英文科技论文写作的常用句式
研究现状模块的常用句式
研究现状模块，主要阐述其他学者、也包括作者本人与论文要探讨的问题或现象相关的研究工作，通常先“总”后“分”地陈述。研究现状这部分的目的是引出存在的问题。
“总述”常用一个句子概括相关的研究工作，一般用现在完成时：
(1)用主动语态时，常用researcher／author／investigator／writer等作主语，如：Many／Several／A number of／Few researchers have studied／investigated／examined／explored／reported on／discussed／considered+研究主题．
(2)用被动语态时，常用study／research／investigation／experiment／work／attention等作主语。如果描述“研究主题”的单词少，那么“研究主题”可置于句中，如：Many studies／researches／investigationes／experimentes on+研究主题+have been performed／done／published．当描述“研究主题”的单词较多时，可置于句末，如：Much work／attention has been performed／done／published on+研究主题．
用被动语态时，也可用“研究主题”作主语，如：研究主题+has been studied／investigated ／examined／explored／reported on／discussed／considered by many investigators／several researchers／a number of authors／few writers．又如：The study of+研究主题+has been widely reported／found／published in the literature．
“分述”是具体地介绍他人所做的相关研究成果。需要注意的是，这部分所列参考文献要准确、全面，不能堆积，更不能将每篇参考文献的摘要抄一遍，而是要概括出与论文研究有关的要点：
(1)用主动语态时，可用学者的姓氏作主语(下例中用somebody替代了学者的姓氏)。常采用过去时(也可用现在完成时):
第一种是主从复合句，如：Somebody showed/found/reported／noted／suggested／observed／pointed out+that从句。其中that从句是叙述somebody所做
的具体研究成果。
第二种是并列两个句子，第一句仅描述某位学者的研究活动，第二句才叙述其研究成果。如：Somebody studied／researched／investigated／explored／
examined the effect of X on Y．He／They found+that从句．
第三种是简单句，直接介绍某学者的研究工作，如：Somebody investigated／
has investigated+研究内容(+by／using X method)。当依次介绍多位学者的研究工作
时，为避免单调，可根据不同的研究内容轮换使用下述动词，如study，solve，seek，
describe，predict，carry out，emply，develop，find，calculate，analyse，obtain，
present，propose，report，account for，take into account，establish等.
(2)采用被动语态的简单句，用研究内容作主语。如：研究内容+ was/has been investigated+by somebody using X method．
指出问题模块的常用句式
指出问题模块是在阐述和分析研究现状之后，指出仍有某个(或某些)问题或现象值得进一步研究，目的是在“研究现状”模块与“研究目的或内容”模块之间起到承上启下的作用，通常1-2个句子即可。可以用It should be mentioned that引导，例如：It should be mentioned that in all references discussed above the foundation has been assumed to be linear in order to simplify the model．但更常见的是用However引出：
(1) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作，已有文献没有考虑”时，可用现在完成时被动语态的句式，如：However，论文中将要展开的研究工作+have not been considered／have not been taken into account／have been ignored／have been neglected in the mentioned above studies／researches／works／investigations．
(2) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作，已有文献研究得较少”时，可以使用形容词rare，通常用现在时，如：However，the literature／work／research／attention concerning+论文将要展开的研究工作+is rare．但是，更常见的情况是：用few，little 或no 等修饰词引出。用little 或no 来修饰work，literature，research 及attention 等不可数单数名词，用few 或no 来修饰studies，papers，researchers 及investigators 等可数的复数名词；后面通常用现在完成时或现在时。
现在完成时的句式：However, few studies have been done on／few studies have been published on／few studies have reported on／few researchers have studied／
little research has been devoted to／little attention has been paid to／little information
has been published concerning／no work has been done on／no systematic research has
been dedicated to+论文将要开展的工作．
现在时的句式：However, little literature is available on／litile is known about／there is little literature available on+论文将要开展的工作．
(3) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作，已有文献只探讨了相对的工作”时，用：However，all the researches／studies／inverstigations／works mentioned above+be limited to／be based
on／be concemtrated on+相对工作。关于“相对工作”的含义，请参考下述三例理解。(i) ... are limited to the cases that ( the external load is moving on the horizonal beams)．已有文献只研究了水平梁课题，而论文中将要研究的是与之“相对”的倾斜梁(inclined beam)课题。(ii) ... are based on the assumption of ( vehicle／track symmetry in order to simplify the calculation)．已有文献只研究了车辆／轨道对称课题，而论文将要研究的是与之“相对”的车辆／轨道不对称(vehicle／track asymmetry ) 课题。(iii) ... are mainly concentrated on ( the forward problem，i．e．determination of the dynamic responses due to moving vehicle loads)．已有文献研究的课题是求解动力响应，而论文将要研究的是与之相对的荷载识别(inverse problem，i．e．force identification from the dynamic response of the continuous bridge)课题。
研究目的或内容模块的常用句式
通常情况下作者在最后一段叙述论文的研究目的，概括性地介绍论文的研究内容。在叙述论文的研究目的或内容时，论文的创新点(新的研究方法、或新的研究内容、或新的研究理论等)就会展示出来。为了使读者清楚地知道作者自己的研究工作不同于所列文献中的工作，这个模块的首句常包含this paper／study／research／investigation 或in this paper／study ／research／investigation等词语。
(1) 用现在时的主动语态句式，例如：This paper describes／presents／develops／proposes a new model／theory／method for+论文将要研究的主题．The objective／purpose／aim of this paper／study is to develop a new model／theory／method for+论文将要研究的主题．
(2) 用现在时的被动语态句式，如：In this paper，a general numerical analysis theory is presented, which is capable of solving... .又如：An asymmetrical vehicle／track dynamic model，which is a finite element time — domain model，is presented in this paper．
(3)如果论文是对已有研究工作的扩展，可用下列包含extension 或extend 的句式。如：This paper call be regarded as all extension of the paper by somebody，as the latter laid the theortical foundation for the present study．又如：this paper extends the theoretical framework laid down by somebody for the analysis of+论文将要研究的主题．
(本文转自机械工程学报)
S C I科技论文写作常用 句型大全 Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998
一．好的论文题目是成功的一半 好的论文，每一个部分都需要精雕细琢。我们先来看看Science, Nature 子刊上用的都是些什么题目，到底这些题目暗含哪些玄机以下是从2016年发表的论文中随机挑选的一些题目，我将其做了一下简单的分类： 1. Water splitting–biosynthetic system with CO2reduction efficiencies exceeding photosynthesis. (Science, 2016, 352, 1210) 类似: Scalable water splitting on particulate photocatalyst sheets with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency exceeding1%(Nature Materials 2016,15,611-615) 这种题目适合哪类文章适合于那种性能极其显着的文章（可以创纪录的文章），比如说Nocera et al. 的Science, 2016, 352, 1210，直接与光合作用进行对比，给人的震撼是非常强的。这种对比效果能够一下子抓住人们的眼球，吸引着读者进行阅读。 要点：使用这样的题目首先你的实验结果得够牛，你对于实验结果要足够自信，对于背景知识的了解得要足够深。因为取这样的题目意味着你要真正达到了某一个高度。如果明明有很多大海在那里，你个小池塘和小水坑进行比较，那么会闹笑话的。。。
在这篇文章中，我们说明（介绍）了一种……方法 In this work ,we address the problem of +doing sth In this paper , we propose the ... 在这一章节，我们介绍…… In this section , we present ... We demonstrate out algorithm on two tasks : A被认为是B A can be regarded as B 为了这个目的，我们提出了A To this end ,we propose A. 在样本的……和……上都很有效 make effective use of both ...and ...among samples. 当应用到……中的时候When applied to... 通过将……和……结合起来，…… By combining ...and ... , .... A是B中的一个基本问题之一A is one of the fundamental problems in B 目的在于…… Its goal is to do ... We aim at doing... Our target is ... Our basic notion is to do... 为了达到……的目的To achieve ... To achieve this , 因为……，做什么是困难的 As .... , it is very difficult to do .... As..., ir is usually hard to ... Due to ... e.g.:As the variance of object shape and color within an object class can be large,it is very difficult to obtain class-specific features that can describe the object class accurately. 就这点而言，…… In this regard, ... 一方面来说，……，另一方面来说，……On the one hand , ... , on the other hand , ... 1
S u m m a r y 的写作技巧和常见句型 、概括原文 一）阅读 1. 读懂文章读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2. 拆分文章按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精 炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3. 概括主旨写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题给summary 起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2. 阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是接着写出要阐述的main ideas （主要观点）和supporting points （对主要观点的the author .. ）。
支持）。 3. 词汇运用 注意概述的cohere nee （连贯性），运用好tran siti on words （过渡 词） , like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4. 删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5. 选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5 个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6. 把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为：“ He was in finan cial difficulties. His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion- like. ” 可以概括为：” He was very brave in battle. He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为：“ He was in finan cial difficulties. 6）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. ” 可以概括为：” Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays,
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别 gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现 occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数 the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法 approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率 Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实 verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation
英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变change, alteration, 高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors 关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated, 广泛的in an extensive survey 进行conducte， perform, carry out, 降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker
Abstract 一、在摘要中直接提出论文主题的句型和句式 1、In this paper, we present a … approach to … 本文提出了一种针对…的…方法。 2、In this paper, we describe improved … models for … 本文介绍几种针对…的改进的…模型。 3、We propose a new … model and … algorithm that enables us to … 我们提出一种新的…模型和…算法，它让我们能够… 4、We present a … model that enables … 我们提出了一种…模型，它使我们能够… 5、This paper demonstrates the ability of … to perform robust and accurate … 本文证明了…进行…可靠准确的…的能力。 6、In this paper we report results of a … approach to … 本文报导了…的…方法的实验结果。 7、This paper demonstrates that … can effectively … with very high accuracy. 本文证明，…能够有效地准确地… 8、The purpose/goal/intention/objective/object/emphasis/aim of this paper is … 本文的目的是… 9、The primary/chief/overall/main object of this study is to survey … 本研究的首要目标是考察… 10、The chief aim of this paper/research/study/experiment/the present work is … 本文的主要目标是… 11、 The emphasis of this study lies in … 我们的研究重点是… 12、The work presented in this paper focuses on … 本文所述工作重点放在… 13、Our goal has been to provide …
英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版 （一）段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。There is an old saying______. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是…… 。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays, it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______. 5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重 的问题。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has
英文论文写作常用的句型 1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by… 2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are … 3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristics of xx… 4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上 … 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原 则也。 5.已经采用了：have adopted … 6.近年来：in recent years 7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。 8.出于各种原因：for a variety of reasons 9.此外，另外：moreover, in addition 10.即： “…, namely …” 11.A 与B 的区别在于：A and B differ in the terms of … 12.谈及，关于：In terms of… 13.这些区别是因为：some of the difference stem from… 14.为了让：In order for xx to … 15.很大程度上依赖于rely heavily on … 16.基于… is based on… 17.不是…而是… not …, but rather … 18.这方面的例子有… “…, exemplified by …” 19.严格限制：impose the stringent restrictions on …; 受到这些限制：be subject to the restrictions. 20.产生这个问题的原因与… 有关：The problem arises in part from … [Tip]：多用although, however, while, moreover, in addition 这样的词儿，句子之间的逻辑关系显得很清楚，读paper 的人会觉得你的论文很清爽。
学术论文常用词汇 学术论文的语言表达 一、时态 时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的 规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时 需要注意的语法 In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完成时 In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature. 二、数词 数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上 的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可 以下是需要注意的语法 不规则变化的单复数 单数复数 criterion criteria 依据 phenomenon phenomena 现象 medium media 介质 radius radii 半径 index indices 指数 appendix appendices 附录 stimulus stimuli 刺激 basis bases 基础 2 synthesis syntheses 合成 matrix matrices 基体 Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli. 一些数有特殊性的名词 data, kinetics 通常作复数名词 research, work: 不可数名词 The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures. The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization. Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein. Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers. 一些结构的数<主谓的统一> one of 复数名词单数
1) When asked about…, the vast /overwhelming majority of/ most/many/ quite a few people say/ think/ believe/ answer that…, but… 当被问及……时，多数（大多数、许多）人认为（回答）……，但是…… 2)Nowadays, it is commonly/ widely/ generally believed/ thought/ held that…, but I wonder/ doubt that… 如今，人们普遍认为……，但是我怀疑…… 3) When it comes to……, some think/ hold/ believe… 当提及……时，有人认为…… 4) Depending on personal experience, personality type and emotional concern, we find that some people hold the idea of…, whild others prefer… 基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同，我们发现有人持……的观点，而另外一些人则更喜欢…… 5) It has become apparent to us that… 对我们来说，……已经变得很明显。 6) There is a public/ general debate/ controversy/ discussion today/ nowadays on/ over/ as to the problem/ issue of… 如今，有一场关于……问题的公开的（普遍的）讨论（争论）。 7) With the rapid growth of…, … have/ has become increasingly important in our daily life.https://www.doczj.com/doc/e96873267.html, 随着……的快速增长，……在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。 8) Recently the issue/ problem/ question/ of… ha s been brought into focus/ brought to public attention/ in the limelight/ posed among the general public. 近来，……的问题已经成为人们关注的焦点。 9) N ow there is a growing awareness/ recognition of the necessity to… 如今，人们愈发意识到……的重要性。 10) Nothing/ Few things/ No idea is/ are more/ as foolish/ dangerous/ undesirable/ basic/ essential than/ as… which is widely/ commonly/ generally held by… 普遍认为，没什么能比……更愚蠢（危险、不合时宜、基本、有必要）/没有什么
Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. 4. In the earliest study of the ….., ……mainly concentrate on the study of…….. In practice, ……. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
SCI 论文写作的万能句型(二) 1. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ...... 2. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ...... 3. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ...... 4. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic. 5. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ...... 6. During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ...... 7. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on ....... 8. A large and growing body of literature has investigated ...... 参考文献：以往研究或学术活动相关文献 1. Many historians have argued that ...... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994) 2. Numerous studies have attempted to explain ..... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002) ?3. Recent evidence suggests that ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) 4. Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can ...... (Patel et al., 1997;Jones et al., 1998). 5. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ...... 6. Several attempts have been made to ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) 7. Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ...... (Smith, 1996; Jones ....... 8. Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an ........ account, whilst Jones ..... 9. Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ...... 10. Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesity 11. Previous studies have reported ...... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992). 12. Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ...... 13. A number of studies have found that ...... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004). 14. Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between ....... 15. At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between...... 16. Other studies have considered the relationship ...... 17. The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, ....... 18. The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).
杨跃，实用科技英语翻译研究，西安：西安交通大学出版社，2008 所谓“通顺”，就是在确切理解和掌握原文的基础上，汉语译文必须规范化，用词造句应符合汉语表达习惯，力求通顺易懂。要摆脱原文形式的束缚，不要逐词死译，生搬硬套，选用符合汉语习惯的表达方式，把愿意清楚明白的再现出来。科技译文的通顺还要符合专业表达的习惯，采用规范的专业语言，只在形式上忠实于原文，还不算是好的译文。 在EST翻译中，陆殿杨提出一条原则:“Translate literally, if possible, or appear to f ree translation.”(能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译。) 译好科技英语需要具备的三个条件： 对英语要比较精通（Good command of English）; 汉语水平要比较高（Good command of Chinese）; 对有关的科技内容要比较熟悉，即知识水平（Familiarity with Knowledge of Science and Technology） 一般来说，从事科技翻译工作，最好是通晓外语的本行专家，由熟悉本行业的行家翻译出来的东西，远比精通外语的门外汉要强得多。 严复翻译的三字标准“信、达、雅”。求其信，已大难矣！故信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。易曰修辞立诚，子曰词达而已，又曰言之无文，行之不远。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模，故信达而外，求其尔雅。此不仅期以行远已耳，实则经理微言。用汉以前字法句法，以为达易；用近世利俗文字，以求达雅，往往意义就词，毫厘千里。审择于斯二者之间，夫固有所不得已也。（《天演论》译例言，1898） 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 傅雷：神似 钱钟书：化境 对于“美（雅）”，尚有争议。但“忠实”和“通顺”已成公认标准。