2016医学考博英语写作常用词汇精选一、与医学相关的写作常用词汇分类
(一)医疗、医院、医生
1 、医生
① doctor， medical worker
② physician 内科医生
③ surgeon 外科医生
④ doctor in charge 主治医生
⑤ intern 实习医生
⑥ resident doctor 住院医生
2 、医院
① hospital
The specialized hospital 专科医院
The general hospital 普通医院
The community hospital 社区医院
The public hospital 公立医院
The private hospital 私立医院
② clinc 门诊
Conventional clinic treatment普通门诊
③ ward 病房
④ medical team 医疗队
3、医疗手段
(1) drug therapy 药物治疗
(2) medical treatment 医疗
(3) medical instruments 医疗器械
(4) diagnose (v) 诊断 (n) diagnosis
(5) prevent (v) 预防
(6) sterilize (v) 消毒 |
(7) administrate a drug 给药
(8) prevent and treat disease (v) 预防和治疗疾病
(9) TCM 中医r> (10) chemotherapy 化疗
(11) medical service 医疗服务
(12) complain of (v) 主述
(13) health checkup 健康普查
(14) diagnosing and treating 诊断和治疗
(15) consult the doctor(v) 咨询 ;
4 、医疗体制
(1 )healthcare system 医疗体制
(2 )medical disputes 医疗纠纷
(3 )medical accident 医疗事故
(4 )the relationship between doctors and patients 医患关系
(5 )medical insurance system 医疗保险体系
(6 )medical aid fund 医疗救助基金
5 、医德
(1 )medical ethics 医德
(2 )patient-oriented 以病人为核心
(3 )humanistic 人道主义的
(4 )compassionate 富于同情性的
(5 )considerate 体贴周到的
(6 )resolute 果断的
(7 )service quality 服务质量
(8 )to give top priority to the lives and health of people 6 、病人
(1 )patient
(2 )the sick
(3 )the invalid
(4) sufferer
(二)疾病
1 、患病的表达方式
⑴ suffer from (v )
(2) contract (v )
(3) people with some disease 患病人群
(4) the people susceptible to some disease 易感某种疾病的人2 、必知疾病名称
heart disease 心脏病
hypertension 高血压
kidney problem 肾病
stroke 中风
shock 休克
the blood pressure 血压
diabetes 糖尿病
obesity 肥胖
terminal illness 绝症
incurable illness 不治之症
cancer 癌症
tumor 肿瘤
cancer of early stage 癌症晚期
emergency case 急症
serious illness 重症
the difficult and complicated cases 疑难病
short breath 短气
syndrome 综合症
complications 并发症
process 病程
bone loss 骨质疏松
short-sighted (adj)近视
3、传染病
(1) 感染源
virus 病毒 bacteria 细菌 pest 害虫 channel and media 传染途径及媒介
(2 )传染疾病
some disease epidemic 传染性疾病 plague 鼠疫influenza (简)flu 流感
infection contagion 传染病
infectious diseases 传染病
AIDS 艾滋病
SARS
(3) 传染
epidemic (a) 流行的，传染的
block the channel (v)
disseminate 传播
cross infection 交叉感染
5 、疾病、病痛
illness
sickness
disease
ailment
suffering
6 、疾病的转归(1 )疾病的恢复recover recovery recuperate resume
recruit
reinstate
(2) 疾病的恶化deteriorate aggravate exasperate
make worse worsen
7、其他相关词汇
outbreak and spending
break out (v) 疾病的爆发
spread (v) 疾病的扩散
the incidence of common diseases 常见病发生率taboo 禁忌
speed up blood circulation (v)
improve the cardiac functions (v)
side effects 副反应
complain of 主述
(三)药物
1 、药物名称
medicine
drug
remedy
medicinal herbs
power
tablet
pill
2 、药物用法
开药：
prescribe some medicine for some diseases write out a proscription
服药
take a medicine
治…的疾病
a remedy for some diseases
3 、其他相关词汇
drug therapy 药物治疗
side effects 副反应
drug abuse 药物滥用
drugstore 药房
over the counter 非处方药
drug allergy 药物过敏
drug poisoning 药物中毒
prescription 处方
expenses for medicine 药费
charges for medicine
drug rebate 药品回扣
(四)心理疾病
1 、心理学专业词汇
subhealth 亚健康
psychological benefits 心理健康psychological problem 心理问题psychological consultation 心理咨询
psychological obstacles 心理障碍mental obstacles 心理障碍psychological massage 心理按摩psychology 心理学/ 心理psychotherapy 心理治疗psychological expert 心理专家
2 、情绪词汇
overcome
disappoint
disappointed
shy ，
flush
frustration
failure
willpower
optimism
optimistic
be sensitive to
nervous
tensional
sad agony pessimism pessimistic
confident confidence
stress pressure
depress depressed
depression depressive
3 、疲劳相关词汇
fatigue tire (v) weariness (n) tired(a) exhausted(a) fatigued
(a) weary
(五)肥胖与营养
1 、营养物质
nutrient 营养素
protein 蛋白质
fat 脂肪
glucose 葡萄糖
vitamin 维生素
sugar 糖类
heat calories quantity of heat 热量
carbohydrate 碳水化合物
soft drink beverage 软饮料
cholesterol胆固醇
2 、营养与饮食
a well-balanced diet
nutrition 营养
nutritional 营养的
二、医学写作其他常用词汇
1. 下降、减少 reduction，decrease，decline，diminution, drop，descend，go / come down，fall
2. 上升、增加rise; go up; ascend;increase
3. 禽流感 H1N1 flu / bird flu / avian flu;
4. 食品安全 food safety
5. 公共卫生突发事件public health emergencies
6. 应急反应 immediate response to
7. .关注民生 concern(focus on, pay attention to) people’s livelihood/well-being &>6IU
8. 城乡卫生体系urban-rural medical andhealth system
9. 预防保健disease prevention and health care
10. 服务体系service system A
11. 讲究卫生pay attention to hygiene
12. 个人和环境卫生personal and environmental hygiene 9i.
13. 清淡的lite
14. 蛋白添加饮食protein-complemented diet
15. 预防的措施preventive initiatives=preventive measures ^AN
16. 人畜共患病zoonosis=anthropozoonosis.人兽共患病
17. 虫媒insect pollination;
18. 虫媒传染病insect-borne /arthropod-borne infectious disease
19. 肾病综合征nephritic/renal syndrome;
20. 爆发流行break out, explode; an epidemic outbreak of explosion
21. 传染(及相关词)：infect/infection/infectious, communicate/communicable, contagion/ contagious, transmission/transmittable;!'
22. 传播途径route of transmission, bird flu transmits by air/wind;person to person transmission
23. 传播,散布：diffuse，prevalence，spread，transmit，disseminate，propagate/ propagation{D
24. 污染pollution/ pollute，contamination/contaminate
25. 福祉 well-being, happiness
26. 衰老grow old;aging;senility;senile s
27. 每况愈下from bad to worse
28. 相似的akin to=similar to
29. 脓的,化脓的purulent –
30. 脂肪肝fatty liver
31. 血压 hypertension
32. 肠癌Cancer of Rectum and Colon
33. 亚健康 sub-health 8
34. 过劳死death from overwork [
35. 长期以来 for a long time ; over the years 0
36. 养生preserve one's health; nourishing of life; keep in good health
37. 分类 be divided into=fall into three categories=be grouped according to their origin, into three classes.=be categorized according to/be roughly classified into three kinds
38. 基本职责=basic/ fundamental/essential/elementary
duties/responsibilities/obligations
39. 基本原则fundamental principle/ rule, basic rule or principle
40. 道德morals, morality, ethics均含“道德”之意。morals多用于实践方面，指按习惯或社会公认的道德标准，尤指男女之间关系的道德。morality指符合道德标准的行为，或用道德标准衡量某事，既指社会的又指个人的道德。ethics多用于伦理方面，指符合于伦理学中所指的好的行为，常指公平正真地对人对事的品德。
41. 民众the (general) public，the masses of the people，the common people
42. 合作者co-worker; collaborator; copartner; co-agent
43. 死亡人数death toll，deaths，the number of people killed in/dying from
44. .归结为 boil down to;come down to
45. 归因为/归功于 be attributable to，be attributed to，ascribe or attribute… to， owe…to
46. 归咎于lay or put the blame on sb，blame…on，ascribe or attribute… to，impute… to
47. 大规模on a large scale，extensive，large-scale，massive
48. 大规模流行 large-scale transmission，become a pandemic，massive attack/outbreak
49. 表面上on the surface, apparently, ostensibly, superficial, seemingly
50. 因果关系 cause-and-effect relationship, causal relationship/relations
51. 孤立现象an isolated phenomenon
52. 复杂的complicated，complex，sophisticated，intricate
53. 极端复杂性extreme/ exceeding complexity/complicacy
54. 低保basic living allowances/subsistence allowances
55. 养老保险 endowment insurance
56. 退休养老金retirement n
57.医疗改革health care reform
58. 激烈运动strenuous exercise;vigorous activity
59. 月经期menstrual period S
60. 生活的节奏the tempo/the pace of life; a life of quick /fast pace
61. 婴幼儿保健the infant health care
62. 安乐死euthanasia
63. 得绝症的terminally ill
64. 临终关怀=hospice care=end-of-life care !
65. 濒临死亡的病人：dying patients，terminally ill patients，incurable patient
吸二手烟secondhand smoking ，also called “involuntary smoking”or “passive smoking”.
2018考博英语写作各部分万能模板 开头万能模板： 1．开头万能模板一：名人名言 有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！ 原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？ 经典句型： A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言） It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言） 更多经典句型： As everyone knows, No one can deny that… 2．开头万能模板二：数字统计 原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。 原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型： According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：Honesty 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 Travel by Bike 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。Youth 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。 Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work? 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 更多句型： A recent statistics shows that … 结尾万能模板： 1．结尾万能模板一：如此结论 说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！ 更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型：
个人收集整理资料，仅供交流学习，勿作商业用途全国医学博士英语统一考试词汇表 abate v ．减轻 , 减退；废除 aberrant a.畸变地。异常地。脱离常轨地 ablate v.切除,摘除 abortion n．流产,早产；(计划等地>失败,夭折 abrade v ．擦伤；磨损 abscess n ．脓肿 abstain v．戒、避免；弃权 abstinence n ．节制；禁欲 absurd a ．荒唐地 accent n ．腔调 , 口音；重音 , 重音符号 v．加重读 accessory n ．附件 , 附属品；同谋 , 帮凶 a ．附属地 , 附加地accordance n ．一致 , 给予 accountant n ．会计 accuse v ．谴责 , 指控 , 告发 achromatopsia n ．色盲 acidosis n．酸中毒 acknowledge v ．承认；致谢 acknowledgement n ．承认 , 感谢；收到地通知 acne n ．痤疮 , 粉刺 acoustic a．声学地；听觉地 acquaint v．使认识,使了解,通知 acupuncture n ．针刺 , 针刺疗法 addict v．使沉溺,使醉心；使成瘾n ．有瘾地人 , 吸毒成瘾adduce v ．引证；提出 adequate a ．足够地；恰当地 admonish v ．告诫 advisory a.咨询地,劝告地 advocate n. 拥护者 , 提倡者 v．拥护 ,提倡 aerobic a ．需氧地afebrile a．无热地 affection n．爱；感情；病 afferent a．传人地 affiliate v．使附属；隶属 affinity n.亲和力；密切关系 afflict v．使苦恼,折磨 aggressive a. 爱寻衅地 , 侵略地；有进取心地 agile a ．敏捷地 , 灵活地 agitate v．搅动；激动,焦急不安 agony n ．苦恼 , 痛苦 ague n ．疟疾；寒颤 alga n ．水藻 , 海藻 alleviate v．减轻(痛苦>,缓和
医学博士英语作文 总的原则和规律 一般来说博士的英语作文一般都是给阐述或陈述问题的文章写摘要，如“吃早餐有利于身体健康”、“吸烟有害健康”、“中国大学生越来越能接受心理咨询”、或“医疗体制的现状”等等这样文章，可使用以下的模版: 陈述问题型文章，分三种类型: 一、正面陈述问题 “吃早餐有利于身体健康”就是只从正面陈述问题; 二、负面陈述问题 如“吸烟有害健康”这样的文章，就是一般只说明吸烟是有害的，只说负面影响。三、客观的陈述问题(正负面都有的) 如“医疗体制的现状”等问题，因为这样的文章有好也有坏的方面，也就是有正面也有负面的问题。又如04年的博士论文，就是对医院问题的陈述，文章分别从洋医院、民营医院和公立医院几个方面来阐述，分别说明这几种医院各自的优点和缺点，所以这样的文章就是典型的客观陈述事实的文章。 首先看看是什么样的文章，再确定用什么模版来套用。(各个类型我都做一套模版) 但是不管是哪个类型的文章都不外乎这几个步骤，切记，不要觉得无所谓啊～～～～步骤一、确定一个好的题目 一般这个题目可以和中文标题的翻译一样，应该是陈述性的词组，用 “of” 、“and” 或“N 词组加介词短语” (1) 如文章是陈述的一个事情或问题，那就用什么的什么(sth1 of sth2)
如中国医疗体系的现状: The State of Arts of Chinese Medical Care System 或医疗制度的改革: Reform of Chinese Medical Care System (2) 讲到一个负面的问题，一般都是和健康有关系的，就可以说 sth1 and Health 如吸烟和健康，早餐和健康等等 (3)如果本文只讲到了一件事情，那么可以用介词短语 如A Blind Zone in Child-nutrition, (小孩营养问题的盲区) 等等 注意:1、第一个词和所有的实词大写，介词和冠词(The, a an)等虚词小写 2、最好要是陈述性的词组，除非原文的标题本来是疑问句 步骤二、浏览全文，把要点在试卷上划记下来 既然是写文章的总结(summary)，那么首先需要浏览全文，我感觉这些文章都已经把条理给整理清楚了，那么基本可以确定大概的几条，在试卷上把重要的部分用笔划出来;还可以把序号打上，说明一共有几点。注意:1、不用划记细节描写的语句，而用文章中陈述性的语句。一般来说主题句都是陈述性的语句。如讲到公费医疗体系的问题，你不要去划记那些中国的公立医院有多少，增长了多少的句子，而应该着重看陈述性的主题句是怎么说的，如果说有了大幅度的增长你就要知道这句话是最重要的句子。(切记:除非本文就是讲数据，而且目的在于测试考生们数据增长、减少等句型的话，那么就要用数据说明问题了) 步骤三、确定一个全文的主题句 这个问题是最重要的，也就是文章讲了什么 步骤四、确定每个段落的主题句 步骤五、最后有个小小的总结 文章的框架: 文章字数是200，那么大约是11-13句左右的样子。 标题
2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Obviously, the earliest teachers we have in our lives in most cases are our parents, and they are generally the most involved in the development and education of their children. Yet neither are all parents good teachers nor are those good parents the best teachers. First of all, not all parents are good teachers. As normal individuals, some parents more or less have bad habits. Even though parents almost instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring, the outcome might turn out to be disappointment, for all children tend to unconsciously or subconsciously copy every thing from their parents. Another deficiency of parents as teachers is the fact that most parents are lack of common senses of education. All too often we observe some parents tend to pursue their cherished but failed dream by forcing their children to develop in a prearranged direction. Ironically, if their children did not follow the instructions, the children would be regarded as disobedient or allegedly rebellious. In fact, it is parents rather than their children that virtually disobey common senses. Moreover, some parents are qualified as good teachers, but not all of them are the best ones. When children are in the preliminary school, it is not surprising that parents are capable of teaching their children almost every subject even better than professional teachers in the school. But the situation will not last long. We live in a world where knowledge is accumulated by multiplying and at the same time becomes more and more specialized. Therefore, to be a professional in a certain field today takes much longer time than ever before. No parent is able to be professional in all fields, though they might be experts in one or more fields. Wise parents often release rather than charge their children as early as possible. They are aware of the possibility outside the family. Parents may, nevertheless, help their children much more than do good teachers. Most parts of children education are virtually beyond teachers' reaches. It is parents that supplement. Psychology studies have shown us that parents' love sometimes has astonishingly magic power to their children. Albert Einstein's mother and Forest Gump's mother are both good examples. On the other hand, parents might do their children harm more than do bad teachers as well. The natures of those children whose parents have divorced are often severely distorted. In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers. [404 words] 4. It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why? Both experiences and books are very essential resources, and both of them have relevant merits. Experiences are the most direct resources we ever have. Almost our every basic skill came from experiences, such as walking, articulating, reading even thinking. Without experiences, some natural born abilities even might lose. Studies have shown that a baby who was robbed by animals into forest for 12 years lost his ability to talk in human language. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that each and every skill develops by experiences, and that's why people always say practice makes perfect. Books are valuable when knowledge is beyond the scope of our experiences. Perhaps the most obvious examples are those fluent writers. They write various stories, the scopes of which are far beyond any individual's experiences. Take Joyce Carol Oates for example, her productivity has been prodigious, accumulating in less than two decades to nearly thirty titles, including novels, collections of short stories and verse, plays and literary criticism. Although some of them appear to come from her own direct observations, her dreams, and her fears, much more is clearly from the experiences of others. Her fictive world remains strikingly akin to that real one reflected in the daily newspapers, the television news and talk shows, and the popular magazines of our day. Yet either experiences or books may give us wrong information. Our direct observations always are subject to our beliefs, hopes, fears, expectations, and our bias, which might make observations unreliable. People vary in their powers of observation, and the reliability of our observations is no better than the reliability of our memories, which as we know can be deceptive. Information printed in papers sometimes is unreliable either, it may be misprinted, or even deliberately distorted. For example, Definitions such as Marxism, Capitalism, Zionism are totally different in the Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Current English between the original edition and the sanctioned Russian edition. 1
考博英语词汇解答技巧 考博英语词汇解答技巧 一、动词 动词及短语动词是博士生入学英语考试词汇部分的一个重要测试项目。该项目对考生的测试点包括：1)动词的认知能力和辨别能力；2)动词用法的掌握程度；3)动词搭配关系的熟练程度。据初步统计在硕士研究生入学考试5500 个词汇中，大约有五分之一是动词及动词词组。 因此，掌握好这批词汇直接关系到能否通过博士生入学英语词汇部分的考试。 在动词部分中，考生首先应该具备较好的认知能力，即遇见一个动词后，能够较快地确定它的前两个或前三个词义。如：evolve v.，第一个词义是“使发展”，第二个词义是“使进化”，第三个词义是“推论”。在考试中，检查考生这一能力的题是比较多的；考生应该能够根据上下文确定动词的有关词义。在具备认知能力的基础上，考生还需掌握这些词汇的基本用法。如：forbid v. 后面不能用to smoke，只能用动词+ing 的形式，即smoking；Occur v. (发生)，只能用于主动语态，不能以被动的形式出现。最后，还要熟悉动词的基本搭配关系。如：concentrate 和associate两个动词，其后面的介词一般只能是on和with。 以下是按照上面三种情况出现的词汇题： 1. The diplomatic relations between the two countries have ____. A. ticked away B. gone out C. broken off D. rung up 2.The Constitution also provides that the organ of state must practice democratic centralism. A. supplies B. specifies C. presents D. withhold 3.As a result, they had to ___ answering their letter by three days. A. decide B. refrain C. surpass D. delay 第一句表示“外交关系终止”需用动词词组“break off"。 第二句中的 "provide"，第一个词义是“提供”或“供应”，第二个词义是“规定”。 四个选择项中，“specify” 含有“规定”的意思，因此B 是正确答案。第三句中只有“delay”一词的后面可以采用动名词，所以应该选择D。 考生在平时复习时，可以有意识地按照以上三点记忆动词和短语动词。在准备动词词汇部分 时，考生还需注意以下几点。 1. 不规则动词的词形变化: 有一定数量的动词，其过去式和过去分词与原形不同。这部分词汇在测试中起到较强的干扰作用。在5500词汇中类似动词较多，以下仅举部分例子： 动词原形过去式过去分词 bear
考博英语有多难 有人说英语需要的是积累，想在短时间内提高英语水平很难，此话不假。但是英语水平与英语考试分数并不直接对应，想在短时间内提高英语考试分数却有章可循。一般英语基础比较差的考生首先需要突破的是单词。找一本考博单词辅导书天天背。育明考博辅导专家提醒考生，单词不认识，一切都是虚妄，此处无捷径可走需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。 一、成绩建立在基础之上 单词量有了，再翻开考博阅读，你会发现文章忽然不那么可怕了，文章中一个个刚刚认识的、熟悉却有略感生疏的面孔再冲你微笑。这时可以开始进行阅读的突破。阅读训练请只做真题，其他任何资料都不足取，趁早放在一旁。考博复习的日子分秒必争，不是提高阅读量的时候。有去看英文报纸的功夫不如去再好好背一背单词，要还是有闲功夫就应当去准备其他科目了。做阅读真题的时候注意要仔细揣摩命题组的思路，到最后应该是读文章的时候就能隐约感觉到出题点;做题的时候能明显的感觉到常用的设陷阱的方法，甚至从选择项的语气、语言组织就能感觉到正确的选项。真题做一遍肯定不够，最好能过多做几遍，考博辅导专家提醒考生，做题的时候不光要提高英文水平，更重要的是要熟悉命题组的思路与命题方式。
二、写作其实很简单 英语作文写作并没有大家想象中那样困难，大家可以在平时多背一些复杂而又漂亮的句型，写作的时候尽量把他们用进去就是了。考博辅导专家提醒考生，有一个关键是要不要去背具体的句子而要背漂亮的语法结构。具体的句子应用面太窄，而一个漂亮的语法结构几乎在任何一篇作文中都可以用上。平时做一些练习，主要练习怎样在实际的句子中使用这些漂亮的语法结构，考试时就可以得心应手了。至于其他的题目，比如完型填空，确实比较考察你的英文水平积累。前面说过，英文水平在短期内难以迅速提高，所以请不要去做他们的专项练习。你多记了三五个固定搭配对最后分数的影响微乎其微，还有更重要的事情等着你去做，不要浪费时间。 育明考博辅导专家认为，英语的复习就是以背单词为基础，抓住阅读与写作，不要做其他题型的针对训练。 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
考博英语作文范文【三篇】 导读：本文考博英语作文范文【三篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 【第一篇：直面困难】任何事业，大至国家事业，小至个人生活，要有所成，必然面对各类困难，这时候，良好的面对困难的品质以及解决困难的方法论方面的问题： 坚持/毅力persistence，乐观being optimistic/positive 团结合作cooperation and teamwork 踏实肯干hardworking 创新意识和好奇心innovation and curiosity 学习意识learning 保持学习习惯(keep the habit of reading and learning 行动实践能力(the ability of action and practice “一屋不扫、何以扫天下” If you cant do great things, do small things in a great way Each person whether rich or poor has his own difficulties, because life is not always full of smiles and flowers. So it is very important to have a correct attitude to face up the difficulties. Different people have different views on it. Some people just want to evade and they haven’t tried their best, so they can’t achieve success in the end. But some people believe
考博英语词汇大全（完全免费版） adore vt．崇拜,热爱 advantageous a．有利的，有助的 aerial adj．空中的,航空的,空想的,空气的 aerospace n．航空和宇宙航行空间 agitation n．鼓动，焦虑 badge n．徽章，标记 baffle vt．困惑, 阻碍, 为难 bait n．饵；引诱物 v. 使生气，欺负 balcony n．阳台；楼厅，楼座 bald adj．秃头的 bandit n．土匪，盗匪，歹徒 bank v．(车或飞机)倾斜转变n. 岸 banker n．银行家 bankrupt adj．破产的 banquet n．盛宴丰盛、豪华的筵席 barometer n．气压计,晴雨表 baron n．大财主,大老板 barren adj．不生育的, 不孕的, 贫瘠的, 没有结果的, 无益的, 单调的, 无聊的, 空洞的bazaar n．集市,商店集中区 beetle n．甲虫；近视眼的人 beforehand ad.预先；提前地 bestow v．给予，赐赠 bewilder vt．迷惑，把…弄糊涂 bid v．①致意，吩咐②出价 bishop n．(基督教的)主教 bleach vt．漂白 blond n．白肤金发碧眼的人 blunder v．跌跌撞撞地走, 犯大错, 做错 n．愚蠢之举 bourgeois n．中产阶级, 商人, 资产阶级;adj. 中产阶级的, 平庸 bridegroom n．新郎 bridle v．限制,阻止 bronze n．青铜；青铜制品 n．青铜色 brood n．一窝幼鸟 v．孵蛋，闷想 buffalo n．水牛；水陆坦克 bug n．臭虫，窃听器 bugle n．军号；喇叭，号角 bump n．撞击, 肿块;v. 碰(伤), 撞(破), 颠簸 bureaucracy n．官僚政治 burglar n．夜盗，窃贼 burner n．灯头，煤气头 buzz vi．(蜂等)嗡嗡叫 C、D字母的
一般来说博士的英语作文一般都是给阐述或陈述问题的文章写摘要，如“吃早餐有利于身体健康”、“吸烟有害健康”、“中国大学生越来越能接受心理咨询”、或“医疗体制的现状”等等这样文章，可使用以下的模版： 陈述问题型文章，分三种类型： 一、正面陈述问题 “吃早餐有利于身体健康”就是只从正面陈述问题； 二、负面陈述问题 如“吸烟有害健康”这样的文章，就是一般只说明吸烟是有害的，只说负面影响。 三、客观的陈述问题（正负面都有的） 如“医疗体制的现状”等问题，因为这样的文章有好也有坏的方面，也就是有正面也有负面的问题。又如04年的博士论文，就是对医院问题的陈述，文章分别从洋医院、民营医院和公立医院几个方面来阐述，分别说明这几种医院各自的优点和缺点，所以这样的文章就是典型的客观陈述事实的文章。 首先看看是什么样的文章，再确定用什么模版来套用。（各个类型我都做一套模版） 但是不管是哪个类型的文章都不外乎这几个步骤，切记，不要觉得无所谓啊！！！！ 一般这个题目可以和中文标题的翻译一样，应该是陈述性的词组，用“of”、“and”或“N 词组加介词短语” (1) 如文章是陈述的一个事情或问题，那就用什么的什么（sth1of sth2） 如中国医疗体系的现状：The State of Arts of Chinese Medical Care System 或医疗制度的改革：Reform of Chinese Medical Care System (2) 讲到一个负面的问题，一般都是和健康有关系的，就可以说sth1and Health 如吸烟和健康，早餐和健康等等 （3）如果本文只讲到了一件事情，那么可以用介词短语 如A Blind Zone in Child-nutrition, (小孩营养问题的盲区) 等等 注意：1、第一个词和所有的实词大写，介词和冠词（The, a an）等虚词小写 2、最好要是陈述性的词组，除非原文的标题本来是疑问句 既然是写文章的总结（summary），那么首先需要浏览全文，我感觉这些文章都已经把条理给整理清楚了，那么基本可以确定大概的几条，在试卷上把重要的部分用笔划出来；还可以把序号打上，说明一共有几点。注意：1、不用划记细节描写的语句，而用文章中陈述性的语句。一般来说主题句都是陈述性的语句。如讲到公费医疗体系的问题，你不要去划记那些中国的公立医院有多少，增长了多少的句子，而应该着重看陈述性的主题句是怎么说的，如果说有了大幅度的增长你就要知道这句话是最重要的句子。(切记：除非本文就是讲数据，而且目的在于测试考生们数据增长、减少等句型的话，那么就要用数据说明问题了) 这个问题是最重要的，也就是文章讲了什么 文章的框架： 文章字数是200，那么大约是11-13句左右的样子。
考博英语作文常用短语100个 1.经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy 2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长 the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people's livingstandard 3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology 4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges 5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that… 6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development 7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that… 9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate 10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue 11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument 12.一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others… 13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 14.就…达到绝对的一致 rea ch an absolute consensus on… 15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 16.双方的论点 argument on both sides 17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in… 18.对…必不可少be indispensableto … 19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes: 20.…也不例外…be no exceptio 21.对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on…
2015东北大学考博英语历年真题 一、招考介绍 从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。 二、东北大学考博英语题型 Part1:完型30题15分； Part2：阅读理解45题45分； Part3：翻译英译汉20分； Part4：作文20分； 三、考博英语必备参考书 育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。 四、联系导师 在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。 大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。 通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种： （1）、欢迎报考。这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。 （2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
英语范文35篇 根据教育部1992年颁布的《研究生英语教学大纲》（以下简称大纲《大纲》 的要求：“非英语专业博士研究生英语入学水平原则上应达到或高于硕士生的通过水平。”《大纲》中对硕士生的写作要求是“掌握基本写作技能（如文章结构、段落展开和起承转合等），能按具体要求，在一小时内写出250词左右的短文，正确表达思想，语意连贯，无重大语言错误。” 第一部分写作文的要求，评分标准及考试中普遍存在的问题 一考试要求 1．文章内容切题。审题准确,不跑题。 2．表达清楚。语言简洁、准确、说理清楚,读者能从作文内容清楚理解作者写作意图。 3．意义连贯。文字连贯、层次分明、意义表达完整。要使文章意义连贯必须具有一 定的技能，包括较强的语感，遣词造句能力和文章谋篇布局的组织能力； 4．语言规范。符合英语表达的习惯、语法错误较少、语言基本功扎实，最终避免中式英语。 二作文的评分标准及样卷介绍 14 分: 内容符合要求, 包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容;语言流畅;层次分明,句式有 变化。词汇丰富,句子结构和用词准确,文章长度符合要求。 11分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容；文字连贯，句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，文章长度符合要求。 8分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中多数内容；基本清楚表达的主题的内涵； 句子结构和用词有少量错误，个别是大错。文章长度符合要求。 5 分：内容基本切题，基本表达了标题或提纲中的内容；文字连贯，语言可以理解， 但有较多的结构和用词错误，且大错较多。文章长度基本符合要求。 2 分：基本切题，但语句支离破碎，只有少数句子可以理解。 0 分：文不切题。只将预先背诵的某篇文章默写下来，或语句混乱，无法理解。 附：14 分样卷 Topic：With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher- level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate(postgraduate) education system. State your opinion aobut this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint. With China’s entry into WTO, she is facing a lot of chances and challenges in many aspects. As far as talents are concerned, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, especially for higher-level talents. In order to adapt this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate education system.
7. How do movies or television influence people's behavior? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer. 如何将电影或电视影响人们的行为？使用原因和具体的例子来支持你的答案。 The impact that modern mass media such as movies or televisions has had on our daily life, and society in general, is undeniable. No doubt it will become even greater as the scope of mass media continues to grow, and as the relevant technologies become more and more sophisticated, and so fascinating that virtually nobody will be able to escape. Already, it can be seen how western movies are exercising influence on our youth generation: they grow long-hair regardless of their sex, commonly part of which are dyed in gold; they wear jeans in each and every season, usually knees of which are deliberately tattered; boys are fond of earrings or other odd pendants; and girls are keen on Marlboros and weird coarse languages. 在这样的电影或电视现代传媒已经在我们的日常生活产生的影响，和整个社会，是不可否认的。毫无疑问，它将成为甚至作为大众传媒的范围更大的继续增长，随着相关技术越来越先进，因此迷人，几乎没有人能够逃脱。已经，可以看到西方电影如何行使对青少年一代的影响：他们长大长头发，无论其性别，通常，其中一部分黄金染色，他们穿在每一个季节，通常是膝盖的牛仔裤故意褴褛，男孩的耳环吊坠或其他多喜欢和女孩的万宝路，怪诞的粗语言激烈。 The major means that mass media influence the public is by creating topics of discussion in the society. Mass media offers people (the consumers) issues to talk and think about. Titanic had brought a worldwide uproar by its extolling and of fascinating immortal love; Prime Color and Wag the dog met the national debate on right and duty of the president of the United States. Antiwar movies such as Tears of the Sun and All Quiet On The Western Front among numerous others have been raising the question that is any war really to uphold justice or is it really worthy that an individual makes sacrifices to his country and at the same time ignores his own family or his personal values? 大众媒体的公众影响力的主要手段，是创造了社会讨论的议题。大众媒体提供人（消费者）问题讨论和思考。泰坦尼克号带来了其迷人的赞美和不朽的爱全世界一片哗然，总理颜色和摇尾狗符合有关的权利和对美国总统职责的全国性辩论。如太阳泪和其他许多在西线无战事反战电影已经提出的问题是任何战争的真正的正义，还是很值得，个人作出的牺牲，他的国家，同时忽略他的家人或他的个人价值？ Mass media also shapes our understanding of what is important and what is not important (to know). The "important" issues are to be found on the first pages of the newspaper (/in the beginning of a television program). The "not important" stories are the ones that are not being told at all. The "not very important" stories are probably very short and hidden in the last pages. In fact censorships present all mass media including its distributing means such as the Internet. By prearranging public issue, the mass media makes decisions for us. Even though there are critical thinking individuals in any society, they are definite minority; the public in whole in deed lack skills of critical thinking, and therefore they are often led by the media. 大众媒体也影响我们对什么是重要的理解，什么是不重要的（知道）。“重要”的问题，必须对报纸的（/在一个电视节目的开始）第一页找到。“不重大”的故事是那些不被告知所有的。在“不太重要”的故事可能很短，在过去的页面隐藏。事实上，目前包括censorships分发