第 5 次课的教学整体安排
2.教学内容与讨论、思考题、作业部分可合二为一。
5 Working Drawing
生产图纸
Working Drawings are the drawings from which a design is implemented. All principles of orthographic projection(正交投影) and techniques of graphics(制图技术) can be used to communicate the details of a project in working drawings. A detail drawing(零件图) is a working drawing of a single part (or detail) within the set of working drawings.
Specifications(技术要求) are the written instructions that accompany working drawings. When the design can be represented on a few sheets, the specifications are usually written on the drawings to consolidate(将…合并…) the information into a single format.
All parts must interact with other parts to some degree to yield the desired function from a design(设计期望的功能). Before detail drawings of individual parts are made the designer must thoroughly analyze the working drawing to ensure that the parts fit properly with mating parts, that the correct tolerances are applied, that the contact surfaces are properly finished, and that the proper motion is possible between the parts.
Much of the work in preparing working drawings is done by the drafter(绘图员), but the designer, who is usually an engineer, is responsible for their correctness. It is working drawings that bring products and systems into being.
Working Drawings are legal contracts(合法的合同构件) that document the design details and specifications as directed by the engineer. Therefore drawings must be as clear, precise, and thorough as possible. Revisions and modifications of a project at the time of production or construction are much
more expensive than when done in the preliminary design stages.
Poorly executed(制作粗糙的) working drawings result in wasted time and resources and increase implementation costs. To be economically competitive, drawings must be as error-free as possible.
The inch is the basic unit of the English system(英制系统), and virtually all shop drawings(车间图纸) in the U.S. are dimensioned in inches.
The millimeter is the basic unit of the metric system(公制系统). Metric abbreviation (mm) after the numerals is omitted from dimensions because the SI(国际单位制) symbol near the title block(标题栏) indicates that all units are metric.
Some working drawings carry both inch and millimeter dimensions, usually the dimensions in parentheses or brackets(括号) are millimeters. The units may also appear as millimeters first and then be converted and shown in brackets as inches. Converting from one unit to the other results in fractional round-off(四舍五入) errors. And explanation of the primary unit system for each drawing should be noted in the title block.
Title Blocks In practice, title blocks usually contain the title or part name, drafter, date, scale(比例尺), company, and sheet number. Other information, such as tolerances, checkers, and materials, also may be given. Any modifications or changes added after the first version to improve the design is shown in the revision blocks(修改栏).
Depending on the complexity of the project, a set of working drawings may contain from one to more than a hundred sheets. Therefore, giving the number of each sheet and the total number of sheets in the set on each sheet is important (for example, sheet 2 of 6, sheet 3 of 6, and so on).
Parts List The part numbers and part names in the parts list correspond to those given to each part depicted on the working drawings. In addition, the number of identical parts required is given along with the material used to make each part.
If all working drawings in a set are the same scale(采用同样的比例), you need to indicate it only once in title block on each set. If several detail drawings on a working drawing are different scales, indicate them on the drawing under each set of views. In this case, indicate, “as shown”(如图所示) in the title block opposite scale. When a drawing is not to scale, place the abbreviation NTS (not to scale) in the title block.
Part Names and Numbers(编号)Give each part a name and number, using letters and numbers 1/8-in. (3mm) high. Place part numbers inside circles, called balloons(带圆圈的数字), having diameters approximately four times the height of the numbers.
Place part numbers near the views to which they apply, so their association will be clear. On assembly drawings, balloons are especially important because the same parts numbers are used in the parts list.
People who check drawings must have special qualifications(专门的资质) that enable them to identify errors and to suggest revisions and modifications that result in a better product at a lower cost. A checker may be chief drafter experienced in drafting and manufacturing processes or the engineer or designer who originated the project. In large companies, personnel in the various shops involved in production review the drawings to ensure that the most efficient production methods are specified for each part.
Checkers never check the original drawings; instead, they mark
corrections with a colored pencil on a blue-line print(蓝图). They return the marked-up print to the drafter who revises the original and makes another print for final approval.
Checkers inspect a working or detail drawing for correctness and soundness(合理性) of design. In addition, they are responsible for the dr awing’s completeness, quality, readability, and clarity.
In addition to the individual revision records, drafters should keep a log(工作记录) of all changes made during a project. As the project progresses, the drafter should record the changes, dates, and people involved. Such a log allows anyone reviewing the project in the future to understand easily and clearly the process used to arrive at the final design.
Calculations often are made during a drawing’s preparation.If they are lost or poorly done, they may have to be redone; therefore they should be a permanent part of the log.
机械工程专业英语 课程负责人： 课程中文名称:专业英语 课程英文名称：English for Mechanical Engineering 课程类别：选修 课程学分数：2 课程学时数：32 授课对象：机械电子工程专业本科生 本课程的前导课程：公共英语，机械专业的相关课程 考核方式：平时成绩+期末考试 使用教材：《机械工程专业英语教程》施平主编（第3版）电子工业大学出版社 教学要求及目的： 了解专业英语的语法特点，熟悉专业词汇，逐步培养学生具有比较熟练的专业文献阅读理解能力、翻译能力和英文学术论文的写作能力。 教学方式： 课堂讲授、讨论与自学相结合。以教师讲授为主，引导学生积极阅读指定参考文献，完成课外作业，参与课堂讨论。有意识地积累与自己研究方向相关的词汇与文献资料，掌握专业英语学习方法。 具体教学目标： ●掌握机械工程专业方面的专业名词、专业术语 rolling contact bearing, 滚动接触轴承journal bearing, 径向轴承resonance 共振 upright drilling machine 立式钻床radial ['re?d??l]drill 摇臂钻床shaper 牛头钻床 ●掌握习惯表达方式 machine design, kinematics [,k?n?'m?t?ks] 运动学，动力学dynamic 动态 slider-crank mechanism ['mek(?)n?z(?)m] 滑动曲柄机构, assembly drawing 装配图detailed [d?'teld]drawing 明细图engineering drawing 工程图 degree-of-freedom (DOF) 自由度 a four-bar mechanism 四连杆机构vibration mechanism 振动机构 CAD Computer - Aided Design, CAM computer-aided manufacturing CAE Computer Aided Engineering ●掌握基本的专业文献阅读能力与翻译能力 ●掌握基本的写作能力 ●培养基本的专业文献资料检索能力 ●了解机械工程方面的国内外动向, 并熟悉与机械工程专业相关的其他学科与
2010-2011学年度第一学期 《机械工程专业英语》测验题(15-17) 一、将下列词组译成汉语 1.kinematic chain（运动链） 2.skeleton diagram（草图，示意图，简图） 3.Gear system/Cam system（齿轮传动系统/凸轮系统） 4.uniform motion/nonuniform motion（匀速运动/非匀速运动） 5.nonlinear motion（非线性运动） 6.kinematic analysis（运动分析） 7.schematic diagram（运动简图） 8.textile machinery（纺织机械） 9.Kinematic design/ kinematic syntheses（运动设计/运动合成） 10.m achine design（机械设计） 11.G ear trains/ Cam mechanisms（轮系，齿轮传动链/凸轮机构） 12.d ynamic force/inertia force/ static force（动力/惯性力/静力） 13.r elative velocity/ absolute velocity（相对速度/绝对速度） 14.a ngular acceleration/ tangential acceleration/ centripetal acceleration/ velocity vector（角 加速度/切向加速度/向心加速度/速度矢量） 15.b inary link/ ternary link（二杆组/三杆组） 二、将下列短语译成汉语 1.Plane and spatial linkages（平面和空间连杆） 2.constrained kinematic chain/unconstrained kinematic chain（约束运动链/非约束运动链） 3.closed-loop linkage（闭环运动链） 4.four-bar linkage（四连杆机构） 5.slider-crank (or crank and slider) mechanism（曲柄滑块机构） 6.internal combustion engine（内燃机） 7.the kinematic analysis of mechanisms（机构运动分析） 8.degree of freedom of the mechanism（机构自由度） 9.kinematic analysis process /kinematic synthesis process（运动分析步骤/运动合成步骤） 10.i nput angular velocity（输入角速度） 11.i nput angular acceleration（输入角加速度） 12.a utomatic packaging machinery（自动包装机） 13.c am-contour dimensions/cam-follower diameters（凸轮轮廓尺寸/凸轮从动件直径） 14.m echanical analog computer（机构模拟计算机） 15.d ead-center position（死点位置） 16.c rank-rocker linkage/double-rocker linkage/double-crank (drag-link) linkage（曲柄摇杆机 构/双摇杆机构/双曲柄机构） 17.m aximum force component/ resulting output force or torque（最大的力量组成/输出的最 大力或力矩） 18.o utput motion variables/input motion variable（输出运动变量/输入运动变量） 19.a bsolute angular positions（绝对角位置）
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种
2010-2011第二学期专业英语试卷A答案 1.Translate the following Chinese terms into English ( one point for each,20 points for all) 1) 汽车与工程机械automobile and construction machinery 2) 筑路机械road-making machine 3) 发电机generator 4) 起动马达self starter 5) 方向盘steering wheel 6) 进气门inlet valve 7) 齿轮泵gear pump 8) 机油滤清器oil filter 9) 差速器differential 10) 摩擦式离合器friction clutch 11) 蓄电瓶storage battery 12) 铲土运输机scraper 13) 塔式起重机tower crane 14) 叉车fork lift 15) 商业车辆commercial vehicle 16) 变速箱transmission box (gear box) 17) 带式输送机belt conveyer 18) 步履式挖掘机walking excavator 19) 颚式砸机jaw crusher 20) 履带和轮胎track and tire 2.Translate the following English terms into Chinese (one point for each, total 20 points) 1) gasoline and diesel 汽油和柴油 2) flywheel and cam 飞轮和凸轮 3) disk brake 盘式制动器 4) mechanical vibration 机械振动 5) power steering 动力转向 6) vibratory roller 振动式压路机 7) hydraulic torque converter 液力变矩器 8) piston ring 活塞环 9) suspension system 悬挂系统 10) cab and chassis 驾驶室与底盘 11) radiator 散热器 12) fuel-injection system 燃油喷射系统 13) air compressor 空气压缩机 14) lubrication and lubricant 润滑与润滑剂
机械工程专业英语
Lesson1 1、the branch of scientific analysis, which deals with motions, time, and forces, is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i.e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems, which change with time. 对运动时间和作用力作出科学分析的分支成为力学。他由静力学和动力学两部分组成。静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在其中不考虑时间这个引述，动力学对事件而变化的系统进行分析。 2、Any two such forces acting on a body constitute a couple. The arm of the couple is the perpendicular distance between their lines of action, and the plane of the couple is the plane containing the two lines of action. 作用在一个刚体上的两个这样的的里构成一个力偶。力偶臂是这两个条作用线之间的垂直距离，力偶面是包含着两条作用线的平面。 3、Mechanics deal with two kinds of quantities: scalars and vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum. 力学涉及两种类型的量，标量和矢量。标量是那些只有大小的量。在力学中标量的例子有时间、体积、密度、速率、、能量和质量。另一方面，矢量既有大小又有大小又有方向。矢量的例子有位移、速度、加速度、力、力矩、动量。Lesson2（此课后面没翻译，翻译的不太准确谅解） 1 、The turning of a part in a lathe is another example of several forces in action.（as shown in figure1） 车床车削是一些力在起作用的另一个例子。figure1(如图)。 2 、If this workpiece is held between the centers of the lathe, the centers exert a compressive force against the work. 如果这个工件在放在车床中心之间,中心车床对工作产生压力。 3、 Rotary motion is required to drill holes, turn parts in a lathe, mill surfaces, or drive a generator or fan belt. 扶轮运动需要去钻孔，在车床上转换两件,表面,或驱动发电机或风扇皮带 4 、Harmonic and Intermittent Motion（谐和运动和间歇运动）: Any simple vibration, such as the regular back, and forth movement of the end of a pendulum, is simple harmonic motion. Lesson4 1 、Virtually all machines contain shafts. The most common shape for shafts is circular and the cross section can be either solid or hollow. 仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢2
研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词 Modified by JACK on the afternoon of December 26, 2020
单词 Lesson 1 Gear 齿轮, 传动装置 Bearing 轴承 Cams 凸轮 Cams and followers 凸轮和从动件 Couple 力偶 mechanics 力学 statics 静力学，静止状态 dynamics动力学，原动力，动力特性constraint forces 约束力 applied forces 作用力 Electric , magnetic, and gravitational forces 电,磁,重力 mating surface 啮合表面,配合表面,接触面meshing 啮合，咬合，钩住 meshing teeth 啮合齿 journal bearing 滑动轴承，向心滑动轴承metal-to-metal contact 金属 - 金属接触Overheating 过热 failure 失效 flaking 薄片，表面剥落，压碎 Spall 削，割，剥落，脱皮 noise 噪音 rough motion运动不精确 inertia惯性 particle 质点 rigid body刚体 deformable可变形的，应变的 deformable Body 变形体 Scalar 数量的，标量的 Vectors矢量 Density密度 Mass质量 Displacement位移 Velocity速度 Acceleration加速度 Moment力矩，弯矩 Momentum动量，冲量 Lesson 2 Compressive压缩的，有压力的 Turning 车削 Rectilinear直线的 micrometer 千分尺又称螺旋测微器 Power hacksaws 弓锯床 Shaper牛头刨床 Thread 螺纹 Work：功 muscular action肌肉动作 mechanical motion机械运动 stretch an object拉伸对象 tensile force：拉力 in tension：受拉 compressive force：压力 torsional force：扭力 torque：扭矩 shearing force ：剪切力 twist an object扭曲对象 Slide滑，脱落 Slip滑动，滑移 in compression受压 turning of a part对一个零件进行车削加工wedging action:楔入作用 chip ：切屑 centers of the lathe车床的顶尖 lathe dog车床夹头 centrifugal force ：离心力 grinding wheel ：磨削砂轮 bonding agent ：粘合剂 abrasive particle：磨料颗粒 centrifuge-type machines离心式机械Centrifuge离心机，离心作用 Centrifugal force principles离心力原理centripetal force ：向心力 rotary motion:回转运动 rectilinear motion：直线运动 hand tool手工工具 power tool动力工具 feed：进给 shaping：采用牛头刨床（shaper)进行刨削加工power saw：弓锯床，弓式锯床 the screw of a micrometer 意为“千分尺中的螺杆”harmonic and intermittent motion ：谐和运动和间歇运动 simple harmonic motion ：简谐运动
Lesson1 1、the branch of scientific analysis, which deals with motions, time, and forces, is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i.e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems, which change with time. 对运动时间和作用力作出科学分析的分支成为力学。他由静力学和动力学两部分组成。静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在其中不考虑时间这个引述，动力学对事件而变化的系统进行分析。 2、Any two such forces acting on a body constitute a couple. The arm of the couple is the perpendicular distance between their lines of action, and the plane of the couple is the plane containing the two lines of action. 作用在一个刚体上的两个这样的的里构成一个力偶。力偶臂是这两个条作用线之间的垂直距离，力偶面是包含着两条作用线的平面。 3、Mechanics deal with two kinds of quantities: scalars and vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum. 力学涉及两种类型的量，标量和矢量。标量是那些只有大小的量。在力学中标量的例子有时间、体积、密度、速率、、能量和质量。另一方面，矢量既有大小又有大小又有方向。矢量的例子有位移、速度、加速度、力、力矩、动量。 Lesson2（此课后面没翻译，翻译的不太准确谅解） 1 、The turning of a part in a lathe is another example of several forces in action.（as shown in figure1） 车床车削是一些力在起作用的另一个例子。figure1(如图)。 2 、If this workpiece is held between the centers of the lathe, the centers exert a compressive force against the work. 如果这个工件在放在车床中心之间,中心车床对工作产生压力。 3、 Rotary motion is required to drill holes, turn parts in a lathe, mill surfaces, or drive a generator or fan belt. 扶轮运动需要去钻孔，在车床上转换两件,表面,或驱动发电机或风扇皮带 4 、Harmonic and Intermittent Motion（谐和运动和间歇运动）: Any simple vibration, such as the regular back, and forth movement of the end of a pendulum, is simple harmonic motion. Lesson4 1 、Virtually all machines contain shafts. The most common shape for shafts is circular and the cross section can be either solid or hollow. 实际上，几乎所有的机器中都装有轴。轴的最常见的形状是圆形，其截面可以是实心的，也可以是空心的（空心轴可以减轻重量）。有时也采用矩形轴，例如，螺丝起子的头部.套筒扳手和控制旋钮的杆。 2、 A shaft must have adequate torisonal strength to transmit torque and not be over stressed it must also be torsional stiff enough so that one mounted component does not deviate excessively from its original angular position relative to a second component mounted on the same shaft. 为了在传递扭矩时不发生过载，轴应该有适当的抗扭强度。轴还应该具有足够的抗扭强度，以使在同一轴上的两个传动零件之间的相对转角不会过大。 3 、Components such as gears and pulleys are mounted on shafts by means of key. The design of the key and the corresponding keyway in the shaft must be properly evaluated. For example, stress concentrations occur in shafts due to keyways, and the material removed to from the keyway further weakens the shaft. 齿轮和皮带轮等零件通过键连接在轴上。在键及轴上与之相对应的键槽的设计中，必须进行认真的计算。例如，轴上的键槽会引起应力集中，由于键槽的存在会使轴的横截面积减小，会进一步减弱轴的强度。 4、Another important aspect of shaft design is the method of directly connecting one shaft to another. Devices such as rigid and flexible couplings accomplish this. 轴的设计工作中的另一个重要方面是一根轴与另一根轴之间的直接连接方法。这是由刚性或者弹性联轴器来实现的。 Lesson5 1、The term shaft usually refers to a relatively long member of round cross section that rotates and
4、工程机械概述 As we look around us we see a world full of “things”: machines, devices, tools; things that we have designed, built, and used; things made of wood, metals, ceramics, and plastics. We know from experience that some things are better than others; they last longer, cost less, are quieter, look better, or are easier to use. ; ; 情况. Ideally, however, every such item has been designed according to some set of “functional requirements” as perceived by the designers — that is, it has been designed so as to answer the question, “Exactly what function should it perform?”In the world of engineering, the major function frequently is to support some type of loading due to weight, inertia, pressure, etc. 的 From the beams in our homes to the wings of an airplane, there must be an appropriate melding of materials, dimensions, and fastenings to produce structures that will perform their functions reliably for a reasonable cost over a reasonable
机械五班王乘龙 Lesson 25 Computer Graphics(Reading Material) The term computer graphics refers to the entire spectrum of drawing with the aid of a computer，from straight lines to color animation．An immense range of artistic capabilities resides under the heading of computer graphics and drafting is just one of them． Computer graphics was originally associated with the field of electronics．Companies directly involved in electronics design and manufacturing were the first to experiment and work with computer graphics．As they tested equipment and software，new demands arose that required changes and advances in both hardware and software．Equipment and programs got better，faster，more powerful，less expensive，colorful，and fun to operate．The potential for this new computer development was endless．And as engineers and drafters learned to work with the new tools in a technically demanding atmosphere，artists were using the new tools in an atmosphere of unlimited structure．We see the structure and freedom brought by engineers and artists to computer graphics as we watch animated television network．Complex mathematical
机械专业英语试题及答案精编W O R D版 IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】
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C. degradation…corrosion D. corrosion… degradation 12. Most frames _______ cast iron, weld steel, composition, or concrete. A. are made from B. are made up of C. was produced by D. was consist of 13. Rotating shafts particularly those that run at high speeds, must be designed to avoid operation at speeds. A . low B .overload C. critical D. hollow 14. Although cast iron is a fairly cheap material, each casting requires a . A. pattern B. model C. mold D. patent 15. The term is used to describe joints with surface contact, as with a pin surrounded by a hole. A. high pair B. low pair C. surface pair D. rotary pair 二、完型填空（在每个小题四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，本大题共15小题，每小题1分，总计15分） The term shaft usually refers to a relatively long member of round cross section that rotates and transmits power. One or more members such as gears, sprockets, pulleys, and cams are usually (16) to the shaft by means of pins, keys, splines, snap rings, and other devices. These latter members are among the “associated parts” considered in this text, as are couplings and universal joint, which serve to (17) the shaft to the source of power or load.
《机械工程专业英语》测验题(18-22) 将下列词组译成汉语 the base circle（基圆） the pitch curve（啮合曲线） the contact force（接触力） the intermittent motion（间歇运动）the common normal（公法线） the conjugate profiles（共轭齿廓） the cycloidal profiles （摆线齿形） the involute profiles（渐开线齿形）the spur gear（直齿轮） the herringbone gears（双螺旋齿轮）the face gear（端面齿轮） the radial distance（径向距离） the addendum circle（齿顶圆） The tooth thickness（齿厚） the tooth space（齿间隙） the cap screws（螺钉） the setscrews（固定螺丝钉） the engineering graphics（工程力学）mechanical design（机械设计） the installation techniques（安装技术）the bolted joint（螺栓连接） the hardened washers（强化垫圈）the fatigue resistance（抗疲劳强度）the modulus of elasticity（弹性模量）the antifriction bearing（减摩轴承）the rolling bearing（滚动轴承） the rolling contact （滚动接触） the sliding contact（滑动触电） the corrosion resistance（抗腐蚀性）the machining tolerances（加工公差）the fatigue loading（疲劳载荷） the radial loads（径向负荷） the thrust loads逆负荷 the ball bearing球轴承 the roller bearing滚子轴承 the single-row bearings单沟轴承 the double-row bearing双沟轴承 the needle bearing滚针轴承 the bearing life轴承寿命 The rating life额定寿命
陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker 凸轮cams
1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.（P5）用低能机器或传力工具，操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。大多数情况，然而，用一个详细（复杂）的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。 2. The fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. The compressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (Braking Systems)（P5） 相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体，通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。列车的所有车厢上的车轮同时动作。压缩气体通过一个坚固的管道在由联轴器连接的车厢之间传输；工程师控制其在同一时间释放到所有独立的闸块单元。 3.When the brake pedal of an automobile is depressed, a force is applied to a piston in a master cylinder. The piston forces hydraulic fluid through metal tubing into a cylinder in each wheel where the fluid’s pressure moves two pistons that press the brake shoes against the drum. (Braking Systems)（P5） 当踩下汽车刹车的踏板，在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一个力。活塞驱动液压流体通过金属管道进入每个车轮气缸，在那里液压移动两个活塞将闸片压向轮圈。 4.Machinery ontology including mechanical rack, mechanical connections and mechanical transmission, which is the basis of mechanical-electrical integration, plays a role in supporting the other functional units of the system and transmitting motion and power. Compared to purely mechanical products, the performance and functionality of integration technology in electrical and mechanical systems have been improved a lot, which requires mechanical ontology to adapt its new status in mechanical structure, materials, processing technology, as well as the areas of geometry. Accordingly, the new ontology is with high efficient, multi-functional, reliable and energy-saving, small, light-weighted and aesthetically pleasing characteristics. (Mechatronics System) （P7） 机械体包括机架、机械联接和机械传动，它是机电一体化的基础，作用是支撑系统其他功能单元，传递运动和动力。和纯机械产品相比，一体化技术的性能和功能在机电系统中大幅提高，它要求机械本体适应在机械结构、材料、加工技术以及这些领域中的几何学下的新环境。相应的，新的一体化具有高效、多功能、可靠、节能、小轻和美学的令人赏心悦目的特征。 5. Detecting sensor detecting sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its function is to detect the process of mechatronic systems in the work itself and the changes of relevant parameters in external environment and transmit the information to the electronic control unit. Electronic control unit check the information and sends the corresponding control issues to the actuator. (Mechatronics System) （P7） 检测传感器部分包括各类传感器、信号检测电路，它的功能是检测机电系统自身工作的工程，在外部环境下的相关参数的改变，将其信息传给电子控制单元。电子控制单元通过检查信息，送出相应的指令到执行机构。 6. Electronic control unit, also known as ECU, is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the external commands and the signals output by sensors. It centralizes stores, computes and analyzes the information. Based on the results of information processing,instruction are issued according to a certain extent and pace to control the destination for the entire system. (Mechatronics System) （P7） 电子控制单元，也被称为控制单元（ECU）控制，是机电系统的核心，负责外部命令和传