专四考前英语语法考点归纳
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英语语法考点归纳
情态动词的用法
1. may , might 或许,可能,可以(might可以看作是may的过去式,这两个词除了时态不相同外,在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。
当然may 和might又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。
)
might常用于表示目的等状语从句中,或用于虚拟语气的结构中:
I could not convince him , try as I might .我无论用什么样的办法也不能说服他。
They left off earlier on that day so that they might catch the first train .
那天,他们为了赶上头班车动身早一些。
He died so that the others might live .为了其他的人能活下去,他自己牺牲了。
注意:在回答以may引导的问句时,一般说来避免使用may,以免显得太严厉、或不太客气,而改用其他方式。
例如:
--May I come in ? --Yes , please .请进。
我可以进来吗?-Sure . / Certainly .请进。
--Please don't . .请不要进来。
--No , you mustn't .不行。
2. must 应该,必须,一定
1) 表示出于职责、义务该做某事
We must protect people's rights .我们应该保护人民的利益。
Everyone must be loyal to his motherland .
每个人都应该忠于自己的祖国。
2)表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事
We must speed up the pace of our economic reform .我们必须加速经济改革的步伐。
We must keep steps to the scientific development .
我们一定要与科学的发展保持一致步调。
You must hurry up or you'll be late . 你必须得快点儿,不然会迟到的。
注意:在这种用法中must表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事;have to却表示由于某种客观原因而不得不做某事。
除此以外,have to自身有时态的变化形式。
如:I have to go now for I've got a meeting 15 minutes later.我现在必须要走了,因为我15分钟后有个会要开。
He has to be back home by five to fetch his son from kindergarten .
他必须在五点钟前回家去幼儿园接他的儿子。
Jenny had to tidy up the room before her mother came back .
珍尼不得不在她妈妈回家以前将房间整理好。
We'll have to reconsider the whole thing .
我们将不得不重新考虑整个事情。
注意:在这种用法中,回答以must引导的问句时,若是否定答复,不可以用mustn't 而需要用needn't 或是don't have to,因为mustn't意思是"绝不能、一定不要",而没有"不必"的意思。
例如:
--Must we hand in our exercises today ? 我们今天必须交作业吗?
--Yes , you must .是的,必须交。
--No , you needn't (or , you don't have to ). 不,不必今天交。
3)表示禁止(用于否定句)
You must not speak ill of others .你一定不要说别人的坏话。
Cars must not parked here . 这里禁止停车。
4)表示猜测、推测must常用于肯定句中表示猜测。
对现在或未来的事进行猜测时,后接动词原形;对已经发生的事进行猜测时,后接have + 过去分词。
例如:
You must be tired after working so long .你工作这么久以后,肯定累了吧。
3. shall 用作情态动词时,适用于第二人称和第三人称。
主要表示下面几层意思:
1)许诺
You shall hear everything directly you come .你一来就可以听到一切了。
"Whatever you want you shall have , "said the Fairy .
仙女说:"你想得到什么,你就可以有什么。
"
I don't want to be hard on your daughter ; she shan't be pressed .
我不想对你女儿太严厉,她不会太受压的。
I promise that you shall see her again before long .我保证你不久就能再见到她。
2)命令
You shall come to my office immediately .你必须马上来我的办公室。
She shall not stay in my garden .她不可以呆在我的花园里。
You shall do as you are told .按告诉你的那么做。
3)决心(表示某事一定会发生)
That day shall come .那一天一定会到来。
It has been decided that he shall be given the job .
肯定给他那份工作的事已经定下来了。
This law shall come into effect on January 1st 2001
这个法律于2001年元月1日生效。
4)规定
Each competitor shall wear a number .每个参赛者要佩戴一个数字标。
The renter shall keep the house in a neat and orderly state .
租赁者要保持房屋整洁有序。
The supplier shall make shipment before October and the purchaser shall make payment within 15 days after
receipt of the goods .卖方十月以前装运,买方在收到货物后十五天内付款。
4. 常用情态动词的用法比较
1)在表示"可能性"方面
can 、should 、may 、might这四个词都可以用来表示"可能性"。
但在表达的语气和程度方面有所不同:
can 和should表示以事实、理由为依据而存在的可能性;其中should的主观性较强,往往含有"应该会怎么样"的意思。
总体上说,这两个词在这方面的语气较强、较肯定。
与之相比,may 和might这两个词在这方面的语气较弱些、没有那么肯定,表示主观意断的可能性,没有足够的客观依据。
其中,might的语气更为委婉、更弱。
例如:You can't expect to be a top student without working hard at your study .(这种可能性很大。
因为,不努力学习怎么能成为尖子生呢?)
This book should be found easily in the library .(说话人认为,图书馆应该有很多这类书籍,所以应该很容易找到。
)
You may meet her at the party today.(说话人认为,你今天或许有机会、有可能见到她。
)You might mistake what I mean.(说话人婉转地说明,大概、也许你误会我的意思了。
)2)在表示"允诺"方面
在表示"允诺"的can ,may,might三个情态动词中,以might最为客气、委婉;may 为居中;而can是表达这方面意思的普通词。
在这种情况下,要根据具体情况来选用这三个情态动词。
例如:
You can leave now . (用于熟识的人之间;或是公事公办的情况。
)
May I trouble you with a question ?(用于礼貌地提出请求。
)
Might I have another cup of coffee?(用于陌生或正式的场合,非常委婉、得体地提出请求。
)
3)在表示"应该"方面
must ,ought,should都能用来表示"出于某种职责、义务而应该怎么样"的意思。
以must的语气最强烈;ought为居中;而should是表达这方面意思的普通词。
例如:
We must build our motherland into a strong country with four modernization .(语气很强烈。
表示我们应该把自己的祖国建设成一个具有四个现代化的强国,而且我们非得这样做不可。
)我们一定要将我们的祖国建成为一个具有四个现代化的强国。
Students ought to study hard .(这种用法较有针对性,较具体,作为学生要努力学习是责无旁贷的。
学生应当努力学习。
Students should study hard .(这种用法可理解为一般的提法、号召。
)
学生应该努力学习。
4)在表示"猜测"方面
在情态动词中can 、should 、may 、might 、must都可以用于表示"猜测"。
实际上,"猜测"与"可能性"在逻辑上是有必然联系的。
如果认为没有某种可能性,人们就不会作出某些猜测。
因此,这里讨论的五个情态动词之间的区别与他们各自在表示"可能性"方面的差异是相关的。
-- 在五个情态动词中must的语气最为强烈,它是以事实为依据而进行的逻辑上的推理,因此它所指的动作发生的可能性最大。
--can 和should表示以事实、理由为依据而进行猜测,它们所指的动作有发生的可能性,但语气没有must那么肯定。
其中should的主观性较强,往往表示说话人猜想"应该会怎么样"的意思。
--may 和might这两个词在这方面的语气较弱、没有那么肯定,表示说话人根据自己的主观意断而进行的猜测,一般地说没有足够的客观依据。
其中,might的语气更弱一些。
例如:
As a football fan, he must have watched the football match on TV last night --Brazil vs.
France .
(说话人料定自己的推测不会有错:哪有足球迷不看巴西队与法国队比赛的道理。
)作为一个足球迷,他昨晚肯定看了那场巴西对法国的比赛。
He can't be out I just saw him a moment ago .
(他不可能出去,因为我刚刚还见过他。
)他不可能出去,因为我刚才一会儿还见过他。
It's 2:30 .I think she should be in her office .
(现在两点半是上班时间,她应该在办公室。
)现在两点半钟。
她应该在她的办公室。
Brown may come back in ten minutes or so .
(布朗或许一会儿回来,也许不回。
)布朗或许十分钟左右就会回来的。
I thought although she was clever she might have difficulty learning a foreign language .
(尽管她很聪明,但也许在学习语言方面会有困难。
)我认为,尽管她很聪明但也许在学习语言方面还是会有困难的。
情态动词的回答方式
问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?/don't have to.
典型例题
1)---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might
B. will
C. can
D. should
答案C.could表示委婉的语气,并不为时态。
答语中of course,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时,用can和may来表达,不能用could或might。
复习:will 与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令。
should与you 连用,用来提出劝告。
2)---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't
B. wouldn't
C. mustn't
D. shouldn't
答案A。
needn't 不必,不用。
wouldn't 将不, 不会的。
mustn't 禁止、不能。
shouldn't 不应该。
本题为不需要,不必的意思,应用needn't。
3)---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't
B.I won't
C. I can't
D. I haven't
答案B.will既可当作情态动词,表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心",本题表示决心,选B。
定语从句用法归纳
定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why 等引导,但须记住:
1.what不能引导定语从句.
2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。
一.指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that. 试分析:
The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.
Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing .
The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster. (=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.)注:
A.指人时有时只用who不宜用that。
1.先行词为one、ones或anyone
(1)The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard.
(2)Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
2.先行词为these时
These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.
3.在there be 开头的句子中
There is a student who wants to see you.
4.一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个宜用who,以免重复。
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards.
5.在非限制性定语从句中
A。
I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan.
B.主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用who。
二.指物的关系代词有which、whose(=of which)、that. 试分析:
1. I like the books which / that were written by Lu Xun.
2. The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good.
3. This is the house in which we lived last year. (= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.)
4. I live in the room whose windows face south. (= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.)
注:
A. 介词如果位于作为其宾语的关系代词之前时,只能用whom、which不能用who或that.
(1). The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.
(2). The book in which there are many interesting things was written by Li Ming.
B. 部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开,在定语从句中其介词不可前置,只能放在其动词之后。
Is this the book which she is looking for?
The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li.
The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Ping’s son.
C.指物时,下列情况下只能用that ,不宜用which。
(1)先行词为不定代词,如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。
We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.
I have told them all (that) I know.
All that can be done has been done.
(2)先行词是序数词或被序数词、修饰时。
The first book that I read last night was an English novel.
(3)先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。
This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen.
This is the best that can be done now.
(4)如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物),定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不合适,只能用that。
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.
There are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.
(5)如果先行词被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、few 、little、no、all 、one of、just修饰时。
This is the only book that can be lent to you.
(6)当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时,关系代词只用that。
Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ?
D.只物时,下列情况下只能用which,不宜用that。
(1)关系代词放在介词之后
This is the factory in which we once worked.
(2)非限制性定语从句中
This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.
(3)that,Those作主语时
Those which are on the desk are English books.
E.先行词前有such、the same、as时, 关系代词用as,不用that, 但the same…as…表示同样的, the same…that…表示同一的
He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.
Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays.
三.比较When/which、where /which、why.
which I still never forget.
This is the day when I joined the party.
which he spent reading the books.
where I found the book.
which makes machines.
This is the place which we once visited.
which I will never forget.
which I am looking for.
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
All the students who study hard have passed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。
(只有努力的及格了,不努力的没及格。
) All the students ,who study hard have passed.所有的学生都及格了,他们学习努力。
(没有人不及格,这些学生都很努力。
)
从句是先行词不可缺少的定语(如去掉,主句意思就不完整或不正确。
)从句是对先行词的附加说明(如去掉,主句意思仍清楚,不受影响。
)与主句关系密切,不用逗号与主句关系不十分密切,用逗号与主句隔开译为汉语时,从句译在先行词前,与先行词用“的”连接译为汉语时,从句放在主句后面关系代词that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词代替宾语时可以省略关系代词不能省略关系代词as和which
先研究下面两个例句:
○1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 任何人都看得出来,这头象像条蛇。
○2.Tom didn’t pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. Tom物理考试不及格,这使得他父亲很生气。
这两个例句中,as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。
但有两点不同之处: 1.在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面,也可位于主句的前面;which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面,不能位于主句前。
2.在意义上,as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系,常译为“正如……”,“就像……”,而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系,或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。
因此,在意思通顺的情况下,which可代替as,而as许多时候不能代替which,如句○2。
再如:
1.He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我们所料,他又迟到了。
/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。
2.The street hasn’t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期没有打扫了,因此整条街很脏。
(不用as)
3.The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财,这是不光彩的。
(不用as)
4.He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天运动,这对他的身体很有好处。
(不用as)
5.As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已经指出的那样,英语对于初学者说,是相当难学的。
在such…as…、the same…as…、as…、as many…/much as…等结构中,as不能用which代替。
如:
1.Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 这样的书对于初学的人来说是太难了。
=Books such as this are …
=Books like this are …
2.I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大楼里。
3.He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他认识所有到会的人。
4.That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我们和平时一样,都起得很早。
“One of the +复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况
这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式,跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。
如:
1.That is one of the books that are required for study at school.
2.This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.
3.She is one of the few persons who know Spanish .
4.This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties,
如果one of +复数名词这一结构前面带有the only、the very之类的限定语,后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式,这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是而不是那个复数名词。
如: 1.He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修饰the only one)
He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修饰the teachers)
2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修饰the only one)
This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修饰rooms)
as与which引导的定语从句
as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别:
as和which引导非限制性定语从句时,都可在从句中作主语或宾语。
但当从句中的谓语动词是实义动词时,一般用which, 而不用as。
which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句的后面,意为"这一点";as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、之中或之后,经常用于as is said above, as we know, as is well known, as is often the case, as is reported, as was expected等结构中,as含有"正如、正像"之意。
[误]She always shows off her beautiful clothes, as made the others unhappy.
[正]She always shows off her beautiful clothes, which made the others unhappy.
[析]which引导非限制性定语从句,作"这一点"讲,指代前面整个主句的内容。
[误]Which is often the case, he stays up late before the exam.
[正]As is often the case, he stays up late before the exam.
[析]见上述说明。
两者均可引导非限制性定语从句,有时可以互换,但下列情况多用as。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。
As we all know, the earth is round.
2. 当与such或the same连用时,一般用as。
Such books as you tell me are interesting. I have the same plan as you.
3. 当从句和主句语义一致时,用as,反之则用which。
She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.
4. as在从句中作主语时,后面常接行为动词的被动语态,如be known,be said,be reported 等,如从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般要用which作主语。
She has been late again, as was expected.
Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.
非谓语动词用法
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。
(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。
(经验)
(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
(2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
(3)如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
注:动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。
动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。
一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、
“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。
所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。
换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting.
这类词常见的有:
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Traveling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图enable能够neglect忽视
afford负担得起demand要求long渴望
arrange安排destine注定mean意欲,打算
begin开始expect期望omit忽略,漏
appear似乎,显得determine决定manage设法
cease停止hate憎恨,厌恶pretend假装
ask问dread害怕need需要
agree同意desire愿望love爱
swear宣誓volunteer志愿wish希望
bear承受endeavor努力offer提供
beg请求fail不能plan计划
bother扰乱;烦恼forget忘记prefer喜欢,宁愿
care关心,喜欢happen碰巧prepare准备
decide决定learn学习regret抱歉,遗憾
choose选择hesitate犹豫profess表明
claim要求hope希望promise承诺,允许
start开始undertake承接want想要
consent同意,赞同intend想要refuse拒绝
decide决定learn学习vow起
contrive设法,图谋incline有…倾向propose提议
seek找,寻觅try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求,邀请get请,得到prompt促使
allow允许forbid禁止prefer喜欢,宁愿
announce宣布force强迫press迫使
bride 收买inspire鼓舞request请求
assist协助hate憎恶pronounce断定,表示
advise劝告exhort告诫,勉励pray请求
authorize授权,委托help帮助recommend劝告,推荐
bear容忍implore恳求remind提醒
beg请求induce引诱report报告
compel强迫invite吸引,邀请,summon传唤
command命令intend想要,企图show 显示
drive驱赶mean意欲,打算train训练
cause引起instruct指示require要求
deserve应受leave使,让tell告诉
direct指导like喜欢tempt劝诱
entitle有资格order命令warn告诫
enable使能够need需要urge激励,力说
encourage鼓励oblige不得不want想要
condemn指责,谴责lead引起,使得teach教
entreat恳求permit允许wish希望
2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
acknowledge承认,自认cease 停止mention说到,讲到
admit 承认tolerate忍受dislike不喜欢,讨厌
advocate:提倡,主张complete完成dread可怕
appreciate 感激,欣赏confess坦白endure忍受
avoid避免contemplate细想enjoy享有,喜爱
bear忍受defer拖延envy嫉妒
can't help不禁delay延迟escape逃跑,逃避
can't stand受不了deny否认excuse借口
consider 考虑detest嫌恶fancy幻想,爱好
favor 造成,偏爱mind 介意repent悔悟
figure描绘,计算miss错过resent怨恨
finish完成,结束不得pardon原谅,饶恕resist抵抗,阻止
forgive原谅permit 允许resume恢复
imagine设想postpone延迟,延期risk冒险
involve卷入,包含practise 实行,实践suggest建议
hate讨厌prevent阻止save营救,储蓄
keep保持quit放弃停止stand坚持,忍受
loathe非常讨厌,厌恶recall回想
例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)
2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5)try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
6) mean to do打算,有意要…
mean doing意味着
7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)
8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)
proposing doing建议(做某事)
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为;+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念
(注)如果这些动词前有should一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。
例:
I should like to see him tomorrow.
10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要记着是明天动身。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。
(已讲过)
I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法。
(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way让我们试试用另外一种办法来做这工作。
I didn't mean to hurt your feeling.我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean (your) going to hospital.得了这种病(你)就要进医院。
4.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1)不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
Get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:
ability能力,本领drive赶,驾驶movement运动,活动
ambition抱负,野心effort努力,尝试need需要,需求
campaign战役,运动failure失败,不及格opportunity机会
chance机会force力,压力,要点promise许诺,希望
courage勇气intention意向,意图reason理由,原因
decision决定method方法,方式light光,光线,亮光
determination决心,决定motive动机,目的struggle奋斗,努力,
tendency倾向,趋势wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。
7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
如:tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。
(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房间是我们的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
He is an advanced teacher.他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
例如:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?
5.不定式和分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。