英文论文写作常用句式
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:290.13 KB
- 文档页数:3
英文科技论文写作的常用句式
研究现状模块的常用句式
研究现状模块,主要阐述其他学者、也包括作者本人与论文要探讨的问题或现象相关的研究工作,通常先“总”后“分”地陈述。研究现状这部分的目的是引出存在的问题。
“总述”常用一个句子概括相关的研究工作,一般用现在完成时:
(1)用主动语态时,常用researcher/author/investigator/writer等作主语,如:Many/Several/A number of/Few researchers have studied/investigated/examined/explored/reported on/discussed/considered+研究主题.
(2)用被动语态时,常用study/research/investigation/experiment/work/attention等作主语。如果描述“研究主题”的单词少,那么“研究主题”可置于句中,如:Many studies/researches/investigationes/experimentes on+研究主题+have been performed/done/published.当描述“研究主题”的单词较多时,可置于句末,如:Much work/attention has been performed/done/published on+研究主题.
用被动语态时,也可用“研究主题”作主语,如:研究主题+has been studied/investigated /examined/explored/reported on/discussed/considered by many investigators/several researchers/a number of authors/few writers.又如:The study of+研究主题+has been widely reported/found/published in the literature.
“分述”是具体地介绍他人所做的相关研究成果。需要注意的是,这部分所列参考文献要准确、全面,不能堆积,更不能将每篇参考文献的摘要抄一遍,而是要概括出与论文研究有关的要点:
(1)用主动语态时,可用学者的姓氏作主语(下例中用somebody替代了学者的姓氏)。常采用过去时(也可用现在完成时):
第一种是主从复合句,如:Somebody showed/found/reported/noted/suggested/observed/pointed out+that从句。其中that从句是叙述somebody所做
的具体研究成果。
第二种是并列两个句子,第一句仅描述某位学者的研究活动,第二句才叙述其研究成果。如:Somebody studied/researched/investigated/explored/
examined the effect of X on Y.He/They found+that从句.
第三种是简单句,直接介绍某学者的研究工作,如:Somebody investigated/
has investigated+研究内容(+by/using X method)。当依次介绍多位学者的研究工作
时,为避免单调,可根据不同的研究内容轮换使用下述动词,如study,solve,seek,
describe,predict,carry out,emply,develop,find,calculate,analyse,obtain,
present,propose,report,account for,take into account,establish等.
(2)采用被动语态的简单句,用研究内容作主语。如:研究内容+ was/has been investigated+by somebody using X method.
指出问题模块的常用句式
指出问题模块是在阐述和分析研究现状之后,指出仍有某个(或某些)问题或现象值得进一步研究,目的是在“研究现状”模块与“研究目的或内容”模块之间起到承上启下的作用,通常1-2个句子即可。可以用It should be mentioned that引导,例如:It should be mentioned that in all references discussed above the foundation has been assumed to be linear in order to simplify the model.但更常见的是用However引出:
(1) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作,已有文献没有考虑”时,可用现在完成时被动语态的句式,如:However,论文中将要展开的研究工作+have not been considered/have not been taken into account/have been ignored/have been neglected in the mentioned above studies/researches/works/investigations.
(2) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作,已有文献研究得较少”时,可以使用形容词rare,通常用现在时,如:However,the literature/work/research/attention concerning+论文将要展开的研究工作+is rare.但是,更常见的情况是:用few,little 或no 等修饰词引出。用little 或no 来修饰work,literature,research 及attention 等不可数单数名词,用few 或no 来修饰studies,papers,researchers 及investigators 等可数的复数名词;后面通常用现在完成时或现在时。
现在完成时的句式:However, few studies have been done on/few studies have been published on/few studies have reported on/few researchers have studied/
little research has been devoted to/little attention has been paid to/little information
has been published concerning/no work has been done on/no systematic research has
been dedicated to+论文将要开展的工作.
现在时的句式:However, little literature is available on/litile is known about/there is little literature available on+论文将要开展的工作.
(3) 阐述“对于论文将要开展的工作,已有文献只探讨了相对的工作”时,用:However,all the researches/studies/inverstigations/works mentioned above+be limited to/be based