As carriers of cultures, Chinese and English names are full of cultural connotations, and result in cultural gap between English and Chinese. Personal names are not only symbols that distinguish one person from others, but also social symbols. It is “a mirror of culture”. Through comparative study on a
nation?s history, religion, concepts of moral and value, we can see different cultural connotations between English and Chinese names. And then suggest some translation principles and methods. There are some similarities between English and Chinese names, such as totemism, consciousness of root-seeking, specializing points. In Chinese names, we can find the culture of religious concepts, Confucian-worship, hierarchy. And the religion, personal-orientation, individualism can also be found in English names. In the translation of Chinese and English names, translators should follow the pronunciation of the owner?s language and adopt the established popular translated names, use transliteration and paraphrase so as to reflect the real meaning of English and Chinese names.
[Key Words] English names and Chinese names; cultural connotation; translation principle; translation method
[摘要] 姓名，作为一种文化载体，蕴涵着极其丰富的文化内涵，英汉姓名因而存在着巨大的文化差异。姓名不仅仅是一种简单的区别于他人的符号，它同时也代表一种社会文化现象，被喻为“文化的镜像”。通过对英汉姓名的历史渊源，宗教信仰，价值观念等的对比研究，揭示出英汉姓名的深层文化内涵及社会文化因素的影响，进而对这种富载文化内涵的姓名的翻译提出翻译原则和翻译翻译方法。英汉文化的共性，如图腾崇拜，寻根意识，特指性，心理暗示等使英汉不同姓名的系统中出现一些类同的现象。英汉文化内涵的差异，如中国的宗教观念，崇儒思想，等级制度等文化因素都可以从中国人的姓名中反映出来。而英语民族的宗教信仰，个人取向，强调个性也在英语姓名中有所反映。由于英汉姓名的文化差异，在翻译英汉姓名时应遵循“名从主人原则”和“约定俗成原则”，采取音译法和释义法，或者两者相结合，使人名的真实内涵得到体现。
[关键词] 英汉姓名；文化内涵；翻译原则；翻译方法
1．Introduction
Names are used by human beings and they are the signs for people to distinguish one person from the others. They have some particular functions that no other signs can perform. They are not only linguistic symbols, but also social symbols, representing relationship in societies and cultures. “Each person has his name which distinguishes himself from other members in the community, and each country has its own name system owing to their different historical and cultural background”. [1] P1 In a word, personal names are windows for people to see through different cultures in different societies. For these reasons, the translation of Chinese and English names should follow the pr onunciation of the owner?s country and adopt the established popular translated names, use transliteration and paraphrase so as to reflect the real meaning of Chinese and English names.
2．Relation between personal name and culture
Personal names are the products of the historical development of human society. They reflect the ancient civilization and splendid cultures from different respects. The choice of name tells something about human society and reflects the social culture. Therefore, the development of personal names cannot be isolated from the social culture background. Names are the inseparable part of culture and the inevitable outcome of cultural evolution. Like other linguistic phenomena they play the role of carrier and propagator of cultures.
Cu lture influences every aspect of human social life and influences people?s behavior. Personal names are the outcome of people?s behavior, so the influence of culture can be seen from the changing of personal names. For example, “in ancient China, “龟” （gui, tortoise）was often used as personal name which had good connotation of longevity. However, after Ming Dynasty, the connotation of the character changed, which indicates a man whose wife is not loyal to him. Then few people use “龟” as personal names”.[2] P2 In addition, personal names are restricted by culture, for instance, Chinese people are greatly influenced by Confucianism, so obvious proprieties can be seen in Chinese names. “English people believe Christian and religious sense can be found in their n ames”.[3] P51 On the other hand, as a kind of social reality, personal names exert its influence and action on societies and cultures. For example, the taboo on using the personal names of emperors was formed under the influence of feudal hierardy culture. Once it had been formed it began to restrict every aspect of people?s life. In short, personal names and culture influence restrict each other and act on each other. From personal names, people can see the cultural similarity and difference in different society.
3. Comparative study between the two name systems
Every nation has its own history, during which it has shaped its own particular characteristics. As a special social and linguistic phenomenon, names relate to cultures extensively and profoundly. When we learn a foreign language and try to make effective communication, we must understand its culture and need to know about names and naming, just as when we study a language we need to know its vocabulary and its grammar. In this section, we are going to make a comparative study on these aspects between Chinese and English name systems.
3.1 Similarities between the Two Systems
3.1.1 Totemism
“At beginning, the basic of personal name is totemism. Totemism may be animals, plants or unliving things. The group often takes some totem as their ancestor, and then used it as their own names”.[4] P51 “In ancient times, the human beings were not only afraid of natural power, but also respect it. Therefore, both in Chinese and English personal names, we can find lots of names from place, animal, plant, unliving things in nature or natural phenomenon”.[5] P82 For example, in Chinese names, Yan Emperor（炎帝, one ancestor of Chinese people）lived near Jiang Water（姜水, a name of a river）, so his tribe used jiang (姜) as their tribe name, Huang Emperor (黄帝, another ancestor of Chinese people) lived near Ji Water (姬水, a name of a river) and used ji (姬) as the tr ibe?s name, and yao (姚) came from the place called yao xu (姚墟) where Shun (舜, an ancestor of Chinese people) lived. In English, people used the natural phenomenon as family names, such as Frost, Rain, and Snow etc. And some names come from animal names, for example, Bird, Bull, Lion, Fox, Wolf and so on. Some come from plant names, for instance, Flower, Apple, Lily, Rose. This phenomenon reflects similar cultural connotation that names are associated with primitive totemism.
3.1.2 Consciousness of root-seeking
In Chinese and English names, we can find names taken from their birth-place names, such as Liu Zongyuan (柳宗元), a famous poet in Tang Dynasty, was born at He Dong, so he has another name Liu Hedong (柳河东). In China, nowadays, we also have names like Wang Changcheng (王长城), Li Changjiang(李长江), etc. These names are closely connected with
Chinese places. In English people also take places as their personal names. “For example, Washington(华盛顿)，Brook(溪流), Well (泉), Wood (林木) and so on”.[6] P81 These similarities show, as human being, they all have the consciousness of root-seeking.
3.1.3 Specializing character
Most na mes in literary works have special meaning. “They symbolize some connotations that go far beyond their literary meanings. They become some general terms indicating certain meaning, symbolizing certain people, or referring particularly to certain situations or actions”.
[7] P31
For example, Shylock, in Shakespeare?s comedy The Merchant of Venice indicates some usurers and businessmen who are mean and cruel. It can also be used as verb referring to the action of owing usury. For instance, “His income derived from illicit activities-bookmaking, gambling, shylocking, and questionable union activities”.
Take the personal name Zhu Geliang （诸葛亮）as another example. It can be used not only to refer to the specific person who once really existed in history, but also used as a common noun.“诸葛亮” in the saying “三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”（Working together, three ordinary men can be as wise as Zhuge Liang who was a very wise man in the Three States Period ）is not specific a person, it refers to same wise men like him. In Chinese literature, we may find names with specially implied meaning chose by writers who tend to take advantage of homophone, which acts as a pun. For example, characters in The Story of Stone that written by Chao Xueqin. Jia Yucun (贾雨村)，Jiahua(贾化)，Zhen Shiyin(甄士隐)，which pronounce the same as jia yu cun (假语存--lies exist), jia hua (假话--tell lies)，zhen shi yin (真事隐--truth is hidden).
Both in Chinese and English, there are also names in great authors? writings which are taken as current vocabulary.
Hamlet is the hero in Sha kespeare?s tragedy “Hamlet”. His uncle murders his father so he wants to take revenges on him. But he hesitates so much in his avenging plan that in the end he has to pretend being mad. “Hamlet” in present English is not only one of the characters in Shake speare?s tragedy, but also considered as a synonym to a person who is hesitating in doing something or to a hesitating action. If people think someone is very hesitating in doing something, they may say“You are Hamlet”. Rip Van Winkle is one of the heroes in the works of the American writer Washington Irving. He is a hen-packed man. Once being scolded by his wife, he runs into the Catskill, a mountain near his village. He feels relaxed there and drinks too much before falling asleep. When he wakes up, it is too many years later that everything in the village has been greatly changed. Rip Van Winkle is now referring to some people who are old-fashioned, or whose minds and thoughts are dropped far behind from the present society. People may express someone?s idea that is out of date, by saying “This is the opinion of same Rip Van Winkle”.
3.2 Differences between the two name systems
It is said that every coin has its two sides. We talked about their similarities above, and now, we are going to talk about the differences between Chinese and English name systems and their culture connotation
3.2.1Origin of family names
Family names reflect different national cultures and ancient civilization from various points of view. Being a kind of social phenomenon and complicated psychological process, family
names reveal social reality. So the development of family names cannot be separated from the social and cultural background on which they rely. The form and use of family names are developing progressively with the evolution of history and changing of society.
(i) Origin of Chinese family names
“The number of family names in Chinese is much smaller than that of English name. So far, we have all together less than ten thousand family names, in which 6363 family names are from the Han nationality. But in the west, there are 156 thousand family names, among which thirty-five thousand are frequently seen in daily life”.[8] P6 “It is thought that Chinese family names came about in matriarchal clan society. At that time, every clan got the distinctive clan name based on their totem or dwelling places. The clan names are the earliest family names which in Chinese are called 姓(xing)”.[9] P9 After population of a clan multiplied, the clan divided into several branches and moved to different places to live. Then each branch would get their own branch name to distinguish this branch from the others. The name of each branch is called氏(shi). The difference between them is that, the former one is used to tell apart different families in ranks of family in the society. So “xing” is not changeable, but “shi” can be changed. In ancient China, there would be thousand of people shared the same family names, they came from the same clans and lived in the same villages, some of them may move to other places, but they couldn?t change their family names. According to historical records, in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, “xing” and “shi” began to have class color besides their original function. “Shi”, especially, was best owned by their ruler. As a result, “shi” became the mark of the aristocracy. Only the aristocrats had “shi”, and the ordinary people had no “shi”. All the aristocrats were men at that time. Therefore, only men had “shi”. “The distinction between “xing” and “shi” disappeared in Qin and Han Dynasty. They became one that is called “xingshi” in Chinese and refers to family names”.[10] P10 This phenomenon indicates that the original function and distinction of “xing” and “shi” were of no significance after the centralized feudal social system was established.
(ii) Origin of English family names
“The history of English family names is much shorter than the Chinese ones. It came about in the Middle Ages”.[11] P34 They are in large number. Social cultural factors play an important role in the development of English family names. They reflect a complete picture of English feudal society. So they are the living fossils for studying English history and culture. English family names are the historical product of English society. They experienced nearly three centuries from nonexistence to full development. There was a time when no one had a hereditary family name. “When the ancestors of Engli sh people invaded Britain in the 5th century, they formed a tribal society. English people didn?t get family names until 1066 when Normans conquered Britain. The Normans certainly didn?t have a fully developed family names system”.[12] P80 It was not yet t heir conscious policy to identify a family by one name. But there were not enough names for distinction. In a certain period more and more names were duplicated. This phenomenon brought great trouble to people in communication. So when people were talking about a person who was absent, they often employed additional phrases for further identification. For example, when they referred to John who lived under the hill, they would add descriptive phrase as “from the hill”. Then John became “John from the hill” to indicate which John they were talking about. Although the additional phrases can play the role for further identification, they are too complicated. Therefore, some
unimportant words are often omitted. Then “John from the hill” is changed into “John Hill”. With the development of feudal society, there was an urgent need for people to solve the problem of personal identification. For this reason, people created a new way for expression that they began to add their father?s or manor?s name behind their giv en name. In fact, the additional phrases which are called “bynames” are the embryos of English family names. They played an important transitional part in the development of English family names. Gradually, these bynames were turned into hereditary family names.
From the beginning of the 15th century nearly all English people inherited family names at birth and the word “surname” was used with the meaning we give it today. It had been borrowed from French “surnom”, deriving from Latin super, and was used at first to mean “an extra name” or “a nickname”. Modern French translates “surname” as nom de femile, so in English surname is also called family name.
3.2.2 Forms of names and cultural connotation
(i) Forms of names
In both Chinese and English, the personal names can be divided into surnames and given names. A person?s family name is inherent. He/She got his/her family name before he/she was born. Therefore family names are not selectable. The case is different in given names. Given names are not inherent but selectable; one can choose his given names. But the way in which these names are used varies in the two languages. A fundamental difference is the order in which these names occur. In Chinese, the family name comes first and the given name is placed after it. And there are two kinds of family name, one is single surname, the other is double surname. For example, 王国强(Wang Guoqiang), 司马相如(Sima Xiangru). Here 王(Wang) and 司马(Sima) are family names, 国强(Guoqiang) and 相如(Xiangru) are given names.
However, in En glish, the family name is at the end, and the given name is in the front. “The given name could be divided into Christian name (first name) and middle name (second name)”. [13] P58
In western counties, most people have middle names, the number of which can be one, two, three or even more than tens, such as “an American writer Robert Peter Tristram Coffin and a British writer Oscar Fingal O?Flahertie Wills Wilde”.[14] P11 Here Robert and Oscar are given names, Peter Tristram and Fingal O?Flahertie Wills are middle name, Coffin and Wilde are family names. Middle names are only used in very formal situation for official purpose, such as on a document. Usually people omit them or use the capital letters instead. Therefore the writer mentioned above is called Robert Coffin and Oscar Wilde on most occasions. As most English –speaking people believe in Christianity or Catholic, according to the religious custom, a baby who was born around one week should be baptized and named in the church. So the given name can also be called baptized name or Christian name. Although given names are frequently referred to as Christian names, this does not mean that the person is a Christian or the name has been given by the church. Nowadays, it is usually used as a synonym for “given name”. Many parents take their baby to church to be baptized, but the given names are chosen by their parents before this. And even if a person has never been baptized, their names can still be called Christian names.
(ii) Cultural connotation
The opposite orders of Chinese and English names are reflection of different cultures on
personal names. Chinese family names represent the relationship of clan, group and consanguinity; Traditional Chinese culture emphasizes the generality. Therefore, in this kind of culture atmosphere, Chinese people put their family names which represent their ancestors, clans and groups before their given names, which symbols person individuality while the western people not only emphasize individual person and individuality, but also value the independent personality and self-consciousness, they think the given names are life and soul of a person, so they highly value them.
Contrary to the high esteem of given names, English people think family names are not very important. The reflection of this sense leads to the different order of name, i.e. given names are put before family names. And we can also find the different culture connotation in women?s names. Chinese women remain their family names and given names, even in the past. However, in most western countries, the women once married, they should change their family name to that of their husbands? according to the custom. For example, when Mary White marred John Brown, her name should be changed into Mary Brown.
Incidentally, as mentioned above, the given names in English-speaking countries are also called Christian names. The phenomenon reflects the important role in people?s life.
3.2.3 Patriarchy, Confucian-worship, religion
“With the influence of Patriarchy, Chinese people often use birth orders or their father or grandfather?s given names as shi (氏). In Zhou Dynasty, people used the characters 孟（meng）, 伯（bo）, 仲（zhong）, 叔(shu), 季(ji ) to indicate the birth order of children. And they were usually used as shi”.[15] P16 According to the rule of Patriarchy, the emperor?s son was called 王子(wangzi ,son of an emperor), son of 王子is called 王孙，（wangsun, grandson of an emperor）,and the son of 王孙must use this grandfather?s given name as his “shi”. Chinese name are not only influenced by Patriarchy, but also influenced by
Confucian-worship. An obvious feature is the use of generation character. That is members of each generation of a patriarchal family use the same character in their given name, different generation use different charact er. Thus the name can show their bearer?s position in the family hierarchy. However, the generation character is gradually disappearing with the disappearance of clan families and the fulfillment of the one-child policy in China. Today, religion influence can also be found in English personal names. “Religion, especially Christianity plays a great important role in the development of English personal names. Not only the Christians, but also common people are influenced by it. Therefore, their names have connections with the religion, they reflect English national cultures. In English-speaking countries, “John” is a very popular name used by men, which comes from Hebrew, Yohanan meansing “the gift from god”. “John” is a name of believer in Bible, so it become s so popular on personal names”.[16] P35 In the 16th and 17th century, Puritans show great beliefs in religion. They gave their children slogan names, such as Be-courteous,
Fight-the-good-fight-of-faith, the-lord-is-near. Such names were much laughed at by the public. The more sensible puritans had in the meantime managed to display their religious beliefs in less eccentric ways and created a group of names, which have survived to the present day. This naming group featured the “virtues” and it includes suc h names as Charity, Faith, Grace, Honor, Joy, Hope, Patience, Prudence and Felieity.
3.2.4 Hierarchy and equality
“Confucius emphasized the distinction between upper class and lower class, the superior
generation and inferior generation. The hierarchy rule s were strictly obeyed”.[17] P75 In feudal society, when people came across the given names of the emperor, they had to avoid them. If a person?s own given name was the same as the emperor?s in coincidence, he had to change his own given name even family n ame. For instance, “the emperor in east Han Dynasty was named 刘庄(Liu Zhuang), when 庄忌（Zhuang Ji）in West Han went to East Han, he had to change his name into 严忌(Yan Ji) Not only the emperor?s names were taboos, the names of the order generation were also taboos for the younger generation. Therefore, in China a son never used his father?s given name as his own names”.[18] P44
What is highly valued in the west is individualism and as a result equal relationship among people is highly valued. And therefore what is advocated is not the obligations and responsibilities ascribed to each member of the society according to his or her social position but humanitarianism and human rights. The way of using their father or grandfather?s names as their own names is a prac tical way of naming. For example, “British politician William Pitt and his son William Pitt, American artist George Inness and his son shared the same name”.[19] P44 That is because before the appearance of family names, the consanguinity of family was mainly manifested through duplication of names and alliteration. And duplication of names is the simplest way. Latter family names appeared, but the tradition of using father or grandfather?s name to name a baby survived. For the purpose of identification, “t he elder and the younger” or “senior” or “junior” are respectively put behind the father and son?s names. Such as, James Earl Carter, Sr, and his son James Earl Carter, Jr, usually in Britain people use “the elder and the younger”, in America, people use “senior”, and “junior”.
3.2.5 Other aspects
“Chinese people not only have formal name and courtesy name(字), but also have literary name(hao 号), which is not unique phenomena in Chinese names. Western people also have nickname, but it is not as common as Chinese”.[20] P14Zi and Hao are the products of ancient Chinese culture. “Zi” is used by the person of inf erior position to address the person of superior position. This reflects the worship of given names and hierarchy in ancient China. “Hao”, which is kind of laudatory title, usually shows a person?s interests, hope or spiritual sustenance. Although “hao” ha s come about very early, it prevailed after Tang and Song Dynasties and reached its climax in Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is the result of the prosperity of literature since Tang and Song Dynasties, but it is not used now any more.
In both systems of Chinese names and English names, there are diminutives or hypocoristic names. These names are used differently in Britain or America and China. Chinese diminutives can only be addressed by the family members or very close friends. The younger generation and other people cannot address a person with his diminutives. While English diminutives are associated with the given names and usually are the variants of given names. And a person?s diminutives are used in his whole life and can be addressed by other people besides his family members and friends.
4. Translation of Names
4.1 Basic rules in the translation of names
Names are used to indicate one individual in order to differ him from other persons in the community. Therefore, the methods and principles in translating names either from Chinese to English or English to Chinese are highly regarded in the translation field. The translation of general names should follow two basic rulers: namely follow the pronunciation of the owner?s
language and adopt established popular translated names. Besides, the methods of annotating transliteration and paraphrase and others are necessary in translation in many cases so as to reflect the real meaning of the names.
4.1.1Chinese names into English
“Following the pronunciation of the owner?s language means when translating personal names, one should follow the pronunciation of the owner?s language. According to this principle, the names of Chinese people should be translated according to Chinese Phonetic Alphabet”, [21] P70 which also called transliteration. However, Chinese names are quite different with that of English names, great confusion appears in spellings. If one?s name is Zhang Jianhua, there may be eight ways of spelling.
Zhang Jianhua Zhang Jian-hua ZHANG Jianhua ZHANG Jian-hua
Jianhua Zhang Jian-hua Zhang Zhang Jian Hua Jian Hua Zhang
“These difficulties are caused by the difference between two naming systems. The basic solution to them is culture transmission”. [22] P39 In ord er to let people who come from different countries get full understanding of each other?s culture, we need some principles to standardize these naming spelling.
(a)To put family name ahead of given name. For example, “张健” should be transliterate into “Zhang Jian”, but no “Jian Zhang”.
(b)“Family name and given name should be departed. There should be not any space or marks like hyphen or point between different characters in the given name. And the first letter of them must be capitalized”.[23] P82 For example, “邓小平”should be translated into “Deng Xiaoping”.
Some names of Chinese people are not translated according to Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. They adopt the established popular translated names. For example Confucius(孔子)，Sun yat-sen(孙中山)，Soong Ching Ling(宋庆龄)，Tan Kah Kee(陈嘉庚)，Yuan Shi-Kai(袁世凯), Chou En-Lai(周恩来) and so on.
4.1.2English names into Chinese
Owing to the differences between Chinese and English naming systems, there are difficulties and confusion in the translation of names, principles are also needed to standardize the transliteration.
(a) To put the family name at last
As we all know, English names have their own forms: first name + middle name + family name. According to their traditional culture, we should put their Christian names at first and then middle names, and family names in the end.
(b) There should be a point among the first name, the middle name and the family name In the third part of this dissertation, we have made a comparative study between the two systems. Chinese given names may contain two characters but these two characters are considered as one. In English, first name is different from middle name; they have different functions and are used respectively. Therefore, in transliteration English first name and middle name, there should be a “.” between them. And“.” is also needed between family name and given name. For example, “John F. Kennedy”should be transliteration into“约翰. F.肯尼迪”. As to the short form of middle name, we can remain it in the transliteration.
(c) To keep the national characteristics of English names
“Translators should try to keep the national characteristics of English names in
transliteration”.[24] P49For example, “Smith” into “史密斯”，“F.R.Leavis into F.R.利维斯，J.Edgar.Hoover into J.埃德加.胡佛”.[25] P79
Although these transliterations of names keep the national characteristics of English names, they are too long for Chinese people to remember them. So some people translate English names according to Chinese custom. “Such as …Virginia Penn? into …潘美今?, …Margaret Fung? into …冯美琪?, and …Henry Lewis Stimson? into …史仃生? and etc”.[26] P49 Actually, these are the Chinese names rather than translation of their English names. When facing these names Chinese people will be much confused by wondering whether they are Chinese or foreigners. There are some translation of English names adopt the established popular translated names. “For example, …Wilde?(a writer of England) into …王尔德?, but not …怀尔德?, …Holmes? into …福尔摩斯?, but not …霍姆斯?, …Bernard Show?(a writer of England) into …肖伯纳?，but not …肖纳得.
肖?, ?Caesar? into …恺撒?, but not …西泽?, …Shelley?(a poem of England) into …雪莱?, but not …谢
利?”.[27] P237
4.2 Translation of literary names
As to characters in literary works, we have two methods for translation. The first one is that they can be translated according to their pronunciation. The reason why we translate literary names in this way is that some names play less importance in the literary works, the main function of them is to distinguish them from other characters in the literary works. The other is particular names in literary works with connotation. In most cases, these names lost their original distinguishing function but become general words referring to some persons or actions or situations. If translators disregard their connotation by translating them directly, this may result in the misunderstanding and confusion.
In the above chapter, we have mentioned the further connotation of the name “Hamlet”. Now let?s take up the following: “I am Hamlet”. In this sentence, the English read ers or some of the Chinese people who know something about the prince in Shakespeare?s tragedy will have no difficulty in understanding the speaker?s real meaning. But to those people who do not know who is Hamlet, it is impossible for them to understand the real meaning when facing the Chinese sentence “我不是哈姆雷特”. If we translate this sentence into “我决不犹豫”, the readers may lose a chance to know the cultural information of Hamlet. So we should translate it by compounding the transliteration and the paraphrase of connotation. According to this principle, “I am not Hamlet” would be best translated into “我不是哈姆雷特，决不犹豫”.
5. Conclusion
The phenomena of personal names are put in the scale of culture and reveal the deep-going culture connotation in different cultures. From the analysis, we can see the roles of various social factors played in naming: patriarchy system, hierarchy and Confucian-worship are the key factors with the influence on Chinese personal names; religion and the emphasis of individualism are the key factors functioned in English naming process. The Chinese name system is quite different from that of English, not only in the forms and naming principles and cultural background, but also in the translation. All these differences play an important role in communication. In translation of personal names, translators should be fully aware of these differences.
The study of Chinese and English names and their culture connotations and their translation help us to have a better understanding of Chinese culture and Chinese people as well as
English language and English people. Thus in the intercultural communication we can communicate more effectively and successfully.
大学各专业名称英文翻译——文科方面ARTS 澳门历史研究Study of the History of Macao 办公管理Office Management 办公设备运用Using Desktop Publishing in Business 比较管理学Comparative Management 比较诗学Comparative Poetics 比较文化学Comparative Cult urology 比较文学研究Study of Comparative Literature 必修课4－10学分Restricted (4-10 Credits needed) 病理生理学Pathological Physiology 财务报告介绍An Introduction to Financial Accounting Statements 财务报告运用Using Financial Accounting Statements 财务管理学Financial Management 财务会计学Financial Accounting 财务理论与方法Finance Theory & Methods 财政与金融Finance 财政与金融学研究Study of Finance 财政预算Preparing Financial Forecasts 产业经济学Industrial Economics 传统文化与现代化Tradition Culture and Modernization 当代国际关系研究Contemporary International Relations Studies 当代世界发展研究Contemporary World Development Studies 当代中国外交与侨务专题研究Monographic Studies of Diplomacy and Overseas C hinese Affairs of Contemporary China
单选题 第1题 (2) 分这些工人都是篮球的热心观众。 A、These workers are avid watchers of basketball matches. B、These workers are avid watchers of basketball. C、These workers are warmhearted watchers of basketball. 第2题 (2) 分她常常动不动就骂她的孩子们，但孩子们都知道她使刀子嘴豆腐心。 A、She was always scolding her children, but they knew that her scolding might be like a knife but her heart B、She was always scolding her children, but they knew her bark was worse than her bite. C、She was always scolding her children, but they knew that she was kindhearted while scolding. 第3题 (2) 分这个小女孩长得又漂亮又聪明，真是人见人爱。 A、This little girl is beautiful and clever. Indeed everybody here loves her. B、This little girl is very beautiful and clever. It is true everybody here loves her when they see her. C、This little girl is so beautiful and clever that no one who sees her can help loving her. 第4题 (2) 分 On these pages you get the story of what happened --- and how leading Americans see the priorities now. A、以下几页叙述的是事情的来龙去脉――以及美国领导人当前如何看待事情的轻重缓急。 B、以下几页叙述的是事情的来龙去脉――以及领导的美国人当前如何看待事情的轻重缓急。 C、以下几页叙述的是事情的来龙去脉――以及当领导的美国人当前如何看待事情的轻重缓急。 第5题 (2) 分 His preoccupation with business left little time for his family. A、他全神贯注于事业，为他的家庭留下了很少的时间。 B、他对事业的全神贯注留给他家庭的时间很少。
许多人认为，人名属于专有名词，翻译起来很简单，照音直译就行了。然而,“照音直译”只是一个笼统的原则，实际做起来远非这么简单。 一、英文名字中译 1．同其他类型的专有名词一样，英文名字译成汉语一般采用音译。如: Smith 译成“史密斯”，不译成“铁匠”；Hunter 译成“亨特”, 不译成“猎人”；Mr. Green 译成“格林先生”, 而不译成“绿先生”。 但是英文的发音与汉语完全不同，找发音近似的汉字来表达，并非易事。我们现在流行的许多译名，其实并不十分准确，或者说至少用的不是与其原英文名字发音最接近的汉字，比如：Edward 译成汉语是“爱德华”, 其实“爱德瓦”似乎更接近；著名侦探小说中的人物Holmes 译成“福尔摩斯”，其实“霍姆斯”似乎更佳。再如英国大诗人Samuel C.T. Coleridge, 那个姓不该译为“柯勒瑞基”, 因为中间的 e 是不发音的，所以应该译为“柯尔律治”。但是这些译名已经约定俗成，不必再改了。由此可见，人名音译时, 用什么汉字来表述有一个约定俗成的问题。许多英汉词典都附录有常用的人名，包括姓(family name)、名(given name) 和中间名(middle name)。另外,《世界人名翻译大词典》、《世界人名译名手册》、《近代来华外国人名词典》等都为我们提供了丰富的参考资料,可供查阅。 音译时除了表音的汉字是约定俗成之外，音译的方法也如此。比如，英国剧作家George Bernard Shaw, 按习惯译成“萧伯纳”，不但把他的姓移到了前面，而且其中的Bernard 也没有按标准音译作“伯纳德”。意大利航海家Christopher Columbus 译作“哥伦布”，也没有完全按照标准音译。 随着中国经济与文明的迅速发展，中国文化越来越受世界各国人民的推崇，有些外国人也起有中国名字。比如，著名的来华传教士、参加翻译《几何原理》的Mattbien Ricci, 中文名字叫利玛窦；诺贝尔文学奖得主、著名美国女作家Pearl Buck，中文名字叫赛珍珠。美籍华人也常有英、汉两种名字，如著名物理学家丁肇中教授，英文名字是Samuel Chao-chung Ding；著名的羽西化妆品公司的总裁靳羽西女士，英文名字是Yue Sai Kan。这些名字在英汉互译时都应谨慎处理。 二、中文名字英译 中文名字英译一般采用汉语拼音，姓译成一个词，名译成一个词，双名的两个字的英译中间不加连字符，如Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao。但有些仍沿用习惯的拼法，如孙中山译为Sun Yat-sen, 蒋介石译为Chiang Kai-shek。少数民族的人名不能按照所用汉字的发音，而是要根据原来的民族文字，如司马义·艾买提是Ismail Amat。香港的人名英译时不能按普通话读音译，如董建华按广东话发音译作Dong Chee Hwa。有些人取了英文名字，要尊重他们的选择，如霍英东的英文名字除了写作Ying Dong Fok 外，又作Henry Fok；李小龙的英文名字是Bruce Lee; 成龙的英文名字Jacky Chan；周润发的英文名字是Chow Yun-fat；周杰伦的英文名字是Jay Chou。由于汉语同音字太多，而且音译后不标出四种声调，因此将中国人的名字译成英文后再回译成汉语，除了知名人士外, 几乎很难准确。 有些英文名字在用作人名和商标名称时译法不一样。比如：McDonald 是一个常见的姓氏，
大学各专业名称英文翻译（一）——工学ENGINEERING 课程中文名称课程英文名称 高等数理方法Advanced Mathematical Method 弹塑性力学Elastic-Plastic Mechanics 板壳理论Theory of Plate and Shell 高等工程力学Advanced Engineering Mechanics 板壳非线性力学Nonlinear Mechanics of Plate and Shell 复合材料结构力学Structural Mechanics of Composite Material 弹性元件的理论及设计Theory and Design of Elastic Element 非线性振动Nonlinear Vibration 高等土力学Advanced Soil Mechanics 分析力学Analytic Mechanics 随机振动Random Vibration 数值分析Numerical Analysis 基础工程计算与分析Calculation and Analysis of Founda tion Engineering 结构动力学Structural Dynamics 实验力学Laboratory Mechanics 损伤与断裂Damage and Fracture 小波分析Wavelet Analysis 有限元与边界元分析方法Analytical Method of Finite Element and Boundary Element 最优化设计方法Optimal Design Method 弹性力学Elastic Mechanics 高层建筑基础Tall Building Foundation 动力学Dynanics 土的本构关系Soil Constitutive Relation 数学建模Mathematical Modeling 现代通信理论与技术Emerging Communications Theory and Technology 数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing 网络理论与多媒体技术Multi-media and Network Technology 医用电子学Electronics for Medicine 计算微电子学Computational Microelectronics 集成电路材料和系统电子学Material and System Electronics for In tegrated Circuits 网络集成与大型数据库Computer Network Integrating Technology and Large scale Database 现代数字系统Modern Digital System 微机应用系统设计Microcomputer Application Design 计算机网络新技术Modern Computer Network Technologies 网络信息系统Network Information System 图像传输与处理Image Transmission and Processing 图像编码理论Theory of Image Coding 遥感技术Remote Sensing Techniques 虚拟仪器系统设计Design of Virtual Instrument System 生物医学信号处理技术Signal Processing for Biology and Medicine 光纤光学Fiber Optics
男性英文名： Aaron 艾伦巍然的高山受神启示的 Abbott 艾布特父性的伟大的精神 Abel 亚伯 - 生命呼吸 Abner 艾伯纳睿智有智慧 Abraham 亚伯拉罕崇高的父亲众人之父 Adair 亚岱尔犹如像树般坚强 Adam 亚当天下第一个男人 Adolph 阿道夫高贵的狼 Adonis 亚度尼斯美男子 Alan 艾伦英俊的好看的和睦和平高兴的 Albert 艾伯特高贵的聪明人类的守护者 Aldrich 奥德里奇英明的统治者 Alexander 亚历山大人类的保护者国王的名字 Alfred 亚尔弗列得条顿睿智的顾问聪明帮手 Alger 阿杰尔光荣高贵护卫 Allen 艾伦英俊的好看的 Alston 奥斯顿出身高贵的人 Alva 阿尔瓦白种人的金发碧眼的 Alvin 阿尔文被大家所喜爱的每个人的朋友 Alvis 亚尔维斯短小精悍的人 Amos 亚摩斯任重道远的人 Andre 安得烈勇敢的骁勇的 Andrew 安德鲁勇敢的骁勇的 Andy 安迪勇敢的骁勇的 Angelo 安其罗上帝的使者 Augus 安格斯一个唯一无二的 Ansel 安西尔出身极高贵的人教养极高贵的人 Antony 安东尼值得赞美备受尊崇的 Antonio 安东尼奥值得赞美备受尊崇的 Archer 阿奇尔拉开千钧之弓的大力士 Archibald 阿奇柏德高贵的勇敢的 Aries 亚力士公羊牡羊座 Arlen 亚尔林誓约 Armand 亚尔曼军人 Armstrong 阿姆斯壮臂力强健的人我的一小步是人类的一大步 Arno 阿诺鹰Arthur 亚瑟高尚的贵族的 Arvin 艾文以平等之心待人者 Asa 亚撒上帝的赐予治愈者 Atwood 亚特伍德住在森林森林中的人 Aubrey 奥布里有钱有势的国王 August 奥格斯格神圣的尊崇的身份高尚的人八月 Augustine 奥古斯汀指八月出生的人 Avery 艾富里淘气爱恶作剧的人
国家地区英文名及读音/国家英文名和音标/国家英文名及读音/// Africa[5AfrikE]非洲 Algeria[Al5dViEriE]阿尔及利亚 Angola[AN5^EulE]安哥拉 Azores[E5zC:z]亚述尔群岛(在北大西洋,属葡萄牙) Benin[be5nin]贝宁湾(几内亚湾一部分,靠西非的尼日利亚、贝宁和多哥等国) Botswana[bCt5swB:nE]博茨瓦纳(位于南非共和国内,于1966年独立) Burkina Faso[b\:9ki:nE 5fAsEJ]布基纳法索 Cameroon[5kAmEru:n]喀麦隆 Cape Verde[keip v\:d]佛得角[塞内加尔西部](非洲最西端) Central Africa[5sentrEl5AfrikE]中非 Chad[tFAd]乍得 Comoros[5kCmErEus]科摩罗 Congo[5kCN^Eu]刚果 Cote d Ivoire[kEut]科特迪瓦注：Ivoire 未查到！ Djibouti[dVi5bu:ti]吉布提[非洲] Egypt[5i:dVIpt]埃及 Equatorial Guinea[7ekwE5tC:riEl5^ini]赤道几内亚 Eritrea[7eri5tri(:)E]厄立特里亚 Ethiopia[7i:Wi5EupjE]埃塞俄比亚 Gabon[^a5b][国名]加蓬(位于非洲中西部,首都利伯维尔) Gambia[5^AmbiE]冈比亚(非洲西部沿海一殖民地,1965年独立,首都Bathurst[5bAWE(:)st]巴瑟斯特(冈比亚首都班珠尔) Ganary Is加那利群岛（Is=Island/Islands) 注：Ganary尚未查到 Ghana[5^B:nE]加纳 Guinea[5^ini]几内亚 Guinea-Bissau[5^ini bi5sEu]几内亚比绍共和国 Ivory Coast[5aivEri5kEust]象牙海岸注：今为Cote d Ivoire科特迪瓦 Kenya[5ki:njE, 5kenjE]肯尼亚 Lesotho[lI5su:tu:]莱索托(非洲南部一王国, 首都Maseru)(西非国家 Liberia[lai5biEriE]利比里亚 Libya[5libiE]利比亚（北非国家） Madagascar[mAdE5^AskE]马达加斯加岛 Malawi[mB:5lB:wi]马拉维 Mali[5mB:li:]马里 Mauritania[7mC(:)ri5teinjE] 毛利塔尼亚 Mauritius[mE5riFEs]毛里求斯(非洲岛国)
翻译作业 1．这些工人都是篮球的热心观众。A.These workers are avid watchers of basketball matches. 2．She is an absolutely one-man wife.C.她是一个忠实的妻子，坚信从一而终的信念。 3．Every one of us, except my poor hoodwinked grandmother, heard of the bad news. C.我们大家都得知了这一不幸的消息，只有我那可怜的奶奶，还蒙在鼓里。 4．学校不会管这样的事情。B.The school authority will not bother about such things. 5．A pretext was the last thing that Hastings was likely to want. A.哈丁斯好像不需要什么借口。6．他最终什么时候来，大家都吃不准。C.When he’ll finally turn up is anybody’s guess! 7．别管枝节问题，让我们讨论实质性问题，以求得基本的一致。https://www.doczj.com/doc/ea3060083.html,y aside the side-issues for the moment; let’s get down to brass tacks and thrash out a basic agreement. 8．但他性情不同，既不求官爵，又不交朋友，终日闭门读书。B.He was, however, eccentric. He neither looked for an official post, nor had any friends, studying behind closed doors al day. 9．在那个殖民地，行政官员调动频繁，就像走马灯似的。A.The transfer of administrative personnel in that colony was so frequent as to create a kaleidoscope effect. 10．这个小女孩长得又漂亮又聪明，真是人见人爱。C.This little girl is so beautiful and clever that no one who sees her can help loving her. 11．当时我们已经变得像一家人那样亲密，东西不分你我，彼此可以把筷子伸到对方的碗里抢肉吃。C.We had come to be like one family by now, being on such intimate terms that we helped ourselves freely to each other’s things and sometimes could dig our chopsticks into each other’s bowls for choice pieces of meat. 12．即使商品质量好，也不能漫天讨价。A.Even quality goods must have a price ceiling. 13．Failure to answer half the questions they asked made the police suspect him. A.由于他未能回答他们所问问题的一半，使得警察对他产生了怀疑。 14．If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some; for he that goes a borrowing goes a suffering. A.要想知道钱的价值，就得体会一下借钱的滋味。因为开口向人借钱总是很不好受的。 15．He relaxed himself by playing chess at the end of an arduous day’s work. B.他工作了一天非常劳累，下班后下棋轻松一下。 16．I haunted all the meetings in London where debates followed lectures. A.伦敦的集会，凡是演讲结束以后接着进行辩论的，我都参加。 17．You are posted in what had preceded all this, but I was not. C.你现在已经明白了这件事的全部原委，但我当时却全然不知。 18．Of many thousand spare parts does not come up to the standard but one. B.在成千上万个备件中，只发现一个不合格。 19．…but Lady Southdown dismissed poor Briggs as quickly as decency permitted. A.无奈莎吴唐老太太不喜欢布里格斯，勉强留她住了几天，糊过面子，就急急的打发她走了。20．俗话说，不怕不识货，就怕货比货。A.Inferior goods can’t stand comparison, as the saying goes. 21．这具有重大的历史意义。A.This is of historic significance. 22．There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character. A.他的性格既残暴又狡猾。 23．她常常动不动就骂她的孩子们，但孩子们都知道她使刀子嘴豆腐心。B.She was always scolding her children, but they knew her bark was worse than her bite. 24．A cat, whose eyes can take in more rays of light than out eyes, can see things clearly in the night. C.由于猫的眼睛能比我们人的眼睛吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜间看东西很清楚。25．His preoccupation with business left little time for his family. C.他全神贯注于事业，因而与家人在一起的时间很少。 26．Nepal’s wide range of topographies support similarly broad cultural variations. A.由于尼泊尔具有多样化的地貌特征，她的文化也呈现出多样性。 27．必须努力加强廉政建设。A.Great efforts should be made to keep government clean. 28．利润可能下降，但赞助活动仍方兴未艾。A.Profits may be falling, but sponsorship lives. 29．一切都考虑进去，她的建议似乎更切实可行。B.Everything taken into consideration, her proposal seems more practicable. 30．颐和园是我国劳动人民勤劳和智慧的产物。B.The Summer Palace is a monument to the industry and wisdom of the laboring people of China. 31．她变本加厉地剥削欺压工人。A.She redoubled his efforts in exploiting and oppressing the workers. 32．中国人民不用多久就会变得富裕起来。A.It won’t be long before the Chinese people become well off. 33．手头上的钱不够用了，他只好打消买皮鞋的念头。B.Money being not enough, he has to drop the idea to buy a pair of leather shoes for the time being. 34．You’re being merely childish.A.你这样做简直是孩子气。 35．这次展出还是老一套。C.The exhibit does not lend itself to much exciting variation. 36．他想一吐胸中块垒，但却找不到一个可以倾诉的人。C.He wanted to get his problem off his chest, but there was no one to whom he could unbosom himself. 37．On these pages you get the story of what happened --- and ````ee the priorities now.A.以下几页叙述的是事情的来龙去脉――以及美国领导人当前如何看待事情的轻重缓急。38．There’s been some dirty work with the club accounts and some money is missing.A.俱乐部的帐目有鬼，有些钱不知去向。 39．张先生腋下夹着一本字典，手里端``，```踱着步一边哼着一首流行歌曲。B.With a dictionary under his arm and a cup in his hand, Mr. Zhang was humming a popular tune as he paced. 40．大院周围，乱乱地戳着一幢幢茅棚土屋，风雪猛烈地冲撞着家家的破门烂窗。 A.Around the manor lay a wretched and confused mass of thatched huts, whose windows and doors rattled miserably in the snowstorm. 41．A causeless event or thing, we can not think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end.C.任何事情的发生都不可能是无缘无故的，正如一根棍子不可能只有一头一样。42．The children are always up to amusing tricks. A.孩子们总是喜欢调皮捣蛋寻开心。 43．War was avoided by a master stroke of statesmanship. B.由于运用了高超的政治策略，战争才得以避免。 44．The door opens, and who should enter but the very man we were talking of? A.门开了，谁想到走进来的正是我们方才谈论的人！ 45．这些话，勾起他许多心事。他的````````子黯淡下来。C.These words awakened to him many memories of the past. Like the darkness pervading the room, his thoughts, too, grew somebre. 46．Few went out in such a cutting and blinding wind. C.寒风刺骨，刮得叫人睁不开眼睛。在这样恶劣的天气，很少有人出门。 47．She is a good washer. C.她洗衣服总是洗得很干净。 48．她没来开会，我们都觉得很遗憾。A.We all think it a pity that she didn’t show up at the meeting. 49．不错，有了自己的孩子使他们的造反冲动收敛了许多。C.True, parenthood has tamed their rebellious impulses. 50．我给你打国际直拨就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。A.An international call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Li downstairs.
原创毕业论文公布的题目可以用于免费参考 案例教学法在商务英语口语教学中的应用 讨论式教学法在英语专业泛读课中的应用 莎士比亚四大喜剧的双关语的翻译技巧 怎样提高英语口语 中英习语文化及翻译的研究 论灰姑娘中神力的象征意义 中美商务谈判中通过“面子观”分析恭维语 从对照艺术看羊脂球的人物形象塑造 英语新词的特点与翻译 解析呼啸山庄中希刺克里夫性格形成的原因 从文本类型角度看企业外宣材料的翻译 外交翻译中的语言的准确性探讨 珠三角企业的诚信危机与信誉重建 坏消息商务英语函电中模糊语的语用功能分析 从逍遥骑士看美国反正统文化-嬉皮士 大学校园语码转换的原因分析 XX学院英语专业学生课堂焦虑调查 中国古诗春怨英译对比赏析 本题目是全英文原创论文，需要完整可以联系QQ：805 99 0749 中学英语教师课堂反馈对学生焦虑的影响 解读献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花中“玫瑰”的象征意义 无名的裘德中裘德悲剧原因分析 探析西方洋节在中国流行的原因 在跨文化的视野下看英语商业广告的语言特色 英汉颜色词的比较和翻译 影响直译与意译方法选择的因素 影响中学生英语听力的因素 解读飘中斯嘉丽的个性和命运 英汉翻译中的词性转换 交际法在大学英语词汇教学中的作用 小说秀拉中的存在主义探析 中英禁忌语比较 论了不起的盖茨比中盖茨比理想主义的破灭 埃德加爱伦坡一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒中的恐怖气氛 论英语教学中交际法应用的困境及解决 浅析我国中小企业电子商务现状与对策 爱默生论自助中的个人主义 迷失的美国梦--解读夜色温柔中主人公的悲惨命运 目的论视角下旅游景区公示语误译的研究 简?爱的爱情观 翻译专业学生自主学习能力调查与分析
国内项目英文翻译 国家高技术研究发展计划资助项目（863计划）, Supported by the N ational High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program), 国家自然科学基金资助项目, Supported by the National Natural Science Foundat ion of China, 国家“九五”攻关项目, Supported by the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period , 中国科学院“九五”重大项目, Supported by the Major Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period , 中国科学院重点资助项目, Supported by the Key Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, “九五”国家医学科技攻关基金资助项目, Supported by the National Medical Science and Technique Foundation during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period, 江苏省科委应用基础基金资助项目, Supported by the Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Tec hnology Commission Foundation of Jiangsu Province, 国家教育部博士点基金资助项目, Supported by the Ph. D. Programs Foundat ion of Ministry of Educat ion of China, 中国科学院上海分院择优资助项目, Supported by the Advanced Programs of Shanghai Branch, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划), Supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program), 国家杰出青年科学基金, Supported by National Science Fund for Dist inguished Young Scholars , 海外香港青年学者合作研究基金, Supported by Abroad Joint Research Fund for Young Scholars of Hong Kong ,
1．第1题 张先生腋下夹着一本字典，手里端着茶杯，一边踱着步一边哼着一首流行歌曲。 A.Mr. Zhang carried a dictionary under his arm, held a cup in his hand, paced and hummed a tune. B.With a dictionary under his arm and a cup in his hand, Mr. Zhang was humming a popular tune as he paced. C.With a dictionary under his arm and a tea cup in his hand, Mr. Zhang was pacing while he hummed a popular tune. 您的答案：B 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 俗话说，不怕不识货，就怕货比货。 A.Inferior goods can’t stand comparison, as the saying goes. B.As an old saying goes, we are not afraid that you do not know all about the goods but we are afraid that you compare the goods. C.As an old saying goes, don’t worry about not knowing about the goods; just compare and you will see which is better. 您的答案：A 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 大院周围，乱乱地戳着一幢幢茅棚土屋，风雪猛烈地冲撞着家家的破门烂窗。 A.Around the manor lay a wretched and confused mass of thatched huts, whose windows and doors rattled miserably in the snowstorm. B.Around the manor stood the wretched and confused mass of thatched huts. The snowstorm was blowing violently and rattled the broken windows and doors of every house. C.There was a wretched and confused mass of thatched huts around the manor. The snowstorm was roaring and rattling the broken windows and doors of every house.
英语人名地名的翻译 英语人名、地名，有工具书可查，全国统一，读者方便。我国出版的《新英汉词典》《英华大词典》正文中都列有英美等国家的重要地名。《新英汉词典》附录里有常见英美姓名表；近年出版的《辞海》后面附有“外国人名译名对照表”。此外，有辛华编的（英语姓名译名手册》和中国地名委员会编的《外国地名译名手册》（商务印书馆出版）《法语姓名译名手册》以及西班牙语、葡萄牙语、德语、罗马尼亚语、日语等姓名译名手册。如仍然查不到，可以借用上述工具书中含有相同音节的词条中的汉词拼组。 如Spoited Tail这个人名，《英语姓名译名手册》中没有列入，但倒有包含相同音节（或音素）的词。Spotted Tail一词，可参考SpOtts（斯波茨）与Olmste以奥姆斯特德）取前者的首音节与后者的尾音节，组成“斯波特德”。Tail一词可参照Tailor(泰勒）译为“泰尔”，全名可译为“斯波特德·泰尔”。 假如必须自译，有几点要注意： （1）要用我国出版物沿用已久的名词，不要另起炉灶，人名如“罗斯福”，“伊丽莎白”等，地名如“泰晤土河”，“洛杉矶”等。 （2）用音译，慎用意译及以音谐意，如人名Wall，sleep，译成“沃尔”与“斯利普"不可译成“墙（墙壁）”与“睡（睡眠）”。地名Longbridge，Pleasant Hill，译成“朗布里奇”，“普莱曾特希尔”，不译成“长桥”，“令人愉快的山”。 （3）人名中姓和名（及教名）之间，用圆点间隔，如John Thomas Smith“约翰·托马斯·史密斯”。姓氏前有Jr译成“小”以示与其祖父相区别，地名若有两个词，则不间隔，如Las Animas “拉斯阿尼马斯”。 （4）具有较明显的外来民族特征的姓名，按原民族语言译音，如Skolovski“斯克沃夫斯基”（波兰语发音），其余按英语发音习惯处理，如Skolovsky “斯科路夫斯基”（英语发音）。 （5）用我国普通话发音，用规范的、通俗的汉字。 1
中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称哲学Philosophy 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism xx 哲学Chinese Philosophy xx 哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic
西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学(含保险学) Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics
1．第1题 本教学法的教材按有利于培养学生发现和理解语言规则的原则来设计。 A.语法翻译法 B.直接法 C.认知法 D.交际法 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 该教学法的三个原则包括：交际性原则、任务性原则和意义原则。 A.认知法 B.交际法 C.全身反应法 D.任务型语言教学模式 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 该教学法是以英国的“结构主义”作为其语言基础理论的。 A.语法翻译法 B.直接法 C.情景法 D.听说法 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 尽管该教学方法可以分为两种派别，但我们会发现在他们的教学中都包含两种活动类型：任务型活动和语言学习活动。 A.认知法 B.交际法 C.全身反应法 D.任务型语言教学模式
您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 5．第5题 该教学法主张全外语教学，母语在外语课堂中不应该使用。 A.语法翻译法 B.直接法 C.认知法 D.交际法 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 6．第6题 按照该教学法的三个原则，我们应让学生在真正的交际活动中进行有意义的活动，完成一定的学习任务以达到语言交际能力。 A.认知法 B.交际法 C.全身反应法 D.任务型语言教学模式 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：0.0 7．第7题 该教学法的语言学习观点与交际法一样。除此以外，该教学法还有其学习原则，即任务能提供语言习得所需要的语言输入、输出及互动；任务活动能激发学生兴趣及动力；学习困难也能通过协商来解决。 A.认知法 B.交际法 C.全身反应法 D.任务型语言教学模式 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 8．第8题 在该教学方法中，在引领学生进行做事活动时，教师还扮演
姓名中英文翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha
常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F:
范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H:
韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong