a r X i v :a s t r o -p h /9709098v 1 10 S e p 1997
The nature of the activity in Hickson compact groups of galaxies.
Roger Coziol 1,Andr′e L.B.Ribeiro 2
Reinaldo R.de Carvalho 3
and
Hugo V.Capelato 2
Received
ABSTRACT
We present the results of the spectral classi?cation of the82brightest galaxies in a sample of17compact groups.We verify that the AGNs are preferentially located in the most early–type and luminous galaxies of the groups,as is usually observed in the?eld.But these AGNs also appear to
be systematically concentrated towards the central parts of the groups.Our observations suggest a correlation between activity types,morphologies and densities of galaxies in the compact groups.This is consistent with a scenario in which galaxies of compact groups evolve by interacting with their environment and are currently in a quiet phase of their activity.
Subject headings:galaxies:Compact groups–galaxies:Seyfert–galaxies: LINERs–galaxies:interactions
1.Introduction
One of the important aspects of the study of the Hickson compact groups of galaxies (HCGs;Hickson1982)resides in the attractive possibility of assessing the e?ects of strong interactions on the morphology and stellar content of galaxies(Hickson et al.1992).The available data on the HCGs however seems to present many contradictions with a fast merging evolution scenario,suggesting that we still do not fully understand the nature
of these systems.To shed new light on this problem a new spectroscopic survey of faint galaxies in the regions of Hickson compact groups was recently undertaken by de Carvalho et al.(1997;see also Ribeiro et al.1997)to determine the kinematical structure of the groups.These studies show that HCGs exhibit a variety of dynamical con?gurations as opposed to the previous view that they are all isolated and high density structures.
Spectroscopic observations of galaxies around HCGs not only allow to establish how isolated these structures are from other structures but also yield valuable information on the nature of the activity of the individual groups.Previous studies on the activity of the galaxies in compact groups have led to contradictory conclusions.Recently,for example, Sulentic&Raba?c a(1993)and Vegnugopal(1995)contest the claim by Hickson et al. (1989a)that the far infrared emission is enhanced in compact groups.Radio observations (Menon,1992,1995),optical spectroscopy and imaging(Rubin et al.1991)all suggest that tidal interactions and mergers between compact group galaxies did happen in the past.However,many galaxies in the groups seem to be normal and it is not clear which phenomenon,either starburst or AGN,is the main source of activity observed in the groups.One extreme example of activities encountered in a compact group is HCG16, which includes one Seyfert2galaxy,two luminous LINER galaxies and3starburst galaxies (Ribeiro et al1996).But in a sample of17groups,HCG16is the only one of its kind, which suggests that in general the activity in the groups is not prominent.
In this contribution we present the results of our classi?cation of the activity types of a sample of luminous galaxies from17HCGs.We show that a signi?cant fraction of these galaxies display AGN activity.Moreover,50%of the AGN population in the groups as studied here are“low–luminosity”AGNs(LLAGNs)–that is,faint AGNs,either Seyfert2 or LINER,which are hidden behind the strong stellar continuum of their host galaxy.We also show that the AGN population always appears segregated towards the compact cores (which generally encompass most of Hickson’s original compact groups,Ribeiro et al.1997) whereas starburst galaxies tend to be distributed in their external parts.
The organization of the paper is as follows.In Section2we de?ne our sample of compact group galaxies and explain the criteria that we used to do our classi?cation. We also present the characteristics of the LLAGNs in our sample and show the results
of template subtraction,which is an essential part of the classi?cation scheme.Section 2.1presents the results of our classi?cation of all the emission line galaxies following two diagnostic diagrams of line ratios.A brief discussion on the low–luminosity nature of the LLAGNs follows in Section2.2.In Section3,we discuss the spatial and morphological distribution of the active galaxies in the compact groups.We conclude,in Section4,with a brief digression on the signi?cance of our?ndings for the understanding of the nature of compact groups.
2.Spectral classi?cation of the AGNs candidates
The spectra presented in this paper are part of a sample of316galaxies in the regions of17HCGs which were observed by de Carvalho et al.(1997).The spectra were taken at the4m CTIO telescope using the ARGUS?ber–fed spectrograph.The details of the instrumental setup and data reduction are discussed by de Carvalho et al.(1997).In this sample,82galaxies(of which only67are kinematically assigned to the groups:see de
Carvalho et al.1997)have spectra with su?ciently high S/N to allow a proper classi?cation of the activity type.Of these galaxies,28(34%)present only absorption lines and54(66%) present both emission and absorption lines.In this article the non-emission line galaxies are considered non–active.A complete analysis of the absorption features in these galaxies will be published elsewhere(Coziol et al.in preparation).This article is dedicated to the classi?cation of the emission–line galaxies.
Luminous emission–line galaxies are usually easy to identify and classify.These galaxies are either starburst or AGN galaxies.For many galaxies in our sample,however, the usual classi?cation criteria cannot be applied directly,since they do not show any emission lines(i.e.within the limits of our observations)with the exception of the
[N II]λ6584line.Figure1shows the spectra for these galaxies.The great similarity of the spectra suggests that either all these galaxies are of similar morphological type or they are dominated by the same stellar populations.Trace of ionized gaz in early–type spirals and ellipticals was already observed before and it is generally suggested that a mild Seyfert or LINER,that is a low–luminosity AGN,could reside in the nuclei of all these galaxies(see Filippenko&Sargent1985,Phillips et al.1986;hereafter PJDSB).Given the similarity of the phenomenon observed here,we will provisionally call the subsample of the galaxies displayed in?gure1the LLAGNs candidates.The basic characteristics of the LLAGN candidates are presented in Table1.The numbers in columns1and2follow the numbering used in de Carvalho et al.(1997)and the letters in column3correspond to the galaxies in the Hickson(1982)list.Redshifts determined by de Carvalho et al.(1997)are listed in column4.The B luminosities,as taken from Hickson et al.(1989),are listed in column 5.The absolute magnitudes,presented in column6,were determined assuming H0=75 km s?1Mpc?1.In column7we give also the morphologies of the galaxies,as reported by Mendes de Oliveira&Hickson(1994).
In the LLAGN candidates,the presence of an intermediate-age stellar population introduces strong Balmer absorption lines that interfere with the observation of faint ionized regions.The problem of detecting and measuring weak emission lines atop a strong stellar continuum has already been tackled by several groups of investigators in the past. Subtraction of a template galaxy spectrum that has no comparable emission has proved to be an e?ective technique.For our analysis we have taken advantage of having in hand a signi?cant number of absorption–line galaxies,all observed under the same instrumental conditions,in order to build such a template.The spectral characteristics of the galaxies used as templates are remarkably similar to those of the LLAGN candidates.On average, the di?erence between the velocity dispersion of the absorption lines of our template galaxies and those of the LLAGN candidates is approximately2?A,which is smaller than our resolution(～6?A).Figure2shows the red part of the spectra of the LLAGN candidates after template subtraction.Note the high[N II]λ6584/Hαratios typical of AGNs.
The classi?cation of the activity type of all the54emission-line galaxies in our sample was determined after subtraction of a galaxy template.The emission–lines were measured by?tting gaussian pro?les.Our classi?cation is based on the characteristic line ratios shown by galaxies of di?erent activity classes(Baldwin et al.1981;Veilleux&Osterbrock 1987).The emission–line galaxies in our sample were separated into3groups:starburst galaxies,AGNs and LLAGNs.
The?rst diagnostic diagram,presented in Figure3,is the diagram of[N II]λ6584/Hαvs.[O III]λ5007/Hβ(Baldwin et al.1981;Veilleux&Osterbrock1987).The distinction between AGN and starburst galaxies is based on the empirical separation proposed by Veilleux&Osterbrock(1987).The separation between LINER and Seyfert2galaxies corresponds to log([O III]λ5007/Hβ)≤0.4,as proposed by Coziol(1996).The same criterium is used to distinguish between the low–excitation Starburst Nucleus Galaxies
(SBNGs)and the high–excitation HII galaxies.This diagnostic diagram con?rms the AGN nature of all our LLAGN candidates.It also indicates that the majority of these galaxies are LINER galaxies.
To double check our classi?cation we also examined the ratio[O I]λ6300/Hα.As was shown by Baldwin et al.(1981),the presence and the strength of the[O I]λ6300are important factors in distinguishing between starburst galaxies and AGNs.This is because this line is produced only in regions of partial ionization which are much more extended in AGNs than in normal HII regions.For this reason the[O I]line is rarely observed and is always weaker in starburst galaxies than in AGNs.In our sample,the[O I]line is detected in61%of the starburst galaxies,88%of the LLAGNs and60%of the AGNs.It is interesting to note that the detection rate of[O I]in the starburst galaxies is much higher than usually observed in other samples of starburst nucleus galaxies(generally of the order of40%or less;see Coziol et al.1997).
In Figure4,we present the diagnostic diagram of the ratio[O I]λ6300/Hαvs.
[O III]λ5007/Hβ.The vertical line is the[O I]strength limit as proposed by Baldwin et al.(1981)to separate the starburst galaxies from the AGNs.This diagram con?rms the nature of the LLAGNs as determined using the previous diagnostic diagram.Only one candidate(otherwise a seyfert galaxy)has an[O I]line with strength comparable to those of starburst galaxies.Three other galaxies have values with error bars that cross the boundary between the two activity classes.The fact that many starburst galaxies in our sample have an unusually strong[O I]line is consistent with previous observations suggesting that a small fraction of these galaxies show the simultaneous characteristics of an AGN and an HII region(V′e ron et al.1996).Our result suggests that very few AGNs present the same ambiguity.
In Table2,we list the results of our classi?cation.The name of the objects are the
same as in Table1.Columns2,3and4give the ratios[O III]λ5007/Hβ,[N II]λ6584/Hαand[O I]λ6300/Hβrespectively.The uncertainties in these ratios were determined using Poisson statistics.In column5,the di?erent types of activity are described as:starburst galaxies(SBNGs or HII),AGNs(Seyfert2:Sy2or LINER:LNR)and LLAGNs(dSy2or dLNR).Column7give the FWHM of the Hαline.It may be interesting to note that no Seyfert1galaxies was found in the groups.
2.1.The low–luminosity nature of the hidden AGNs
Rubin et al.(1991)already noted that all the elliptical and the S0galaxies in the HCGs have ionized gas.They also remarked that this phenomenon is commonly observed in samples of early–type galaxies(PJDSB).But because the emission is hidden in the strong stellar continuum the nature of the activity in these galaxies was not clearly established. The subtraction of a template galaxy allow us to construct two di?erent diagnostic diagrams which con?rm the AGN nature of these objects.We will now verify that the AGNs in these galaxies also have a low luminosity.This will be done by comparing our candidates with the low-luminosity AGNs discovered by PJDSB.
Because we do not have the calibrated spectra of our candidates we cannot compare their?uxes directly with those of luminous AGNs.To test our assumption we use instead the EW of the[N II]λ6584line,which,by de?nition,is proportional to the ratio of the?ux in the line divided by the stellar continuum near the line.In Figure5we compare the EW of the[N II]λ6584line as a function of the ratio[N II]λ6584/Hαfor all the galaxies in our sample with those of the low–luminosity AGNs observed by PJDSB.A very clear pattern is seen:the LLAGNs have higher[N II]λ6584/Hαratios and lower EW([N II]λ6584)than the luminous AGNs and the starburst galaxies.Most important,the values observed for the LLAGNs are identical to those of the low–luminosity AGNs as studied by PJDSB.It
is important to realize that in this diagram there is only one way to obtain the lowest EW value possible:the?ux in the line must be low and the stellar continuum must be high.In early-type galaxies,as in the galaxies of the sample of PJDSB and also in our candidates (cf.?gure7),the stellar continuum is already near maximum,which means therefore that the line?ux in the galaxies of these two samples must be similar.PJDSB determined that the characteristic Hαluminosity of the low–luminosity AGN in their sample is of the order of1039ergs s?1or lower.Then,by comparison,the luminosity of the AGNs in our candidates must be of the same order,which therefore con?rms the low–luminosity nature of the AGNs in our objects.
3.Discussion
In Table3we present the fraction of each type of activity observed in our sample of 82galaxies.The LLAGNs form more than50%of the total AGN population found in the whole sample.From the82galaxies studied here,only67galaxies are real group members (de Carvalho et al.1997).In Table3it can be seen that when only group members are considered,the fraction of starburst galaxies drops and the fraction for the other types slightly increases.
Going one step further,we can distinguish between the galaxies that reside in the “core”and the“halo”of the groups.As discussed by Ribeiro et al.(1997)most of HCG’s are embedded in larger structures forming extended haloes around more dense and dinamically distinct cores.As shown by Ribeiro et al.these cores may be usefully de?ned as the circular region around the group baricenter having mean surface brightness μB=27mag arcsec?2,which is almost the same limit used by Hickson(1982)as part of his criteria for constructing his catalogue of compact groups.Table4shows how the67galaxies in the groups distribute between the core(53galaxies)and the halo(14galaxies).It is
important to note that nearly all the AGNs,that is the LLAGNs as well as the luminous AGNs,reside in the core of the groups.
The fraction of each activity type encountered in the core regions is reported in Table 3.It can be seen that the fraction of starburst galaxies decreases signi?cantly in the core of the groups,where AGNs(47.2%)and non-emission line galaxies(37.7%)dominate.Because the star formation rate in all of these galaxies is relatively low,we further conclude that the star formation rate in the groups is generally at a low level.
Our sample is obviously biased towards galaxies which have high S/N ratios,therefore favoring the most luminous galaxies in the groups.To verify how this bias a?ects our conclusions on the spatial segregation of the di?erent activity types in the groups,we compare in Figure6the absolute magnitude of all the galaxies in our sample.In this
?gure we can see that the luminosity distributions for the LLAGNs and the luminous AGNs are clearly biased towards higher values.However Figure6also shows that both the non emission–line galaxies and the starburst galaxies show a comparable distribution of luminosities.Since these two types of galaxies have di?erent spatial locations in the groups,we may conclude that the segregation of activity types in the groups is not due to a luminosity bias but corresponds to a real physical e?ect.The fact that AGNs reside in the most luminous galaxies of the groups is consistent with studies of AGNs in the?eld which show that the probability of?nding an AGN increases with the luminosity of the host galaxy(PJDSB;Veilleux et al.1995).
In Figure7we present the distribution of morphological types of all the galaxies in our sample.The LLAGNs reside either in elliptical or early–type spirals whereas the luminous AGNs seem to reside mostly in early–type spirals.Figure7also shows that all the non-emission galaxies are early-type galaxies(E,S0or Sa).Consequently,the LLAGNs represent36%(41%in the core)of the early–type population in the groups.This result is
consistent with the fraction of LLAGNs discovered by PJDSB in their sample of luminous E and S0galaxies.
4.Conclusion
We have shown that a signi?cant fraction of the brightest galaxies of compact groups display some sort of activity,either starburst or AGN.Moreover,we?nd that about half of the AGN population is made of LLAGNs,implying that AGNs are the most frequent activity types encountered in the groups.
We have further found that the AGNs–both low–luminosity and normal–reside
in the most luminous galaxies of the groups and the most early-type ones.These two characteristics are not unique to compact groups but are consistent with the fact that the probability of?nding an AGN increases with the luminosity of the galaxies and that low–luminosity AGNs are very common in early-type galaxies.However,we have also found that the AGNs tend to concentrate in the cores of the groups.This may be viewed as a consequence of the luminosity and/or a morphological segregation already found in the groups(Ribeiro et al.1997).In other words,we have discovered a high fraction of AGNs in the cores of the groups because the most luminous and early-type galaxies are more concentrated in the groups and because the probability of?nding an AGN is higher in luminous and early-type galaxies.
That the group produces some physical e?ects is even more obvious when we consider the starburst galaxies:the fraction of starburst galaxies drops drastically when we go from the halo to the core of the groups.It would be interesting to see if this behavior for the starburst galaxies is due to a morphological bias.In Figure7we can see that the starburst galaxies of our sample prefer late–type spirals.Although suggestive,this result should be
viewed with caution given the scarcity of the data for these galaxies(less than20%of the morphologies determined in our sample).
As it is,our discovery suggests that we do have,at least for the core,a sort of density–morphology–activity relation.This relation may be reminiscent of the density–morphology relation observed in denser agglomerations of galaxies.For the HCGs,this relation would suggest that the galaxies in the groups have a common history and that their evolution was in?uenced by their environment.
As a working hypothesis we propose the following scenario for galaxy evolution in the HCGs.Massive galaxies form by subsequent mergers of smaller mass systems made of gas and stars.Obviously,denser environments will accelerate this process and the more massive galaxies will form?rst in the richest regions.The frequency and intensity of mergers determine the morphologies,the most massive galaxies evolving towards the most early–type morphologies.This would explain why in HCGs the most luminous galaxies are also the most concentrated and the most early–type.
This formation scenario can incorporate a sequence where the activity level changes with time.The?rst phase is characterized by a starburst and a Seyfert.Each merger triggers a starburst.When the mass of the galaxy is su?ciently high or when a large amount of gas is available,the gas falls into the center of the galaxy and form or nourish an AGN.As the starburst fades,depending on the reservoir of gas available and on the rate of accretion,it remains either a Seyfert or a LINER.Finally,when the matter available to feed the AGN decreases,it remains a LLAGN or a normal galaxy.This scenario would explain, for instance,the di?erence observed in the groups between the morphologies of the LLAGNs and the luminous AGNs.It would also explain why the core of the groups are dominated by a high fraction of LLAGNs and non–active early–type galaxies,since denser environments accelerate the process.The galaxies in the cores of the groups are more evolved than in the
outer regions.This would explain why starburst galaxies are observed in higher number in the halo than in the core.This scenario may also explain why we do not?nd any Seyfert1 galaxy in the core,as they would be visible only at the beginning of the process.
Following this scenario,most of the activity in HCGs would have taken place sometime in the recent past,and the groups are now observed at a quiet phase of their activity.
We thank Natalie Stout for his careful reading of the manuscript.R.Coziol acknowledges the?nancial support of FAPESP under contract94/3005-0(while working at the Instit′u to Nacional de Pesquisas Espacias/INPE)and of CNPq,under contracts 360715/96-6(NV).For his part,A.L.B.Ribeiro acknowledges the support of the Brazilian CAPES.
Table1.Characteristics of the low–luminosity AGNs
HCG#Hickson V o B M B Hubble
id.km s?1Type
Table2.Spectral characteristics of HCG’s galaxies
[OI]λ6300
HCG#[OIII]λ50007
Hα
0401-0.26-0.31-1.93SBNG535 0403-0.37-0.32-1.61SBNG367 04110.77-1.26-1.96HII327 16010.31±0.020.09-0.80±0.04LNR498 16020.58±0.010.05-0.40±0.01Sy2816 16030.12±0.01-0.35-1.56±0.18SBNG499 1604-0.35-0.38-1.91±0.13SBNG489 16050.35±0.01-0.22-1.14±0.04LNR533 16060.61±0.03-0.8±0.1-1.07±0.31HII383 1905-0.12-0.495···SBNG424 22010.50±0.030.03±0.02-0.9±0.3dSy2953 22050.50±0.080.42±0.02-0.7±0.4dSy2437 22060.64±0.080.23±0.02-0.7±0.2dSy2518 2207-0.5±0.1-0.34±0.02···SBNG<360 2208···-0.11±0.01···LNR?533 23020.790.74-0.11Sy2716 23030.300.21-0.49dLNR542 2304-0.25-0.39-1.78SBNG480 23050.47-0.09-2.0±0.1dSy2796 2306-0.21-0.50···SBNG356 40010.0±0.1-0.06±0.03···dLNR560 40040.1±0.2-0.19±0.03-0.9±0.3LNR730 40050.43±0.05-0.22±0.02···Sy2776 4201···0.25±0.01-1.0±0.5dLNR765 4819-0.29±0.03-0.54±0.01-1.4±0.3SBNG392 48250.36±0.01-0.96±0.07···SBNG366 62010.00±0.05-0.22±0.01-1.1±0.2dLNR795 63040.11±0.04-0.18±0.01···LNR588
Table2—Continued
[OI]λ6300
HCG#[OIII]λ50007
Hα
6306-0.49±0.06-0.36±0.01···SBNG512 64010.07±0.050.42±0.03-0.8±0.7dLNR701 6422-0.23±0.08-0.48±0.02-1.1±0.2SBNG368 6702-0.15±0.07-0.47±0.03···SBNG658 6706-0.16±0.04-0.43±0.03···SBNG354 67110.07±0.140.71±0.090.3±0.2dLNR677 8601-0.40±0.19-0.21±0.06-0.6±0.2dLNR402 86030.95±0.02-0.08±0.01-1.1±0.3dSy2947 86040.17±0.03-0.15±0.01-0.83±0.09LNR977 8607 1.16±0.010.09±0.01-0.37±0.03Sy2728 8608-0.35±0.04-0.47±0.01-1.5±0.2SBNG352 8609-0.10±0.04-0.66±0.03···SBNG763 87010.08-0.08-0.500±0.001dLNR601 8702-0.34-0.42-1.75±0.01SBNG522 8703-0.350.11···dLNR508 8704-0.38-0.36-0.76SBNG<360 87050.31-0.60-1.14SBNG358 8707-0.08-0.42-1.65SBNG499 88010.48-0.05-1.00dSy2704 88020.180.28-1.11dLNR517 88070.10-0.49···SBNG231 90010.97±0.020.08±0.01-1.3±0.8Sy2470 90040.02±0.07-0.20±0.01-1.1±0.2LNR441 90090.21±0.01-0.61±0.03-1.4±0.5SBNG359 97050.23±0.06-0.28±0.04···LNR397 97060.40±0.04-0.26±0.03···Sy2394
Table3.Fraction of activity types
all in group in core
Table4.Classi?cation of activity type
HCG core halo
#(1)(2)(3)(4)(1)(2)(3)(4) Activity types:(1)=AGN;(2)=LLAGN;(3)=HII-SBNG;(4)=no emission.
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The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because
【摘要】黄自先生是我国杰出的音乐家，他以艺术歌曲的创作最为代表。而黄自先生特别强调了钢琴伴奏对于艺术歌曲组成的重要性。本文是以黄自先生创作的具有爱国主义和人道主义的艺术歌曲《天伦歌》为研究对象，通过对作品分析，归纳钢琴伴奏的弹奏方法与特点，并总结黄自先生的艺术成就与贡献。 【关键词】艺术歌曲；和声；伴奏织体；弹奏技巧 一、黄自艺术歌曲《天伦歌》的分析 （一）《天伦歌》的人文及创作背景。黄自的艺术歌曲《天伦歌》是一首具有教育意义和人道主义精神的作品。同时，它也具有民族性的特点。这首作品是根据联华公司的影片《天伦》而创作的主题曲，也是我国近代音乐史上第一首为电影谱写的艺术歌曲。作品创作于我国政治动荡、经济不稳定的30年代，这个时期，这种文化思潮冲击着我国各个领域，连音乐艺术领域也未幸免――以《毛毛雨》为代表的黄色歌曲流传广泛，对人民大众，尤其是青少年的不良影响极其深刻，黄自为此担忧，创作了大量艺术修养和文化水平较高的艺术歌曲。《天伦歌》就是在这样的历史背景下创作的，作品以孤儿失去亲人的苦痛为起点，发展到人民的发愤图强，最后升华到博爱、奋起的民族志向，对青少年的爱国主义教育有着重要的影响。 （二）《天伦歌》曲式与和声。《天伦歌》是并列三部曲式，为a+b+c，最后扩充并达到全曲的高潮。作品中引子和coda所使用的音乐材料相同，前后呼应，合头合尾。这首艺术歌曲结构规整，乐句进行的较为清晰，所使用的节拍韵律符合歌词的特点，如三连音紧密连接，为突出歌词中号召的力量等。 和声上，充分体现了中西方作曲技法融合的创作特性。使用了很多七和弦。其中，一部分是西方的和声，一部分是将我国传统的五声调式中的五个音纵向的结合，构成五声性和弦。与前两首作品相比，《天伦歌》的民族性因素增强，这也与它本身的歌词内容和要弘扬的爱国主义精神相对应。 （三）《天伦歌》的伴奏织体分析。《天伦歌》的前奏使用了a段进唱的旋律发展而来的，具有五声调性特点，增添了民族性的色彩。在作品的第10小节转调入近关系调，调性的转换使歌曲增添抒情的情绪。这时的伴奏加强和弦力度，采用切分节奏，节拍重音突出，与a段形成强弱的明显对比，突出悲壮情绪。 c段的伴奏采用进行曲的风格，右手以和弦为主，表现铿锵有力的进行。右手为上行进行，把全曲推向最高潮。左手仍以柱式和弦为主，保持节奏稳定。在作品的扩展乐段，左手的节拍低音上行与右手的八度和弦与音程对应，推动音乐朝向宏伟、壮丽的方向进行。coda 处，与引子材料相同，首尾呼应。 二、《天伦歌》实践研究 《天伦歌》是具有很强民族性因素的作品。所谓民族性，体现在所使用的五声性和声、传统歌词韵律以及歌曲段落发展等方面上。 作品的整个发展过程可以用伤感――悲壮――兴奋――宏达四个过程来表述。在钢琴伴奏弹奏的时候，要以演唱者的歌唱状态为中心，选择合适的伴奏音量、音色和音质来配合，做到对演唱者的演唱同步，并起到连接、补充、修饰等辅助作用。 作品分为三段，即a+b+c+扩充段落。第一段以五声音阶的进行为主，表现儿童失去父母的悲伤和痛苦，前奏进入时要弹奏的使用稍凄楚的音色，左手低音重复进行，在弹奏完第一个低音后，要迅速的找到下一个跨音区的音符；右手弹奏的要有棱角，在前奏结束的时候第四小节的t方向的延音处，要给演唱者留有准备。演唱者进入后，左手整体的踏板使用的要连贯。随着作品发展，伴奏与旋律声部出现轮唱的形式，要弹奏的流动性强，稍突出一些。后以mf力度出现的具有转调性质的琶音奏法，要弹奏的如流水般连贯。在重复段落，即“小
The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中
我国艺术歌曲钢琴伴奏-精 2020-12-12 【关键字】传统、作风、整体、现代、快速、统一、发展、建立、了解、研究、特点、突出、关键、内涵、情绪、力量、地位、需要、氛围、重点、需求、特色、作用、结构、关系、增强、塑造、借鉴、把握、形成、丰富、满足、帮助、发挥、提高、内心 【摘要】艺术歌曲中，伴奏、旋律、诗歌三者是不可分割的重 要因素，它们三个共同构成一个统一体，伴奏声部与声乐演唱处于 同样的重要地位。形成了人声与器乐的巧妙的结合，即钢琴和歌唱 的二重奏。钢琴部分的音乐使歌曲紧密的联系起来，组成形象变化 丰富而且不中断的套曲，把音乐表达的淋漓尽致。 【关键词】艺术歌曲；钢琴伴奏；中国艺术歌曲 艺术歌曲中，钢琴伴奏不是简单、辅助的衬托，而是根据音乐 作品的内容为表现音乐形象的需要来进行创作的重要部分。准确了 解钢琴伴奏与艺术歌曲之间的关系,深层次地了解其钢琴伴奏的风 格特点,能帮助我们更为准确地把握钢琴伴奏在艺术歌曲中的作用 和地位，从而在演奏实践中为歌曲的演唱起到更好的烘托作用。 一、中国艺术歌曲与钢琴伴奏 “中西结合”是中国艺术歌曲中钢琴伴奏的主要特征之一，作 曲家们将西洋作曲技法同中国的传统文化相结合，从开始的借鉴古 典乐派和浪漫主义时期的创作风格，到尝试接近民族乐派及印象主 义乐派的风格，在融入中国风格的钢琴伴奏写作，都是对中国艺术 歌曲中钢琴写作技法的进一步尝试和提高。也为后来的艺术歌曲写 作提供了更多宝贵的经验，在长期发展中，我国艺术歌曲的钢琴伴 奏也逐渐呈现出多姿多彩的音乐风格和特色。中国艺术歌曲的钢琴
写作中，不可忽略的是钢琴伴奏织体的作用，因此作曲家们通常都以丰富的伴奏织体来烘托歌曲的意境，铺垫音乐背景，增强音乐感染力。和声织体，复调织体都在许多作品中使用，较为常见的是综合织体。这些不同的伴奏织体的歌曲，极大限度的发挥了钢琴的艺术表现力，起到了渲染歌曲氛围，揭示内心情感，塑造歌曲背景的重要作用。钢琴伴奏成为整体乐思不可缺少的部分。优秀的钢琴伴奏织体，对发掘歌曲内涵，表现音乐形象，构架诗词与音乐之间的桥梁等方面具有很大的意义。在不断发展和探索中，也将许多伴奏织体使用得非常娴熟精确。 二、青主艺术歌曲《我住长江头》中钢琴伴奏的特点 《我住长江头》原词模仿民歌风格，抒写一个女子怀念其爱人的深情。青主以清新悠远的音乐体现了原词的意境，而又别有寄寓。歌调悠长，但有别于民间的山歌小曲；句尾经常出现下行或向上的拖腔，听起来更接近于吟哦古诗的意味，却又比吟诗更具激情。钢琴伴奏以江水般流动的音型贯穿全曲，衬托着气息宽广的歌唱，象征着绵绵不断的情思。由于运用了自然调式的旋律与和声，显得自由舒畅，富于浪漫气息，并具有民族风味。最有新意的是，歌曲突破了“卜算子”词牌双调上、下两阕一般应取平行反复结构的惯例，而把下阕单独反复了三次，并且一次比一次激动，最后在全曲的高音区以ff结束。这样的处理突出了思念之情的真切和执著，并具有单纯的情歌所没有的昂奋力量。这是因为作者当年是大革命的参加者，正被反动派通缉，才不得不以破格的音乐处理，假借古代的
定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...
“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法
不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.
表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法
The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.
way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；
t h e-w a y-的用法
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。
way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句
t h e_w a y的用法大全
The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课.
The way的用法及其含义（三） 三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。
一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle.
在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms.
“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。
The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。