虚拟语气
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
Subjunctive Mood作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式，仅是古英语遗留下来的残余。它仅有两个形式，即be型虚拟式和were型虚拟式。
Be型虚拟]-----
be型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的，不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用原形，如动词为被动态，则助动词be也用原形。其主要用法如下：
1)用于表命令、决定、建议、坚持等词语之后的that分句中
这一用法又分三种情况：
a)用在
decide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require, suggest,vote等动词之后的that分句中.（宾语从句）
在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。
He ordered that all the books be sent at once.
He ordered that all the books be sent at once.
we propose that somebody neutral take the chair.
She insisted that she go to the south for her holiday.
b)用在
advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossible,nece ssary,obligatory,proper等形容词之后的that分句中。（主语从句）
It is essential that all the facts be examined first.
It was appropriate that thisi tax be abolished.
I thousht it advisable that an armed guard stand in readiness.
c)用在
decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution等名词之后的that分句中。
The board has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston.
We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.
Their decision was that the school remain closed.
在这一用法中be型虚拟式能与“should+不定式”交替使用，也能与to-不定式交替使用。
He ordered that the books be sent at once .
= He ordered that the books should be sent at onc.
= He ordered that the books to be sent at once.
2）用于由if,though等引导的分句中.
be型虚拟式能用于由if,though,whatever,lest,so long as lest, for fear that, in case
so that, in order that 等引导的分句中表推测、让步、防备等含义。
If he be found guilty,Jonh shall have the right of appeal.
Though everyone desert you, I will not.
Quitly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.
上述用法现在只限于书面体，在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用should/may+不定式。
Whatever hisdefense maybe,we can’t tolerate this disloyalty.
3）用于某些公式化语句中
be型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。
Long live the People's Republic of China!
God bless you!
God damn you!
So be it.(但愿如此吧)
Were型虚拟]-----
Were 型虚拟语气只有一种形式，即无论主语是什么人称，动词一律用were，如I were，you were ，如果动词为进行体或被动态，其助动词也一律用were，如I were going，you were going，I were sent ，you were sent
1）用于某些状语从句
如if , if only, as if , as though, though引导的条件状语和让步状语从句，表示非真是的条件或让步。
If I were you, I should wait till next week.
If only I were not so nervous.
He behaves as though he were better than us.
2）用于某些名词性从句
如wish, would rather, suppose,imagine 之后的that—分句中，表示一种臆想的(通常是不可能发生的事)
I wish it were spring all the year round.
I’d rather I were not at the site of the accident.
Suppose the earth were flat.
上述were型虚拟式在第一三人称单数主语之后可为was 所取代。
If it was to rain,the game would be put off.
If only I was not so nervous.
但是，在if I were you 这一分句中，通常不用was 。另外在某些倒装句结构中只用were，不用was。
Were I to do it =（if I were to do it），I should rely on you.
还有在as it were（作so to speak 解，即“宛如””好比”）结构中也只用were，不用was He is my best friend，my second felf ,as it were
.
假设意义表示法综述
1）用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义
a) It is (high ,about )time that
It is time that we went (或should go) to bed.
It’s about time that we put an end to this controversy.
b) I would rather / would sooner / would as soon / would just as soon (that) you / he
/ they
I’d sooner she left the heavy end of t he work to someone else.
c) if only
If only I knew what you wanted.
If only he had arrived in time,he would not have been punished.
d) as if, as though
It seems as if it were spring.现在好像是春天似的。
She appeared as if she had known nothing about it.她看上去对此一无所知。
as if, as though结构中如果不表示假设意义，就不必用过去时时态。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
e) I wish(that)
I wish I remembered the address.
I wish 与I hope都表示“希望”但I hope 并不表示假设意义其后很少用过去时时态。
I hope you are ready.
用情态助动词过去时时态表示假设意义
最常见于条件句和含蓄条件句
a）用于条件句（若if 省略要用到装）
If she were younger, she would do it.
去If：Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词were移到主语she的前面)
If he had tried it, he could have done it.
去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主语he的前面)
Were I a bird, I could fly freely.
如果虚拟条件句中有were, had或should时，把它们放在if的位置上；但是如果条件句中没有were, had或should不能用倒装。如：
Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do?要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢？
Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。
在“开放式条件句”(open conditional clause)和让步状语从句中若should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装。如：
If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.
Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她对与错，我都会支持她)
Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.
注意：有时虚拟条件句并没来if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。
We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. Without y ou help, I wouldn’t have achieved so much.
But for your help, I would not have succeeded.
有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：
I could help you. (只有主句）
If I had time. (只有从句）
b）用于含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表示出来，只暗含在短语或上下文中，这种句子叫做储蓄条件句。常见的有but,for ,without等引导的短语，以及or, or else, otherwise, but 等分句。But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.
如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验室是不会成功的。
We could have done better under more favourable conditions.
在更有利的条件下，我们能够做得更好些。
What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)
I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)
在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：
You wouldn’t know. 你不会知道。
I would like to come. 我愿意来。
c) 用于其他语境
以whatever, whoever, no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时, 谓语多用may加动词原形构成):
Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.
Come what may, we will go ahead. 不管发生什么情况, 我们都要干下去.
混合条件句----主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气
If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be quite all right now.
如果你昨天吃了药的话，现在就已经痊愈了。(从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句则表示与现在事实相反。
其他例子
That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock. (竟然)
Would that the flood might never come again.（但愿）
=If only the the flood might never come again.
To think that he would marry such a nastty woman.(竟然)
1、It’s already six o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s about time____?
A)we are going home
B)we go home
C)we went home
D)we can go home
2、If only the committee____the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
A)approve
B)will approve
C)can approve
D)would approve
3、It’s necessary____the dictionary immediately.
A)that he will return
B)that he returned
C)that he return
D)that he has to return
4、She must have had an accident, or he____then.
A)would have been here
B)had to be here
C)should be here
D)would be here
5、I apologize if I ____you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A)offended
B)had offended
C)should have offended
D)might have offended
6、Our idea is that the match____.
A)would put off
B)ought to put off
C)be put off
D)could put off
7、One of the requirements for a fire is that the material_____to its burning temperature.
A)is beated
B)will be heated
C)be heated
D)would be heated
8、That tree looked as if it _____for a long time.
A)hasn’t watered
B)didn’t water
C)hadn’t been watered
D)w asn’t watered
9、The business of each day, _____selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
A)it being
B)be it
C)was it
D)it was
10、Jean wishes that he_____that house last spring.
A)bought
B)had bought
C)buys
D)were to buy
11、I wish I ____longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A)could have slept
B)slept
C)might have slept
D)have slept
12、I’d just as soon you ____those important papers with you.
A)dose not take
B)not to take
C)had not taked
D)did not take
13、I’d rather you____m ake any comment on the issue for the time being.
A)don’t
B)wouldn’t
C)didn’t
D)shouldn’t
14、It is vital that enough money____ to fund the project.
A)be collected
B)must be collected
C)is collected
D)can be collected
15、It is recommended that the project____until all the preparations have been made.
A)is not started
B)will not be started
C)is not to be started
D)not be started
16、The manager of the hotel requests that their guests____afeter 10:30 p.m.
A)couldn’t play loud music
B)don’t play loud music
C)shou ldn’t play loud music
D)not to play loud music
17、____right now, she would get there on Sunday.
A)Would she leave
B)If she leaves
C)Were she to leave
D)If she had left
18、____for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.
A)Not being
B)Had it not been
C)Without being
D)Not having been
19、We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we ____him.
A)would have telephoned
B)must have telephoned
C)would telephone
D)had telephoned
20、A safety analysis____the target as a potential dandger Unfortunately, it was never done.
A)would identify
B)will identify
C)would have identified
D)will have identified
21、If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you____now.
A) couldn’t have smiled
B) wouldn’t be smiling
C) didn’t smile
D) won’t smile
22、____for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
A) Had it not been
B) Were it not
C) Be it not
D) Should it not be
23、If he knew this, it____be by accident.
A) would have to
B) didn’t to
C) won’t have to
D) woud have had to
24。If the whole operation______beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.
A )was not planned
B)has not been planned
C)had not been planned
D)were not planned
25、Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _____a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
A)has to get
B)were to get
C)had got
D)could have got
解析：
1、答案选C)。在it’s about time that…..句型中，定语从句的谓语动词应用过去时来表示虚拟语气。所以C项是正确的。
2、答案选D)。if only表示一种愿望，谓语用“would+动词原形”表示对将来事实的愿望，所以D是正确的。
3、答案选C)。在由it is necessary 等引导的主语从句要使用虚拟语气，虚拟语气的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或动词原形。
4、答案选A)。由or引出的是与事实相反的假设条件，因此空缺处应填入表示虚拟语气的谓语动词。前一个分句中表示的是过去的时间，所以后一分句要用would have done的形式。
所以A是正确的。
5、答案选B)。本题中but分句中的it was 表明事情发生在过去，因此条件句应用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反，所以B是正确的。
6答案选C)。根据虚拟语气的语法要求,that 从句中的动词用动词原形或“should+动词原形”的形式。所以C为正确选项。
7、答案选C)。requirement 后接一表语从句，从句的谓语用“should+动词原形”的形式来构成虚拟语气，四个选项中只有C符合。句意：产生火的必要条件之一是物质被加热到它的燃点。
8、答案选C)。as if引导一个表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的句子。主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，所以as if 后虚拟语气的谓语动词要用过去完成时，所以C是正确的。
9、答案选B)。be it selling goods or shipping them 是表示让步意义的虚拟倒装句，它是由whether it (might)be selling goods or shipping them这个句子省略whether后再将be 移至主语之前得来的。其它几项均不符合句子结构。句意：无论是售货还是运货，每天的业务都很不错。
10、选B。主句的谓语动词是wish时，其宾语从句用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反或不大可能实现的愿望。从本题的时间状语last spring可知，表示的是过去的愿望。因此从句应用于过去完成时表示，所以选B。
11、选A。从句中时间this morning 可知，本题表示对过去发生的事情表示遗憾，宾语从句的谓语须用过去完成时或could have done形式来表示虚拟语气，所以A项为正确答案。12、选D。would just as soon的宾语从句的谓语动词用过去时来表示虚拟语气，符合语法规则的只有D项。
13、选C。for the time being意为”目前”，表示现在的时间，因些would rather表示现在不可能实现的愿望，要求从句使用过去时来表示虚拟语气，其否定形式为“didn’t+动词原形”。所以C为正确答案
14、选A)。本题中vital后的主语从句用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式，省略了should，来构成从句的谓语，符合语法规则，为正确答案。
15、选D)。动词recommend表示“建议”，其后的宾语从句须用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式，should可以省略。所以C为正确答案。
16、选C)。在本题中，动词request后的宾语从句用”should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式，并且是否定形式。
17、答案选C。从句子结构可知，本题是表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。主句的谓语是“should+动词原形”。同时，从句省略了连词if, 可以将were提前，构成倒装。只以C符合语法规则。本题意思：如果她马上动身的话，她可能在星期天到达那里。
18、选B。从句子结构可知，空缺处应填入表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句，并且将连词if 省略。此时应把虚拟语气的谓语动词提前。符合语法规则的只有B项。
19、选A。本题中otherwise引出的是一种与事实相反的假设条件，后面的句子应用虚拟语气。前一分句暗示了一个过去的时间，所以用不着would have done的形式，相当于If we had known his telephone number, we would have telephoned him.
20、选C。根据unfortunately后面直接陈述一个过去的事实，可以推断出第一个句子里含有一种“应该做某事而没有做的”虚拟条件。C项用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，正合题意。B、D不是虚拟语气。
21、选B。从主句的时间状语now以及从句的谓语可知，本题为一错综时间虚拟语气，从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句则表示与现在情况相反，故B项为正确答案。
22、选A。根据本题句意逻辑，条件从句的行为发生在主句之前，须用过去时的虚拟语气形式，故A项为正确答案。同时，它是由把if省略，助动词提前而形成倒装。B、C、D三项均不合题意。本题句意是：要不是能及时从社会获得投资，我们公司也不会像现在这样繁荣了。
23、选D。由从句的谓语可知，本题为一错综时间虚拟语气，从句表示与现在事实相反的假设，主句则表示与过去事实相反的设想。故D项为正确答案。本句题意：假如他已知此事，那一定是偶然的
24答案C。由主句的谓语动词would have been lost 可以判断，本题考查的是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的用法，if 引导的从句须用过去完成时，故C项为正确答案。本句题意是：如果整个手术不提前安排的话，那就要浪费大量的时间和金钱。
25、答案B。because引导的原因状语从句中有一个虚拟结构，if 条件从句谓语动词的时态应与wouldn’t be able to 对应，表示与将来事实相反的虚拟，条件从句的谓语应用should或were to +动词原形，因此B项正确。本题句意是：吉恩并不想马上去上班，因为好考虑到一旦上班，她很可能不能经常见到她的朋友们。
小学五年级英语必须掌握的一些英语语法知识 一、时态 1、一般现在时： 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 时间状语：often （经常）,usually （通常）,always （总是）, sometimes （有时），every week （day, year, month ...）, on Sundays,… 基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词 否定形式：①am / is / are + not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为 动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问， 如主语为第三人称单数，则用does,同时，还原行为动词。 2、现在进行时： 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语：now, look, listen, … 基本结构：am/is/are ＋doing 否定形式：am/is/are ＋not＋doing 一般疑问句：把be 动词放在句首
第三人称单数 一般现在时的肯定句中，主语为第三人称单数的动词变化主 要体现在词尾的变化上，其规律大体有三点： 1. 一般情况下，直接在动词词尾+s，例如：get —gets; take — takes 2. 以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词，在词尾+ es,例如：teach —teaches; wash —washes; go —goes 3. 以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，变y为i，再+ es, 如: study —studies; try —tries 除上述规律外,还应注意下面三点： 1. 动词have，遇到主语是第三人称单数时，要用has;动 词be 的第三人称单数形式是is。 2. 含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子变否定句时,要用 doesn't + 动词原形,如： He goes to school at six in the morning. （变否定句）—He doesn't go to school at six in the morning. 3. 对含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子提问时, 要用助动词does,如： She goes home at five every day. （对划线部分提问）—When /
1.Noun Identify the uncountable nouns ? 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) ? 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair) ? 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49 ? 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music) ? 5. Subjects of study (history, math) 不可数变可数三大规律 ? 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。 ? 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。 ? 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。 物质名词/总称名词变可数 ? 1. 总称名词具体化 ?A: Would you like a cake? ?B: No. I don’t like cake. ? 2. 物质名词变意思 ?I need some paper. / I bought a paper. ? 3. 液体物质名词表数量 ?Two beers and three coffees, please. 抽象名词变可数 ?Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth) ?Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind. ? 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept. ?When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked. 2Articles Specific reference--the ? 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的 ? 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。 ? 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。 ? 1. Situational/cultural reference ?Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist. ? 2. textual co-reference— ?anaphoric reference (前指）& ?cataphoric reference （后指 ? 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇） ? 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library) ? 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
14. 倒装 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, com e, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之部分倒装
1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与Which...? 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
简单句 谓语动词的变化-时态 So Charles was ahead of the game there, too. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。(CET 4, 2014.12,Translation) The bamboo-eating animals are facing a lot of threats. … the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come… (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) But the Internet ’ s tremendous impact has only ju st begun. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) The royal environmentalist has been promoting radical ideas for most of his adult life. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) 谓语动词的变化-情态- 3 - …we can reduce urbanization ’s impact on the environment. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 谓语动词的变化-语态 They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 谓语动词的变化-否定 Governments don ’ t need informers any more. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Sports cannot explain these similarities in performance. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section B) 谓语动词的变化-综合 The urbanization wave can ’ t be stopped … (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版牛津（Oxford）英语词典。(CET 6, 2014.06,Translation) The words tuhao and dama may be included in the new edition of Oxford English Dictionary. 主语宾语表语的变化 名词作主语 Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) doing作主语 Finding ways to improve the lives of the remaining 20 percent seems more realistic than trying to restore an imaginary golden age. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) to do作主语
二、Passage rewriting 1. Our neighbor is Captain Charles Alison. He will sail from Portsmouth. The time is tomorrow. We'll meet him. The place is at the harbor. We will do that early in the morning. He will be in his boat. It is small. It is called Topsail. Topsail is a famous little boat. It has sailed across the Atlantic many times. Captain Alison will set out. He will do that at eight o'clock. We'll have plenty of time. We'll see his boat, then we'll say goodbye to him. He will be away for two months. We are very proud of him. He will take part in an race. The race is important. It is across the Atlantic. 2..We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord. It was made inGermany. It was made in 1681. We keep our clavichord in the living room. Our family has it for a long time. My grandfather bought the instrument many years ago. Recently a visitor damaged it. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard. She broke two of the strings. My father was shocked. Now he does not allow us to touch
中考英语语法填空知识点梳理及经典练习(超详细) 一、初三中考语法填空（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。Today almost everyone knows computers and the Internet. If I ask you" What is the most important in your life? ", maybe you will say" Computers and the Internet". The________（one）computer was made in 1946. It was very big but it worked________（slow）. Today computers are getting smaller and smaller. But________work faster and faster. What can computers do? A writer has said, "People can't live________computers today." The Internet came a little later than computers. It is about twenty-three years later than computers. But now it can________（find） almost everywhere. We can use it to read books, write letters, do________（shop）, play games or make friends. Many students like the Internet very much. They often surf the Internet as soon as they are free. They make friends on the Internet and maybe they have never seen these friends. They don't know their real________（name）, ages, and even sex（性别）. They are so________（interest） in making the "unreal friends" that they can't put their hearts into study. Many of them can't catch up with others on many subjects________of that. We can use computers and the Internet to learn more about the world. But at________same time, we should remember that not all the things can be done by computers and the Internet.【答案】first；slowly；they；without；be found；shopping；names；interested；because；the 【解析】【分析】文章大意：文章介绍了电脑的发明时间，以及电脑的用途。还有电脑对我们生活的影响。 （1）句意：第一台电脑是在1946年制造的。根据定冠词the，可知应使用序数词first，故答案是first。 （2）句意：它很大，但是工作得很慢。slow修饰动词worked，应使用副词slowly，故答案是slowly。 （3）句意：但是他们工作的越来越快了。空缺处指代前文的computers，因此使用they，故答案是they。 （4）句意：现在没有了电脑人们不能生活。因为电脑在我们日常生活中越来越重要。所以没有电脑就不能生活，没有without，故答案是without。 （5）句意：但是现在到处都可以发它。主语it 和find是被动关系，应使用被动语态，含有情态动词的被动语态是：情态动词+be+过去分词，故答案是be found。 （6）句意：我们可以用电脑读书、写信和购物，购物do shopping，固定搭配，故答案是shopping。 （7）句意：他们不知道他们真正的名字。name名字，可数名词，根据their可知应使用复数形式，故答案是names。 （8）句意：他们对于结交不真实的朋友那么感兴趣，以致于不能把心思用在学习上。be interested in，对……感兴趣，故答案是interested。 （9）句意：因为这个原因，他们中的许多人在许多课程山上跟不上其他学生。because of
三级语法考点归纳 一．虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句（纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大）： 条件从句主句 与现在相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与将来相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与过去相反 had done would/ should/ might/ could have done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn’t gone on vacation, their house wouldn’t have been broken (break) into. 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, demand, advise, propose, order, arrange, insist, command, require, request, desire …… that ＋(should) do 例如 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggestion is that we should tell him. b. It is (was) 形容词/名词that …… (should) do/ 例如 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式：
《英语语法》教学大纲 一、课程性质、地位与任务： 语法是语言的组织规则和结构形式，是结合语音文字系统和语义系统的枢纽。它是社会实际语言现象的科学概括。本专业的语法课程要帮助学生系统了解实用英语的语法规则和结构形式，以便能准确掌握英语语言，并用以指导英语语言实践，提高对语言的分析理解能力，有效提高英语实际应用能力。 二、课程的基本要求： 语法课程要传授知识,同时也要服务于培养语言素质和应用能力这个总目标。学习研究语法要着眼语言的社会实践运用，理论联系实际；了解当前语法也要适当了解语言的发展变化；精讲配合多练，从而让学生打好语言基础，提高语言素质。 三、本课程与其他课程的联系： 它是基础阅读课（精读、泛读）的基础，使学生通过大量的联系掌握语法基础，为听说读写提供基本的保障。该课程可使学生更加轻松的学习英语专业的学生在一、二年级精读、泛读课中所学过的语言材料。提升学生的学习兴趣。打下牢固的语言基础。 四、教学内容、基本要求及学时安排： 教学内容：本课程计划学时数为32学时，以赵萍主编的《新编高职高专英语语法教程》为教材。在语法内容结构上，循序渐进，从词素到单词，从单词到句子，从句子到语篇再到语段，环环相扣，从而使学生能够一面把握细节，一面掌握整个的英语语法体系。 课程内容和学时安排 授课次序授课内容学时数1导论、各个词类（名词、冠词、代词、数词、 8 动词、助动词、动名词、形容词、副词、连词 及其介词） 2 动词时态 2 3 被动语态 2
4 虚拟语气 2 5 非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 2 6 句子类型和直接、间接引语 2 7 名词性从句和定语从句 4 8 状语从句和it的用法 2 9 主谓一致 2 10 替代、省略、前置与倒装 2 11 复习及练习 4 教学要求： 第一讲导论、各个词类 1．教学目标：导论：让学生了解语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 掌握名词、限定词、代词、助动词的定义及它们在句子中的功能和用法。形 容词的分类及用法、副词的分类及用法、介词的分类及用法 2．教学内容：导论：语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 名词的类别、限定词的搭配、代词与其先行项的一致、情态助动词的意义。 形容词、副词、介词的类型，形容词作修饰语和补语，副词做修饰语和状语， 介词与其他词类的搭配 第二讲动词时态 1．教学目标：掌握英语中各个时态的用法和部分时态的异同 2．教学内容：动词的分类、一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行体、完成体、完成进行体 和将来时间表示法 第三讲被动语态 1．教学目标：掌握被动态的结构模式、被动态的英汉互译及其使用场合 2．教学内容：几种不同类型动词的被动模式，英汉被动意义表示法和使用被动态的制约因 素 第四讲虚拟语气 1．教学目标：掌握虚拟语气的用法 2．教学内容：虚拟语气的结构模式和在不同场合下的使用 第五讲非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 1．教学目标：掌握不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词的用法 2．教学内容：不定式的结构形式、不定式搭配和ING分词的搭配、ED分词作修饰语 第六讲句子类型和直接、间接引语 1．教学目标：掌握句子的类型，直接引语和间接引语的互换 2．教学内容：句子的的基本形式及其变体，各类句子的间接引语
三级语法考点归纳 一. 虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句(纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大) 条件 与现在相反 与将来相反 与过去相反 done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn ' t gone on vacation, their house wouldn 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, dema nd, advise, propose, order, arran ge, in sist, comma nd, require, request, desire that (should) do 例女口 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggesti on is that we should tell him. b. It is (was)形容词 /名词 that ......... (should) do/ 例女口 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式： 1. It ' s (high, about, the first, etc.) time (that)词过去时 … … 例如 It ' s time we left. 2 would rather/so oner as if/ though would rather/sooner 反 as if/ though 4?练习 1. I _______ t ry it agai n if I ______ you. A. will ； am B. should; am would ； had been 2. If it _______ n ot for the water , the pla nts _ A. were ； would not B. is ； could not could not 3. If I school. A. have not had; could not become 从句 did (be > were) did (be * were) had done 主句 would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could have 't have been broken (break) into. 例女口 It is time we went to bed. 宁愿 好像 谓语用过去时 与现在或者将来相 谓语用过去完成时 与过去相反 C. would ； were D. live. C. were ； could D. did ； that chanee to show my ability, I the preside nt of this B. had not had ； would not have
大学英语语法与练习——u n i t14倒装
14. 倒装 14.1 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, com e, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes.Away they went. 14.1 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 14.2 倒装句之部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, n ot until… 等。 Never have I seen such a performance. Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance. The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 （2021最新版） 作者：______ 编写日期：2021年__月__日 【导语】要想取得好的学习成绩，必须要有良好的学习习惯。习惯是经过重复练习而巩固下来的稳重持久的条件反射和自然需要。建立良好的学习习惯，就会使自己学习感到有序而轻松。以下是小编为您整理的《八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结》，供大家查阅。 【篇一】 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语 reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，