【学习资料】现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别文/ 张满胜
最近和一个美国朋友喝咖啡，我们聊到了英语语言的学习问题。我告诉她，对中国学生来说，学英语最大的难点就是复杂的时态变化。英语时态变来变去，搞得我们晕头转向。她则无辜地笑道：“Tense would make me tense if I were a Chinese student.”(我要是中国学生，时态一定也会让我疯掉的。)
产生这种难题的原因很简单，就是因为两种语言思维表达重大差异造成的。汉语是不太重视时间表达的，对于中国学生来说，3时4态的英语精确时间表达很难进入我们的思维。思维里既然没有时间概念，所以在用英语表达时，我们不是结结巴巴老在琢磨该用什么时态，就是撇开时态不顾，一律用一般现在时。
其实，对于“老外”来说，时态已融入他们的思维，他们不需要知道像“现在完成时”、“现在完成进行时”等这样的语法术语，而是能够潜意识地知道用什么样的动词时态形式来表示什么样的时间概念。比如，我当时就问我的这位朋友，我可不可以这样说：
(1) I have been drinking five cups of coffee this afternoon.
今天下午我一直喝了五杯咖啡。
她给我的回答是“No way”(不可能这样讲)。我问她为什么，她则很茫然地摇摇头说“I don't know.”这个问题其实涉及到现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别问题。
要想很好地区分have done和have been doing，我们需要从两个方面来讨论：一、完成时态和完成进行时态本身意义的差别；二、要结合动词的不同延续特点。首先我们来看两种时态的意义差别，两者根本区别是：完成进行时强调动作持续的过程(emphasis on duration)，完成时强调动作的结果或成就(emphasis on achievement)。具体来讲，现在完成进行时have
been doing强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性，强调的是动作本身。现在完成时have done则是强调动作产生的结果或取得的成就，而不是动作本身。二者的这种区别我们从下面的这些例句可以很好地领悟到：
(2) a. My hands are very dirty. I've been painting the house.
b. I have painted the house green. The house was white, but now it's green.
思维分析：
句a中have been painting表示painting动作一直在持续，活动还没有结束，所以才有my hands are very dirty这样的现状。句a意思是“我的手很脏，我现在一直在给房间刷漆”。
句b中have painted表示painted动作已经结束，而且动作导致的结果是the house was white, but now it's green房间现在是绿色的了。
(3) a. I've been cleaning the house but I still haven't finished.
b. I've cleaned the house, but I still haven't finished.(×)
思维分析：
为什么这里句a是正确的，而句b是错误的呢？理由很简单，句a用完成进行时have been cleaning就表明动作一直在持续，还没有结束，意思是“我一直在打扫房间，还没有扫完”。句b是错误的，因为它前面句子用了完成时态have cleaned就应该表示动作cleaned已经结束，即“我把房间已经打扫完了”，而后面接了一个I still haven't finished，显然前后矛盾。
根据上面讨论的这两种时态本身意义的差别，我们就可以回答上面第一个问题，即我们为什么不能说上面句(1)：
I have been drinking five cups of coffee this afternoon.(×)
前面说过，完成进行时强调动作持续的过程，而完成时则强调动作的结果或成就。既然强调动作的持续性，因此完成进行时是表示一种看起来是不间断的动作。如果涉及到做一件事的次数或一共做了多少件事情，这时都相当于把动作分割为一次一次的间断动作了，所以不能用现在完成进
行时。从另一方面来说，既然讲到动作的次数或是一共做了几件事情，这两种情况都是在强调动作的结果或成就(emphasis on achievement)，而不是动作本身过程(emphasis on duration)，所以只能用现在完成时have done。因此，我们可以得出这样的结论：完成进行时态不能用来谈某个动作的具体次数或几件事情。这时，我们要用完成时态。这就解释了为什么在老外思维里没有：
I have been drinking five cups of coffee this afternoon.(×)
这样的句子，而一定会这么说：
(4) I have drunk five cups of coffee this afternoon.
因为这里说出了具体的五杯咖啡。
换句话区分完成时态与完成进行时态还要结合动词的不同延续特点。在上文中我们提到过，
说，动词延续时间的长短也会影响这两种时态的使用。这里，我先来回答一位读者的提问，那位读者来信问道：“我可以说I have been living here for ten years吗？”我们可以肯定地回答，
当然可以这么说，比如：
(5) a. I have been living here for ten years.
b. I have lived here for ten years
(6) a. I have been studying English for ten years.
b. I have studied English for ten years.
从以上例子，我们看到，在带有“一段时间”时，用两种时态几乎没有多大区别，都表示一个开始于过去的动作一直延续到现在。不过也有这样一种观点，认为此时两者的细微区别在于：现在完成进行时会强烈暗示动作会继续持续下去；而现在完成时则只是表示有可能持续下去。如上面最后一组例句很可能分别有以下言外之意：
(7) a. I have been teaching for 25 years, and I can't imagine doing anything else.
b. I have taught for 25 years, so now it's time to think about doing something else.
上述讨论的这种细微差别往往可以忽略不计，因此，我们通常认为此时两种时态意义差不多。但是，我要强调的是，这种差不多的意义需要满足两个条件：一、此时谓语动词应该是“无限延续动词”(如live, study)；二、都须带有一段时间状语(如for ten years)。如果不满足这两个条件，那么完成时态和完成进行时态所表达的意义就会有很大的不同。我们下面就这两个条件分别讨论。我们先来分析在没有一段时间状语时，两个时态的区别(the present perfect vs. the present perfect continuous with no time mentioned)。比如上面二组句子(6)、(7)。若我们全部去掉其后面的一段时间状语，那么意思就会有很大的不同，请比较：
(8) a. I have been living here.
b. I have lived here.
(9) a. I have been studying English.
b. I have studied English.
思维分析：
这里二组句子中，句a都表示动作一直持续到现在说话时间，比如“我还一直住在这里”；“我
还一直在学习英语”。但句b的活动却不具有持续到现在的意思了，而是表示活动已经结束，谈的是一个过去曾经的经历，比如“我曾经在这里生活过”；“我以前学过英文”。
由此可见，在没有时间状语的情况下，两个时态所表达的意义有很大差别。
从以上这些例子，我们看到，在不带有时间状语时，现在完成时指的是在过去某一时间完成了的动作(refer to a singular occurrence at an indefinite time in the past)，现在完成进行时则表示一个在持续的活动(refer to an ongoing activity)。也就是说，现在完成进行时不论是带有或没有一
段时间状语，同样可表达“一直在持续的动作”。这进一步证明了我们上述结论：完成进行时比完成时有更强的持续性。
下面我们再来看第二个条件：谓语动词应该是“无限延续动词”(如live, study)。在英文中，像
study, live, work, learn, teach, wait等动词并不表现某一具体的动作，它们近乎于一种状态的延续，我们把这样的动词称为无限延续动词。上面讨论过，在有时间状语和无限延续动词的情况下，两种时态没有区别(或说区别不大)。比如上面的句(6)：
a. I have been living here for ten years.
b. I have lived here for ten years
但是，我们现在把句中无限延续动词变成短暂动词如come，则两者有很大的不同，比如：
(10) a. I have been coming here for ten years.
b. I have come here for ten years.(×)
思维分析：
对于这里句b，我相信很多读者知道为什么是错误的，一般英语里不这么说，是因为come是一个短暂动词，无法延续，因此不能和for ten years这样的延续时间状语连用。那么对于句a如何理解呢？不外乎有两种观点，一是认为句a也不对，理由同上；二是认为是正确的，并且看完这句话，第一反映它的意思是：“我来这里有十年了”，也就是说10年来，我一直长期生活在这里。其实，这样理解是错误的。
相信只要学过英语的人都认识该句中的每一个单词，但对于这一看似简单的句子，要想真正理解它的意思却并不这么简单。问题关键在于我们如何正确理解have been coming。其实，年10
在近“表示的是一个重复的活动，所以此句话正确应理解为comingbeen have 这里的．
以来，我常常来这里。”就是说，在10年期间，我多次重复来这里，而不是一直在这里住了10年。要说“我来这里有十年了”应该是：
(11) I have been here for ten years.
综上所述，我们看到，尽管延续动词用于完成时态(如have lived)和完成进行时态(如have been living) 在有时间状语的情况下，两者意思差不多(若没有时间状语，则两者意思也不同)，但是短暂动词用于完成时态和完成进行时态则大不相同。如上述讨论的，短暂动词用于完成时态，不能与一段时间状语连用，而短暂动词(如come)用于完成进行时(have been
coming)则表示到目前为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。
思维总结
本期讨论的完成时态与完成进行时态区别有：
1．完成进行时强调动作持续的过程(emphasis on duration)，完成时强调动作的结果或成就(emphasis on achievement)。
2．完成进行时态不能用来谈某个动作的具体次数或几件事情，换句话说，它所表示的重复动作是不能被分割开来，而只能看作是一个不间断的过程，这点是完成进行时强调动作持续过程的体现。完成时态则常常表示间断的重复活动，可以标明具体几次或几件事，这也是完成时强调活动结果的体现。
3．在不带有时间状语时，现在完成时指的是在过去某一时间完成了的动作(refer to a
singular occurrence at an indefinite time in the past)，现在完成进行时则表示一个在持续的活动(refer to an ongoing activity)。
4．短暂动词(如come)用于完成进行时(have been coming)则表示到目前为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。
创作编号： GB8878185555334563BT9125XW 创作者：凤呜大王* 新概念的现在完成时练习卷 Exercise: I. Fill in the blanks with the proper form. 1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week. 2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet. 3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now. 4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office. 5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999. 6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here. 7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks. 8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework. 9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day. 10.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet? 11. If it ____ (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you. 12. The students ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in. 13. Look! The monkey __________ (climb) the tree. 14. My mother __________ (come) to see me next Sunday. 15. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere? II. Choose the best answer. 1. How long have you _______ here? A. come B. got C. arrived D. been 2. My grandpa died _________. A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6. 3. Jane has _____ to BeiJing. She will come back tomorrow. A. been B. gone C. went D. never been 4. It is ten years _____ I last saw her. A. after B. since C. for D. that 5.--Who will go to the station to meet Lorry? --I will. I _____ her several times. A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet 6. --What a nice dress! How long _____ you _____ it? --Just 2 weeks.
一、时态讲解：现在完成时 （1）构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have. 现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下： 1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。 My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。 I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。 She has arrived. 她到了。 2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently, already, just, lately, fo r…, since…,yet等。如： I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。 They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。 She has been with us since Monday. ★注意： a)since和for的区别 since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there for后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。 Exercise: 用since和for填空 1. Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday. 2. Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days. 3. His aunt has lived in Australia ______15 days. 4. Mary is in her office. She has been there ______ 7 o'clock. 5. India has been an independent country ______1974. 6. The bus is late. They've been waiting ______ 20 minutes. 7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years. 8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October. 1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since 6. for 7. for 8. since 2）表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：
现在完成时和现在完成进行时小练习 1. He _____ with his first teacher for quite a long time. A. lost touch B. got in touch C. lost in touch D. has been out of touch 2. Mary _____ Green for five years. A. has married B. has married with C. married D. has been married to 3. It's the third time I ______him this month. A. had seen B. have seen C. saw D. see 4. Tom ________for more than a week. A. has been away B. has gone away C. went away D. has left 5. We _____each other since I left Shanghai. A. haven't seen B. hadn't seen C. didn't see D. wouldn't see 6. He ________with us since he returned last month. A. lives B. lived C. had lived D. has lived 7. They _____here for more than a month. A. have arrived B. have reached C. have come D. have been 8. Comrade Wang ____the Party for about three years. A. has attended B. has joined C. has been in D. has taken part in 9. The book _____on the floor for ten minutes, but no one has picked it up. A. is lying B. has lain C. has been lying D. lay 10. I _______from him so far. A. didn’t hear B. don't hear C. haven't heard D. hadn't heard 11. Great changes ________in my hometown in the past few years. A. were taken place B. have been taken place C. took place D. have taken place 12. ________ the new color film ________this year? A. Has; been shown B. Did; show C. Are; shown D. Will; show 13. ---Why does Mary look to be so sorry? ---Because she _________by her classmates. A. has been laughed B. has laughed at C. was laughed D. has been laughed at 14. For this he _________on twice. A. has operated B. has been operated C. had been operated D. operated 15. I haven’t seen you for quite some time. What ______lately? A. were you doing B. did you do C. have you been doing D. had you done 16. The house looks much bigger now that we _______ the walls in brighter colours. A. are painting B. have painted C. had painted D. have been painting 17. ---How about my food? I _______ here for almost half an hour. ---I’m sorry, sir. It must be ready by now. A. have been sitting B. am sitting C. had been sitting D. was sitting 18. Mary ___________ at this school for thirty years but she hasn’t decided to retire. A. has been taught B. has been teaching C. taught D. had taught 19. I ______ always ______ of him, but I can’t see him. A. had; been thinking B. have; been thinking C. was; thinking D. have; thought 20. Although medical science ______ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning. A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. is achieving 21. —Is it hard to drive downtown to work? —Yes, that’s why I to work by train. A. have been going B. have gone C. was going D. will have gone
一.表达概念： 1.表示到说话人说话时已经完成的动作，却对现在仍有影响或结果。 例句：He has lost his book.他丢了他的书。 2.表示事情开始与过去，却一直持续到现在还在进行的事情。 例句：He has taught in our school for 30 years. 他在我们学校教书已有30年了。 3.表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不断重复发生的动作或情况，并且这个不断重复的动作有可能继续下去，也有可能到现在就结束。 例句：My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父亲一向骑车上班。 4.同一般现在时可以表示将来一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。 例句：I’ll wait until he has written his letter. 我愿等到他把信写完。 二、句型构成 主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p）（V-ed） e.g done ①肯定句中：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p）（V-ed）+宾语. ②否定句中：主语+haven't/hasn't+动词的过去分词（p.p）（V-ed）+宾语. ③一般疑问句中：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词（p.p）（V-ed）+宾语. ④特殊疑问句中：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词（V-ed）+其他） 三、时间状语 常与现在完成时连用的时间状语： ever,never,already,yet,just,before,recently,still,lately,since+时间点,for+时间段,etc. 四、注意点
一般过去时与现在完成时区别专题 一、前言： 初一下学期同学们学习了一般过去时态的相关知识，即将到来的初二上学期英语学习中，现在完成时是重要的学习内容。本文通过对比一般过去时和现在完成时，对现在完成时进行初步讲解，希望使同学们读新学期的学习有所准备。 二、现在完成时 1. 现在完成时的构成 现在完成时是由助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。 2. 现在完成时的用法 现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说明现在的某种情况。 We are good friends.(现在的情况） I knew him in 1997.（过去的动作） We have known each other since 1997. （现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在） （1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如： -Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. I've just had it. 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了） （2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。 如：He has taught here since 1981 他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教） I haven't seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。 （3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice,ever, never,three times等时间状语。 如：I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。 3.现在完成时的时间状语 （1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。 a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。 如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。 They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。 b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗？ -I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。 c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。 例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。
现在完成进行时 1 定义:现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。 2 现在完成进行时的构成:现在完成进行时是由“have/has+been+动词的现在分词”构成 3 现在完成进行时的基本句型 肯定式I/We have been working. 疑问式Have you been working？ 简略回答Yes，I/we have. No，I/we haven't. 肯定式He/She/It has been working. 疑问式Has he/she/it been working？ 简略回答Yes，he/she/it has. No，he/she/it hasn't. 4 现在完成时的用法 1）在强调指出动作还未结束，还要继续下去。如：I've been reading this book for two hours，but I haven't finished it. 这本书我已读了两个小时了，但我还没读完。 I've read this book.我已读完这本书了。 2）强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。 She has always been working like that.她一贯是这样工作的。 3）现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。 We've been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们经常见面。 5 相同点 1. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时都可以表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作.如: I have worked in this school since 2001. I have been working here since 2001. 2. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时都可以表示一段时间内进行的动作.例如: Mr. Smith has taught English for 20 years. Mr. Smith has been teaching English for 20 years 6 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 1）现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性,它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较： We've been living here for ten years. We've lived here for ten years.我们在这儿已经住了十年了。
新概念第一册语法讲解：现在完成时 现在完成时 构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词 用法： 1）表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用。 I have just had lunch. （饱了，不用再吃了。） He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝。） They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了。） The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不 用再看了。） 2）询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时： Have you finished your homework? Have you been to Beijing? Have he seen the film? 3）表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作 I have lived in Beijing for twenty years. I have worked for this school for 1 year. 4）表示一种经历，经验：去过…地方，做过…事情，经历过…事情 I have never had a bath.
I have never seen a film. I have never been to cinema. I have ever been to Paris. Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了 I have been to London.（人已经回来） He has gone to London.（人还在那里） 5）表示一种结果，一般不和时间副词联用 I have lost my pen. I have hurt myself. He has become a teacher. She has broken my heart. 句型变化： ★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen. ★肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I have. / No, I have not. ★特殊疑问句 What have you done? What has he done? 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别： 凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时。
现在完成时和过去时的区别及练习 一、现在完成时的用法。 1.现在完成时强调过去动作对现在的影响 I have lost my wallet now. I can’t find it now. 我的钱包掉了，我现在找不到。 2.现在完成时强调过去动作一直持续到现在。 I have had this book for a year. 我拥有这本书1年了。 3.现在完成时表示动作尚未完成。 I have lived here for 5 years. 我在这里住了5年（现在也还在这里住） 4.现在完成时可以与不确切的过去时间连用。 She has entered speaking competition before. 她曾经参加过演讲比赛。 5.现在完成时可以用来描述活着的人的经历。 He has been to America four times. 他去过美国4次。（他现在还活着） 6.现在完成时可以与未完成的时间状语连用。 She has finished her homework today. 今天他已经完成了家庭作业。（today, this week, this year 是未完成的时间状语） 二、过去时的用法 1.
1.表示过去完成的动作，现在已不是这样。 —What do you think of her? 你认为她怎样？ —She was cute. 她曾经很可爱（表示她现在已不可爱了。） 2.与过去某一具体的时间状语连用，表示过去完成的动作。 She lost her wallet yesterday. (她昨天弄丢了她的钱包。) 3.表示去世的人过去的经历。 He went to America four times.一生中, 他去过美国4次（表示他已去世）练习 1.Ronaldo ______________( win) 29 major trophies in his career. 2.I ____________(have)him for three months and I really feel healthy. 3.She_______________(be) ill for three days. 4.They ________________ (not do) much exercise since they got their computer. 5.Kobe Byrant _______________(win) five championships with The Los Angeles Lakers. 6.Fans___________________(buy)about 200 million copies of Tintin’s stories in more than 50 languages. 7.When I was young, I ___________(not like) green vegetables. 8.After he graduated from university, he _________(work) in a big company.
专项语法讲练——现在完成时 【概念引入】 如何学习时态？对中学生来说，最好还是从各个时态的基本概念、基本形式和基本用法学起。在过了这一阶段之后，再放开步伐，通过大量的听、读和笔头实践，获得感性的知识。现在，我们就从最基本的概念、形式和用法等方面来总结一种新的时态——现在完成时。 【用法讲解】 一、现在完成时的定义 现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 二、现在完成时的构成 1. 肯定句 现在完成时的肯定句式是“have（has）＋过去分词”。 注意：该句式中的have或has是助动词，has用于第三人称单数，其它人称一律用have。 2. 否定句： 现在完成时的否定句式是“haven’t（hasn’t）＋过去分词”。 3. 疑问句： 现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词have或has提到主语之前。回答用Yes, …have(has)./ No, …haven’t(hasn’t). 三、动词过去分词规则变化与不规则变化 (一) 规则变化 变化规则：与动词过去式规则相同。 1. 一般直接在词尾加上ed。look —looked 2. 以e结尾的动词，直接加d。move —moved 3. 以y结尾，y前面是辅音字母的动词，变y 为i，再加ed。carry —carried 4. 部分动词需双写尾字母，加ed。stop —stopped (二)不规则变化 不规则动词的变化因词而异。但是如果对不规则动词的过去式和过去分词做一分析，就可发现其中的“规则”。同学们在记忆时，可按下面的形式对教材后不规则动词表进行分析、整理。例如：AAB型 ABC 型 AAA型
现在完成时 现在完成时的构成： 现在完成时由助动词have\has + 过去分词构成，第三人称单数用has，其余用have。 I have been in Shenzhen for seven years. Lily hasn’t been to America before. 现在完成时的用法： 1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。 My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。 I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。 She has arrived. 她到了。 2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态, for…, since…,yet等。如： I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We haven’t s een you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。 They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。 She has been with us since Monday. xx现在完成时连用的时间状语： already, yet, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never，since，for等连用。例如： I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。 They have nev er been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过xx。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。 She has been an independent girl since her father passed away. 自从父亲去世后，这女孩就变得独立了。 Jack has been a doctor for 10 years.杰克做医生已经10年了。 现在完成时的否定式和疑问句。 否定句：在have\has后加not结构：主语+has\have+not+过去分词+其他 一般疑问句：Has\Have提到主语前，其他照写。结构：Have\Has+主语+过去分词+其他 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 注意：肯定句中如有some\and，在否定句或者一般疑问句中要变成 any\or，即 some-anyand-or 以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下： 部分不规则变化动词表 6.注意： 1.since和for的区别 since后接过去的某个时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there for后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。 Exercise: 用since和for填空 1. Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday.
I have cleaned the classroom .（强调扫地所产生的结果：地干净了！） We have lived here for ten years.（“住”从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时） We have lived here since we came here.（“住”是从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时） Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China.("来”中国已过去，而先前“住”在纽约更过去！）（另外注意：“住”在纽约可没有持续到现在！） We had learned 1000 words by the end of last term. （“上期期末”已过去，而是在其前“学”的就更过去了！） 一、从结构上区别 现在完成时： 主语 + have / has（not） + 过去分词 过去完成时： 主语 + had (not) + 过去分词 (二)从时间状语区别 现在完成时: 常用的时间状语包括“now, today, tonight, this week, this year, already, yet, just, recently…etc”。 过去完成时: 常用的时间状语包括“by, at, before等构成的短语”。 注意：当表示一段时间，现在完成时和过去完成时都可以用for 或since引导的状语。 例如： The meeting had begun when we got there. 我们到那儿时，会议已经开始了。 We had learned about 500English words when we were 6 years old. 我们六岁时就已经学了500个英语单词。
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的练习题 A. Correct the following sentences. （改错） 1. All these years they are contributing articles to our magazine. 2. I have been drinking five cups of coffee this afternoon. 3. What have you been doing before you left Oxford? 4. It's a good job. Have you done it all by yourself? 5. It's a long time since you come to see me. 6. Alice didn't see much of Henry lately. 7. I'm glad to tell you that you passed the exam. B. Complete the following sentences with the right form of the verbs given. 1. You know, I ________ (look) for a job for three months, and this is my first formal interview. 2. My sister ________ (stay) in Beijing for three months last year. 3. The little boy is dirty all over because he ________ (play) in the mud all the morning. 4. I ________ (wonder) if you were free this afternoon. 5. Here he is! We ________ (wait) anxiously for him since last night. C. Make the best choices. 1. — I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. — I think so. He ________ for it for months. (2008江苏) A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing 2. By the time he realizes he _________ into a trap, it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it. (2008山东) A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked 3. So far this year we _______ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen 4. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she ______ English for a year. A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying 5. Danny _________ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. A. works B. is working C. has worked D. had worked 6. —I have got a headache. —No wonder. You_________ in front of that computer too long. A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked 7. The unemployment rate in this district_______ from 6% to 5% in the past two years. A. has fallen B. had fallen C. is falling D. was falling 8. Now that she is out of job, Lucy ___ going back to school，but she hasn’t decided yet. A. had considered B. has been considering
现在完成时 【概念引入】 欣赏含有现在完成时的名言： Life has taught me to think, but thinking has not taught me to live. 生活教会了我思考，但思考却没有教会我生活。 Winter must be cold for those with no warm memories. We have already missed the spring. 对于那些没有温馨回忆的人们来说，冬天一定很冷。我们已经错过春天了。 Nature has given us the seeds of knowledge, but not knowledge itself. 在自然赋予我们知识的种子，而非知识本身。 现在完成时的构成： 现在完成时是：助动词have（has）+过去分词构成的。 I have finished my homework. 我已经完成了作业。 现在完成时的否定句：是在助动词have(has)的后面加not构成。 I haven’t seen the film so far. 到目前为止，我还没有看那部电影。 现在完成时的一般疑问句：是把助动词have(has)提到句子主语的前面。 Have you seen the film yet? 你看过那部电影了吗？ 【用法讲解】 一、现在完成时的定义及用法（1） 表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 I have just cleaned my clothes. 我刚洗过衣服。 （“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”） Have you read that story？你读过那个故事吗？ （“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容。） 在学习这一概念的同时，还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑问句和否定句中。 I have already finished my homework. 我已经做完家庭作业了。 He has just had his meal. 他刚吃过饭。 Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？ They haven’t started yet．他们还没有动身。 We have never heard of it．我们从来没有听说过这件事。 二、现在完成时的定义及用法（2） 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，也可以表示实质可能继续下去的动作或状态。这时往往与表示一段的时间状语连用。
一般过去时态和现在完成时态的区别练习题 1）一般过去时态表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的 事情，强调动作；现在完成时态中动作为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。如:I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了） I have already seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知了） I haven’t finished my work yet. (强调对现在的影响，还有工作要做，不能去玩) When did you finish your homework? (询问过去的动作所发生的时间，与现在无关) 2）一般过去时态表示动作在过去已经停止；现在完成时态表 示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在。 如：Ann visited her uncle last weekend.(visit这个动作在过去已经停止) They have lived here since 1983. (live here 这个动作从1983年开始，一直延续到现在) 3）一般过去时态常用非延续性动词，如borrow, buy, come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become等。现在完成时态可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，与时间段连用时动词一般是延续性的，如keep, have, live, teach, learn, work, study, know, be等。如：He joined the League three years ago .(join 是短暂动词）
He has been in the League for three years.（be in表状态，在团内的状态可延续） He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可延续） 4）一般过去时态常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时态通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时态的时间状语：yesterday, last night/week/month/year…，…ago, in1980, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语. 现在完成时态的时间状语：for+时间段, since+过去的时间点/一般过去时态的句子, so far, , up to now, in the past ....years, 等，皆为不确定的时间状语。如：Tim wrote a letter to his brother last night. （last night 为具体的过去时间状语，所以用一般过去时态） I’ve learned English for three years . （for three years为时间状语，是个时间段，时间跨度大，不具体） 学以致用 1．——When _____ you _____ to learn to skate? ----Five years ago.