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2019年高考高中英语语法基础知识汇编手册

2019年高考高中英语语法基础知识汇编手册
2019年高考高中英语语法基础知识汇编手册

高中英语语法知识汇编

第一章:基本知识

一.简单句的五种基本结构

英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

英语五种基本句型列式如下:

一:SV(主+谓)

二:SVP(主+系+表)

三:SVO(主+谓+宾)

四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)

五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)

基本句型一:SV(主+谓)

It is raining now.

We've worked for 5 hours.

The meeting lasted half an hour.

Time flies.

基本句型二:SVP(主+系+表)

系动词主要是be. 但还有一些动词在有些时候也可作系动词,有人称之为半系动词。

常见的半系动词有:

(1)表示特征和存在状态的be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等;(2)表示状态延续的remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等;

(3)表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。

系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语

He is a student.

Your idea sounds great.

基本句型三:SVO(主+谓+宾)

此结构是由“主语+及物动词(词组)+宾语”构成。

She likes English.

We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.

基本句型四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)

一般的顺序为:动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。

如:He give me a cup of tea. (SVoO)

He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary.

= He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.

She gave John a book.= She bought a book for me.

基本句型五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)

此句型的句子的特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表

完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补语:位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓系,它们一起构成复合宾语。

The war made him a soldier.

New methods make the job easy.

I often find him at work.

The teacher asked the students to close the windows.

I saw a cat running across the road.

句子种类:

1)简单句:

只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。

e.g. He often reads English in the morning.

Tom and Mike are American boys.

She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

2) 并列句:

由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟,逗号是不可以连接句子的,这一点和汉语不同.

1、连接两个同等概念。The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.

2、表示选择。Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.

3、表示转折。He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of

making his classes lively and interesting.

4、表示因果关系

August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.

3)复合句:

当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时,整个句子就成为复合句了。

1.It is wrong. (只有一个主谓结构,是简单句)

What he said is wrong.

2.The boy over there is my brother.

3.The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.

4.I was doing my homework at six.

I was doing my homework when he came in.

考点:两个主谓结构时,要用连接词,变为并列句或复合句

判断正误

I like English, my English is very good.()

I like English and my English is very good.()

As I like English, my English is very good. ()

I have a house, its windows are very big. ()

I have a house and its windows are very big. ()

I have a house, whose windows are very big. ()

试真题

单句改错

1 Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area.

2 If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.

3 Mom has a full-time job, so she has to do most of the housework.

4 There the air is clean or the mountain are green.

5 A passenger realized he couldn’t find his ticket but became quite upset.

6 If you notice that someone is missing and hurt, tell your teacher

单句填空.

1 It was time for her to have a new baby,_____ it was also time for the young panda to be independent.

2 He is a shy man, ____ he is not afraid of anything or anyone.

3 But the river wasn’t changed in a few days ____ even a few m onths.

4 Give me a chance ,____ I will give you a wonderful surprise.

5 It is not easy to change habits,____ with awareness and self-control , it is possible.

第二章名词

考纲解读:掌握高考常考名词的词义及其单复数形式,并能在具体语境中灵活运用

命题趋势:1 语法填空主要考查学生对句子结构的理解,根据名词的地位和作用,对所给单词的进行名词及名词的格的转换,或根据数量要求考查名词的单复数形式。

名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:

1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。

2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。

3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。

4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词。

1.1 名词复数的规则变化

情况构成方法读音例词

一般情况加-s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps

浊辅音和元音后读/z/ bag-bags /car-cars

以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加-es 读/iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches

以ce, se, ze,等结尾加-s 读/iz/ license-licenses

以辅音字母+y结尾变y 为i再加es 读/z/ baby---babies

1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化

1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。

如:two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays

2)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:

a. 加s,如:photo---photos piano---pianos

radio---radios zoo---zoos;

b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes。

3)以f或fe 结尾的名词ZYB可调式渣油泵变复数时:

a. 加s,如:belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes gulf---gulfs;

b. 去f, fe 加ves,如:half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;

c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。

1.3 名词复数的不规则变化

1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth

mouse---mice man---men woman---women

注意:由一个词加man 或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women,

如an Englishman,two Englishmen。

但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bow mans。

2)单复同形,

如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币的元、齿轮泵KCB-200角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。

如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。

3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:

people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名

a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。

b. news 为不可数名词。

c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。

d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:\"The Arabian Nights\" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。

6)另外还有一些ZYB可调压齿轮泵名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。

1.4 不可数名词量的表示

1)物质名词

a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。

比较:Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)

These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)

b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:

This factory produces steel.(不可数)

We need various steels.(可数)

c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:

Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。

Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。

2)抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:

four freedoms 四大自由the four dramatizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a glass of water

高考真题

单句改错

1 My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.

2 If we go on a trip abroad , we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we can’t get from books

3 The teenage year from 13-19 were the most difficult time for me.

4 Mom has a full-time job, but she has to do most of the houseworks

5 The airs we breathe in is getting dirties and dirties.

6 One day Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.

7 My old classmates was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass.

8 As I told you last time , I made three new friend here.

9 Stay close to your teacher and classmate.

单句填空

1 But for tourists like me , pandas and its top __________(attract).

2 The nursery team switches him with him every few ____(day) with his sister.

3 Then, ha ndle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a sense of _____________(achieve).

4 Recent ________(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly

5 Any smell might attract natural________(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.

6 Some schools will have to make __________(adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.

7 ...... For most of us the _________(change)are gradual and require a lot of effort and work.

8 Her __________(motivate)for writing was a desire for women to get the right to get

a higher education.

9 Many parents always attach _________(important)to my getting a good education .

10 Your ___________(perform)as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.

第三章冠词

考纲解读:能在语境中熟练运用冠词表示泛指,类指,特指的基本用法,以及冠词的活用和固定搭配,习惯用语中的用法

命题趋势:1 语法填空对冠词的考查集中在冠词的基本用法和活用两个方面

2 在语法填空对冠词考查时,不给出提示词

3 短文改错中主要有三种形式1 名词前缺少冠词2 不可数名词

前加不定冠词3 冠词误用

一.概念

冠词是一个虚词,它置于名词之前,限定名词的意义.冠词可分为定冠词,不定冠

高中英语语法最重要知识汇总

按:本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分,保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一.主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如: a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 - b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型) d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。(强调句型) 2. 用it作形式主语的结构 (1) It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that… (2) It is +形容词+从句 It is natural that…It is strange that… . (3) It is +不及物动词+从句 It seems that…It happened that…It appears that… (4) It +过去分词+从句 It is reported that…It has been proved that…It is said that… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况: (1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2)It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: 正确表达:It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. ( 错误表达:That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (3)It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: 正确表达:It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达:That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: 正确表达:It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达:Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如: ; 正确表达:Is it likely that it will rain in the evening 错误表达:Is that will rain in the evening likely 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。例如:

“2019高考物理考纲”的变化及解读

“2019年高考物理考纲”的变化及解读2019年高考物理考纲的变化及解读 考纲,是命题的参考,直接反映出高考的命题动向,为复习备考指明了方向。 (一)考纲新变化 变化1:考核目标、考试范围及题型示例部分第一段第一句,由原来的根据普通高等学校对新生文化素质的要求变为根据普通高等学校对新生思想道德素质和科学文化素质的要求。 变化2:考核目标、考试范围及题型示例部分第二段中,由原来的注意物理知识在生产、生活等方面的广泛应用变为注意物理知识在日常学习生活、生产劳动实践等方面的广泛应用,大力引导学生从解题向解决问题转变。 变化3:考核目标、考试范围及题型示例部分第二段中,由原来的以有利于高等学校选拔新生,并有利于激发考生学习科学的兴趣变为以有利于高等学校选拔新生,有利于培养学生的综合能力和创新思维,有利于激发学生学习科学的兴趣。 变化4:题型示例部分例12由原来的2013年新课标全国卷第20题换成了2018年全国卷I的第20题。 【原题】目前,在地球周围有许多人造地球卫星绕着 1 / 6

它运转,其中一些卫星的轨道可近似为圆,且轨道半径逐渐变小。若卫星在轨道半径逐渐变小的过程中,只受到地球引力和稀薄气体阻力的作用,则下列判断正确的是() A.卫星的动能逐渐减小 B.由于地球引力做正功,引力势能一定减小 C.由于气体阻力做负功,地球引力做正功,机械能保持不变 D.卫星克服气体阻力做的功小于引力势能的减小 【答案】BD 【说明】本题结合地球所处的近太空卫星目前的实际状况,将卫星轨道半径逐渐变小的原因限制为一个因素进行设问,考查考生应用万有引力定律、牛顿第二定律、功能关系进行推理判断的能力。难度适中。 【换后】2017年,人类第一次直接探测到来自双中子星合并的引力波。根据科学家们复原的过程,在两颗中子星合并前约100s时,它们相距约400km,绕二者连线上的某点每秒转动12圈,将两颗中子星都看作是质量均匀分布的球体,由这些数据、万有引力常量并利用牛顿力学知识,可以估算出这一时刻两颗中子星() A.质量之积B.质量之和C.速率之和D.各自的自转角速度 【答案】BC 2 / 6

高中英语语法大全

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