上海高考英语阅读理解简答题真题详解
2011年真题
Section D
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.
Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.
One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.
The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.
It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT ORDS.)
81. What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?
82. What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization?
83. After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation _____________.
84. From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is ______________ that make(s) an
organization more successful.
【答案与解题思路】
81. 【参考答案】An organization of more than 200 individuals.
【解题思路】本题涉及的论点在第一段。本题的提问方式需要考生对篇章中涉及的观点作“反向理解”，也就是说，我们从作者的观点中推断反向的意思。本段中的第一句“Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members.”明确告诉我们二百人以内的机构可以保证员工之间自由的信息沟通。反向理解则为：超过二百人的机构其员工之间的信息沟通会遇到障碍，也就是提干中的“lead to communication failures”。本题在答题时如照抄“their size goes beyond
this figure”则不符合答案要求，因为句中的“this figure”在脱离上下文是不能明确表示具体数据。如答成“a size goes beyond 200”则可接受。
82. 【参考答案】Structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationships.
【解题思路】本题题干中明确要求考生写“两个解决方案(two solutions)”。第二段的第一句“One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group.”中有一个“solution”, 即：“structure large organisations into smaller units of size that can act as a group”。另一个“solution”是“the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships”。由于答题要求字数不得超过8个字，考生就得对原文中提到的两种解决方案的表诉在文字上进行压缩。我们可以考虑用两个动词统领，把句子中次要的成份去除，于是就留下了“structuring….and building…”。这里考生需注意：答案部分其实是完整句子的主语部分，所以在行文时要用动名词来做主语。完整的句子则是：“Structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationships are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization.”，然后再这基础上进行改写。
83. 【参考答案】seemed to be more difficult / less satisfying
【解题思路】本题涉及的内容在第三段，具体的句子是“The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.”。关键词是：“smoothly, until, moved into, more difficult, less satisfying”。这里需提醒考生，题干中的“operation”一词在原文中似乎没有，其实不然，倒数第二行的“the work”就是指题干中的“operation”。弄清楚了这一点解题就比较方便了，考生回答“more difficult”或“less satisfying”皆可。如回答“not smooth”也可接受。
84. 【参考答案】the close social networks / the free flow of information / the causal communication
【解题思路】本题对考生的概括能力要求较高。从题干的句子形式我们可看出本题要考生回答的是：究竟是什么能使机构运作得更成功？在TV Station的例子中我们的知其人员是150人，属于第一段中所说的能保证“the free flow of information”的人员编制。同样，我们从第一段中的知自由畅通的信息交流对机构的成功运作很重要。因此，“the free flow of information”是本题的答案之一。在第二段中我们还得知，把人员分成若干“group”构建“direct personal organization”也是有效地方法，我们把这点可概括为“close personal relationship/ close social networks/ direct information exchange system”等等。再次，第二段的结尾句“Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.”我们可反其道理解为：“informal/casual personal communication is the way a system works more successfully”。这点也可从TV station搬迁后没有设置“coffee room”从而影响了员工之间的交流，导致“the work seemed to be more difficult to do”这一案例得到印证。
小希老师给同学们总结了2018高考英语真题所有阅读理解的A篇，适合高中各个年级的学生练习及备考使用。 【全国Ⅰ卷】 A Washington, . Bicycle Tours Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, . Duration: 3 hours This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, . Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability – and the cherry blossoms – disappear! Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour Duration: 3 hours (4 miles) Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, . Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, . Duration: 3 hours Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for . newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, . in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route (路线) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour
上海高考英语阅读理解技巧 幻灯片2 教学内容 体裁分析能力训练 分析题干能力训练 猜词能力训练 猜答案能力训练 幻灯片3 摒弃不良的阅读习惯。 1．“指读” 2．“声读” 3．“译读” 4．“回读” 5．“析读” 6．“参照读” 7．“视幅过窄” 8．“毛病”（bad habits）: 教学过程中，发现学生在阅读时常做些不利于阅读的坏动作。有的同学晃头、颠腿、转笔、听音乐、咬指头、趴在桌子上、揪头发等等。 幻灯片4 体裁分析能力 高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体，即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。 记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、where、why与how。 描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。 说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。 幻灯片5 论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手. 文章的结构往往容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。 体裁分析能力 幻灯片6 细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种： 1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information
历年上海高考英语作文及参考范文 1999上海高考作文及范例 一些学生认为学英语很重要；一些学生则认为不必学英语；我认为。。。。。。（观点、理由） Some students think it is very important to master English. They believe “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life”, Others consider English useless. They feel lear ning English is nothing but a burden to them. In my opinion, English is one of the most important subjects we learn at school. Of all subjects I like English best. There are several reasons why English is my favorite subject. First, English is one of the most widely used languages of the world. Nearly all information on the Internet and over half of the world’s technical materials are in English, thus a good command of English will greatly benefit me in my work. Secondly，it is believed that good English also leads to greater chances and opportunities. In the competition for a well-paid job, the one who can speak English has an advantage over those who cannot. For all these reasons we should not only learn English but master it in the shortest time possible. (166words) 2000年上海高考作文及范例 1。我最难忘的一课2。具体说明为何难忘3。感想 An Unforgettable Lesson In my life I have experienced many important things. But perhaps the most unforgettable thing which is really worth mentioning is the lesson given by my Chinese teacher just after she had an accident. One morning just before our Chinese lesson, we were told our Chinese teacher, Miss Liu, had had an accident. One of her legs was badly injured and she couldn’t come t o teach us. While we were planning to visit her after school, we also thought that maybe we would be free to do whatever we wanted during our Chinese lesson, and hoped our homework load would be reduced. But to our surprise, shortly after the bell, Miss Liu, with the help of a stick, came to the door of our classroom. With great respect w all stood up and greeted her. She sat on a chair and began her lesson. She spoke slowly but forcefully. She prepared her lecture quite well and demanded that we do the same. Towards the end of the lesson, we got lots of homework from her. A good teacher is many things to many people. Everyone has definite ideas about what a good teacher is. In my opinion the teachers who demanded the most from the students are perhaps liked best. (210 words)
(A ) A coal-fire stove(炉灶)provided heating for Zhao Yaoqin's courtyard bungalow in a Beijing hutong all her life. This winter, however, the stove has disappeared from the 66-year-old's life, and an electric radiator takes its place beside her bed, a product of a government to use clean energy in the national capital. With the Olympics to be staged in Beijing next August, the city is determined to eliminate the use of coal within the Third Ring Road that circles the city before the Games. The project to replace the stoves with electric radiators has been part of the effort. When the city's four-month long heating season started on Thursday, coal-fired stoves, known as a big source of pollution in the big city, have disappeared from some 20,000 local households like Zhao's bungalow in the inner city "hutong" -- traditional alleyways(小巷) that date back centuries. "We used to boil water or bake bread on the stove," said Zhao, sounding sentimental(伤感) to the disappearance of the coal furnace from her life. Late in the 1990s, Beijing's air quality monitoring office found that the emissions(排放) of sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide from the hutong areas have been higher than the city's average in winter, mainly because of the coal stoves. With the project to switch to clean energy for heating launched in 1999, the emission level of the two poisonous substances decreased by 42 percent and 44 percent, respectively, this year from 2001 levels. Zhao said the fee for electrical heat for the entire winter was usually around 2,400 yuan (US$323) per household. With the government's subsidy（补贴）, however, she only needed to pay about 500 yuan, nearly the same price as that for coal. 1．Zhao Yaoqin’ example in the passage is to tell us that_______. A.people in Beijing using electric radiators to welcome the Olympics. B.people in Beijing are doing something to protect the environment. C.hutongs in Beijing have a long history. D.People pay more money to use electric radiators than before. 2. The underlined word eliminate probably means________ A. cut down. B. increase. C. get rid of. D. replace 3. We can infer from the passage that ______ A. Zhao Yaoqin has a strong and deep emotion with the use of coal-fire stove. B. The government will pay most of the fee. C. The air of Beijing has been badly polluted since 1990s. D. The people do not use coal eight months in one year. 4. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A. The clean air is important when the Olympics Games is held in Beijing. B. The success of the Olympics Games depends on the clean air. C. The government spare no effort to make the environment better. D. The emission level of poisonous substances will be low in 2008.
One【2019届上海市虹口区高三英语一模试题】 Section B Directions:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) There aren’t many actors around the world who have enough self confidence to turn down an offer from Steven Spielberg. Maybe that was why Juliette Binoche gave him a choice. She said she’d be happy to be in Jurassic Park as long as she could play a dinosaur. Of course he turned her down and it was probably a good thing. It’s difficult to imagine Juliette ripping people apart with her teeth. However, her decision doesn’t seem to have done her career any harm. She has gone on to make a string of hits, including The Unbearable Lightness of Being, The English Patient (for which she won an Oscar) and Chocolat. Success in the United States has not been so easy for other foreign stars. Gerald Depardieu is a good example. Since his first film in 1967, his filmography(影片集锦) lists 172 acting credits. But he has struggled on the other side of the pond. While some of his films have been popular in the US, they have usually been French films that travelled. One possible exception was Green Card, directed by Peter Weir, where he plays a French immigrant who goes through a fake wedding in order to stay and work in the United States. This is a predictable but sweet romantic comedy which typecasts (分配同一类型角色) its lead actors in terms of national stereotypes. While some reviewers were kind, others shredded both the film and Depardieu’s performance. While Monsieur Depardieu has n’t received the recognition he would have liked in the United States, one Mexican actor has achieved almost instant success. Gael Garcia Bernal first gained recognition in Amores Perros in 2000 and a year later in Y tu mama tambien. Since then he has appeared with hometown hero, Brad Pitt in Babel and, under the direction of top producer and director, Jim Jarmusch, he starred in Limits of Control. He hasn’t picked up an Oscar yet, but he
上海高考英语题型+阅读分析
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Section A Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. (A) My Stay in New York After graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local caféas a waiter. I believed that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once. Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected. Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me. 主旨大意：本文主要讲述主人公毕业后的一段生活经历，主人公觉得在大城市的打拼并不尽如人意，还是小镇生活比较适合自己。 25. where. 本题考察定语从句，先行词为New York。 26. To earn. 本题考察非谓语，考察点是动词不定式表目的，在咖啡馆做侍应生的目的是赚钱。 27. as soon as/ as long as. 本题考察状语从句。考察点是时间状语从句“一旦……”，本题设3个空格，也是一种提示。 28. exhausted. 本题考察非谓语，考察点是分词做形容词使用。句子不缺动词，做给动词只能做非谓语，exhausted主语是人，所以用-ed。 29. if. 本题考察状语从句。考察点是条件状语从句，分析句意可知有“如果”的意思。 30. what. 本题考察主语从句。考察点是what做宾语。 31. adapting. 本题考察非谓语。考察点是非谓语做宾补。固定搭配have difficulty doing sth。 32. did. 本题考察倒装句。Not until放句首，部分倒装“助动词+主语+动词”。
2021年上海市高考英语总复习：阅读理解 1．I believe in holding onto traditions because they helped our family flourish（兴旺）in a new country．But this concept is more concretely expressed this way：I believe in feeding monkeys on my birthday ﹣something I've done without fail for 35 years． In the Burmese jungle，monkeys are as common as pigeons．But in America，feeding monkeys means violating（违反）the rules． As a kid，I thought that was cool．I learned English through watching bad television shows and expected that I was the chosen warrior（勇士）sent to defend my family．Dad and I would go to the zoo early in the morning，just the two of us．When the coast was clear，I would throw my peanuts to the monkeys． I never had to explain myself until my 18th birthday．It was the first year I didn't go with my father．I went with my friends and arrived 10 minutes after the zoo gates closed．"Please，" I begged the zookeeper，"I feed monkeys for my family，not for me．Can't you make an exception？" "Go find a pet store，" she said． If only it were so easy．That time，I got lucky．I found out that a high school classmate trained the monkeys for the movie Out of Africa，so he allowed me to feed his monkeys．Once a man with a pet monkey suspected that my story was aploy﹣that I was an animal rights activist（积极分子）out to liberate（释放）his monkey．Another time，a zoo told me that outsiders could not feed the monkeys without violating the zookeepers' collective bargaining agreement．Once in a pet store，I managed to feed a marmoset（狨）being kept in a birdcage．Another time，I was asked to wear a special suit to feed a laboratory monkey． It's rarely easy and，yet，somehow I've found a way to feed a monkey every year since I was born． （1）Why has the author fed monkeys all these years？ A．To please his father． B．To develop a new hobby． C．To celebrate his birthday．
Section B Directions：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (B) With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born-in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type. Mr Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need inbuilt intelligence within five years, making data scientists—people trained to analyze large bodies of information — key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applicat ions that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection system, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior. Many companies that are born digital—particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle—are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields request from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem. The most important factor weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of launching a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend ＄150m a year on a single application and the total bills is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account. Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent.Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expend their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field. A third barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be
你是××中学的××，你校学生会即将组织一次徒步活动，已在校园网发布方案，征求师生的修改意见。你需要写一封邮件，包含以下两点： 1.提出你觉得需要改进的地方； Dear Sir/Madam, I’m really excited to heat that a hiking activity is going to be held near the Bund on the Labor Day holiday. However, there may be further improvement of the scheme you’ve posted on the campus website, as I’d like to point out. are willing to have a clearer picture of security precautions and necessary medical support for the the scheme should be comprehensive and thoughtful enough to ensure the success of the activity. Only by clarifying these details, are you likely to attract more attention from the students. I suggest the hike be more suited to the theme “Discover Shanghai” through additional activities. Upon arrival at the Bund, I propose an introduction of the architecture on both sides of the Huangpu River. By appreciating different artistic styles of the buildings, we can gain a deeper insight into the authentic Shanghai culture mixed with exotic , the experience may well be unforgettable one, because it of organizing the activity. , if the hike is organized in more detail and in a more supportive way, it is sure to succeed. I hope that my voice above can be heard and considered and wish the activity a great success. Yours sincerely Wang Lei
高考英语阅读理解(Reading) [全真试题] 应用文 01 Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page. (You may read the questions first) jaguar n. a type of large, yellow-colored cat with black markings found in the southwestern region of the US. and in Central and South America. jargon 1. n. speech that doesn’t make sense. 2. n. an unknown language that seems strange or impossible to understand. 3. n. a language made up of two or more other languages: His jargon was a mixture of French and English. 4. n. the special vocabulary of a field or profession: Her report on computers was field with jargon. jaunt 1. n. a trip taken for fun 2. v. to go on a brief pleasant trip: We jaunted to the country last Saturday . javelin1.n. a spear most commonly used as a weapon or in hunting 2. n. a light-weight metal or wooden spear that is thrown in track-and-field contests. 3.
2015年上海英语高考真题阅读A及参考答案精校版 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Look to many of history’s cultural symbols, and there you’ll find an ancestor of Frosty, the snowman in the movie Frozen. It appeared on some of the first postcards, starred in some of the earliest silent movies, and was the subject of a couple of the earliest photos, dating all the way back to the 1800s. I discovered even more about one of humanity’s earliest forms of life art during several years of research around the world. For example, snowmen were a phenomenon in the Middle Ages, built with great skill and thought. At a time of limited means of expression, snow was like free art supplies dropped from the sky. It was a popular activity for couples to leisurely walk through town to view the temporary works of chilly art. Some were created by famous artists, including a 19-year-old Michelangelo, who in 1494 was appointed by the ruler of Florence, Italy, to build a snowman in his mansion’s courtyard. The Miracle of 1511 took place during six freezing weeks called the Winter of Death. The city of Brussels was covered in snowmen—an impressive scene that told stories on every street corner. Some were political in nature, criticizing the church and government. Some were a reflection of people’s imagination. For the people of Brussels, this was a defining moment of artistic freedom. At least until spring arrived, by which time they were dealing with damaging floods. If you fear the heyday of the snowman has passed, don’t worry: I’ve learned that some explosive snowman history is still being made today. Every year since 1818, the people of Zurich, Switzerland, celebrate the beginning of spring by blowing up a snowman. On the third Monday of April, the holiday Sechselauten is kicked off when a cotton snowman called the Boogg is stuffed with explosive and paraded through town by bakers and other tradesmen who throw bread to the crowds. The parade ends with the Boogg being placed on a 40-foot pile of firewood. After the bells of the Church of St. Peter have rung six times, representing the passing of winter, the pile is lit. When the snowman explodes, winter is considered officially over—the quicker it is burnt down, the longer summer is said to be. 66. According to the passage, why did snowmen become a phenomenon in the Middle Ages? A. People thought of snow as holy art supplies. B. People longed to see masterpieces of snow. C. Building snowmen was a way for people to express themselves. D. Building snowmen helped people develop their skill and thought. 67. “The heyday of the snowman” (paragraph 4) means the time when___________. A. snowmen were made mainly by artists B. snowmen enjoyed great popularity C. snowmen were politically criticized D. snowmen caused damaging floods 68. In Zurich, the blowing up of the Boogg symbolizes__________________. A. the start of the parade