Oracle虚拟机服务器软件虚拟化在一个64位
Linux环境的性能和可扩展性
Ibidokun Emmanuel Tope, Pavol Zavarsky, Ron Ruhl, Dale Lindskog 加拿大埃德蒙顿康卡迪亚大学阿尔伯塔分校信息系统安全学院
[摘要]企业环境采用虚拟化技术带来了巨大的收益，这些还没有它的服务人员问题和异常状况，例如性能调优和不稳定的性能指标，响应虚拟化系统，破坏虚拟化服务器，未配置
的虚拟主机平台，或者其他的。研究的焦点是分析Oracle虚拟机服务器虚拟化平台的性能针
对那些Bare-metal服务器环境。为了高品质的回报的可扩展性和后续支持也分别分析使用30
和50个活跃用户的绩效评估。Swingbench和LMbench是两个基准工具的套装软件被用来测试性
能。可扩展性的测试也使用Swingbench。在一个单独的Oracle虚拟机下的Oracle数据库，结
果显示使用Swingbench获得了4%和8%的开销对应30和50个活跃用户的绩效评估。相应的75%和
87%的性能指标分别对应30和50个活跃用户在两个Oracle虚拟机服务器环境下，表明两个虚拟
机可以提高性能可扩展性。我们的结果也表明通过虚拟机服务器测量出的结果有很大的偏差
不能被忽略，尽管一些数据是通过LMbench测量。
[主题词] 性能和可扩展性；虚拟化；Oracle虚拟机服务器；Oracle数据库；小红帽；
Bare-metal服务器；可利用性
一、概要
目前，很多供销商，比如Intel, AMD, Sun Microsystems, IBM都在发展有着数十亿收益并且不断增长的目标市场的虚拟化产品。
虚拟服务器技术有效的将软件和物理设备分离开来。想要一个安全的虚拟服务系统，在应用程序的可用性和进程间的独立性方面都是有改善空间的。虚拟服务器技术同样也遇到了安全方面的挫折，例如虚拟软件的可开发性弱，一些基准测试器件显示出来的性能指标异常，未成形的虚拟主平台和客户操作系统。然而，如果抛开这些安全问题，一旦虚拟环境安全控制松懈，就有产生更大影响的可能。虚拟服务器技术是现代计算机信息处理技术中用来减少计算时间和开销的工具，但是如果被错误运用，它将成为整个环境的安全威胁。这种节省时间与开销的优势促使商业愿意投入更多时间来抓住新的机遇，而不是把精力集中在维护和管理上。
虚拟化技术的突出特点就是可扩展性，在虚拟系统中，它在容量，性能和可用性方面有着更大的发展空间。
有很多测量基准的工具可以测量不同方面的使用性能。例如，Swingbench可以测试评估每分钟的交易数，LMbench用来测量网络频宽和延迟，Httperf则用来测试网络服务器的性能。而这份研究是评估Oracle数据库在虚拟环境和非虚拟环境下的性能和可扩展性的。我们利用Swingbench和LMbench作为基准测试工具。Swingbench在评估性能方面是很突出的。它的设计目的就是产生负荷压力测试Oracle数据库。而LMbench是通过测试延迟性和频宽给出硬件资源上虚拟技术的影响指数。
然后有一些先前的研究【2,9,10,11,12】是评估在32位机的系统上虚拟服务器技术的各方面的。Tolly组织发表过一个研究，是评估在32位的Oracle linux环境下用Oracle虚拟机运行Oracle数据库企业版的11.1.0.60版本下的性能。我这篇研究的目的在于更新性能标准，以及在64位机上使用不同硬件，软件和配置来扩展这个实验。
二、相关工作
对虚拟机环境的相关性能的评估，有效的工作已经实施。其中一个是由Tolly小组完成评估Oracle虚拟机在32位的环境运行Oracle 11g数据库的性能的白皮书。把solo描述为轻量级虚拟机允许虚拟机以最高的优先级直接运行在硬件上并且通过虚拟化修改后面完成的。它更应该提高传统操作系统的虚拟机性能水平，因此满足高性能应用的需求不惜要唯一的硬件支持。给出一个全面介绍入门管理程序并彻底完成的对Xen虚拟机的性能评估。一个独立的研究通过评估整体性能，安全影响，性能分离和Xen和KVM的可伸缩性来描述了Xen和KVM性能的差别。
就虚拟系统的性能评估的基准和工具而论，强调虚拟机监听器是虚拟机系统中作重要的角色它的效率高度影响整个系统的性能。他们也使用LINPACK，LMbench和IOzone测量并分析两个开放的虚拟机监听器Xen和KVM的性能，并且提供一个定量和定性的对两者进行安全的对比。像任何一个新技术，操作和过程不好可能造成很多缺点。至于服务器虚拟化，风险是在虚拟机之间和总体性能指标上缺乏安全性。这项研究打算通过Tolly小组填满64位系统以前的可视化应用。
三、软件和硬件环境
我们这里使用的软件是Oracle虚拟机（Oracle VM server）2.2.1，红帽系统（Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) ）5.5，）Oracle数据库企业版11g（Oracle Database11g Enterprise Edition Release2），基准测试工具Swingbench2.3，LMbench3-a9。硬件是64位机物理服务器，4核CPU，8G RAM，一个64位虚拟机（1个CPU，3.75G RAM），和两个64位虚拟机（2CPU （每个上面各一个VM），7.5GRAM(每个VM各3.75)）。
四、实验方法
所有的实验评估都是在AMD速龙II（AMD PhenonII），位于多核64位机（3.0GHz,8gb）上进行的。实验环境中用的是同样的电脑为了排除机器条件对实验结果的影响。在单独的的环境下，红帽5.5（Redhat5.5）的操作系统，安装上应用程序Oracle数据库企业版11g（Oracle Database11g Enterprise Edition Release2）。而在虚拟环境中，Oracle虚拟机是虚拟层，在它上面创建两个虚拟机。在每个虚拟机上，都安装上上面单独的环境中一样的软件和程序。另外还要在单独的环境和两个虚拟机环境中都装上Swingbench 和LMbench。
测试描述
在实验的开始，我们先用Swingbench2.3.0.422测试并对比单独的服务器所支持的，一个虚拟机上的和两个虚拟机上的每分钟最大事务处理数。把单独的服务器上的测试结果和在虚拟环境下有30,50个活跃用户的使用下的测试结果对比。
我们同样也用LMbench3分别测试单独的服务器和Oracle虚拟机环境下的延迟和频宽情况，从而对比他们处理情况和内存性能。我们之所以测试延迟和频宽是因为性能问题通常是由延迟问题，频宽问题或者两者一起引起的。6个实验在反复进行，我们用实验结果的标准差来分析问题。
五、实验结果和分析
A、使用Swingbench的性能效率和可扩展性
在这项测试中，我们使用Swingbench来测试分别负荷30和50个活跃用户。表1和表2表明数据库最大处理速率是通过获取，而表1表明性能偏差是因为使用了bare-metal服务器和单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器。
通过图1我们知道在同时处理30和50个活跃用户时，单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器有一个48%和46%吞吐量的数据库相对于使用bare-metal服务器的。总体上的分析在处理30和50个活跃用户有4%和8%的偏差。
表1 使用bare-metal服务器分别处理30个和50个活跃用户的数据库最大速率
表2使用单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器分别处理30个和50个活跃用户的数据库最大速率
图1 分别使用Bare-Metal服务器和Oracle虚拟机服务器的数据库最大处理速率
表3 使用双重Oracle虚拟机服务器分别处理30个和50个活跃用户的数据库最大处理速率（1）
表4使用双重Oracle虚拟机服务器分别处理30个和50个活跃用户的数据库最大处理速率（2）
图2 分别使用Bare-Metal服务器和双重Oracle虚拟机服务器的数据库最大处理速率
此外一个附加实验的实施目的是评估双重Oracle虚拟机服务器在相同硬件条件上的性能。表3和表4给出了结果，而图2则对比了分别使用Bare-Metal服务器和双重Oracle虚拟机服务器。
在图2中，两组Oracle虚拟机服务器针对30和50个活跃用户分别获得了76%和87%的吞吐量使用各自分别的对比于Bare-Metal服务器。这两种性能测试实验证实了Oracle虚拟机服务器可以执行和Bare-Metal服务器类似的性能，且不需要花费额外的硬件设备。
我们观察的Oracle虚拟机服务器的可扩展性能和效率。这被在相同硬件环境放缩Oracle 虚拟机从1个虚拟机到第2个虚拟机。测试被放在两台分别负载30个和50个活跃用户的机器上，然后依次轮流测试。表5和表6是对测试结果的小结，而图3显示一个单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器和2个虚拟机服务器的对比。
表5 使用2个虚拟机负载30个活跃用户的数据库最大处理速率
表6使用2个虚拟机负载50个活跃用户的数据库最大处理速率
图3分别使用单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器和双重虚拟机服务器的数据库最大处理速率
图3结果显示负载30个活跃用户时第1个和第2个虚拟机的最大处理速率分别是50%和49%，而负载50个活跃用户时第1个和第2个虚拟机的最大处理速率分别是44.89%和44.63%。因此分析这两个实验显示从1个虚拟机到第2个虚拟机，有单独的少于10%开销的产生30个和50个活跃用户。
B、使用LMbench的性能效率和可扩展性
性能测试通过使用LMbench运行的bare-metal服务器和Oracle虚拟机服务器的对比。下面的图4和图5显示了通过单一功能和上下文交换为对比bare-metal服务器和Oracle虚拟机服务器的结果。
图4 单独功能的潜在因素来对比bare-metal服务器和Oracle虚拟机服务器
图5 上下文交互的潜在因素来对比bare-metal服务器和Oracle虚拟机服务器
描述简单的功能潜在因素的测量，两个功能分别是：processfork+excve 和 process fork+/bin/sh-c。Process fork +excve是创建进程的一种方式并估算这个进程，而process fork+/bin/sh-c是一个标准的命令用于启动一个已经执行和一个复杂的新进程。考虑processfork+excve，结果显示Oracle虚拟机服务器的性能优于bare-metal服务器6%。而process fork+/bin/sh-c中，Oracle虚拟机服务器的性能劣于bare-metal服务器50%。这些事由于使用不同的管理工具而引发的结果。
图5显示测量上下文交互的潜在因素，这是需要保存一个进程并重新恢复其他的进程。在
64进程中，Oracle虚拟机服务器的性能优于bare-metal服务器18%，但是在96进程中Oracle虚拟机服务器的性能优于bare-metal服务器44%。总体而言，Oracle虚拟机服务器的性能显示了上下文交互。
我们也获得频宽的测量为了频宽设施的通信：频宽套接字在不同的速率下使用本地主机，下图6，图7，图8，图9以及图10比较了在bare-metal服务器和Oracle虚拟机服务器下的频宽测量。
图6 频宽套接字在不同的速率下使用本地主机在bare-metal服务器和Oracle虚拟机服务器下的对比
图7 频宽进程间的通信在bare-metal服务器和Oracle虚拟机服务器下的对比
图8只读频宽在bare-metal服务器和Oracle虚拟机服务器下的对比
图9 记忆读频宽在bare-metal服务器和Oracle虚拟机服务器下的对比
图10 记忆写频宽在bare-metal服务器和Oracle虚拟机服务器下的对比
图6显示了socket套接字在使用不同速度的主机下的带宽。从这个结果中我们可以看出0.000512MB/s的单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器比Oracle VM 服务器快了%6。0.001024MB/s的单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器则快了%62。0.001437MB/s的单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器则快了%64。10MB/S的单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器则快了%34。
图7显示了进程间通信带宽。观察两个特点：AF_UNIX套接字流带宽和管道的带宽。AF_UNIX 套接字流带宽是TCP连接的套接字，而管道带宽是通过创建一个作家和读者来衡量。“ 结果表明，Oracle VM服务器的性能比单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器AF_UNIX套接字流的带宽高出%92。相反，单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器的性能比Oracle VM服务器套接字流的带宽高出%86. 这些结果在使用一些有缺陷的基准测试工具是难以预测的
图8可以看出，Oracle VM服务器在阅读文件的性能上有高于单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器%62的显著的优势。这也表明，较高的块规模，更好地阅读Oracle VM服务器中的文件图9显示了存储器读出的频宽，这是分配内存的能力，首先归零，然后读取内存大量增加。结果显示，oracle虚拟服务器的性能高出单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器12%。Oracle虚拟机都有更好的表现，除了在块大小为4.19M位的时候，可能是因为时间偏移的结果。
图10显示了存储器写入的频宽，这是分配内存的能力，首先归零，然后写入内存大量增加。结果显示，单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器表现的性能要高于oracle虚拟服务器14%。
从上面所有的LMbench数据分析看来，oracle虚拟服务器的性能是比较强大的，不能废弃。我们觉得LMbench的测量结果是有一定见地的，对一些小型企业是非常有用的。另一方面，我们不能降低已经发表的文章的标准和那些声称LMbench有缺陷的建议。在小型企业判定oracle虚拟服务器和单独的Oracle虚拟机服务器的效益时，LMbench的结果是非常关键的。
六、结论
根据Swingbench的测量值和实验结果，我们可以得出结论，在一个虚拟化的环境中，Oracle虚拟机能够有效的支持各种各样的工作负荷。用30名和50名活跃用户分别使用而产生4%和8%的开销可以证明上面的结论。使用两个Oracle虚拟服务器，30个和50个用户使用中的性能指标分别是75%和87%，这表明，两个虚拟机和一个虚拟机相比下表现出了性能可伸缩性。这表明Oracle虚拟服务器非常有效的利用其硬件资源，双重虚拟机的性能更高，因此运行Oracle数据库程序是可用的。本次研究也有足够的Swingbench测量数据显示核心的虚拟化技术在实用性方面有显著的积极作用，而在机密性和完整性方面的作用却不是那么积极。
LMbench的测量结果更进一步的表明Oracle虚拟服务器在延迟和频宽上的比重是不可忽略的，尽管LMbench的数据结果有些不稳定。这些实验结果可以作为一个预防性知识，来帮助小规模的企业评估Oracle虚拟服务器和单独的服务器的性能。
基于本次研究还可以进行进一步的扩展，比如控制虚拟机的数量测试性能伸缩性。另外还可以从另一方面扩展此次实验，就是分析一下Oracle数据库在虚拟环境下的性能。
感谢
感谢Concordia专科和研究生院的大力支持。同时也感谢英国Oracle的Dominic Giles和以色列HP实验室的Dr. Carl Staelin研发的Swingbench，LMbench两个测试工具，帮助本次实验顺利完成。
参考文献
[1] E.T Ibidokun “Performance Evaluation of Oracle VM ServerVirtualization Software 64 bit Linux
environment,” Master Thesis,Concordia University College of Alberta April 2011.
[2] The Tolly Group, “Performance Evaluation of Oracle VM ServerVirtualization Software 32 bit
Linux environment,” White Paper, July2008.
[3] M. Rosenblum and T. Garfinkel, “Vi rtual machine monitors: currenttechnology and future
trends”, IE EE Internet Computing, Vol. 38,No. 5, May 2005.
[4] Andre’van Cleeff e tal.”Security I mplications of Virtualization:ALiteratureStudy.
[5] Comparison of virtual machines using different virtualizationtechnology onLinuxplatform.
[6] Swingbench.Available:https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html,/swingbench.php.Accessed on 27/10/10.
[7] Lmbench.Available:https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html,/lmbench/ .Accessed on15/10/10.
[8]Httperf. Available: https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html,/research/linux/httperf/.Accessed on 27/10/10.
[9] P. Barham, B. Dragovic, K. Fraser, S. Hand, T. Harris, A. Ho, R.Neugebauer, I. Pratt, and
A. Warfield, “Xen and the art of virtuali zation,” ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review,
vol. 37, no. 5, pp.164–177, 2003.
[10] J. Che, Q. He, Q. Gao, and D. Huang, “Performance Measuring andComparing of Virtual Machine
Monito rs,”in IEEE/IFIP InternationalConference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing, vol.
2, 2008.
[11] Xiang ZHANG, Jie MA, Yanchao MIAO, Qingwei MENG, MENG,“Solo: A Lightweight Virtual Machine”,
IEEE InternationalSymposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications,2009.
[12] T. Deshane, Z. Shepherd, J. Matthews, M. Ben-Yehuda, A. Shah, and B. Rao, “Quantitative
comparison of Xen and KVM,” Xen Summit,Boston, MA, USA, pp. 1–2, 2008.
[13]Virtualization and Performance: VM Time Drift By David Ott (Intel)June25,2009.
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
Unit 1 general description of literature reading and translation 1.Definition of Literature Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race. 2.Classification of Literature 1) Textbooks（课本） a kind of professional writing（一种专业的写作） 2) Monographs（专著） various viewpoints and discussions 3) Papers（论文） the theoretical analysis and experimental description title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references 4) Encyclopedias(百科全书) every branch of knowledge 5) Periodicals （期刊） a series of publications 6)Special Documentation（特殊文档） all the printed materials 3.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature stylistically (文体上) scientific literature is a kind of form writing; syntactically（结构上）scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures and in most cases is rather unitary; Morphologically（语法上）scientific literaure is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons ,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word Principles or Criteria of Translation Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s three- character guide”-----xin, da, ya, namely, faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅). These three principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation. Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principle scientific literature translation. By faithful/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free form stiff formula and mechanical copying form dictionaries. Unit 2 professional papers 2.1.Definition of professional papers A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. The task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it. 2.2.Classification of professional papers
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
2018年12月英语六级翻译练习：甲骨文 2018年12月英语六级翻译练习：甲骨文 请将下面这段话翻译成英文： 甲骨文(oracle bone script)是中国现存最早的文宇。这些刻在龟甲(tortoise shell)或兽骨上的文字已相当成熟。没认识甲骨文之前，人们都把这些甲骨当作药材。清代(the QingDynasty)学者王懿荣偶然发现了这些龟甲和兽骨。在仔细研究之后，他认为这些刻在甲骨上的符号是3000多年前商代(the Shang Dynasty)的文字。从这些文字中可以大致了解商代统治者的日常生活情况。甲骨文为研究汉字起源提供了重要的资料。 参考译文 The oracle bone script is the earliest existingcharacters in China. These characters carved ontortoise shells or animal bones are quite mature.Before recognizing the oracle bone script, peopleregarded the shells and bones as medical materials.Accidentally, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, WangYirong, discovered these tortoise shells and animal bones. After careful study, he believed thatthese signs were the characters of the Shang Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago. From thesecharacters, people can roughly understand the daily life of the rulers at that time. The oraclebone script provides important materials for research into the origin of Chinese characters. 提示
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
U1 General Description II. Translation 1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal or free translation. 1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. 这是最美好的时期，这是最坏的时期，这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代，这 是从满信仰的时代，这是顾虑重重的时代，这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节，这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的寒冬；我们拥有一切，我们一无所有； 我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向地狱。 2) A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition. 一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它另 人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温纯，给新 娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可用 以弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。 2. Put the following passage into Chinese. As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race. Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization. 作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了 人类社会的进步。 专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。因为一方面它们是对前人的经验 或研究成果的总结，概括和发现；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, Overview https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, is part of https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, Framework,and when coding https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, applications you have access to classes in https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime(CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#.These languages enable you to develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, applications that benefit from the common language runtime,type safety, inheritance,and so on. If you want to try https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html,,you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer,which is a free tool that makes it simple to download,install,and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express,Internet Information Services (IIS),SQL Server Express,and https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, Framework.All of these are tools that you use to create https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, Web applications.You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, and PHP Web applications. Visual Web Developer Visual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, Web applications.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, Web pages on your own computer.Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, Web pages,without requiring Internet Information Services(IIS)to be installed. Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/e49506809.html, Web pages on your own computer.
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月
目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)
1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面， ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法，已知的当做服务公司模型，表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款，监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司，和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验，在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to