UNIT 10
1.The principles which underlie almost all digital audio applications and devices, be they
digital synthesis, sampling, digital recording or CD or iPod playback, are based on the basic
concepts which follow in this chapter. New forms of playback, file formats, compression and
storage of data are all changing on a seemingly daily basis, but the underlying mechanisms for
converting real-world sound into digital values, manipulating those data and finally converting
them back into real-world sound has not varied much since Max Mathews developed MUSIC I
in 1957 at Bell Labs.
所有的数字音频应用程序和设备是在数字合成、采样、数字录音或CD或iPod播放的基础上，都是基于最基本的概念,遵循在这一章的原则。新形式的播放,文件格式,压缩和存储的数据都在一个看
似每天改变，但是这种联系的潜在机制转换为现实世界的声音转化为数字值,操纵这些数
据,最后将他们转化成真实世界的声音没有变化多少，因为马克斯·马修斯在贝尔实验室于
开发了音乐于20世纪60年代。
2.Sound is created by vibrations, such as those produced by a guitar string, vocal cords or a
speaker cone. These vibrations move the air molecules near them, forcing molecules together,
as a result raising the air pressure slightly. The air molecules that are under pressure then push
on air molecules surrounding them, which push on the next set of air molecules, and so forth,
causing a wave of high pressure to move through the air; as high pressure waves move through
the air, they leave low pressure areas behind them. When these pressure lows and highs – or
waves – reach us, they vibrate the receptors in our ears, and we hear the vibrations as sound.
声音是由振动产生的,如制作的吉他弦,声带或扬声器锥。这些振动移动附近的空气分子，使分子连接在一起，因此提高空气压力略。这是在压力下将空气分子周围的空气分子，从而推动下一组空气
分子等等,导致一波高压进入空气; 高压力波通过空气移动,他们身后留下低压区域。当这
些压力低点和高点——或波动——到达我们,他们在我们的耳朵振动接收,我们听到时发
出的震动声。
3.Unlike analog storage media such as magnetic tape and vinyl records, computers store audio
information digitally as a series of zeros and ones. In digital storage, the original waveform is
broken up into individual samples. This is know as digitizing or sampling the audio, and is
sometimes called analog-to-digital conversion. The sampling rate defines how often a sample is
taken. For example, CD-quality sound has 44.100 samples for each second of a waveform.
不像模拟存储媒体如磁带和唱片,计算机存储音频信息数字化是一系列由0和1组成。在数字存储,原始波形分解成单独的采样。众所周知作为数字化或抽样音频,有时被称为模拟数字转换。采样率
定义频率取样时。例如,cd品质的声音有每秒钟44.100采样波形。
4.The higher the sampling rate, the closer the shape of the digital waveform will be to the original analog waveform.
Low sampling rates limit the range of frequencies that can be recorded, which can result in a
recording that poorly represents the original sound.
采样率越高，数字波形的形状越接近原来的模拟波形。低采样率限制频率的记录范围，从而导致记录不充分，难以表示原始的声音。
5.The sampling rate limit the frequency range of the audio file; to reproduce a given frequency, the sampling rate
must be at least twice that frequency. For example, if the audio contains audible frequencies as
high as 8,000 Hz, your need a sample rate of 16,000 samples per second to reproduce this audio
accurately in digital form. This calculation comes from the Nyquist Theorem, and the highest
frequency that can be reproduced by a given sample rate is known as the Nyquist Frequency.
CDs have a sampling rate of 44,100 samples per second that allows samples up to 22,050 Hz,
which is higher than the limit of human hearing, 20,000Hz.
采样率限制的音频文件的频率范围从而复制一个给定的频率，采样率必须至少两倍的采样频率。例如,如果
音频包含声音频率高达8000赫兹,你需要一个采样率为每秒16000个样本复制本音频准
确数字形式。这个计算来自于奈奎斯特定理,和最高的频率可以复制出一个给定的采样率
是众所周知的奈奎斯特频率。cd有一个采样率的每秒44100个样本,允许样本22050赫
兹,这是高于人类听觉的极限,20000赫兹。
Uint 11
1.They are transmitting high-resolution full color images at the rate of 30 images per second, a
transfer speed that enables full size full quality image viewing in real time.
他们在以30帧每秒的速率传输高分辨率全彩色图像，传输速度能使全尺寸的完整的图像质量实时查看。2.An image is a 2-dimensional distribution of energy, typically of visible electromagnetic
radiation (light) but can also be of x-rays, ultraviolet, infrared or other radiation: electrons,
acoustic waves or even nuclear particles.
图像是一个能量的二维分布，通常是可见的电磁辐射（光）也可以是X射线，紫外线，红外线或其它辐射：电子，声波甚至核粒子。
3.High resolution and full color are important for such examinations of standard prepared
specimens, but resolution and colors may be reduced for freeze section service as these
specimens are low in details and growth pattern is the prevailing feature analyzed.
高分辨率、全彩色是重要的对于这样的考试标准制备试样,但分辨率和颜色可降低标准冷冻切片服务，这些标本是低的细节，增长模式是被分析过的流行特征。
6.Image discontinuities, on the other hand, usually correspond directly to object surface
discontinuities (e.g., edges), since the other factors tend not to be discontinuous. Image
discontinuities are generally consistent geometrically (i.e., in shape) even when not consistent
photometrically.
图像的不连续性，另一方面，通常直接对应于物体表面的不连续性（例如，边缘），由于其他因素往往不间断。图像的不连续性通常包括是几何图形（即，几何形）即使不一致的光度测定。
7.In a television scanning generator using a pair of free-running relaxation oscillators,
free-running frequencies of the oscillators are set slightly below the horizontal and vertical
pulse rates, and the stripped pulses are used to trigger the oscillators prematurely and thus to
synchronize them to the line and half-frame rates.
在采用一对自由张弛振荡器的电视扫描发生器中，振荡器的自由频率被设置得略低于水平和垂直（扫描）频率，分离出来的脉冲被用来提前触发振荡器从而使它们与行频和半帧频（场频）同步。
8.The need for individual treatment of images makes strong demands on the methodology, but
the fact that different features are important in different applications also opens new
possibilities regarding data reduction.
用于图像处理的需要使得个体方法论的强烈需求，但事实上，不同的功能在不同的应用程序也很重要，对于减少数据打开新的可能性。
UNIT 12
1.Although some native speakers have problems in pronouncing some sounds they are perceived as native speakers
based on their prosody and vocabulary.
尽管一些母语在发音上有问题，一些基于他们的韵律和词汇的语言被视为母语。
2. A more adaptable technique is edge finding, which detects the regions of high rate of change of tone in an image,
on the basis that these are likely to indicate edges of objects or ROI.
检测高清图像中的色调变化率最适合的技术是边缘检测，基于此，这些可能表明物体或区域的边缘。
3.Many of these early systems had advantages that seemed exciting and intuitive when demonstrated with ―toy‖
programs, but ran into difficult problems when attempts were made to extend them to more
realistically-sized programs.
这些早期的系统优势，似乎令人兴奋的和直观的表现与“玩具”的项目，但遇到困难的问题时，曾试图扩大他们更多的实际程序的大小。。
4.Referring to the figure, we see that signal processing techniques are needed for preprocessing, pattern recognition
techniques are needed for segmentation, feature extraction, and classification, and artificial
intelligence techniques are needed for structure analysis, knowledge-acquisition and
representation (world model), and control structure (interaction among the blocks).
参考图，我们看到信号处理技术是预处理所需要的，模式识别技术是分割、特征提取以及分类所需要的，而人工智能技术则是结构分析、知识获取及表示（世界模型）以及控制结构（块间交互）
所需要的。
5.The picture elements across a line are converted to the video signal and low-pass filtered with an electrical filter.
This smoothing removes the discrete structure in the horizontal dimension.
沿着一条直线的图像像素被转换成视频信号，然后由一个电子滤波器进行低通滤波。这一平滑处理可消除水平方向的离散结构。
6.These products use commercially available speech toolkits, such as the IBM’s ViaV oice, Dragon’s Naturally
Speaking, or L&H’s V oiceXpress, which were created for building voice-enabled applications
for native speakers rather than for teaching foreigners.
这些产品使用市售的语音工具包，如IBM的一款声控软件，现代月刊的自然演讲，或L&H的威狗论坛动漫游戏杂志，分别建立语音创建启用的应用程序，这款程序为学习母语的人而不是为了教
外国人。
7.The three major forms of electronic documents mentioned above have a significant impact on the ways in which
users select to manage the documents’ life cycle compri sing creation or reception from an
outside entity, processing, storage, retrieval and publishing.
电子文件上面提到的三种主要形式有关于如何在用户选择的文件管理，文件管理的生命周期包括产生或接收从外部实体，处理，存储，检索和发布。
8.Unfortunately in most applications scene shading is such that objects cannot be separated from background by
any threshold, and even when an appropriate threshold value exists in principle it is notoriously
difficult to find it automatically.
不幸的是，在大多数应用中场景阴影的物体不能被任何阈值从背景分离，甚至当一个合适的阈值原则存在但是难以自动找到它。
UNIT 13
1. A solid network design is crucial for maintaining a secure network. From perimeter firewalls to locking down
endpoint devices and controlling user access, these resources help you build a secure layered
network and identify vulnerabilities to prevent attacks.
一个坚实的网络设计是维护网络安全的关键。从防火墙来锁定终端设备和用户访问控制，这些资源帮助你建立一个安全的分层网络，找出漏洞以防止攻击。
2.Intrusion management is more than a tool or a person — it is also a process. These resources arm you with the
knowledge you need to implement and maintain an intrusion management life cycle.
入侵管理不仅仅是一种工具或一个人，它也是一个过程。这些资源为您提供你需要实现和维护一个入侵管理生命周期。
3.Several classes of human error have been identified and studied, and conditions that increase the likelihood of
error can be specified in advance.
几类人类的错误已经被识别和研究和条件,增加错误的可能性可以事先指定。
4.Similar attempts in other industries have failed because their reports were submitted through a chain of authority
that included the person’s supervisor or plant management ?people who have biases to
sanitize the report or to form negative judgments of the reporter.
在其他行业类似的尝试都失败了因为他们的报告是通过一连串的权威，包括职员的主管或公司管理?一些对报告有偏见或形成的不良报道的记者。
5.The preceding chapters have described how the automatic computer performs, but have not described how the
automatic computer can be put to use to do data handling work to serve an organization, nor
why such work is done in the way that it is.
前面的章节讲述了自动计算机是如何工作的，但没有讲述自动计算机如何能用于数据处理工作以服务于一个机构，也没有讲述这种工作为什么用这种方法实现。
6.The sources of the information are often reports in the media, reports that are incomplete, usually written before
all relevant information is gathered, and subject to other sources of inaccuracies and biases.
这些资料的来源通常是媒体报道,由于报告不完整,通常在写之前进行相关信息收集,并受其他来源的错误和偏见。
7.The threat is also placed in a theoretical political context by examining how it relates to paradigm- shifting
technologies of the past, what its attractions and deterrents are, and how it would be analyzed
and addressed within traditional realist/liberal national security schools.
威胁也看它涉及范式转换的过去的技术放在一个理论的政治背景下，它的吸引力和威胁是什么，以及它将如何分析和在传统的现实主义/自由国家安全学校解决。
8.While the subject of coding often carries with it an air of secrecy, a more important motive in many coding
systems is the improved efficiency in conveying information.
如果说编码这一主题常带有一种秘密的色彩，那么许多编码系统的一个更重要的目的则是为了提高信息传递的效率。
UNIT 14
1.Telemedicine has proven to be effective as a disaster response, a meaningful aid for the third
world, care for the elderly and chronically ill in their homes, as well as a provider of health care
to remote or isolated areas.
远程医疗系统已经被证明是个灾难响应有效的作为之一，一个有意义的援助第三世界,照顾老年人和慢性病患者在他们的家园,以及医疗保健提供商远程或偏远地区。
2.The continued surgical procedure is in certain cases dependent on this type of pathology service,
and hospitals without access to frozen section service cannot treat such patients, but has to refer
them to another hospital.
在某些情况下持续的外科手术是依赖于这种类型的病理服务，医院没有进入冰冻切片服务时是不能治疗这类病人,但他们求助于另一个医院。
3.The importance of early brain development in setting the foundations for language is apparent in babies younger
than 6 months.
大脑的早期发展对于奠定语言基础的重要性在六个月以下的婴儿中是显而易见的。
3.These are typical cases where use of telediagnostics would strongly benefit the patients, and at
the same time reduce costs and free medical resources.
这些都是典型的情况下，使用电子诊断获益的患者，同时降低成本和免费的医疗资源。
4.Whether telemedicine will be a general success will to a large extent depend on whether or not
one manages to meet the real challenge ? to make such systems work as close to the standard
methods as possible, employing telecommunication systems available on a general basis, and
with acceptable quality and costs。
远程医疗能否取得一般性的成功，将在很大程度上取决于是否能够满足真正的挑战?使这样的系统接近尽可能的标准方法，在可用的通用原则以及可接受的质量和成本上尽可能采用电信系统。
5.A telediagnostic approach would require approximately 20 randomly selected images with standard resolution in
black and white (512?512 pixels with 8 bit resolution per pixel) which can be transferred over a
standard ISDN channel within less than six minutes.
一种电子诊断方法将需要约20个随机选择的图像与标准分辨率在黑色和白色（512*512像素分表率在8位/像素）可以到一个标准的ISDN通道在不到六分钟。
Unit 15
Because digital image processing does encompass such a wide variety of techniques and mathematical tools, each application involves a sequence of processing steps. These steps are modules that can be
arranged in an enormous number of different sequences, and each module generally admits the
specification of parameter values that further expand the range of possible manipulation
schemes to achieve the desired results. The major advantages of digital images as compared
with analog (i.e. film) images are the quality of the data and the accessibility of that data to
computer manipulation. The quality advantage is really an aggregate of two advantages:
-Dynamic range: up to 128 or more gray levels can be present on digital images whereas only 15-30 discernible on film products.
-Reproducibility: a copy of a copy of a copy of a digital image contains exactly the same data as the original, whereas a forth-generation photographic product is substantially degraded in
comparison with the original.
Although these are advantages, the compelling advantage for the applications community derives from the accessibility of the data to computer manipulation. To generate a general-purpose film product
is essentially to choose a compromise among competing requirements from agronomists,
hydrologists, foresters, geologists, urban planners, and other user groups; it is not optimized for
any one. Digital images lend themselves to custom tailoring by the user for his or her
application in a way that film products cannot.
数字图像处理包括了多种多样的技术和数学工具，每一项应用都涉及到一系列的处理步骤。这些步骤是以大量不同次序排列的各种模块，每一模块通常容许一些参数值的技术指标，从而进一步
扩大了为获得预期结果而可能采取的处理方案的选择范围。与模拟图像（即胶片）相比，
数字图像的主要优点在于数据的质量和数据可供计算机进行处理这两方面。
质量方面的优越性实际上是以下两种优越性的综合：动态范围：数字图像可表现128级或更多的灰度，而胶片产品只能分辨15至30级；
重现性：一幅数字图像多次复制后仍与原件包含完全相同的信息，而一幅第四代的照片与原件相比却大大地退化（损伤）了。
虽然这些是优点,引人注目的优势应用社区来源于计算机处理的数据的可访问性。生成一个通用的电影的产品基本上是妥协在选择相互竞争的要求，从农艺学家，水文学家，地质学家，林业，城
市规划者，和其他用户组；它不是优于任何一个。数字图像自身能够由用户定制裁缝为
他或她的应用程序的方式,但是电影产品不能。
Unit 16
1.Another group of commercial visual programming environments (VPEs) are the Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) tools that support visual specification (for example, using diagrams) of
relationships among program modules in automatic code generation of composition code.
另一组商业可视化编程环境(VPEs)是计算机辅助软件工程(CASE)工具,支持视觉规范(例如,使用图)的程序模块之间的关系在自动代码生成的代码组成。
2.In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of digital computers and special-purpose digital
circuitry for performing varied signal processing functions that were originally achieved with
analog equipment.
近年来为实现各种信号处理功能，数字计算机和专用数字电路的使用有了巨大的增长，这些处理功能原先都是用模拟设备实现的。
3.In the beginning, computers were used to process only numerical information, but majority of our information is
non-numerical in nature and very little is known about its description and processing.
一开始计算机只是被用来处理数值信息，而我们的大多数信息都是非数值性质的，而且
人们对这些信息的描述和处理所知甚少。
4.In this approach, straightforward visual techniques were widely incorporated into programming environments that
support textual programming languages, to replace cumbersome textual specification of GUI
layout, to support electronic forms of software engineering diagrams for creating and/or
visualizing relationships among data structures, and to visually combine textually-programmed
units to build new programs.
在这种方法中，简单的视觉技术被广泛纳入的编程环境，支持文本的编程语言，代替繁琐的GUI布局文本规范，支持电子形式的软件工程图创建和/或可视化数据结构之间的关系,以及视觉结合文
本编程单元来构建新项目。。
5.The ACM could take the lead in establishing some positive, constructive actions to elevate the human side of
computing to a level of concern and respectability equal to that of the physical and symbolic
side.
ACM可以率先建立了一些积极的，建设性的行动来提高人的计算到关注和尊重平等的物理和象征性的方面的一个程度。
6.Until now the human race has undergone two great waves of change, each one largely obliterating earlier cultures
or civilizations and replacing them with ways of life inconceivable to those who came before. 直到现在,人类经历了两次大的变革浪潮,每一种文化或文明很大程度上清除的早些时候,代之以生活方式不可想象的那些之前。
Unit 17
1.For the first time ever the landscape is changing, as high volume personal computer
multimedia applications proliferate. First affected were monitors, which for some time have
offered higher-than-broadcast speed and resolution. One can expect cameras to follow, with
high-speed, high-resolution devices driven by consumer digital still camera technology and
lower-resolution, ultra low cost units driven by entertainment, internet conferencing, and
perceptual user interface applications.
随着大量个人计算机多媒体应用的急剧增加，情况首次发生了变化。最早受到影响的是显示器，相当长时间以来它已经能够提供比广播级更高的分辨率和速度。人们可期待照相机/摄像机也随之
跟上，包括由民用数字照相机所推动的高速度、高分辨率器件，娱乐业、互联网远程会
议和用户视觉界面应用所推动的低分辨率和极低价格的设备。
2.If you already have the fastest CPU in a particular family and still want more performance,
then it may be more cost-effective to add system RAM or cache RAM than to put in a processor
from a different family. Adding system memory can bring significant performance increases at
a relatively low cost, assuming you configure the memory correctly. In addition to added cache
and system RAM, a faster and larger hard drive can save you time when running applications
dependent on heavy drive access and data throughput. Adding a graphics accelerator card can
help, too, especially if you are looking for a way to stay awake while your system redraws
images.
如果你已经有了某一系列中最快的CPU而还想要更多的性能，那么增加系统RAM或高速缓存RAM也许比插入一枚另一系列的处理器更合算。特别是如果你是一名Windows用户，假设你正确
地配置内存，则增加系统内存可以较低的代价带来可观的性能提高。除了增加高速缓存
或系统RAM，一个更快和更大的硬盘可在运行依赖于大量读写硬盘和有大量数据吞吐时
节省你的时间。增加一个图形加速器也是有益的，如果你使用Windows，而且发现你在
寻找某种途径使你在系统重显图象时能保持“清醒”，则尤其是如此。
3.In university environments, MATLAB has become the standard instructional tool for
introductory courses in applied linear algebra, as well as advanced courses in other areas. In
industrial settings, MATLAB is used for research and to solve practical engineering and
mathematical problems. Typical uses include general purpose numerical computation, algorithm
prototyping, and special purpose problem solving with matrix formulations that arise in
disciplines such as automatic control theory, statistics, and digital signal processing (time-series
analysis).
在大学环境里，它已成为应用线性代数导论以及其他领域中许多高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业界，MATLAB被用于研究和解决实际的工程和数学问题。典型的应用包括通用数值计算、算
法原型测试以及使用矩阵公式的专门问题的解决，这些问题是在自动控制理论、统计、
数字信号处理（时间序列分析）等学科中提出来的。
4.Multimedia is a generic term for ―multimedia computing‖ or ―interactive multimedia‖. The
computer and software are used to control and navigate through the communications links, not
only one at the time, but several simultaneously. Computer systems have been most developed
in using vision and hearing to interface between the digital and analogue worlds, e.g., still and
moving images, text and graphics use the visual senses, and audio uses hearing. Multimedia is
defined as visual, audio and textual information which can be presented, separately or
simultaneously, to convey and present information interactively to users. It is technically easy
to digitize the analogue forms of these common media and handled by computers now widely
available and inexpensive to be accessible to most users.
多媒体是表示“多媒体计算”或“交互式多媒体”的一般术语。计算机和软件被用于控制并通过不止一条通信链接同时进行浏览。在利用视觉和听觉在数字和模拟世界之间进行交互方面，计算
机系统已得到极大的发展，例如对静止和活动图像、文本和图形使用视觉，对音频使用
听觉。多媒体被定义为可以分别或同时展现的视频、音频、文本信息，用以交互式地将
信息传递和展示给用户。技术上很容易将这些普通媒体的模拟形式用计算机实现数字化
并加以处理，计算机现在已十分普遍，其价格便宜，大多数用户都能使用。
5.The essential capability of any multimedia computer system is the ability to convert the
analogue signal to a digital format and to compress this information using standard algorithms.
The power of the CPU will determine whether this process can be carried out in real-time or
whether it has to be done off-line. Originally this power only existed in UNIX systems, but
more recently it has become available in PCs and Macintosh. The compression process is
necessary otherwise the quantity of data to be stored and transmitted would be excessive. Most
PCs have until recently depended upon hardware encoding/decoding systems, but the speed of
current processors is such that software compression systems have been developed. The
advantage of the software systems is that the compatibility and interoperability issues can be
handled more easily, and the cost of the equipment is not raised by the need to purchase
expensive hardware devices.
任何多媒体计算机的基本功能是将模拟信号转换成数字格式，并用标准算法将此信息压缩的能力。CPU处理能力将决定是否能实时完成此过程还是必须离线执行。原先只有UNIX系统才有这种
实时能力，但近年来PC和Macintosh也能胜任（有这种能力）了。压缩是必须的，否则
要存储和传送的数据量太大。直到不久前大多数PC还依赖硬件编解码系统，而目前的处
理器速度已使软件编解码系统的开发成为可能。软件系统的优点在于可更方便地处理兼
容性和协同工作问题，而且不会因购置昂贵的硬件而提高设备成本。
UNIT18
1.The Third Wave
We are now at the start of the so-called third wave of civilization development.
The first-wave civilization lasted until 1700 and was based on agriculture. Majority of the population worked on the land or were employed in activities associated with food production. Only a small minority
belonged to a merchant class who were associated with trade and manufacturing. The first wave
society was characterized by low mobility, slow rates of change and local organizations.
第三波
现在，我们处于文明发展的所谓的第三波的开端。
第一波文明延续至公元前1700年，它是以农业为基础。那时，大多数人在田间工作或从事与食品生产有关的活动。只有一小部分人属于与贸易和制造业有关的商人阶级。第一波社会的特点具有
低的移动性，变化的速度缓慢和地方组织。
The second wave includes the industrial revolution and the period up to the recent time. Most of the people were no longer required to work on the land for food production. Industry grew and became the largest
employer; cities expanded rapidly and the need for information and communication increased
dramatically. Consumption of goods became separated from the production of goods and
society became polarized into the two groups of producer and consumer.
第二波包括从工业革命时期到近代。大部分的人不再需要为了粮食生产而工作田间。城市迅速的扩张，信息和通信的需求急剧增加，工业的增长，成为最大的雇主。消费品变从商品和社会的生
产中分离出来，并分化为两组，即生产者和消费者。
There are many factors causing the second wave of industrial development to come to an end, among which are two major events: the end to an apparently unlimited supply of cheap energy and the increasing
concern over the effects of industrial exploitation and environmental pollution. However,
perhaps the most important factor is the development of modern electronics, computer
technology, and telecommunications.
引起工业发展的第二波结束的因素很多，其中主要有两个事件：很明显，应结束无限制的廉价的能源供应，以及工业开发和环境污染的影响也增加人们的担忧。然而，或许这最重要的因素是由于
现代电子技术、计算机技术和电信的发展。
The third-wave development began in the late 1950s. It was characterized by the development of new industries such as computers and data processing, aerospace, semiconductors and advanced
communications. These new industries are markedly different from their predecessors in that
they avoid the use of high-energy inputs and pollution, and tend to employ highly skilled
workforces. It is expected that the third wave will bring the world to an unprecedented bright
future.
第三波的发展始于20世纪50年代末。它的特点是新的产业，如计算机和数据处理、航天技术、半导体和先进的通信的发展。这些新产业明显不同于他们的前者，他们避免高能量输入和污染的
使用，并倾向于雇佣高技能劳动力。预计第三波会把世界带到前所未有的光明的未来。
2.Moore’s Law
Moore, one of the founders of Intel, observed in an article in the April 19, 1965 issue of Electronics magazine that innovations in technology would allow a doubling of the number of transistors in a given space
every year (in an update article in 1975, Moore adjusted the rate to every two years to account
for the growing complexity of chips), and that the speed of those transistors would increase.
What is less well-known is that Moore also stated that manufacturing costs would dramatically
drop as the technology advanced.
2．摩尔定律
摩尔是英特尔的创始人之一，他在1965年4月19日的电子杂志观察到一篇文章，关于技术创新方面将允许在一个给定的空间使每一年的晶体管数量增加了一倍（在1975年更新的文章中，由于
日益复杂的芯片的原因，摩尔调整了速率改为每两年），并且对于那些晶体管的速度还会
增加。少为人知的是，摩尔还表示，由于技术先进，晶体管生产成本仍将大幅下降。Moore’s prediction, now popularly known as Moore’s Law, had some startling implications, predicting that computing technology would increase in value at the same time it would actually decrease in
cost. This was an unusual idea at the time since, in a typical industry, building a faster, better
widget with twice the functionality also usually means doubling the widget’s cost. However, in
the case of solid-state electronics, the opposite is true: Each time transistor size shrinks,
integrated circuits (ICs) become cheaper and perform better.
摩尔的预测，现在被称为摩尔定律，它具有惊人的影响，他预测计算机技术在增加价值的同时，实际上也会降低成本。自当时以来，在这个典型的产业，这是一个不寻常的思想，在构建一个更
快的和具有两倍的功能更好的部件也通常意味着加倍的部件的成本。然而，在固态电子
学的情况下，事实恰恰相反的：每次晶体管的尺寸和集成电路（IC）缩小，它们都变得
更加便宜和具有更好的性能。
In 1965, a single transistor cost more than a dollar. By 1975, the cost of a transistor had dropped to less than a penny, while transistor size allowed for almost 100,000 transistors on a single die. From 1979 to
1989, to 1999, processor performance went from about 1.5 million instructions per second
(MIPS), to almost 50 MIPS on the i486?, to over1,000 MIPS on the Intel? Pentium? III.
Today’s Intel? processors, some topping out at well above 1 billion transistors, run at 3.2 GHz
and higher, deliver over 10,000 MIPS, and can be manufactured in high volumes with
transistors that cost less than 1/10,000th of a cent.
在20世纪70年代，一个单晶体管的成本超过一美元。到1975年，一个晶体管的成本已经下降到不到一分钱，而晶体管尺寸允许在一个单模有近100000晶体管。从1979年到1989年，再到1999
年，在i486处理器上，处理器的性能就从约每秒150万条指令（每秒百万条指令），到近
每秒5千万条指令，再到在英特尔奔腾III处理器运行超过每秒10亿条指令。今天的英
特尔处理器，有些超出了10亿以上的晶体管，其运行在3.2 GHz或高于3.2 GHz，其传
送指令超过每秒10亿条，在制造大量的晶体管，成本却不到一美分万分之一。
Intel’s innovations in shrinking transistor size while dramatically improving performance mean that advanced technology can be delivered for almost every industry, from computing and communications, to
agriculture, mechanics, and medicine. Today’s microprocessors power the economy, fuel the
growth of the Internet, and run everything from toys to traffic lights. That in turn has touched
billions of lives, and transformed the world and the human experience.
英特尔的创新缩小晶体管的尺寸，同时极大地提高了性能，它意味着先进的技术可以提供几乎所有的行业使用，从计算和通讯，到农业、机械和医药。今天的微处理器激励着经济，推动互联网
的发展，并运行一切从玩具到交通灯。反过来那些处理器也触摸着亿万人的生活，并改
变了世界和人类的体验。
Unit 19
1.Artificial Intelligence is a branch of science that helps machines find solutions to complex problems in a
human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence,
and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. Computers are fundamentally well
suited to performing mechanical computations using fixed rules. This allows machines to
perform simple monotonous tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are not suited to.
Unlike humans, however, computers have trouble in understanding specific situations, and
adapting to new situations. Artificial Intelligence aims to improve machine behavior in tackling
such complex tasks. Humans have an interesting approach to problem-solving, based on
abstract thought, high-level reasoning and pattern recognition. Artificial Intelligence can help us
understand this process by recreating it, then potentially enabling us to enhance it beyond our
current capabilities.
人工智能是一个科学分支，它可以帮助机器找到像人那样解决复杂问题的解。这通常包括从人的智能中借用一些特征，应用这些特征开发出便于计算机实现的算法。计算机原则上适合于按照固
定的编程规则进行机械性的计算，这使得机器能够有效而可靠地执行简单单调的任务，
这正是人所不擅长的。然而不同于人，计算机难以理解特定的情形，适应的新情况。人
工智能的目标就是改进机器的性能以对付这种复杂的任务。人类具有一种解决问题的有
趣能力，这种能力是基于抽象思维、高级推理和模式识别的。人工智能可以通过重建这
一过程来帮助我们理解它，进而使我们的能力有可能超越当前的水平。
2.An expert system is a computer application that performs a task that would otherwise be performed by a human
expert. For example, there are expert systems that can diagnose human illnesses, make financial
forecasts, and schedule routes for delivery vehicles. Some expert systems are designed to take
the place of human experts, while others are designed to aid them. Expert systems are part of a
general category of computer applications known as artificial intelligence. To design an expert
system, one needs a knowledge engineer, an individual who studies how human experts make
decisions and translates the rules into terms that a computer can understand.
专家系统是一个计算机执行任务的应用程序，否则将被人类专家执行。例如，有的专家系统，可以诊断人的疾病，可以进行财务预测，还可以安排运载工具的路线。有些专家系统的设计，而另
一些设计，以帮助他们来代替人类专家。专家系统是被称为人工智能计算机应用的总体
的一部分。要设计一个专家系统，需要知识工程师——一个研究人类专家是如何做出决
定并转化成一台计算机可以理解的条款规则的个体。
3.The history of AI, like that of any other science, is one that is filled with surprises, false events, and occasional
successes. Probably the most important lesson to date from research in AI is that problems that
were thought to be easy (i.e., the ones that a two-year-old can handle effortlessly -e.g.,
recognizing faces) are extremely difficult to mechanize (given the current state of art).
Problems that were thought to be hard (i.e., the ones that require years of formal training - e.g.,
proving theorems in mathematics) are embarrassingly easy to mechanize. Is it really the case
that cognition can be fully understood in terms of computation? Are cold logic and rationality
sufficient for intelligence? Are they necessary? Do we need anything else? If so, what? AI
research meshes with some of the most exciting philosophical questions. It also offers
tremendous scientific and technological challenges.
人工智能的历史，就像任何其他的科学，是一个充满了惊喜，虚假事件，以及偶尔的成功。也许最重要的教训是，在人工智能的研究中，迄今为止被认为是容易的（即，一个两三岁的孩子可以
毫不费力地处理例如，面部识别）问题是非常难以实现机械化（鉴于目前艺术状态）。被
认为很麻烦的问题是，戏剧性地（即，那些需要多年的正规培训例如，证明数学定理）
易于实现机械化。认知真的可以被充分理解和计算吗？冷逻辑和理性，足够的智慧吗？
他们有必要吗？我们需要什么吗？如果是这样，是什么？人工智能研究与一些最令人兴
奋的哲学问题交织在一起。它还提供了巨大的科学和技术挑战。
Unit 20
1.At level 4, the system responds to program edits as in level 3, and to other events as well
such as system clock ticks and mouse clicks over time, ensuring that all data on display
accurately reflects the current state of the system as computations continue to evolve.
在第4级中系统响应程序编辑就像在第3级一样，和其他事件，如系统时钟的滴答声和鼠标点击，随着时间的推移，确保所有显示的数据，当计算持续进行的时候，准确地反映了当前的系统状
态，。
2.For important issues, several different representations are often provided to let students think
about the same problem or view the same phenomenon from different perspectives. In this way
the impression of the learner is effectively enhanced and the teaching results improved.
对于重要的问题，有几个不同的陈述，往往让学生思考同样的问题，或从不同的角度看待同样的现象。这样学习者的印象就能有效地提高，改进教学效果。
3.His invention allowed for the mass distribution of information, permitting common men to
possess otherwise scarce texts like the Bible。
他的发明使得信息成批分发，允许普通人拥有其他稀缺的文本，比如“圣经”。
4.It is rare that the optimization will be achieved in only one step, and usually many iterations
around the analysis-error-adjustment loop will be required for obtaining a satisfactory result.
只经过一步就达到优化的情况是罕见的，为了得到满意的结果通常要围绕“分析－误差－调节”的循环进行多次迭代。
5.To take the argument even further, author Kevin Kelly argues that cultural advances, like the
printing press ―prepared a possibility space that allowed human minds and bodies to shift so
that some of what it once did biologically would afterwards be d one culturally.‖
为了进一步采取论点，作者凯文·凯利认为，文化的进步，像印钞机“准备一个可能性的空间，使人类的思想和身体移位，使得这一次也没有什么生物上的变化，在之后有一些文化上的变化。”
6.Our reliance on computer technology and our quick transition into a knowledge-based
economy have left us vulnerable to attack, and that vulnerability creates difficult political
dilemmas that must be dealt with should we wish to continue following the currents of the
Third Wave.
我们对计算机技术的依赖和我们要成为一个以知识为基础的经济体系的快速转型已经让我们非常容易受到攻击，该漏洞制造的了必须要处理的政治困境，我们希望继续按照第三波浪潮。
7.Several of these structures may be deemed as too complex to implement in practice;
nevertheless, their performances serve as benchmarks against which many suboptimum but
practical structures will be compared later.
这几个结构可以被视为过于复杂，以至于难以在实践中实现；然而，与许多次优但实际结构将被进行比较后的相比，他们的表现可以当作基准。
8.Similarities to historical technological developments need to be explored and contrasted with
new technology to develop hypotheses regarding the future strategic impacts that these new
technologies will have.
与历史的技术发展相似点需要被探索，基于未来的战略影响，这些新技术将会和新技术发展的假说进行对比。
专业英语教案
1 What is Optics（什么是光） Mankind has always been fascinated with light, thinking of it in ancient times as an uncontrollable, mystical force of nature. Science unraveled some of its mysteries as the inventions of mirrors, spectacles, and later microscopes and telescopes revealed to mankind how light can be tailored to help people in their daily lives and in exploration, physically through the world and intellectually through science. ◆unraveled vt. 阐明, 解决 ◆reveal vt. 展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露 ◆tailor n. 裁缝；vt. 剪裁, 缝制(衣服)～, 适应, 适合 人类总被光迷住，在古代把它认为成是一种无法控制的、神秘的自然力量。科学用一些发明来阐明光的神秘，例如有镜子，眼镜和后来展示给人类的显微镜和望远镜，以此来告诉我们光是如被调整而用于帮助人们的日常生活和科学研究，以及帮助我们认识世界和发展科学（身体上通过世界和智力通过科学）。 Optics is the study of light and vision in science and engineering. Light is generally defined as the sector of the electromagnetic spectrum between the infrared and ultraviolet sectors that can be seen with the unaided eye. 光学是在科学和工程面对光和视觉的研究。光一般被定义介于红外和紫外之间、可被裸眼看到的电磁波谱的一部分。 Optics plays an influential role in our lives: 光学在我们的生活中起着重要作用： When you look into a mirror in the morning to comb your hair, when you see a rainbow after it rains, in medical devices that save lives, as you read this page, as you see, optics is at work. 当你在早晨面对一面镜子梳你的头发时，当你在雨后看到彩虹时，在那些挽救生命的医学设备里，当你读这篇文章时，如你所见，是光在工作。 Through these lessons, we hope to give you at least a peek ◆peek vi. 偷看；窥视；偷偷的一看, 一瞥 我们希望通过下面的这些课程，可以使你对光学有个大概的了解： into geometrical optics; ◆geometrical adj. 几学的, 几的 对几光学 into physical optics; 对物理光学 into the dual nature of light and past and current theories on it;
电子工程专业英文词汇（A）A a frame a 形杆 a pole a 形杆 a register 累加寄存器 abend任务异常结束 abnormal current 异常电流 abnormal end of task 任务异常结束 abnormal glow discharge 反常辉光放电 abnormal radiation 异常辐射 abnormal reflection 异常反射 abnormal voltage异常电压 abrasion磨蚀 abrasion resistance 抗磨性 abrupt change 突然变化 abruption 断裂 abscissa横坐标 absolute 绝对的 absolute accuracy 绝对准确度 absolute block 绝对闭塞 absolute calibration绝对校准 absolute capacity 绝对容量 absolute coding 绝对编码 absolute constant 绝对常数 absolute delay 绝对延迟 absolute electrical units 绝对电单位 absolute electrode potential 绝对电极电势 absolute electromagnetic unit 绝对电磁单位 absolute electrometer 绝对静电计 absolute electrostatic unit 绝对静电单位
absolute error 绝对误差 absolute galvanometer绝对检疗 absolute humidity绝对湿度 absolute level 绝对级 absolute measurement 绝对测量 absolute method of measurement 绝对测量法absolute peak 绝对峰值 absolute permeability绝对磁导率 absolute permittivity 绝对电容率 absolute potential 绝对电势 absolute pressure 绝对压力 absolute sensitivity 绝对灵敏度 absolute slip 绝对转差率 absolute speed drop 绝对转速降 absolute speed rise 绝对转速升 absolute speed variation 绝对转速变动absolute stability 绝对稳定性 absolute system of electrical units 绝对电单位制absolute temperature 绝对温度 absolute term 绝对项 absolute unit 绝对单位 absolute voltage drop 绝对电压降 absolute voltage rise 绝对电压上升 absolute zero 绝对零度 absorption 吸收 absorption band 吸收带 absorption circuit 吸收电路 absorption coefficient 吸收系数 absorption control 吸收控制 absorption current 吸收电流 absorption curve 吸收曲线 absorption plane 吸收面
果粒橙 图解:译文“蓝色” Unit 6 The Principle of PCM PCM原理 Pcm is dependent on three separate operations, sampling, quantizing, and coding. Many different schemes for performing these three functions have evolved during recent years, and we shall describe the main ones. In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality may be conveyed as a series of amplitude values, each value being represented, that is, coded as a sequence of 8 binary digits. Furthermore, we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(khz) is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 HZ to 3.4 Khz. Practical equipments, however, normally use3 a sampling rate of 8 khz, and if 8-digits per sample value are used, the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64khz. Fig .1-1 illustrates the sampling, quantizing, and coding processes. PCM的构成依赖于三个环节，即采样、量化和编码。近年来，人们对这三个环节的实现提出了许多不同的方案，我们将对其中的一些主要的方案进行讨论。在这些讨 论中，我们会看到话路中的语声信号是如何转换成幅值序列的，而每个幅值又被编码，即以8位二进制数的序列表示。而且，我们将证明，为了转换频率范围为300HZ— 3.4KHZ的话路信号，理论上最小采样频率须为6.8khz。但是，实际设备通常用8khz 的采样速率，而如果每个样值用8位码的话，则话路是由一个重复速率为64khz的脉 冲流来表示的。图1-1表示了采样、量化、编码的过程。 Reexamination of our simple example shows us that the speech signal of maximum frequency 3.4khz has been represented by a signal of frequency 64khz. However, if only 4-digits per sample value had been used, the quality of transmission would drop, and the repetition rate of the pulses would be reduced to 32khz. Thus the quality of transmission is dependent on the pulse repetition rate, and for digital communication systems these two variables may be interchanged most efficiently. 让我们再研究一下上面提到的简单例子。可以看出，最高频率为3.4khz的话音信号适用64khz的（脉冲流）信号来表示的。但是，如果每个样值中用4位（码）表示，则传输质量会下降，而脉冲的重复速率也将减小到32khz。因而传输质量是取决于脉 冲重复速率的。对于数字通信系统，这两个量之间极明显的互相影响着。 Digital transmission provides a powerful method for overcoming noisy environments. Noise can be introduced into transmission patch in many different ways : perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the sparking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself. It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of the most interest to the communication engineer.Basically, if the signal is very large compared to the noise level, then a perfect message can take place; however, this is not always the case. For example, the signal received from a
A business survives and thrives on information: information within the organization and information changed with suppliers, customers,and regulators. Moreover, the information needs to be consistent, accessible, and at the right location. We consider information in four forms-voice, data, image, and video-and the implications of distributed requirements. The term voice communications refers primarily to telephone related communications. By far the most common form of communication in any organization and for most personnel is direct telephone conversation. The telephone has been a basic tool of business for decades. Telephone communications has recently been enhanced by a variety of computer-based services, including voice mail and computerized telephone exchange systems. V oice mail provides the ability to send, forward , and reply to voice messages nonsimultaneously , and it has become a cost-efficient tool even for many midsize organizations. It provides saving on answering machines and services as well as more responsive service to customers and suppliers. Advances have also been made in computerized telephone exchange systems, including in-house digital private branch exchanges(PBX) and Centrex systems provided by the local telephone company. These new systems provide a host of features, including call forwarding, call waiting, least-cost routing of long-distance calls, and a variety of accounting and auditing features. The term data communications is sometimes used to refer to virtually any form of information transfer other than voice. It is sometimes convenient to limit this term to information in the form of text(such as reports, memos, and other documents) and numerical data(such as accounting files). The rapid changes in technology have created fresh challenges for management in making effective use of data communications. We will briefly outline the changes in technology in transmission, networks, and communications software that present the manager with new powerful business tools but also the necessity of making choices among complex alternatives. 一个企业生存和蓬勃发展的信息：在改变与供应商，客户和监管机构的组织和信息的信息。此外，对信息的需求是一致的，访问，并在合适的位置。我们认为，在四种形式的语音，数据，图像，视频和分布式需求的影响的信息。 长期的语音通信，主要是指以电话相关的通讯。迄今为止最常见的沟通形式中的任何组织和大多数工作人员是直接的电话交谈。电话已几十年来的基本的业务工具。电话通讯最近已加强各种以计算机为基础的服务，包括语音邮件和程控电话交换系统。语音信箱提供的能力，发送，转发和回复语音邮件nonsimultaneously，它已成为一个成本效益的工具，甚至许多中小型组织。提供节省答录机和服务，以及更快捷的服务客户和供应商。程控电话交换系统，包括内部数字专用分支交换机（PBX）和本地电话公司提供的Centrex系统也取得了进展。这些新系统提供主机的功能，包括呼叫转接，呼叫等待，长途电话的最低成本路由，各种会计和审计功能。 长期的数据通信有时被用来指几乎任何其他信息传输比语音形式。有时可以很方便限制这个术语在文本形式的信息（如报告，备忘录和其他文件）和数字数据（如会计档案）。已创建管理新的挑战，在有效地利用数据通信技术的迅速变化。我们将简要概述在传输技术的变化，网络和通信软件，经理提出新的强大的商业工具，但也使复杂的替代品之间的选择的必要性。
Lesson eight 第八课 Ⅱ.翻译句子，并注意remain和above的词类和词义 2. In this case the voltage applied must remain unchanged. 在这种情况下，那个应用电压必须保持不变 4. If you take 3 from 8, 5 remain. 如果从8中拿走3，剩5. 6. The above property was discovered by Faraday. 法拉第发现以上性质。 8. Lenz states that the self-induced emf impedes any change of current and tends to support the former current value. The above is known as Lenz’s law. 楞茨陈述自感电动势阻止电流的变化而保持先前电流的值。上面就是我们所知的楞 次定律。 Ⅲ.翻译句子，注意some的词义 2. That radio receiver weighs some five kilograms. 那个无线接收器重五公斤。 4. Some element in the substance is not known. 物质中的一些元素是人们不知道的。 Ⅳ.翻译句子，注意句中one 的不同用法和词义。 2. This concept was discussed in Chapter One. 这个概念在第一张讨论过。 4. No one can lift this equipment. 没人能举起这件设备。 6. This chapter will deal with one of the three functions of a turning circuit. 这章我们将介绍螺旋电路三个功能中的一个。 8. Before one studies a system, it is necessary to define and discuss some important terms. 在研究一个系统之前，确定且讨论一些重要的术语是有必要的。 Ⅴ.画出句中的名词从句，说明其种类，并将句子译成汉语。 2. These experiments do not show which particles. 这些实验不能显示他们的粒子结构。 4. The operating point is determined by how much bias is used. 操作要点是被用多少偏压决定的。 6. It is not important how this voltage is produced. 这个电压是怎么产生的并不重要。 8. It may be questioned whether this approach is the best for the physicist. 这种方式最适合于医生可能会被质疑。 10. This ball may be used to determine whether that body is charged. 这个球可能用于检测是否身体是带电的。 12. It is known that charged particles emit electromagnetic waves whenever they are accelerated. 众所周知的当电子被加速他们就会发射电磁波。 14. The value of this factor determines how fast the amplitude of the current
transistor n 晶体管 diode n 二极管semiconductor n 半导体 resistor n 电阻器 capacitor n 电容器 alternating adj 交互的 amplifier n 扩音器，放大器integrated circuit 集成电路 linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数 tolerance n 公差；宽容；容忍condenser n 电容器；冷凝器dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的 adj 非传导性的 deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差 linear device 线性器件 the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻 anode n 阳极，正极 cathode n 阴极 breakdown n 故障；崩溃 terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器 collect v 收集，集聚，集中insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器 gain n 增益，放大倍数 forward biased 正向偏置 reverse biased 反向偏置 P-N junction PN结 MOS（metal-oxide semiconductor）金属氧化物半导体 enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型 integrated circuits 集成电路 analog n 模拟 digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀薄化multimeter n 万用表 frequency n 频率，周率 the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管 dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器 signal generating device 信号发生器 peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波 triangle wave 三角波 square wave 方波 amplifier 放大器，扩音器 oscillator n 振荡器 feedback n 反馈，回应 phase n 相，阶段，状态 filter n 滤波器，过滤器 rectifier n整流器；纠正者 band-stop filter 带阻滤波器 band-pass filter 带通滤波器 decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的 binary adj 二进制的；二元的octal adj 八进制的 domain n 域；领域 code n代码，密码，编码v编码 the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换 Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换microcontroller n 微处理器；微控制器assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令 chip n 芯片，碎片 modular adj 模块化的；模数的 sensor n 传感器 plug vt堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的 fiber n 光纤relay contact 继电接触器 single instruction programmer 单指令编程器 dedicated manufactures programming unit 专 供制造厂用的编程单元 beam n （光线的）束，柱，梁 polarize v（使）偏振，（使）极化 Cathode Ray Tube（CRT）阴极射线管 neuron n神经元；神经细胞 fuzzy adj 模糊的 Artificial Intelligence Shell 人工智能外壳程序 Expert Systems 专家系统 Artificial Intelligence 人工智能 Perceptive Systems 感知系统 neural network 神经网络 fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑 intelligent agent 智能代理 electromagnetic adj 电磁的 coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的 microwave n 微波 charge v充电，使充电 insulator n 绝缘体，绝缘物 nonconductive adj非导体的，绝缘的 antenna n天线；触角 modeling n建模，造型 simulation n 仿真；模拟 prototype n 原型 array n 排队，编队 vector n 向量，矢量 wavelet n 微波，小浪 sine 正弦cosine 余弦 inverse adj倒转的，反转的n反面；相反v 倒转 high-performance 高精确性，高性能 two-dimensional 二维的；缺乏深度的 three-dimensional 三维的；立体的；真实的 object-oriented programming面向对象的程序 设计 spectral adj 光谱的 attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀释 distortion n 失真，扭曲，变形 wavelength n 波长 refractive adj 折射的 ATM 异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer Mode ADSL非对称用户数字线Asymmetric digital subscriber line VDSL甚高速数字用户线very high data rate digital subscriber line HDSL高速数据用户线high rate digital subscriber line FDMA频分多址(Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA同步码分多址方式(Code Division Multiple Access) WCDMA宽带码分多址移动通信系统(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) TD-SCDMA(Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access)时分同步码分多址 SDLC(synchronous data link control)同步数据 链路控制 HDLC(high-level data link control)高级数据链路 控制 IP/TCP(internet protocol /transfer Control Protocol)网络传输控制协议 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 国际电信联盟 ISO国际标准化组织（International Standardization Organization）； OSI开放式系统互联参考模型（Open System Interconnect） GSM全球移动通信系统（Global System for Mobile Communications） GPRS通用分组无线业务(General Packet Radio Service) FDD(frequency division duplex)频分双工 TDD(time division duplex)时分双工 VPI虚路径标识符（Virtual Path Identifier）； ISDN（Integrated Services Digital Network）综 合业务数字网 IDN综合数字网（integrated digital network） HDTV (high definition television)高清晰度电视 DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform)离散余弦变换 VCI(virtual circuit address)虚通路标识 MAN城域网Metropolitan area networks LAN局域网local area network WAN广域网wide area network 同步时分复用STDM Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing 统计时分复用STDM Statistical Time Division Multiplexing 单工传输simplex transmission 半双工传输half-duplex transmission 全双工传输full-duplex transmission 交换矩阵Switching Matrix 电路交换circuit switching 分组交换packet switching 报文交换message switching 奇偶校验parity checking 循环冗余校验CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 虚过滤Virtual filter 数字滤波digital filtering 伪随机比特Quasi Random Bit 带宽分配Bandwidth allocation 信源information source 信宿destination 数字化digitalize 数字传输技术Digital transmission technology 灰度图像Grey scale images 灰度级Grey scale level 幅度谱Magnitude spectrum 相位谱Phase spectrum 频谱frequency spectrum 智能设备Smart Device 软切换Soft handover 硬切换Hard Handover 相干检测Coherent detection 边缘检测Edge detection 冲突检测collision detection 业务集合service integration 业务分离/综合service separation/ integration 网络集合network integration 环形网Ring networks 令牌环网Token Ring network 网络终端Network Terminal 用户终端user terminal 用户电路line circuit 电路利用率channel utilization（通道利用率） 相关性coherence 相干解调coherent demodulation 数字图像压缩digital image compression 图像编码image encoding 有损/无损压缩lossy/lossless compression 解压decompression 呼叫控制Call Control 误差控制error control 存储程序控制stored program control 存储转发方式store-and-forward manner 语音\视频传输voice\video transmission 视频点播video-on-demand(VOD) 会议电视Video Conference 有线电视cable television 量化quantization 吞吐量throughput 话务量traffic 多径分集Multipath diversity 多媒体通信MDM Multimedia Communication 多址干扰Multiple Access Interference 人机交互man machine interface 交互式会话Conversational interaction
鲁东大学信息与电气工程学院2015 －2016 学年第-----2----学期 《 专业英语 》课程论文 课程号： 220821071 任课教师 贾世祥 成绩 论文题目：专业科技论文翻译 对给定的发表在正规外文期刊上的电子信息类专业科技论文进行翻译，包含 Title 、Introduction 、Algorithm 、Result 、Discussion 、Reference 等内容。 论文要求：（对论文题目、内容、行文、字数等作出判分规定。） 1.论文格式参考学院学士毕业论文要求，要有题目、摘要、关键字、正文、参考文献。 2.原文不包含摘要和关键字，请阅读原文并写出200~300字的英文摘要，给出5个英文关键字。 3.语言表达流畅，涉及到的图表字迹清晰，公式使用公式编辑器编辑。 4.设计报告使用B4纸打印，正文的图表可黑白打印。 教师评语： 教师签字： 年 月 日 一个简单、快速、有效的多边形减面算法 Stan Melax Abstract ：This article describes a new type of 3D model to optimize the reduction surface algorithm. Previous algorithms although it can reduce operating surface, but it in the reduction process will generate a lot of only makes processing speed becomes slow excess facet. This new algorithm is mainly through the edge collapse operation to achieve the effect of reducing the surface. This paper explains the characteristics and advantages of this algorithm by means of examples. The advantages and disadvantages of the new algorithm are also analyzed. Our initial goal is simple: we want to find a method can be reduced due to excessive blasting effects of polygons, now our art personnel only need to create a detailed model for every game objects. But there are limitations, this algorithm can only be applied to the triangle, if you need to be able to other more edges of the polygon into a simple triangle, in addition to this there is no other restrictions on the. Keywords ：Polygon reduction ；Edge Collapse ；Pretreatment ；Optimization model ；Optimization model; Application algorithm ； 如果你是一个游戏开发者，那么3D 多边形模型非常有可能是日常生活中的一部分，而且你对多少个多边形每秒、少多边形建模、细节层次等概念非常熟悉。你可能知道多边形减面算法的 目的在于通过一个有着大量多边形的高细节的模型生成一个 多边形数量比它少、但是看起来却跟原模型很相像的低面模型。这篇文章解释了一种实现自动减面的方法，并且附带的讨论了多边形减面的有用之处。在我们开始之前，我建议你去下载我的一个程序：BUNNYLOD.EXE ，它展示了我将要阐述的这项技术。你可以在Game Develop 网站上找到它。 问题的由来 在深入这个很厉害的3D 算法之前，你可能会问你自己真的有必要关注它吗？要知道，已经有一些商业的插件和工具来为你减少多边形数量了。 然而，下面的几条理由会告诉你为什么需要实现自己的减面算法： 学院 信息与电气工程学院 专业 信息工程 班级 信息1301班 本 学号 20132213652 20132213664 姓名 李惠梁 吴海峰
电子信息工程专业英语（A） 1.resistor n.电阻 2. diode n.二极管 3. ohm n.欧姆 4.tolerance ['t?l?r?ns] n.容限，公差，允许误差。5 decimal ['desim?l]十进位的，小数的 6 ratings 额定值7capacitor [k?'p?sit?] 电容器8 parallel 并行的 9 capacitance 电容量10 coefficients 系数11conduct 导体 12 charge n 电荷、v充电13 soldering 焊接、锡焊、低温焊接 14. first order system 一阶系统15. transient response 暂态响应 16. circuit 电路17. inductor 电感器18. inductance 电感，感应系数19.tune v.调谐20 vacuum ['v?kju?m真空，空间，真空吸尘器21.induce 感应22. magnetic field 磁场23.semiconductor 半导体24 silicon 硅25. relay 继电器26.electorn 电子27.infrared [,infr?'red 红外线的28. zener diode 稳压二极管，齐纳二极管29.rectifier diode 整流二极管30.alternating current 交流电流31.direct current 直流电流32.integrated circuit 集成电路33.voltage regulator 稳压器，电压调节器34.valence band 价（电子）带35 transistor 晶体管
analog 模拟 digital 数字的 binary-coded number 二进制编码数electromagnetic induction 电磁感应 telegraph 电报 triode vacuum tube 三级真空管 broadcasting 广播 amplitude modulation (AM)幅度调制 frequency modulation (FM)频率调制 phase modulation (PM) 相位调制 transistor 晶体管 linear integrated circuit 线性集成电路microwave 微波 satellite 卫星 optical fiber 光纤 shortwave 短波 negative-feedback amplifier 负反馈放大器 PCM（Pulse-Code Modulation）脉冲编码调制time-division multiplexing (TDM)时分多路 stereo FM 立体声调频 error-correction code 纠错编码 adaptive equalization 自适应均衡 random access memory (RAM)随机存取存储器VLSI(very large scale integration)超大规模集成FAX (facsimile) 传真 cellular telephone 蜂窝电话移动电话oscilloscope 示波器 spread spectrum system 扩频系统 ISDN(integrated services digital network)综合业务数字网 HDTV(high definition television)高清晰度电视transmitter 发射机 channel 信道频道通道 receiver 接收机 baseband 基带 bandwidth (BW)频带宽度带宽 ADC(analog-digital converter)模数变换器 carrier 载波载流子 bandpass signal 带通信号 signal sideband (SSB)单边带 phase-shift keying(PSK)相移键控 ITU(international telecommunications union)国际电信联盟 PTN(public telecommunications network)公用电信网络 LOS propagation 视线传播ionospheric reflection 电离层反射 high fidelity (Hi-Fi)高保真度 signal-to-noise 信噪比 interference 干扰 mapping 映射 dimension 维数量纲 frequency selectivity 频率选择性 photocathode 光电阴极 raster scanning 光栅扫描 blanking pulse 消隐脉冲 multiplexer 多路转换器 encoder 编码器 decoder 译码器 pixel 像素 vocal tract filter 声道滤波器 melodic structure 韵律结构 harmonic structure 谐波结构 interlaced fields 交替的场 horizontal retrace 水平行回程 primary colors 基色 interactive video 交互式视频 ASCII 美国标准信息交换码 DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换JPEG (joint photographic experts group)联合图像专家组 MPEG(motion photographic experts group)) 活动图像专家组 synchronous transmission 同步传输asynchronous transmission 异步传输 frame 帧 frame-packing 成帧 modeling 建模 Fourier series(FS) 傅里叶级数 transmission medium 传输介质 coaxial cable 同轴电缆 instantaneous power 瞬时功率 decibel 分贝dB RF(radio frequency)射频 commutator 换向器转接器 ripple 波纹起伏 ionosphere 电离层 potential difference 电位差 shot noise 散弹噪声 flicker noise 闪变噪声 noise figure 噪声系数 mathematic model 数学模型