中美作文评价方法比较与思1

中美作文教学比较研究作者：郭欢欢来源：《文学教育》2020年第04期内容摘要：教育是一项十分复杂的活动，在世界文化多元化的今天，模式化教学显然不能适应现代教育的发展，在这种背景下，我国的写作教学应该进行怎样的思考和选择呢？本文通过从中美作文教学过程的指导方式、中美作文训练方法的差异两部分进行论述。

旨在通过对比，找到美国作文教学的精华部分，给我国作文教学提供具体可行的建议。

关键词：写作教学中美作文教学比较研究随着新一轮语文基础课程改革的不断推进，语文教育对教师提出了更高的要求。

而作为语文教学半壁江山的作文教学，对语文教师而言更是一大挑战。

义务教育阶段语文教材由一纲多本变成全国统一使用的部编本教材，同时也在全国六省开始示范使用部编本高中语文教材。

这些变化都在向我们传达出同一个信号：改革。

因此一成不变的模式化作文教学必须做出相应的调整来适应新课改的要求。

同时应当注意到当今世界文化交流日益密切，我们可以将目光投放到美国来审视我国作文教学的现状。

一.作文指导方式（一）中国作文教学当前我国作文教学最常见的模式是：题目—写作前指导—集中批改—统一讲评。

在这种模式下，优点不言而喻，学生能快速掌握考试型作文的写法，在短时间内迅速完成习作且在很大程度上能避免跑题的风险。

但我们看到其缺点也是显而易见的。

1.学生写作的整个过程，教师发挥着穿针引线的作用。

题目由教师设定;学生写作前教师要对学生进行写作前指导，讲解所给题目学生应从哪些方面下笔;学生习作完成后集中上交，由教师一人进行批改;最后讲评也由教师自己来完成。

显然，上述四个环节每一步都有教师的直接参与和指导，学生完全没有自主权。

但作文是一项表达思想，抒发情感的创造性活动，独立思考和个性化表达在作文教学中非常重要。

在具体的作文实践中，教师可以鼓励学生自主命题，构思前教师尽量不要指导学生，这是创新规律的基本要求。

2.作文的读者单一。

2017年，笔者作为志愿者到山西运城市新绛县去义务支教，当时八年级期中考试的作文题目是“当我遇到_____时”，在阅卷过程中发现，题目补充的基本类似，所举事例相同，写出来的文章大同小异。

美国的写作训练文体大致分为：（1）书信，包括正式书信和非正式书信、（2）计划、（3）梗概、（4）报告、（5）评论、（6）创作。

美国语文教学则倾向于从写作能力要素的角度对文体进行分类。

对各文体的训练要求可以较明显地反映这一特点。

例如“梗概”的写作要求是：“记下主要的事实，接着要用完整的句子写下来，用不同的方式将它们连接到一起，然后去掉一些不必要的形容词和材料。

最后使文字比较简洁。

”从这一段介绍来看，“梗概”的写作主要是训练学生的语言概括能力，相当于我国作文教学中的缩写。

再如，对“创作”并没有严格的文体形式上的要求，而是把它定义为“创造性写作”，并提出了“真诚、感情、独特性”三点要求，指出：“说明性文章倾向于使读者思考，创造性的写作则是让读者感觉。

创造性作品所表达的情感和态度，没有哪两篇文章是完全相同的。

”这里所说的“创作”并非我们通常意义上的文学创作，而是指写作中的创造能力。

美国语文教学中的“实用文”并不是严格意义上的文体概念，而是突出各类文体中的“实用性”。

这与我国语文教学中的“应用文”是有所区别的。

我们所说的“应用文”是指实用功能很强的一类文体，可以划分出若干种具体的文体，每种文体都有形式上的特殊要求。

从逻辑上看，美国语文教学对文体的分类显得不够严谨。

但各种训练文体都从社会生活的实际需要出发，提出了具体要求。

这一点很值得我们借鉴。

中美实用写作教学比较研究：我国的语文教学通常把写作训练文体分为记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文四大类。

其中，应用文又分出若干小类。

如属于生活类应用文的请假条、申请书、读书报告、书信、计划、总结等，此外还有公文类应用文。

我国语文教学对写作训练文体的分类较为严密，强调对文体形式的把握。

中美差异对比的英文作文In China, people tend to value collectivism and group harmony, while in America, individualism is highly emphasized.Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on respect for authority and tradition, while American culture values independence and innovation.In China, the concept of "face" is extremely important, and people often go to great lengths to avoid losing face in front of others. In America, people are more open to expressing their opinions and are less concerned about saving face.Chinese communication tends to be more indirect, with people often using nonverbal cues and subtle hints to convey their message. In contrast, American communication is often more direct and to the point.In China, there is a strong emphasis on hierarchy and seniority in the workplace, with younger employees expected to show deference to their older colleagues. In America, there is a more egalitarian approach to the workplace, with less emphasis on age or seniority.Chinese cuisine tends to be more diverse and regional, with a focus on fresh ingredients and balanced flavors. American cuisine, on the other hand, is often more influenced by fast food and convenience, with a wide range of international influences.In China, the education system places a strong emphasis on memorization and rote learning, with a focus on exams and academic achievement. In America, there is a greater emphasis on critical thinking, creativity, and hands-on learning experiences.In terms of social etiquette, Chinese people often place a strong emphasis on politeness and humility, with a focus on saving face and maintaining harmony. In America, there is often a greater emphasis on individual expressionand assertiveness, with less concern for maintaining social harmony.。

教育是一个国家发展的关键因素，而中美两国的教育体系在方法和理念上存在显著差异。

作为一名英语老师，我有幸深入了解并体验了这两种教育系统，并从中学到了许多宝贵的经验。

首先，中国的教育体系以其严谨和系统性著称。

学生们从小就被灌输大量的知识，强调记忆和重复练习。

这种教育方法在培养学生的基础知识和技能方面非常有效。

例如，中国学生通常在数学和科学领域表现出色，这在很大程度上归功于他们从小接受的严格训练。

然而，这种方法也有其局限性，它可能限制了学生的创造力和批判性思维能力的发展。

相比之下，美国的教育方法更加注重培养学生的独立思考和创新能力。

美国的课堂通常更加开放和互动，鼓励学生提出问题、分享观点并参与讨论。

这种教育环境有助于培养学生的自信心和解决问题的能力。

例如，在美国的课堂上，老师可能会给学生一个项目，让他们自己研究和探索，而不是简单地告诉他们答案。

这种方法可以激发学生的好奇心和探索精神。

然而，美国的教育方法也有其挑战。

由于缺乏严格的标准和评估，一些学生可能会在基础知识和技能方面落后。

此外，过度强调个人主义和自由表达有时也可能导致课堂纪律问题。

在这两种教育方法中，我认为最重要的是找到平衡。

我们应该从中国的教育体系中学习如何培养学生的基础知识和技能，同时也应该从美国的教育方法中学习如何激发学生的创造力和批判性思维能力。

作为一名英语老师，我努力将这两种方法结合起来，以创造一个既严谨又开放的学习环境。

例如，在教授英语语法时，我首先确保学生掌握了基本的语法规则，然后鼓励他们通过写作和口语练习来应用这些规则。

在课堂上，我会提出问题，让学生思考并分享他们的观点。

这种教学方法不仅帮助学生巩固了语法知识，还提高了他们的语言运用能力。

此外，我还鼓励学生参与小组讨论和项目合作，以培养他们的团队合作和沟通能力。

通过这种方式，学生不仅学会了如何与他人合作，还学会了如何表达和捍卫自己的观点。

总之，中美教育方法的差异为我们提供了宝贵的经验和启示。

When discussing the differences between China and the United States,it is essential to consider various aspects such as culture,politics,economy,and social norms.Here is a detailed analysis of these differences:1.Cultural Differences:Language:The most obvious difference is the language.China predominantly uses Mandarin,while English is the primary language in the U.S.Family Values:Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on family and respect for elders,often prioritizing the collective good over individual desires.In contrast, American culture tends to value individualism and personal freedom.Social Etiquette:In China,there is a greater emphasis on formalities and respect in social interactions,while Americans are generally more casual and direct in their approach.2.Political Differences:Government Systems:China operates under a oneparty socialist system,with the Communist Party of China being the ruling party.The U.S.,on the other hand,is a democratic republic with a system of checks and balances among the executive, legislative,and judicial branches.Freedom of Speech:The U.S.is known for its strong protection of freedom of speech, whereas China has more restrictions and censorship,particularly regarding political content.3.Economic Differences:Market Systems:China has a mixed economy with significant state control,especially in strategic sectors.The U.S.has a market economy with minimal state intervention, allowing for more competition and entrepreneurship.Trade Policies:China has been known for its exportoriented economic strategy,while the U.S.has a more balanced approach to trade,though it has been criticized for its protectionist tendencies in recent years.cational Systems:Curriculum and Teaching Methods:Chinese education is often more structured and examfocused,with a strong emphasis on rote learning and memorization.The U.S. education system is more flexible,with a focus on critical thinking and creativity. Higher Education:Both countries have prestigious universities,but the U.S.is often seen as having a more diverse and comprehensive higher education system,with a wide range of disciplines and research opportunities.5.Healthcare Systems:Access and Coverage:China has a universal healthcare system,but the quality and accessibility can vary greatly across different regions.The U.S.has a complex healthcare system that is a mix of public and private providers,with significant disparities in access and cost.6.Social Norms:Work Culture:Chinese work culture is often characterized by long hours and a strong emphasis on loyalty to the company.American work culture values worklife balance and individual achievement.Attitude Towards Authority:In China,there is a general respect for authority figures, including teachers and government officials.In the U.S.,questioning authority and seeking personal autonomy is more common.7.Technological Advancements:Innovation and Adoption:Both countries are leaders in technology,but they approach innovation differently.China has made significant strides in areas like ecommerce and mobile payments,while the U.S.is often at the forefront of software development and artificial intelligence.8.Environmental Policies:Sustainability:China has been investing heavily in renewable energy and green technologies,but it still relies heavily on coal for power.The U.S.has a mixed record on environmental policies,with periods of strong commitment to environmental protection followed by periods of rollback.In conclusion,while both China and the U.S.are global superpowers with significant influence,their approaches to governance,society,and the economy are shaped by their unique histories and philosophies.Understanding these differences is crucial for fostering international cooperation and mutual respect.。

浅谈美国高考作文和中国高考作文的不同之处姓名：谢静单位：中国地质大学（武汉）地址：湖北省武汉市洪山区鲁磨路388号中国地质大学（武汉）研究生院联系电话：随着经济全球化的发展，越来越多的中国学生走出国门，飞往各个国家进行留学深造。

美国，无疑是最热门的国家，世界各大知名学府，发达的科学技术，丰富的课堂内容和大熔炉的文化都是学生选择它作为深造学习地的首选。

出国留学首先必须通过相应的语言能力考试，如托福，雅思等。

还需要通过学术能力的考试，如SAT, GRE, GMAT 等。

SAT（Scholar Assessment Tests）考试目前在中国的热度持续上升，中国学生如何能够在这个被称为美国高考的考试崭露头角成为了大家关注的话题。

下面来比较一下中美高考作文的区别，能让学生明确两种考试的目的，做好应试准备。

一．从考试类型上比较：SAT考试满分为2400，其中阅读800，数学800以及写作800。

由此分数分布可以看出写作部分在整个考试的比重中占了三分之一，其重要性不言而喻。

SAT写作主要题型包括选择题和一篇命题作文。

选择题大部分找句子错误题，主要考察你是否能够改进句子和文章；命题作文要求结构完整并有自己的观点看法。

选择题章节限时35分钟，写作部分25分钟，实行闭卷考试。

美国的作文考试给予考生更多的思维自由，给出的都是一些开放式的题目，无法判断命题者的倾向和喜好，也没有对错之分，可以给考生留下足够的空间。

而我国近年来高考语文基本是150分满分，作文分值60分，时间没有明确规定，实行闭卷考试，字数一般不少于八百字。

一般考的题目是限制性命题作文或者话题作文。

二．从考试题目上比较：SAT作文题目内容包括文学、艺术、运动、政治、技术、科学、历史、时事等,但都不需要考生具备专业背景知识。

该考试主要考学生的说理能力,即摆出观点并用各种具体表达手段加以支持分析的能力。

这样的写作是将自己的思维用文字有条理地清晰地表述出来的能力,是大学学习必需的能力。

中美文化比较英语作文Title: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and American CulturesChinese and American cultures are two of the most prominent and influential cultures in the world, each withits own unique characteristics, traditions, and values. In this essay, we will explore and compare various aspects of these two cultures, including family structure, social customs, communication styles, and attitudes towards education and work.Firstly, let's examine the family structure in both cultures. In China, family is considered extremely important, and the concept of filial piety is deeply ingrained in society. Respect for elders, obedience to parents, and maintaining family harmony are highly valued. Extended families often live together or in close proximity, anddecisions are frequently made collectively, with the elders having significant influence.On the other hand, in American culture, there is a greater emphasis on individualism and personal freedom. Families tend to be smaller, and young adults often leave home to live independently at a relatively young age. While familial bonds are still cherished, there is less emphasis on hierarchical relationships and more emphasis on equality and autonomy within the family unit.Moving on to social customs, both Chinese and American cultures have their own unique rituals and traditions. In China, customs such as the Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Qingming Festival hold significant cultural importance and are celebrated with elaborate rituals, feasting, and family gatherings. Respect for hierarchy and social harmony are emphasized in social interactions, withetiquette playing a crucial role in maintaining harmonious relationships.In contrast, American social customs tend to be more informal and less ritualistic. While holidays such as Thanksgiving and Christmas are widely celebrated, they are often marked by casual gatherings with friends and family rather than formal ceremonies. Social interactions are characterized by directness, informality, and a sense of egalitarianism, with individuals encouraged to express their opinions openly and honestly.Communication styles also differ between Chinese and American cultures. In China, indirect communication is often preferred, with individuals using subtle cues and implicit language to convey their thoughts and feelings. Harmony and saving face are prioritized, and direct confrontation or disagreement is generally avoided.Conversely, in American culture, direct communication is valued, with individuals encouraged to speak their minds openly and assertively. Honesty and transparency are highly regarded, and individuals are expected to express their opinions and feelings directly, even if it may lead to conflict or disagreement.Finally, let's consider attitudes towards education and work. In China, education is highly esteemed, and academic achievement is seen as a pathway to success and social mobility. Parents often place great pressure on theirchildren to excel academically, and there is a strong emphasis on rote memorization and standardized testing.In America, while education is also valued, there is a greater emphasis on creativity, critical thinking, and individuality. The American education system emphasizes student-centered learning, creativity, and innovation, with afocus on developing well-rounded individuals capable of adapting to a rapidly changing world.Similarly, attitudes towards work also differ between the two cultures. In China, there is a strong work ethic, with individuals often working long hours and prioritizing career advancement and financial success. Loyalty to one's employer is highly valued, and job stability is seen as essential.In America, while hard work and ambition are also valued, there is a greater emphasis on work-life balance and personal fulfillment. Individuals are encouraged to pursue their passions and interests, and entrepreneurship and innovation are highly celebrated. Job mobility is common, with individuals often changing jobs or careers in search of personal fulfillment and advancement.In conclusion, while Chinese and American cultures share some similarities, such as a strong emphasis on family and the value of education, they also exhibit significantdifferences in terms of social customs, communication styles, and attitudes towards work and individuality. By understanding and appreciating these differences, we can foster greater cross-cultural understanding and cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world.。

中美小学作文教学之差异在美国小学教育中占主导地位的是杜威的教育思想。

即“教育即生活”，教育是为生活之准备．教育本身就是生活，认为教育是学生现在生活的过程，而不是将来生活的准备。

“教育即生长”，即教育不是把外面的东西强迫学生去吸收，而是使学生的本能得以生长。

其教学观为“你告诉我，我可能会忘记；你给我看，我可能会记不住；你让我参与，我可能会明白。

”美国小学的作文教学充分体现了这一理念。

旅美学者高冈在《我所看到的美国小学教育》一文中有这样的记述：高冈将9岁的儿子带到美国，美国小学的宽松管理和无所事事让他整天忧心忡忡：学生可以在课堂上放声大笑，每天至少玩两个小时，下午3点不到就放学回家，回家还不带教科书。

然而，一年过后。

儿子的英语长进不少，放学之后也不直接回家了，而常去图书馆，还不时背回一大书包的书来，在电脑上噼哩啪啦地做作业。

第一次让作者感到震惊的作业题是《中国的昨天和今天》，要求他儿子写一篇介绍自己祖国的文章，概述祖国的历史、地理、文化，分析它与美国的不同，并阐明自己的看法。

原以为儿子会“老鼠啃西瓜，无处下嘴”。

没想到，经过几个夜晚的奋战，10岁的儿子竟然打印出一本20多页的小册子，从九曲黄河到象形文字，从丝绸之路到五星红旗，内容热热闹闹，不仅设计了封面，里面还配了插图，结尾竟然像模像样地开列了一长串参考书目。

六年级快结束的时候，老师留给他儿子的作业是一串关于“二次世界大战”的问题：“你认为谁对这场战争负有责任?”“如果你是杜鲁门总统的高级顾问，你将对美国投放原子弹持什么意见?”“你认为今天避免战争的最好办法是什么?”作业布置后，学生们纷纷收集有关二战的图片、录像、书籍、报刊、缩微胶片、光盘等资料，如饥似渴地阅读、摘记、做卡片，并走访参加过二战的老兵和目击者。

学生们不仅自己讨论，而且还请父母和邻居一起讨论。

最后以详实生动的资料写出个人读书报告。

不少孩子的报告都洋洋数万言，分出章节，附有图片，列出参考书目，俨然成了一本书。