collectivism

?Masculinity vs. femininity

?Long vs. short term orientation

?Low vs. high uncertainty avoidance

?Small vs. large power distance

Low vs. High uncertainty avoidance

?Uncertainty avoidance(不确定性规避)

?How much members of a society are anxious about the unknown, and as a consequence, attempt to cope with anxiety by minimizing uncertainty. In

cultures with strong uncertainty avoidance, people prefer explicit rules (e.g.

about religion and food) and formally structured activities, and employees

tend to remain longer with their present employer. In cultures with weak

uncertainty avoidance, people prefer implicit or flexible rules or guidelines

and informal activities. Employees tend to change employers more frequently. Small vs. large power distance

?Small vs. large power distance

?How much the less powerful members of institutions and organizations expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. In cultures with small power

distance (e.g. Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Israel, New Zealand),

people expect and accept power relations that are more consultative or

democratic. People relate to one another more as equals regardless of formal

positions. Subordinates are more comfortable with and demand the right to

contribute to and critique the decisions of those in power.

?In cultures with large power distance (e.g. Malaysia), the less powerful accept power relations that are autocratic or paternalistic. Subordinates acknowledge

the power of others based on their formal, hierarchical positions. Thus, Small

vs. Large Power Distance does not measure or attempt to measure a culture's

objective, "real" power distribution, but rather the way people perceive power

differences.

Verbal Communication Styles

–Indirect and direct styles

?In high-context cultures, messages are implicit and indirect

?Voice intonation, timing, and facial expressions play important roles in conveying information

?In low-context cultures, people often meet only to accomplish objectives and tend to be direct and focused in their communications –Elaborate and succinct styles

?Three degrees of communication quantity— elaborate, exacting, and succinct.

?The elaborating style is more popular in high-context cultures that have a moderate degree of uncertainty avoidance

?The exacting style focuses on precision and the use of the right amount of words to convey the message and is more common in low-context,

low-uncertainty-avoidance cultures

?The succinct style is more common in high-context cultures with considerable uncertainty avoidance where people tend to say few words

and allow understatements, pauses, and silence to convey meaning.

–Contextual and personal styles

?Contextual style is one that focuses on the speaker and relationship of the parties

?Contextual style is often associated with high-power distance, collective, high-context cultures

?Personal style focuses on the speaker and the reduction of barriers between the parties

?Personal style is more popular in low-power-distance, individualistic, low-context cultures

–Affective and instrumental styles

?Affective style is common in collective, high-context cultures and is characterized by language that requires the listener to note what is said

and to observe how the message is presented

?The meaning is often nonverbal and requires the receiver to use his or her intuitive skills to decipher the message

?Instrumental style is goal oriented and focuses on the sender who clearly lets the other party know what he or she wants the other party to

know.

?The instrumental style is more commonly found in

individualistic, low-context cultures

?

The “Cooperative Principle”

?合作原则由Paul Grice提出

?格赖斯认为,在人们交际过程中,对话双方似乎在有意无意地遵循着某一原则,以求有效地配合从而完成交际任务。然而,人们在实际言语交际中,并非总是遵守“合作原则”,出于需要,人们会故意违反合作原则。格赖斯把这种通过表面上故意违反“合作原则”而产生的言外之意称为“特殊会话

含义”。

?Put more simply, people who obey the cooperative principle in their language use will make sure that what they say in a conversation furthers the purpose of that conversation. Obviously, the requirements of different types of

conversations will be different.

? 1. Quantity

?Make your speech as informative as is needed.

?Do NOT give more information than is needed.

? 2. Quality

–Speak about what you believe to be true.

?Do NOT say what you believe to be false.

?Do NOT speak without sufficient evidence.

? 3. Relation

–Be relevant.

?Do NOT talk about other matters. Stick to the point..

?Don’t hesitate, wonder, wander, or change your mind.

? 4. Manner

–Be clear

?Avoid double-meanings. Mean what you say. Say what you

mean

?Be brief.

?Be organized.

Assuming Similarity instead of Difference

?To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity. It occurs when they think they know someone else’s perceptions, jud gements, attitudes, and values because

they assume others are like their own.

?Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to your own situation than it in fact is. It reflects both a natural

and a common process.

?For instance, a Chinese assumes his or her Japanese colleagues are more like Chinese than they actually are. Based on this assumed similarity, one often

acts inappropriately and ineffectively in intercultural situations. Ethnocentrism

?By the definition of the Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, Ethnocentrism means:

?(1) a habitual disposition to judge foreign peoples or groups by the standards and practices of one’s own culture;

?(2) a tendency toward viewing alien cultures with disfavor and a resulting sense of inherent superiority.

?Such assumption of superiority may lead to ethnocentrism, people everywhere tend to assume their own culture is right and normal, and to assess all other

cultures by how closely they resemble their own. Most people, especially

those with little experience of other culture, believe their own culture is the

center of the human experience.

?Another example is Eurocentric ethnocentrism. This would include, for example, recognizing only western holidays in schools or basing curriculum

only on western history, music, and art. The terms “far east” and “middle east”

have been labeled Eurocentric ethnocentrism.

?

Racism

?Racism is any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. Racism involves not only prejudice, but also the exercise of power over individuals based on their race. Racism can be conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional.

?Racism exists worldwide. The harmful nature and damaging effect of racism are too obvious. Racism can not only prevent communication but also lead to

physical attack when carried to its extreme. Unfortunately, racism of one form or another are still very common, though most people are against any racism

against any particular group or individual, may it be the poor, or the disabled,

or others.

Relationship between Ethnocentrism and Racism

?Extreme ethnocentrism may take the same offensive form and may have the same dire consequences as extreme racism,

?Ethnicity, which relates to culturally contingent features, characterizes all human groups. Race, on the other hand, is a form of identity that is perceived as innate and unalterable.

?Ethnicitymay be transient and even superficial. Race is thought to be profound and grounded in biological realities.

?Ethnocentrism worldview holds skin colour and other physical features to be irrelevant as long as one is a member of the same culture, or becomes so. The racial worldview holds that, regardless of behaviour or cultural similarities, a member of an inferior race (who is usually perceived to be so by means of

physical features) can never be accepted. Race is an invented, fictional form of identity; ethnicity is based on the reality of cultural similarities and differences and the interests that they represent. That race is a social invention can be

demonstrated by an examination of the history of the idea of race as

experienced in the English colonies.

The Relationship between Stereotype and Prejudice

?Stereotypes are overgeneralised , oversimplified, or exaggerated beliefs associated with a category or group of people.

?Prejudice is a rigid attitude toward a group, based upon erroneous beliefs or preconceptions.

?The primary difference between prejudice and stereotypes is that prejudice is an attitude whereas stereotype is a belief.

?Like any other attitude, prejudice may involve a large number of beliefs or belief systems that form a relatively coherent cluster to produce a specific

prejudiced attitude toward a group. Usually the belief system comprising a

given prejudiced attitude includes many stereotypes about the group but the

prejudice may also include other beliefs, values, attitudes, and elements to

provide it coherence, rigidity, permanence, and emotional tone.

?Further, the belief system has a way of slithering around to justify the more permanent prejudiced attitude. The process is one of rationalization—of the

accommodation of beliefs to attitudes.

The persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotypes, prejudice and racism ?Researchers have suggested various reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotypes, prejudice and racism:

? 1. Socialization

?Ethnocentrism, stereotypes, prejudice and racism are learned. Many prejudices are passed on from parents to children, sometimes in subtle messages such as

“we don’t associate with people like that” or “be careful when you are with

them.”

? 2. social benefits

?Expressing an ethnocentrism, stereotypes, prejudice and racism may bring support from others who share that prejudice. It is difficult for people to break away from the prejudices of their families and friends, as rejecting the

prejudice can be perceived as breaking away from the association.

? 3. Economic benefits

?Ethnocentrism, stereotypes, prejudice and racism can be strong when there is direct competition for jobs. When Chinese immigrants worked on building the transcontinental railroad across the United states when jobs were plentiful,

Chinese were perceived as hardworking, industrious, and law-abiding. But

after the railroad was completed and jobs dwindled. Chinese were perceived as criminal, crafty and stupid.

? 4. Psychological benefits

?Ethnocentrism, stereotypes, prejudice and racism can be used to generate a feeling of superiority and to explain a complex world in terms of simple

causes as in saying “those people are the source of all our problems.”

Definition of Nonverbal Communication

The messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication. Paralanguage

?Paralanguage is related to oral communication, it refers to the rate, pitch and volume qualities of the voice, which interrupt or temporarily take the place of

speech and affect the meaning of a message.

? 1. vocal characterizers (声音特征):

--laughter and sobs

? 2. vocal qualifiers (声音修饰):

--intensity, pitch and extent of the voice

? 3. vocal segregates (声音隔离):

--the use of “uh”, “um”, and “un-huh”

? 4. Accent (口音):

--British English vs. American English

--Indian English vs. Japanese English

Silence

Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture.

The use of silence in communication is also important. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contemplation (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings.

The Functions of Nonverbal Communication

A.Replacing spoken messages

They are situations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy manufacturing facility, for example, communicators might use hand gestures to replace spoken messages. Communicators who do not share a language may try to make themselves understood with gestures.

B. Sending uncomfortable messages

Some messages are awkward or difficult to express in words, but the meaning can be conveyed with nonverbals without hurting feelings or embarrassment.

C. Forming impressions that guide communication

We all attempt at times to manage the impressions that others have on us. You would certainly give some thought to what you would wear to a job interview. You intentionally choose to wear certain clothes and groom in a certain way to send a message about who you are to the employer. You hope you may leave a good impression on the interviewer at the first sight.

D. Making relationships clear

Communication messages have both content and relationship information. Content refers to the subject matter of the message. Relationship information refers to the relationship between the communicators. As relationship information might be uncomfortable if spoken, nonverbal communication removes the threat. For example, if the boss of a company wants his employee to realize his status and follow his order obediently, he may imply this by maintaining a relaxed posture, by varying the intonation of voice and by keeping a solemn facial expression instead of saying: “I am your boss and you do as I say, even though you may not like it.”

E. Regulating interaction

Have you ever considered how you know when it’s your turn to talk in a conversation? If you didn’t know when to start talking, you’d be interrupting others all the time. Directing turn-taking is an example of how nonverbal communication regulates people’s interaction. For example, touching someone's arm can signal that you want

to talk next or interrupt.

F. Reinforcing and modifying verbal messages

You can use your hands to indicate how close anther car came to hitting your car as you say the same message in words. Nonverbal messages can also modify—and even negate—the meaning of the verbal message.

Chronemics

?Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.

?Monochronic and polychronic views of time

Proxemics

?Proxemics refers to the perception and use of space, including territoriality and personal space.

?Territoriality: physical space

?Personal space: refers to perceptual or psychological space.

?Seating

?Furniture arrangement

Categories of Nonverbal Communication

1. ocuelsics (目光语)

2. olfactics (嗅觉)

3. haptics (触觉行为)

4. kinesics (身势语行为)

5. chromatics (色彩学)

6. attire (服饰)

三、东西方文化的差异体现在哪里

三、东西方文化的差异体现在哪里 文化的核心是观念的共识,在当前的世界上,有两种不同的观念的共识,那就是东方文化的整体性和西方文化的个体性,它们是人类历史发展的结果。不同的政治、经济、社会环境造就了不同的文化观念,产生了不同特性的西方文化和东方文化。 1、如果说东方文化是偏精神的,那么西方文化相对就是偏物质的,这里称之为“西方物质文化”。 西方文化的发展远比东方文化的发展要简单得多,他的内容变化是由神学到哲学,最后到科学。西方的神学与东方的神学不一样,东方的神学建立在深刻的经学上,而西方的神学没有很深刻的思想,就只是以敬仰美好的神来净化心灵,没有东方神学中那种很强的精神理念上的指导。所以西方神学思想并不影响政府的管理思想,这个问题在东方就完全不一样了,特别是在中国,经学和理学思想是政府管理思想的基础,杂糅其中的神学思想也会渗透到政府的管理思想中。 2、西方神学与东方神学的最大区别在于:西方神学不排斥物质,东方神学极力排斥物质。这种文化内涵上的差异,导致西方物质文化的产生,由此带来了西方工业生产和经济发展意识。东方文化由于排斥物质,也就产生不了工业生产和经济发展意识。 西方哲学文化的产生,是西方物质文化产生的前奏和思想准备,也是西方文化理性思维的开始。从神学文化走向物质文化,西方的哲学文化起到了过渡作用。在西方哲学文化中,要解决的最主要的问题是,物质是第一性的,还是精神是第一性的?是物质决定精神,还是精神决定物质?这种哲学上的大辩论,最终把西方文化从神学的混沌思维中解脱出来,建立了偏重于物质的理性思维,也就是物质文化的思维,这是西方文化中的一大进步。 在这期间,科学文化的产生有力地支持了唯物论,并因此而把神学思维撇在了历史的后面,神学从此而成了一个名存实亡的文化“摆设”。 3、西方的物质文化是以科学思维为基础的。哲学文化解放了西方人的思维,同时孕育出了科学思维,也孕育出了科学理论。“分子论”的诞生,宣告了西方物质文化的产生,因为这是西方人物质思维的开始,物质思维是以探索物质构成和崇尚物质光华为思维特征的。 4、东方人的思维是物性思维,以“阴阳论”为基石,注重对事物属性及其功能的分析,优点是宜于看到物质与精神的运动共性,掌握事物运动与人之间的

中西文化比较2019尔雅答案

************************************************************************** 审美递增递减律(一) 1 从文学和审美的角度来看,更具有内在的高度的是()。D ?A、白话诗 ?B、古体诗 ?C、现代诗 ?D、格律诗 2 在()时期,国人对于国粹和西化的排斥态度同时存在。C ?A、改革开放时期 ?B、新生活运动时期 ?C、文革时期 ?D、五四时期 3

以下错误描述人对事物的好恶的是()。B ?A、 很多人容易先产生好恶情绪再寻找具体理由 ?B、 对于某种东西的爱好更多来源于自身的自主选择 ?C、 好恶的原始冲动是可以被控制的 ?D、 最初的喜好更多地是冲动 4

审美递增递减规律的意思是,对于某种东西的爱好或者逐渐递增,或者逐渐递减,不可能在不同阶段产生不同的趋向。()错误 5 文学作品的创作若想要展示创作的独特性,就更要强调摒弃规律与制约。 ()错误 审美递增递减律(二) 1 辜正坤老师认为,艺术最终应该服务于()。D ?A、精英 ?B、个人 ?C、特定人群 ?D、大众 2 下列选项中错误描述审美改变的是()。C ?A、个人、集体乃至国家的审美都是可以被强行改变的 ?B、人的喜好是受传统影响的 ?C、审美可以在短时间自行改变

?D、审美是可以改变的 3 长期来看,()最容易影响人对于事物的喜好。B ?A、蕴含的意义 ?B、接触的频率 ?C、他人的喜好 ?D、事物的外表 4 审美活动中,效用递减律与效用递增律同时存在。()正确 5 任何文化都有正面和负面的内容,人们若想提高自身的审美水平,可以全盘接受一种负面较少的文化。()错误 阴阳二级对立转化律 1 《易经》运用要结合数与()。B ?A、道

尔雅2015中西文化比较期末考试答案

一、单选题(题数:50,共 50 分) 1 解释文化的三把主要钥匙不包括: ?A、 环境 ?B、 语言文字 ?C、 社会 ?D、 人口 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 2 关于地理环境与名族心态的关系,说法不正确的是: ?A、 互动互构 ?B、 互补互彰 ?C、 互起作用 ?D、 互相转化 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 3 辜正坤认为,万物的发展有一种自我协调、自我组织、自我补充、()的趋势。 ?A、 自我完善 ?B、 自我适应 ?C、 自我淘汰 ?D、 自我进化 正确答案:B 我的答案:B 4 下列哪一项不是儒家的民主思想: ?A、 民贵君轻 ?B、 民治主义 ?C、

?D、 民为邦本 正确答案:B 我的答案:B 5 中国语音: ?A、 为闭音节 ?B、 为多音节 ?C、 每字有韵调 ?D、 音义象构性弱 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 6 马克思主义学派属于: ?A、 国粹派 ?B、 理想西化派 ?C、 现实西化派 ?D、 都不属于 正确答案:B 我的答案:B 7 属于中国民主内涵的是: ?A、 恶欲协调 ?B、 迫不得已 ?C、 因势制宜 ?D、 宗法式 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 8 索绪尔的语言理论不包括:?A、

?B、 能指和所指 ?C、 任意性和必然性 ?D、 表意体系和表音体系 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 9 中国两千多年以来的权力斗争主要集中在权力的: ?A、 天赋和人赋 ?B、 瓜分与分享 ?C、 集中和分散 ?D、 下放和收合 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 10 在黑格尔看来,中国的天子在发号施令上: ?A、 比较自由 ?B、 可以随心所欲 ?C、 不能锁心所欲 ?D、 有严格程序 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 11 中西方人对世界的看法是(),程度不同的。 ?A、 殊途同归 ?B、 迥然不同 ?C、 异曲同工 ?D、 错综复杂 正确答案:D 我的答案:D

浅谈中西方文化差异

浅谈中西方文化差异 语文是社会的产物,是人类历史和文化的结晶。它凝聚着一个民族世代相传的社会意识,历史文化,风俗习惯等各方面人类社会所有的特征。不同的文化背影和文化传统,使中西方在思维方式,价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在有相当的文化差异。语文是文化的载体,词汇是文化信息的浓缩,是语言的重要组成部分,它反映着文化的发展和变化,同时也直接反映着文化的差异。 在中国两千多年的封建社会历史的过程中,儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的弦统治地位,对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典,这便是以儒家的“中庸之道”作为行为的基本准则。“中”是儒家追求的理想境界,人生处世要以儒家仁、义、礼、智、信的思想道德观念作为每个人的行为指南,接人待物,举止言谈要考虑温、良、恭、俭、让,以谦虚为荣,以虚心为本,反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此,中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征,这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。 西方国家价值观的形成至少可追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义,即以崇尚个人为中心,宣扬个人主义至上,竭力发展自己表现自我。“谦虚”这一概念在西方文化中的价值是忽略不计的。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事,有才能的强者得到重用,缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此,西方文化体现出个体文化特征,这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。 正因为如此,中西两种文化在对某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如:ambition一词,本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义,表示“野心勃勃”,而英美人则取其褒义,表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词,中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”,而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进,有开拓精神”。 我国的群体性文化,非常重视家庭亲友关系,把它视为组成社会的细胞;而在西方国家,崇尚独立自主自强自立。中国人重视传统的君臣,父子,论资排辈,等级森严,而在英美国家,长辈与晚辈间地位平等,不计较老少界限,多以朋友相处。中国人的传统观念历来崇尚“四世同堂”“合家团圆”,自古就有“父母在,不远游”的良言古训;而在英美国家,18岁的子女仍住在家里依靠父母生活是不可思议的事情,他们必须依靠自己的双手去独立生活。同样,年龄大的父母即使失去了生活自理能力,一般也不会拖累子女,他们往往要住进老人院,由社会关照。 文化的不同带来价值观念的在不相同。如lod一词,中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念,如老祖宗,老爷爷,老先生等。“老张”,“老王”,透着尊敬和亲热,“张老”“王老”更是尊崇有加。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时,年龄越大,资格越老,也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来,长者不仅是智慧的化身,也是威望的象征。然而,西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来,“old”是“不中用”的代名词,是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老,更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中,他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士,更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄,也要别人猜测其年龄,而此时,他们的真正目的的期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小,是多么年轻。又如,英美人忌讳莫深的fat一词,见人说fat会令人沮丧不快而且反感。说到fatmeat(肥肉)多半会被认为是毫无价值的该扔掉的废物。而中国人见了小孩子说“胖嘟嘟”“胖乎乎”,表示对孩子的喜爱,对成年男子说fat有“发福”之义,对成年女子讲fat有“丰满”之义,都有赞美恭维之意。日

2017尔雅中西文化比较期末考试答案

?《中西文化比较》期末考试(20) 35' 44'' 题量: 100 满分:100.0 截止日期:2017-12-15 23:59 一、单选题 1 《周易·序卦》中自然界的始基不包括()。 ?A、 天地 ? ?B、 阴阳 ? ?C、 男女 ? ?D、 日月 ? 我的答案:D 2

从气候角度来说,中原一带的肥厚土壤主要是受到()的影响。 ?A、 太平洋暖湿气流 ? ?B、 副热带高压带 ? ?C、 西伯利亚冷气流 ? ?D、 温带季风 ? 我的答案:C 3 认为经验是知识的唯一来源的经验主义代表人物是()。 ?A、 笛卡尔 ? ?B、 霍布斯

? ?C、 洛克 ? ?D、 斯宾诺莎 ? 我的答案:C 4 西方产生了帮主制主要是为了约束太强的()。 ?A、 理性主义 ? ?B、 唯物思想 ? ?C、 专制心态 ? ?D、 共和意识 ? 我的答案:C

5 乔姆斯基认为,所有的句子具有()。 ?A、 深层结构和表层结构 ? ?B、 表义结构和表形结构 ? ?C、 文化结构和环境结构 ? ?D、 主观结构和客观结构 ? 我的答案:A 6 第一次农业革命开始于()。 ?A、 第二冰期结束 ? ?B、

第三冰期结束 ? ?C、 第四冰期结束 ? ?D、 第五冰期结束 ? 我的答案:C 7 地球上环境变迁最敏感的地带位于()之间。 ?A、 北纬30°-40° ? ?B、 南纬30°-40° ? ?C、 北纬40°-50° ? ?D、 南纬40°-50° ?

我的答案:A 8 索绪尔的()主要强调的是从静态的角度去研究语言的变化。 ?A、 历时语言学 ? ?B、 短暂语言学 ? ?C、 共时语言学 ? ?D、 纵向语言学 ? 我的答案:C 9 关于阴谋诡计,说法正确的是()。 ?A、 中国不存在大量阴谋诡计的现象 ?

东西方文化差异的具体表现

东西方文化差异的具体表现 在东西方企业中,双方有着各自不同的文化背景,他们的价值观、文化背景、教育模式、思维方式都不相同,具有不同文化特征的员工组成的各种组织,对工作又持有不同的态度和追求,而西方在经营目标、市场选择、管理方式、处事作风、作业安排及对作业重要性的认识、变革要求等常常会持有不同的态度,这就不可避免地产生管理文化的差异,从而产生管理冲突,特别是在人力资源管理中的问题尤为突出,主要表现为招聘、报酬和福利、培训和发展、绩效评估、退出机制等方面的问题。 东西方文化差异是多方面的,政治、经济、教育、文艺、社会等各方面来说都具有很大的差异性,下面主要介绍东西方在人才使用上产生的差异。 一、在人才理念方面:东西方企业为了生存发展的需要, 都在想方设法通过各种手段来吸引和留住人才。但核心理念不同:西方企业往往以企业及个人的美好前景、对个人的尊重、对人们生活的改善等人性的光辉来吸引人才。例如:美国 GE 公司的企业价值观是:" 我们为生活带来美好的东西 (We BringGood Things To Life )", 在人才管理方面的理念是: " 为来自全世界的优秀人才创造机会 , 培养并实现他们的梦想 ";而摩托罗拉公司则强调对人持久不变的尊重 , 提出:" 摩托罗拉是一个向员工提供均等发展机会的公司 " 。 而在东方 , 儒家修齐治平的入世思想和 " 国家兴亡、匹夫有责 " 的传统 , 对企业的文化和理念有着深远的影响。许多企业都以对国家、对民族的强烈责任感来激励员工、吸引人才。比如:深圳华为公司的企业理念是:" 以公司文化为纽带 , 大我与小我相融合 , 共铸民族通讯业的辉煌 "; 而韩国三星公司的基本理念是:" 人才第一、事业报国、合理经营" 。 二、在选人方面:每一个企业为了实现自己的目标 , 都要不断地获得自己所需的人才。但在人才的选择标准方面 , 东西方明显不同:西方企业在选人方面通常是以寻找最好的人才为最高标准。比如Intel公司提出了用聪明人吸引聪明人的口号 , 而微软则要寻找比我们 ( 微软现有员工 ) 更优秀的人才。在具体的招聘技巧方面:Intel 公司有一套严谨的招聘程序 , 通过面试、心理测试、模拟测试( 最终测试 ) 来获得需要的人才 , 而微软则对心理测试不感兴趣 , 它更注重通过面试中的表现来判断一个人的创造性和可塑性 , 而且强调高层管理者亲自参加招聘。微软用来测试个人创造性的面试题目可以说广受推祟。 东方企业在选人方面 , 虽然也希望得到优秀的人才 , 注重个人的品质、才能和发展潜力 , 但它往往并不一味地追求最优秀的人才 , 而是强调合适, 希望获得适合于企业的、能够满足工作需要的人才。比如日本松下电器就奉行寻找 70 分人才的招聘原则。正如松下创

中西文化比较考试题及答案

1.请从中西视域阐述文化的含义,并比较文化与文明的差异。 答:“文化”,是中国语言系统中古已有之的词汇。“文”的本义,指各色交错的纹理,引申为涵盖、反映社会、自然现象的条理及规律性。“化”,本义为改易、生成、造化,引申为教行迁善之义。“文”与“化”方合成一个整词,本义就是“以文教化”,它表示对人的性情的陶冶,品德的教养,本属精神领域之范畴。西方的“文化”,英文“culture”和德文的“kuctur”都由拉丁文“cultura”衍化而来,原意指耕作土地(故园艺学在英语为Horticulture),后来逐渐引申出神明崇拜、性情陶冶、品德教化等,这就与古汉语中“文化”所具有的“文治教化”的义项日益接近。用《中国大百科全书》社会学卷上的话说:“文化一词的中西两个来源,殊途同归,今人都用来指称人类社会的精神现象。”随着时间的流变和空间的差异,现在“文化”已成为一个内涵丰富、外延宽广的多维概念,并有广义与狭义之分。 广义的“文化”,着眼于人类与一般动物、人类社会与自然界的本质区别,着眼于人类卓立于自然的独特的生存方式,其涵盖面非常广泛,所以又称作“大文化”。“大文化”指的是人类自身的一切精神性创造活动及其结果,包括认识的(语言、哲学、科学、教育)、规范的(道德、法律、信仰)、艺术的(文学、美术、音乐、舞蹈、戏剧)、器用的(生产工具、日用器皿以及制造它们的技术)。社会的(制度、组织、风俗习惯)等等。广义的“文化”从人之所以为人的意义上立论,认为正是文化的出现“将动物的人变为创造的人、组织的人、思想的人、说话的人以及计划的人”,因而将人类社会——历史生活的全部内容统统摄入“文化”的定义域。 与广义“文化”相对的,是狭义的“文化”。狭义的“文化”排除人类社会——历史生活中关于物质创造活动及其结果的部分,专注于精神创造活动及其结果,所以又被称作“小文化”。1871年英国文化学家泰勒在《原始文化》一书中提出,文化“乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体”,是狭义“文化”早期的经典界说。在汉语言系统中,“文化”的本义是“以文教化”,亦属于“小文化”范畴。《现代汉语词典》关于“文化”的释义,即“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和,特指精神财富”,当属狭义文化。一般而言,凡涉及精神创造领域的文化现象,均属狭义文化。 由于文化的产生和发展,“文明”随之而来。“文明”在中国的古典中频频出现,并与“文化”词义相近。《尚书·舜典》中有“溶哲文明”,《易·乾·文言》中有“见龙在田, 天下文明”之语。唐朝经学家孔颖达对上述两句的疏解是“经天纬地曰文, 照临四方曰明。”与“文明”对译civilization, 来源于拉丁文sivis (市民)或civilitas(都市), 表示城市生活的秩序和原则, 是相对未开化、野蛮而言, 也有启蒙、教化、不落后于时潮之意。近代中国人最早诊释的是清朝第一任驻英公使郭篙熹。他在1878年所写的日记中, 把civilized、half civilized、barbaian、相对应地称之为“教化、半教化、无教化”, 虽未出现“文明”等译词, 但也相当于“文明、半文明、野蛮”的概念。到十九世纪末, 黄遵宪、康有为、孙中山、梁启超等人大量采用日本译词, 频繁使用与“野蛮、半开化”相对应意义上的“文明”一词。“文明”引申后意为一种先进的社会和文化发展状态,以及到达这一状态的过程,其涉及的领域广泛,包括民族意识、技术水准、礼仪规范、宗教思想、风俗习惯以及科学知识的发展等等。 总而言之,文化是人类创造的所有物质成果和精神成果的总和,而文明则是

2019中西方文化比较尔雅考试答案

、单选题(题数:100,共 50.0 分) 1 西方文化中的征服精神在一定程度上决定了()成为西方工业发展的最大驱动力。(0.5分) 0.0分 ?A、 制造业 ?B、 轻工业 ?C、 重工业 ?D、 军事工业 我的答案:C 2 印欧语系的语言特点是()。(0.5分) 0.5分 ?A、 多为单音节,闭音节 ?B、 一字单音或多音,多向性

?C、 一韵一字,音义象构性强 ?D、 具有规则性,轻重音表语调 我的答案:B 3 中国古代对于官员着装、行为的规定主要是为了()。(0.5分) 0.5分 ?A、 彰显朝廷气度 ?B、 区分官员品级 ?C、 做出表率作用 ?D、 约束官员行为 我的答案:C 4 在年龄较小的人群中适宜采用死记硬背的记忆方法的原因是他们()。(0.5分)0.5分 ?A、

机械记忆能力强 ?B、 理解记忆能力强 ?C、 理性思维能力强 ?D、 感性思维能力强 我的答案:A 5 相较于西方,中文受到语意的影响体现于它更具有()。(0.5分)0.5分 ?A、 哲理性 ?B、 清晰美 ?C、 定义性 ?D、 综合性 我的答案:D 6

属于Saussure所指概念的是()。(0.5分) 0.5分 ?A、 音响形象 ?B、 对应 ?C、 概念 ?D、 符合 我的答案:C 7 辜正坤教授认为,西方人无法彻底理解气功理论的重要原因在于()。(0.5分)0.5分 ?A、 翻译的误区 ?B、 文化的差异 ?C、 体质的差异 ?D、

环境的影响 我的答案:A 8 中国近一千三百年来主要的社会形式是()。(0.5分)0.5分 ?A、 知识分子精英官僚社会 ?B、 家天下谱系官僚社会 ?C、 官僚阶级氏族统治社会 ?D、 家族主义民主共和社会 我的答案:A 9 中国古代政治社会三大制约机制不包括()。(0.5分)0.5分 ?A、 暴力制约机制 ?B、 法律制约机制

《中西文化比较》题库答案

《中西方文化比较》题库答案 1.首先,文化可以看作具有多层次结构的有机系统。作为一个整体,它可以涵盖人类有 史以来所进行的全部社会性活动及成果,既包含人类所有的历史遗产,也包括还在不断演化和创造中的整个文化进程。从形态入手对文化加以划分,可以将它分为物质文化、精神文化、制度文化、技术文化等几大块。倘若从意义层面对文化进行剖析,又可以将文化分为表层文化现象和深层文化要素。无论对文化作怎样的阐述和分类,我们仍然需要把它作为一个整体来加以研究。其次,民族性和地域性是文化的重要特征。 不同的人类群体由于赖以生存的自然条件的差异以及地缘因素带来的不同的文化共生关系的影响,常常会形成不同的价值系统、思维模式和行为倾向。第三,文化还具有规则性。它可以依靠明确外显的规范(如法律、制度、习俗及文化产品等)或隐含的形式(如思维模式、心理惯性、价值系统等)来引导或约束个人行为,促使某种既定的行为准则得到特定社会中大多数成员的自觉遵从。第四,文化是历史继承的,它能够通过代代相传的不断积累形成特定的文化传统。第五,尽管我们已承认每一种特定的文化都具有维护其持续性和稳定性的内在力量,但我们还是要指出:一定民族的文化形态是可以变迁的。 2.一种文化背景下的哲学,往往强烈地体现着此种文化群体的思维方式。而思维方式因 人而异,文化背景不同的人之间,其差异更为明显。中西哲学不同的思维方式体现在以下几方面:第一,重直觉与崇尚逻辑。“天人合一”精神是中国哲学精神的体现,它将世界视为独立与人之外的纯粹客体,不重视对客体一般本质的抽象及对普遍真理的认识,而讲究结合理智、情感、意志等多种心理机制来对世界、对生活、对人生进行体验。此种体验中虽然包含认知的因素,但更多采用的是一种非逻辑思维,无需遵循概念、判断、推理的一般程序和思维规律,即一种直觉思维。西方哲学既遵循“主客二分”模式,相应地就需要主体运用概念、判断、推理、分析的逻辑思维,借助理性,从感性、现象、个别的材料中抽取本质、一般的东西,从而越过客体之现象,抵达现

尔雅课中西文化比较期末考试答案

单选题(题数:50,共50.0 分) 1下列哪一项是关于中原文化取向的:1.0 分 A、 大帮择主 B、 强化王权 C、 帮派主义 D、 契约分权 正确答案:B 我的答案:B 2中国解决人与人之间的问题会采用()的形式。1.0 分 A、 以礼规范 B、 以道规范 C、 礼法结合 D、 道法结合 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 3西方文化中的征服精神在一定程度上决定了()成为西方工业发展的最大驱动力。1.0 分A、 制造业 B、 轻工业 C、 重工业 D、 军事工业 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 4释迦摩尼提出的五蕴是()。1.0 分 A、 色、受、想、行、智 B、 色、受、智、行、识 C、 色、受、想、行、识 D、 色、智、想、行、识 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 5相较于中国的唯心主义,柏拉图的唯心主义强调的是()。1.0 分 A、 思维

原型 C、 理论 D、 精神 正确答案:B 我的答案:B 6解释文化的三把主要钥匙不包括:0.0 分 A、 环境 B、 语言文字 C、 社会 D、 人口 正确答案:D 我的答案:C 7《周易·序卦》中自然界的始基不包括()。1.0 分 A、 天地 B、 阴阳 C、 男女 D、 日月 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 8道家作为验证真理的工具的是()。1.0 分 A、 社会的反应 B、 流行的理论 C、 自己的身体 D、 外部的环境 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 9提出学道者须先明了万物与我为一体之理,不重视观察外物的是()。1.0 分A、 程颢 B、 杨时 C、 陆九渊

张载 正确答案:A 我的答案:A 10影响中国数千年的一整套行为规范是:1.0 分 A、 礼 B、 和 C、 衷 D、 孝 正确答案:A 我的答案:A 11由于特定的历史地理资源,哪种文化形式成了中华民族必然的选择:1.0 分A、 农耕文化 B、 工业文化 C、 商业文化 D、 产业文化 正确答案:A 我的答案:A 12印欧语系在语义上的特点是()。1.0 分 A、 一音多义,多分类义 B、 多义字少,模糊义多 C、 字义简洁,多综合义 D、 多清晰义,可选择的音节多 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 13受到语法的影响,印欧语系语言具有()的特点。1.0 分 A、 活用功能,词达理清 B、 直观综合,一语中的 C、 定位功能,比类条分 D、 用词严谨,使用灵活 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 14关于托克维尔的民主思想说法错误的是()。1.0 分

东西方文化的差异

东西方文化的差异 第一,是义利关系问题。一般来说,西方人重利轻义,东方人重义轻利或义利兼顾。东方人的意识就是义字当先,古时的关羽不正是一个不折不扣的义气英豪.也被当时的人们大加赞赏,我想这也是由于古时的多方思想而造成的一种文化意识.5000年的文化也是造成这种重礼的不可忽视的原因.相对而言,短短的西方文化更注重利益,这也正是现实主义的表现,从侵华战争及西方的一切生活都可以看出他们的自我意识,也可以称为不虚伪,实事求是的作风。当然,这也只是针对东方的绝大多数而言的。在东方比如中国人的生活中,谦让是一种美德,而西方人对此不知如何是好。西方人在多数时候为了利益可以牺牲自己的义。 第二,是整体性和个体性问题。东方人强调整体性和综合性,而西方人则重视个体性。比如中医和西医,中医强调的是整体,西医不一样,从解剖学的角度来说,它重视整体中的局部。整体思维和个体思维之间差异还表现在交往中,比如在很多报导中,一为中国人到西方人家吃饭,当主人问今天吃中餐还是西餐时,客人很客气的说道:“随便。”“客随主便。”西方人对这样的答复难以理解,他们说一听到撍姹銛这个词就头疼,不知道怎么弄好,不好操作。我们思维方式深处,认为客随主便是礼貌的表现,是对主人的尊重,可西方人不这样看,这就是区别。反过来看看,欧洲人到中国来,你问他今天干什么,他一定不会说“随便”,一定会明确表明自己的愿望。今天就吃西餐,或者就吃中餐,而中国人往往较少表示个人的愿望,当我国代表团出访时,外方接待我方代表团,对方问,各位想喝什么?如果团长说喝茶,后面几位可能也都说喝茶。人家奇怪,怎么一个说tea,就tea,tea全下去了。 第三,是求同思维和求异思维的问题。我们中国人总是强调“和为贵”,“天人合一”等,而西方则讲究多样的标立新说。我们在感谢对方接待时往往是这样几句话:你们国家很美丽,你们人民很友好,你们接待很周到,等等。他们认为万里迢迢从东方到西方,难道没有任何一点不同的感觉,为什么一律都是这么三句话呢?后来有一个代表团走的时候,除了三句话以后,他说,我现在想提点建议。这几个人马上很认真听,想听听代表团离开前的建议。第一条建议是希望你们介绍材料能译成中文。第二条是你们这个牛肉能不能煮得烂一点,血淋淋的实在受不了。第三点希望你们对中国历史和文化能有所了解。他们听了感觉特别好,听到了不同的意见。他们表示,能做到的我们一定做到,做不到的我们也知道你们喜欢什么了。 第四,是东西方感情表达方式的差异。在很多问题上中西方的差异是的,我敢打赌西方人看《梁山伯与祝英台》一定看不懂,这里头最大的问题就是中西方文化间的差异,从而造成了中国人细腻含蓄的倾情和西方人的直接表露两种不同的表达方式。中国古代的大家闺秀想必西方人一定毫无想象,更不必说中国古代的“男尊女卑”及古时的家法等一切束缚主义的思想。 第五,是我们思维方式里经常有意会性。他们是一种直观性。比如我们有些文章或在生活中喜欢用暗示,或者喻古论今。这种含蓄需要你去意会,所谓此处无声胜有声,这与西方人的直观性不太一样。像钱钟书先生的关于西方与中国文化方面的对比里,更是谈到了中国诗的长处,它虽然只有寥寥数十字,但表达比西方的长诗更有意境。但对西方人来说,这又是很深奥且难以理解的东西 然而,这并不等于说儒学思想同西方文化之间完全对立,二者既有很大差异,也有一定共同或相似之处,可以在二者之间找到汇合点。而这方面正是目前学术界所忽略的。以笔者之见,至少应有以下几条: (一)均倡导教育优先 从近代西欧资本主义精神到古代东亚的儒家思想,均可以看到教育在东西方社会发展中所起的重要作用。西方国家现代化是在包括兴办新式学校在内的欧洲文艺复兴运动基础上出现的。随着城市工商业的发展,市民对知识的需求明显增加,从11—13世纪开始,欧洲到处办起城市学校,从此开始打破教会的封锁。欧洲出现了巴黎、牛津、剑桥、海德堡等著名的大学。由于教育事业的发展,欧洲的自然和人文科学获得迅猛发展。“这些都成为文艺复兴的重要前提,后来的英国资本主义产业革命,当然是在当时欧洲教育和科学高度发展的前提下出现的。教育给人以智能,教育不但培养科学家,也培养政治家、企业家和官僚。”(注:田桓:《东亚文化中的儒学与中日现代化》〔M〕,载《东方文化与现代化》,时事出版社,1992第124—125页。)同样,儒家也倡导教育优先主义。孔子一直主张“学而优则仕”,提出了“有教无类”的教育思想,主张通过学习和普及教育来提高人的智能。自孔子提出这一教育思想后,中国和其它东亚国家一直把它作为指导思想,贯穿在各个时代。特别是“在这种思想影响下,不但使战国时代的教育水平有了极大提高,而且由于中华民族文化素质的不断提高,中国一直到18世纪中叶,仍然是世界最强大的国家。”(注:田桓:《东亚文化中的儒学与中日现代化》〔M〕,载《东方文化与现代化》,时事出版社,1992第124—125页。)

浅谈中西方文化之差异

暨南大学 本科生课程论文论文题目:浅谈中西文化之差异 学院:理工学院 学系:材料科学与工程系 专业:高分子材料与工程 课程名称:文史哲通论 学生姓名:梁嘉欣 学号:2011051506 指导教师:勾利军 2014年 6 月18 日

文化是一种社会现象,是人类长期创造形成的产物。同时又是一种历史现象,是社会历史的积淀物。确切地说,文化是指一个国家或民族的历史、地理、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等。不同的文化背影和文化传统,使中西方在思维方式、价值观念、行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在有相当的文化差异。了解中西方文化差异是极其必要的。 一、中西方文化背景的差异 以美国文化为代表的西方文化,其思想基础都是源自欧洲文艺复兴时,源头则是古希腊罗马文化,受基督教影响深远,看重个人的自由和权利,注重实践和探索,他们注重于对自然的探索和求证,从物质层面去考量生命的本源。以“爱”为社会核心。同时具有开放性的外向型文化,以新海路开辟时对新大陆的侵略为代表。 而以中国文化为代表的东方文化,受到儒家思想和佛教、道教文化的影响深远,其根源可以上溯到两千多年前的春秋战国时代,以孔子编纂修订的“六经”为其文化基础,这种文化总的表现为:注重个人修养,注重道德力量,反对武力,注重与他人、自然的和谐相处,追求精神的超脱,以“仁”和“孝”为社会核心。同时更注重于自给自足的内向型文化。在中国两千多年的封建社会历史的过程中,儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的弦统治地位,对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典,这便是以儒家的“中庸之道”作为行为的基本准则。“中”是儒家追求的理想境界,人生处世要以儒家仁、义、礼、

2018尔雅中西文化比较章节练习答案

审美递增递减律(一)已完成成绩:100.0分 1 【单选题】从文学和审美的角度来看,更具有内在的高度的是()。 ?A、 ?B、 ?C、 ?D、 我的答案:D得分:25.0分 2 【单选题】在()时期,国人对于国粹和西化的排斥态度同时存在。 ?A、 ?B、 ?C、 ?D、 我的答案:C得分:25.0分 3 【判断题】审美递增递减规律的意思是,对于某种东西的爱好或者逐渐递增,或者逐渐递减,不可能在不同阶段产生不同的趋向。() 我的答案:×得分:25.0分 4 【判断题】文学作品的创作若想要展示创作的独特性,就更要强调摒弃规律与制约。() 我的答案:×得分:25.0分 审美递增递减律(二)已完成成绩:100.0分 1 【单选题】下列选项中错误描述审美改变的是()。 ?A、 ?B、

我的答案:C得分:25.0分 2 【单选题】长期来看,()最容易影响人对于事物的喜好。 ?A、 ?B、 ?C、 ?D、 我的答案:B得分:25.0分 3 【判断题】审美活动中,效用递减律与效用递增律同时存在。() 我的答案:√得分:25.0分 4 【判断题】任何文化都有正面和负面的内容,人们若想提高自身的审美水平,可以全盘接受一种负面较少的文化。() 我的答案:×得分:25.0分 阴阳二级对立转化律已完成成绩:100.0分 1 【单选题】村山节和浅井降在《东西方文明深思录》中提出,世界文明的周期为()年一转折。 ?A、 ?B、 ?C、 ?D、 我的答案:B得分:25.0分 2 【多选题】《周易·序卦》中自然界的始基包括()。 ?A、

?D、 我的答案:ABC得分:25.0分 3 【判断题】伏羲六十四卦最早出现在欧洲的时间略晚于莱布尼茨发表关于二进制算术的文章。()我的答案:×得分:25.0分 4 【判断题】从大体上看,中国文化的兴盛通常意味着西方文化的衰落。() 我的答案:√得分:25.0分 万物五象选择律已完成成绩:100.0分 1 【单选题】事物的发展倾向的发展方向有()个。 ?A、 ?B、 ?C、 ?D、 我的答案:C得分:25.0分 2 【单选题】中西文化演进有七大律,这当中不包括()。 ?A、 ?B、 ?C、 ?D、 我的答案:B得分:25.0分 3 【判断题】莱布尼茨对于中国的文化主要集中于太极,其他了解不多。() 我的答案:×得分:25.0分

中西文化比较期末答案

?《中西文化比较》期末考试(1) 一、单选题(题数:50,共 50.0 分) 1 影响中国数千年的一整套行为规范是: 1.0分 ?A、 礼 ?B、 和 ?C、 衷 ?D、 孝 正确答案:A 我的答案:A 2 中国学者在翻译西方诗作过程中容易把译文变得更加()。 1.0分 ?A、 平实 ?B、 口语化 ?C、 华丽 ?D、 书面化 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 3 黑格尔提出的唯心主义提倡的是()。 1.0分 ?A、

思维 ?B、 原型 ?C、 理论 ?D、 精神 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 4 ()认为,劳心者治人,劳力者治于人。 0.0分 ?A、 亚里士多德 ?B、 苏格拉底 ?C、 柏拉图 ?D、 安提西尼 正确答案:A 我的答案:D 5 中西文化演进的七大律不包括()。 1.0分 ?A、 互根律 ?B、 互抗律 ?C、 互助律 ?D、 互证律 正确答案:C 我的答案:C

6 在年龄较小的人群中适宜采用死记硬背的记忆方法的原因是他们()。 1.0分 ?A、 机械记忆能力强 ?B、 理解记忆能力强 ?C、 理性思维能力强 ?D、 感性思维能力强 正确答案:A 我的答案:A 7 关于权威学者或舆论的话语结构,说法错误的是()。 1.0分 ?A、 可能改变整个民族的思想 ?B、 可能对人的思维起到潜移默化的作用 ?C、 对这些抱有质疑态度才能彻底解放思想 ?D、 能够促进民族思想地发展 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 8 导致地球10万年左右的周期性冰期变化的是()的循环。 1.0分 ?A、 地球与太阳 ?B、 太阳系与银河系本星系团

?C、 本星系团与银河系 ?D、 银河系与河外星系 正确答案:B 我的答案:B 9 根据辜正坤老师的观点,中华文化大概存在了()左右。 1.0分 ?A、 3000-5000 ?B、 5000-7000 ?C、 7000-9000 ?D、 9000-10000 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 10 下列不属于中原文化特点的是: 1.0分 ?A、 顺应自然 ?B、 家庭小工业 ?C、 草场文明 ?D、 内陆贸易 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 11 相较于西方,中文受到语意的影响体现于它更具有()。

论述东西方文化的差异

论述东西方文化的差异(1000字 文化是人类社会的产物,是人类在几千年来生存斗争中不断创造的果实,也是人类不断摆脱自然控制走向成熟和自由的标志。一种文化的形成与一定的地理环境、气候以及生态环境等自然条件相联系,同时也与一个民族的风俗,习惯,宗教信仰,以及政治,经济等多方面的因素有关。首先要对它们寻根溯源。 众所周知,由于中华文化与西方文化植根于不同的自然基础,这种地理差异所产生的文化效应各不相同。中国文化起源于中华大地。中华大地地域辽阔,腹地纵深,地貌复杂,气候多样,宜于渔猎、畜牧、农耕等各种生存和生产方式。黄河与长江这横贯中华大地的两条河是中华文化的两大起源地。西方文化的自然地理条件与中华大地有着巨大的差异,其最根本的别在于海陆关系的变化。如果说华夏文明植根于大陆,那么西方文明则诞生于海洋,因此,整个欧洲距海都较近,全洲海洋性气候十分显著。 每个民族都有构成本民族精神凝聚力的文化传统。一般而言,中国传统文化与西方传统文化有着迥然不同的价值取向,如西方传统文化的价值取向中,强调人与自然的对立、强调人的独立自主和进取精神、强调只有真实的才是美好的,这种价值取向使得西方文化不断处于永恒的冲动和超越之中;与此相反,在中国文化的价值取向构成中,始终把谋求人与自然、社会的和谐统一作为人生理想的主旋律(这就是“天人合一”、“天人合德”观念的体现),反对人的独立意志和锐意进取,培养人的群体意识、顺从诚敬意识等,此种价值取向使得中国传统文化一开始就具有很大的惰性,它所寻觅的是一种中庸的、调和的途径。在中国传统文化中,价值判断总是与事实判断相脱节,而与伦理道德观念紧密相联,契合为一,就是说,美的东西总是与善的东西相联为一体,只有善良的,才是美好的。两种不同的价值判断组合形式,导致中西方思想文化中非常不同的内容形式和思维方式:一方是对自然本体的追求,一方是对社会人生的探讨;一方是纯知识体系的建构,一方是道德规范原则的叠加;一方是理论性思想的突破,一方是直观性思维的构想。两种不同类型的民族文化特征十分明显。通过这种简单的中西文化和思维方式的对比,我们可以看出,中国传统文化价值取向的一个重要特性就是具有浓厚的伦理道德倾向。 在原始时代,东西方国家都产生过奴隶制社会,最大的区别是中国建立了一个大一统的专制政权,古希腊建立了一个松散的城邦制政权。早期国家的建立都经历了极其惨烈的战争过程,但战争的主要目的却不尽相同。战争中,有的政治意味浓一些,有的更重视经济意味,经济意味在达到目的后便告一段落,而政治意味却不同,因为是出于某种观念。早期西方战争的目的更多的是为了“掠夺”;而中国却是为了“大一统”。

中西方文化差异及原因

中西方文化差异的根源 一、中西文化差异表现 1、思维模式的异同 中国人喜欢站在生命的更高处思考问题,跳出现实,重视对生命的思考,在对人和人之间,人和自然界之间,人的精神和肉体之间的关系都有深刻的思考。西方人偏重于逻辑思维或者理性思维;中国人属于抽象思维或者感性思维。而西方人更注重于从物质世界入手,去探索和求证问题的本源。 2、对待个人利益与集体利益、国家利益的异同 中国人更看重集体利益,包括家族利益、国家利益,主张控制自己的欲望,反对极端个人主义和英雄主义,往往把个人利益和集体利益,国家利益联系在一起,富于爱国和献身精神。而西方人更重视个体利益,追求人权,崇尚自由,认为如果连个体利益都无法保障,更谈何集体利益,正是这样的思想认识,最终推动了西方民主政治的发展; 3、民主观念的异同 中国人注重精神的自由,把自由、民主看成是君主权贵的赏赐。所以我们的人民总在渴望青天,希望能有好官的出现为民谋利。而西方的民主政治认为,政出于民,一切的政权只是人民授予,让政府来行使的一种公权力。 4、科学观的异同 中国人更相信先人的经验和权威,相信古人甚至超过相信今人,迷信权威,缺乏创新和探索精神。而西方人重视实践和理论,富于探险精神,倡导理性思维。通过正规的学院式教育对科学成果进行普及和推广,极大的促进了科学的发展,也最终建立了完整的科学体系;

5、中西方的道德观是迥然不同的 西方强调个体本位,而中国人提倡群体本位。中西方道德观的不同,使中西方的伦理体系和道德规范具有了不同的特点:西方重契约,中国重人伦;西方重理智,中国重人情;西方伦理重于竞争,中国则偏重于中庸、和谐;西方的伦理道德是以人性恶为出发点,强调个体的道德教育,中国儒家是从人性善的观点出发,强调个体的道德修养。 6、法制观念的异同 中国人主张用礼、道德来约束,通过先贤的教诲和学习提高自己的修养,讲究克己复礼,导致了人格的缺陷,丧失了独立的人格;而西方人认为人的原欲是不应该被压制的,对于社会和个人的规范,主张用“法制”,通过制度,如三权分立的组织、政治机构来约束制约,道德则处于从属的地位。 7、在为人处世方面的异同 中国人内敛、自省,喜欢“每日三省吾身”,为的是合于先王之道,把修养身心看的很重,推崇中庸思想,导致思想的保守、缺乏创新和开拓进取精神。西方人更热心于公益事业,把服务社会当成自己的职责。 二、中西文化差异的原因 从地理和文化的角度看,全世界可以分为东方和西方两大区域。导致它们文化差异的原因很多,本文主要归纳为三个方面: 1 、受经济制度的影响。 中国的传统经济是典型的自给自足的自然经济。人们比较安分保守。因为他们依靠一块土地可以活一辈子,文化比较内向。而且中国的古代文明,发源于大河流域,属于农业文明,“农业文明性格”造就了东方人注重伦理道德,求同求稳,以“和为贵,忍为高”为处世原则。

2016年上半年尔雅《中西文化比较》期末考试题目及答案

尔雅2016上中西文化比较 98.0分 一、单选题(题数:50,共50.0 分) 1如果一个汉字没有声母,在反切中声母用()代替。1.0 分 A、 无 B、 课 C、 乌 D、 略 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 2不争、节欲、处柔、知足常乐是()的观点。1.0 分 A、 庄子 B、 孔子 C、 墨子 D、 老子 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 3中文的语音特点是()。1.0 分 A、 多为单音节,闭音节 B、 一字单音或多音,多向性 C、 一韵一字,音义象构性强 D、 具有规则性,轻重音表语调 正确答案:C 我的答案:C 4西方文字意义上的“文明”主要强调的是()。1.0 分 A、 道德成就 B、 物质成就 C、 思想成就

技术成就 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 5地球上环境变迁最敏感的地带位于()之间。1.0 分 A、 北纬30°-40° B、 南纬30°-40° C、 北纬40°-50° D、 南纬40°-50° 正确答案:A 我的答案:A 6关于权威学者或舆论的话语结构,说法错误的是()。1.0 分A、 可能改变整个民族的思想 B、 可能对人的思维起到潜移默化的作用 C、 对这些抱有质疑态度才能彻底解放思想 D、 能够促进民族思想地发展 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 7《周易·序卦》中自然界的始基不包括()。1.0 分 A、 天地 B、 阴阳 C、 男女 D、 日月 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 8关于康德的纯粹理性,说法错误的是()。1.0 分 A、 人先天就具有认识事物的能力 B、 初步看到的只能是表象 C、 人先天具有的认识能力是有局限性的 D、 人类通过理性可以看到事物的本质 正确答案:D 我的答案:D 9最近一次冰期结束后,中国进入()时期。1.0 分

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档