一、重点单词
1.家人
relative, cousin, nephew, niece, ancestor, generation, twin, household
2.熟人和周围的人
acquaintance, neighbor, hostess, host, guest, fellow
3.人与人之间的关系
distant, adopt, loyal, separate, associate, maid, bother, share, private, personal, quarrel, respect, close, familiar, harmony, split, dependent, inherit, abandon, accompany, company, mourn, appreciate, marriage, engage, wedding, divorce, funeral, bride, bridegroom, marry, couple, single, deliver, spoil, misunderstand, bury, blame, devote, community, treat, abuse
4.其他
bachelor, widow, envelope, anniversary
二、高频短语
1.be concerned for/about对……担心/关心
2.be familiar to为……所熟悉
3.be on good terms (with sb.)(与某人)关系好
4.break up分手；解散；结束
5.bring up养育；抚养；教育
6.depend/rely on依靠；相信，信赖
7.fit in with与……相适应/相融洽
8.get on/along well with sb.与某人相处融洽
9.go wrong出毛病；弄错
10.have...in common (with)(与……)有共同之处
11.get in touch with与……取得联系
12.make up和解；和好；化妆；编造
13.generation gap代沟
14.split up分手
15.get together相聚
16.pass away去世
17.make friends (with sb.)(和某人)交朋友
18.go one’s separate ways分道扬镳
19.look after/take care of/attend to照顾
20.support a family养活一家人
21.turn to sb.for help向某人求助
22.take/follow one’s advice听取某人的劝告
23.be honored as/to be被誉为……
24.put one’s heart into专心于……
25.live a happy/hard life过着幸福/艰难的生活
26.devote one’s life to致力于……
27.have a talent for有……天赋
28.be born in/into a wealthy family出生于富裕家庭
29.a married man/woman已婚男子/女子
30.take an active part in积极参加
三、常考佳句
1.Only in these ways can we win others’ respect and friendship.
只有这样，我们才能赢得别人的尊敬和友谊。
2.To get along well with others and win their friendships，we must observe the following rules strictly.
要想与别人相处得好，赢得他们的友谊，我们必须严格遵守下列规则。
3.Get along well with others，and you will enjoy yourself every day and succeed when you do anything.
和别人相处融洽，你就会每天都快乐，并且当你做任何事情的时候都会成功。
4.Accompanied by his friends，he went to the teacher’s office to admit that he had done wrong. 在朋友的陪同下，他去老师的办公室承认他做错了。
5.In your last letter you talked about your recent worry about your studies，mentioning that your deskmate often interrupted you by asking questions.
在上一封信中你谈到最近对课业的担心，提及你的同桌经常问问题打扰你。
6.Ever since I graduated from high school twenty years ago，I have been in touch with my English teacher.
高中毕业20年来，我一直与我的英语老师保持着联系。
7.Born in a small town in 1812，Charles Dickens was able to attend school for only two years.
查尔斯·狄更斯于1812年出生在一个小镇上，他只上了两年学。
8.He is considered to be one of the greatest scientists in China.
他被认为是中国最伟大的科学家之一。
9.Like father，like son.有其父必有其子。
10.Many hands make light work.众人拾柴火焰高。
Ⅰ.根据英文释义和首字母提示写出单词
1.distant：not wanting a close relationship with sb.
2.adopt：to take sb.into one’s family and become one’s child or heir
3.deliver：to take goods，letters，packages etc.to a particular place or person
4.acquaintance：a person that you have met but do not know well
5.divorce：to end one’s marriage by an official or a legal process
6.abandon：to leave a place，thing or person forever
7.familiar：easy to recognize because of being seen，met，heard，etc.before
8.relative：a member of your family
9.widow：a woman whose husband has died and who has not married again
10.quarrel：to have an argument
Ⅱ.用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.We must promote commerce with neighboring(neighbor) countries.
2.The police found the lost treasure in an abandoned(abandon) well.
3.Relations with our neighbors aren’t very harmonious(harmony) at the moment.
4.I hope you would be more respectful(respect) to your father.
5.All contracts are translated to avoid any misunderstanding(misunderstand) between the companies.
6.Accompanied(accompany) by cheerful music，the children began to dance.
7.Internet users become more dependent(depend) on the Internet to store information.
8.I can’t come to dinner on Tuesday；I’m otherwise engaged(engage).
9.She went to live abroad after the break-up of her marriage(marry).
10.I came to England to make your acquaintance(acquaint).
Ⅲ.选择方框内的短语并用其正确形式填空
1.She is proud that both her children have a talent for music.
2.He put his heart into his work and didn’t notice me.
3.She broke up with her boyfriend last month.
4.He urged all concerned to take an active part in the work.
5.In times of crisis，it’s good to have a friend to turn to.
6.Now that my mother has a telephone，it’s much easier to get in touch with her.
7.We have been on good terms with our neighbors for all these years.
8.Many people are concerned about the pollution of the environment.
9.The voice on the telephone sounded familiar to me.
10.Their marriage was a mismatch and they had little in common.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1.He is loyal to the Party(对党忠诚) and he will always remain so.
2.Having no children of their own they decided to adopt an orphan(领养一个孤儿).
3.Can you have it delivered to me/deliver it to me(把它送来给我) today？I need it as soon as possible.
4.She shares (in) my troubles as well as my joys(与我同甘共苦).
5.The teacher as well as the parents is to blame(该受责备).
6.In the children’s minds summer is associated with(和……有联系) picnics.
7.She treated each of the children to(用……招待) an ice-cream.
8.England is separated from France(和法国隔开) by the Channel.
9.I don’t appreciate being treated(不喜欢被对待) like a second-class citizen.
10.Did you have much bother (in) finding(费了很大的劲才找到) his office?
Ⅴ.根据括号内提示翻译句子
1.如果您能提前告诉我您是否能来，我将不胜感激。(I would appreciate it if...)
I would appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether you will be coming or not.
2.由于沉湎于网络游戏，他考试不及格。(abandon，过去分词短语作状语)
Abandoned to the Internet games，he didn’t pass the exam.
3.他致力于社区活动，受到周围人的赞扬。(devote，现在分词短语作状语)
Devoting himself to community activities，he was praised by the people around.
4.她通晓至少五门外语，但碰巧她对这门语言不熟悉。(familiar)
She is familiar with at least five foreign languages，but it so happens that this language isn’t
familiar to her.
5.她的父母在她还是婴儿的时候就去世了，她是由姑母抚养大的。(bring up)
Her parents died/passed away when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt.
Book 1Unit 1Friendship
1.upset adj.心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的；vt.(upset；upset)使不安；打翻
(1)be upset about/over/at为……心烦/难过
It upsets sb.to do sth./that...让某人心烦的是……
(2)She asked her mother why he did that，and her mother said that the man was homeless and hungry.Hannah was very upset.
汉娜问母亲他为什么那么做，母亲说那个人无家可归，饥肠辘辘。汉娜非常不安。
(2017·北京) 2.ignore vt.不理睬；忽视
(1)I am quite ignorant of/about what they intend to do.(填介词)
(2)However，their remote locations mean that the French law is often ignored or unknown.
但是，由于他们的位置遥远，这就使得法国的法律在此不受重视或不为人所知。(2016·四川) 3.calm adj.平静的；镇静的；vt.& vi.(使)平静；(使)镇静
(1)stay/keep/remain calm保持镇静
(2)I placed the chick in the nest，and it quickly calmed down(安静下来).(2017·全国Ⅰ)
4.concern vt.(使)担忧；涉及；关系到；n.担心；(利害)关系
(1)concerned adj.担心的；有关的
concerning prep.关于
(2)as far as...be concerned 就……来说
be concerned with与……有关
(3)Concerning the toll(通行费) free policy on the express way，what concerns us most is the traffic jams while some are concerned about the safety.(concern)
(4)Others are concerned about/for using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers. 另一些人关心这种需要较少的水和肥料的园艺方法。(2016·全国Ⅱ)
5.series n.连续；系列
用法点拨
(1)come to/into power掌权；上台
beyond one’s power某人力所不能及的
(2)He told her that he would do what he could to prove that he was the man for her.(同义句改写) →He told her that he would do everything in his power to prove that he was the man for her.
熟词生义[写出句子中黑体词的汉语意思]
(3)The tractor is powered by a diesel engine(柴油机).给(车辆或机器)提供动力
7.suffer vt.& vi.遭受；忍受；经历
(1)suffering n.折磨；苦难
(2)The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when they exercise in one place for a long time.(填介词)(2015·湖北)
用法点拨
8.recover vt.& vi.痊愈；恢复；重新获得
(1)recovery n.康复；痊愈；复得
(2)Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required to process the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.(填介词)(2017·全国Ⅰ)
9.exactly adv.确实如此；正是；确切地
(1)not exactly (交际用语)不完全是(对)；(表示强调)并不；并没有
(2)—So you gave her your iPod?
—Not exactly，I lent it to her.
——你把iPod给她了？
——不是，我只是借给她。
10.disagree vi.不同意
You are saying that everyone should be equal，and this is where I disagree.(填连接词)
11.grateful adj.感激的；表示谢意的
(1)be grateful to sb.for (doing) sth.因(做)某事而感激某人
(2)Tanis wrote this letter in order to show how grateful she was to the training center.
Tanis写这封信的目的是为了感谢培训中心对自己的帮助。(2016·北京)
12.dislike n.& vt.厌恶；不喜欢
Some people avoid small talk because they dislike discussing(discuss) things like traffic or weather.
(2015·安徽) 13.tip n.提示；技巧；尖；尖端；小费；vt.倾斜；翻倒
(1)Your name is right on the tip of my tongue.(on the tip of one’s tongue就在嘴边的，差一点就能想起来的)
熟词生义[写出句子中黑体词的汉语意思]
(2)Did you remember to tip the waiter？给小费
1.add up合计
(1)add up to加起来达到；意味着
add to增添
(2)Three added(add) to four makes seven.
熟词生义[写出句子中黑体词的汉语意思]
(3)He added that the theater’s location(位置) was also a reason.(2017·全国Ⅲ) 补充说
2.go through经历；经受；通过；仔细察看；(法案等)通过；用完；耗尽
[写出下列句子中黑体词的汉语意思]
(1)I myself went through this searching process and found something that has changed my experience at college for the better.(2017·全国Ⅰ)经历
(2)He’d gone through all his money by the end of the first week of his holiday.用完
(3)As you go through this book，you will find that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.(2015·湖南)浏览
3.set down放下；记下；登记
set up 搭起；创办
set aside 把……放置一旁；不理会
set out to do(＝set about doing)开始做……
set off for 动身去……
4.on purpose故意
(1)近义词组：by design
反义词组：by chance；by accident；by coincidence
(2)I wasn’t doing anything on purpose to make myself better.
我并没有特意地做什么事来使自己变得更好。(2016·江苏)
5.fall in love with相爱；爱上(表动作)
be in love with相爱；爱上(表状态)
(1)When the author saw the basket in the window，she fell in love with(爱上) it.(2016·浙江)
(2)They have been in love with(相爱) each other for two years.
1.While walking the dog，you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.
遛狗时你不小心把狗松开了，狗被汽车撞了。
[看例句，总结状语从句的省略规则]
(1)A few months later，while eating(＝while she was eating)，she would even turn her back to me.
(2015·四川) 总结：若主、从句主语一致且从句中含有be动词时，则可以省去从句的主语和be动词构成省略。
(2)I hope you could appreciate that I must spare no effort to do well in my final exam if possible(＝if it is possible).(2016·全国Ⅲ)
总结：当从句的主谓是it is/was时，可省去it is/was，构成省略。
2.I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.
我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。用法点拨
(1)It was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors.(2017·天津)
(2)It was at midnight that I came home yesterday.
→It was midnight when I came home yesterday.
(3)She didn’t mention her own plan until near the end of the letter.(用强调句型强调画线部分)
→It was not until near the end of the letter that she mentioned her own plan.
3....it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face...
……这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚……
用法点拨
(1)This is the first time that I have heard(hear) him sing.
(2)It was the third time that the boy had been(be) late.
(3)It is high time that we took/should take(take) immediate action to solve the problem.
(4)There was a time when everyone’s opinion was mine as well.
Book 7Unit 4Sharing
1.relevant adj.有关的；切题的
Many people believe that classical music is not relevant to(和……有关) young people today.
2.adjust vi.& vt.调整；(使)适合
(1)adjust...to...调整……以适应……
adjust to doing...适应做……
(2)He quickly adjusted to the new environment.(同义句改写)
→He made a quick adjustment to the new environment.
3.participate vi.参加；参与
(1)participation n.参加
participant n.参加者
(2)From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in(参加) achieving common goals.(2016·江苏)
4.otherwise conj.否则；不然；adv.用别的方法；其他方面
(1)—Do you have Betty’s phone number?
—Yes.Otherwise，I wouldn’t have been(not，be) able to reach her yesterday.(2017·天津)
(2)He is old and sick；otherwise he would be working(work) right now.
5.privilege n.特权；特别优待
(1)have the privilege to do/of doing...有做……的特权
be/feel privileged to do...做……是荣幸的
(2)We are privileged to have a distinguished guest with us tonight.(同义句改写)
→It is a privilege for us to have a distinguished guest tonight.
6.donate vt.捐赠
(1)Volunteers came with carloads of donated(donate) clothing and toys.(2016·北京)
(2)Donations(donate) began flooding in from hundreds of people.(2017·天津)
7.voluntary adj.自愿的；志愿的；无偿的
(1)volunteer n.志愿者；v.自愿
(2)When 19-year-old Sophia Giorgi said she was thinking of volunteering to help(help) the Make-A-Wish Foundation(基金会)，nobody understood what she was talking about.
8.distribute vt.分配；分发
(1)distribution n.分配；分发；分布状态
(2)I can distribute their letters to my students who are willing to have friends and are in need of practice. 我可以把信分发给那些愿意交朋友，需要练习的学生。
9.security n.安全；保护；保障
10.operate vi.工作；运转；vt.操作
(1)operation n.运转；手术
operator n.(电脑)操作员；接线员
(2)in operation 工作中；起作用；生效
come/go into operation实行；生效
bring/put...into operation实施；使……开始生效
(3)The doctor will operate on her leg tomorrow.(填介词)
用法点拨
1.hear from接到……的信(后跟sb.)
hear of听说
2.(be) dying to极想；渴望
be dying for sth.渴望/想要某物
3.the other day不久前的一天
If it had not been for his invitation the other day，I should not be here now.
如果不是他前几天邀请我，我现在就不会在这里了。(2016·江苏)
4.in need在困难中；在危急中；缺(食物或钱)
(1)If we stay at home，it is comfortable and there is no need to(没必要……) spend money.
(2016·全国Ⅱ) (2)After completing my training，I was sent to the village that was small and desperately in need of(需要……) proper accommodation.
(3)Give the books to the students in need(在困难中).
1.We walked for two and a half hours to get there—first up a mountain to a ridge from where we had fantastic views and then down a steep path to the valley below.
我们步行了两个半小时才到达那里——先爬到了一座山的山脊，从那儿我们欣赏到了优美的
风景，然后又沿着陡峭的山坡到了下面的山谷。
用法点拨
We came a week ago，since when we’ve had no rest.
我们一周前就来了，自那以后就没休息过。
2.The gift you give is not something your loved one keeps but a voluntary contribution towards the lives of people who really need it.
你送的礼物不是给你所爱的人留念的，而是给那些确实有生活需要的人的一项志愿性捐助。用法点拨
Not you but I am to blame.
不是你而是我该受责备。
(2017·全国Ⅱ，B)
I first met Paul Newman in 1968，when George Roy Hill，the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid，introduced us in New York City.When the studio didn’t want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me.I don’t know how many people would have done that；they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference，we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.We were respectful of craft(技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play.Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors：humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection.Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.
We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success，you should put something back—he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill，and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly，but sharing that brought us together.We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
I last saw him a few months ago.He’d been in and out of the hospital.He and I both knew what the deal was，and we didn’t talk about it.Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words.
24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?
A.Paul Newman wanted it.
B.The studio powers didn’t like his agent.
C.He wasn’t famous enough.
D.The director recommended someone else.
答案 C
解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When the studio didn’t want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me.”可知，电影公司想要像保罗那样出名的人，由此可以判断，作者不够出名，故选C项。
25.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?
A.They were of the same age.
B.They worked in the same theater.
C.They were both good actors.
D.They had similar characteristics.
答案 D
解析推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors：humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection.Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.”可知，作者与保罗在荧幕前和荧幕后都很幽默、有进取心，并互开对方的玩笑，即他们两人有相似的性格，故选D项。
26.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Their belief.
B.Their care for children.
C.Their success.
D.Their support for each other.
答案 A
解析代词指代题。根据第三段第一句“We shared the belief that...”以及下面对belief的具体解释可知，画线处是指共同拥有这种“信念”使“我们”两人连在一起，故选A项。
27.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A.To show his love of films.
B.To remember a friend.
C.To introduce a new movie.
D.To share his acting experience.
答案 B
解析写作意图题。本文是按照时间顺序写的，从作者与保罗的最初相见，到友谊慢慢加深，以及几个月前去看望生病的保罗，由此可知作者写此文的目的是回忆一位朋友，故选B项。名师指津
1.抓住主旨大意，理清文章脉络
通过阅读文章可知，本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者和一位著名演员Paul Newman 之间的友谊。
文章的脉络如下：
2.总结解题规律，提高解题能力
深层理解文章，做好推理判断题
推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。此类题目要求通过文章中的文字信息，上下文逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者暗含的意思。解题的关键在于要特别注意文章中能够表明作者观点、立场的动词、名词、形容词和副词等。例如第25题，根据第二段中的“Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors：humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection.Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.”可知，作者与保罗在荧幕前和荧幕后都很幽默、有进取心，并互开对方的玩笑，即他们两人有相似的性格，因此就不难推断出答案为D。
(2017·全国Ⅱ)
Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 36 ，there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.
37 .Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.
When people try to interrupt you，have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then. 38 .It can help to eliminate(消除) future
When you need to talk to someone，don’t do it in your own office. 39 ，it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.
If you have a door to your office，make good use of it. 40 .If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter，excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示) that when the door is closed，you’re not to be disturbed.
A.If you’re busy，don’t feel bad about saying no
B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work
C.Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes
D.If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area
E.It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available
F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you
G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not
语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章主要就如何在工作中避免受到打扰提出了几点建议。
36.答案 B
解析解本题可用关联逻辑法。空格后说“有几种方法来处理这些情况”，B项“当你想在工作中避免受到打扰时”与上下文衔接紧密，故为答案。
37.答案 A
解析解本题可用设题位置法。设空处位于段首，根据后文提到的“告诉对方你很抱歉、向对方解释你有很多事情要做以及另约时间”可知，本段讲述的是在自己很忙的时候不要不好意思拒绝，故选A项。
38.答案 E
解析解本题可用关联逻辑法。空格前说“当人们试图打扰你时，你要确定好时间，让他们知道什么时候回来找你或者你去找他们”，空格后说“这样做能帮你消除未来受到打扰的可能”，E项“让他们知道你什么时候有空非常重要”与上下文衔接紧密，故为答案。
39.答案 D
解析解本题可用词汇锁定法。空格前的“in your own office”与D项中的“in the other person’s office”相对应。D项“如果你在别人的办公室或者公共区域”与空格后的内容衔接紧密，故为答案。
40.答案G
解析解本题可用句意判断法。根据空格前的“如果你的办公室有门，那么就好好利用它”可知，本段主要讲述如何利用办公室的门来避免受到打扰，故选G项。
借助词汇复现，巧解七选五
词汇复现不是指词语的简单再现，而是指某个词语可以以不同的词类、词性、数、格、时态及语态等形式出现。如：read，reading，readers。有时也会以同义词或反义词的形式出现。这是解题的一个很好的判断线索。注意以下几点：
1.做题时，着重阅读选项的前后两句，锁定关键词，然后在选项中找出相关特征词。如第39题，空格前出现了“in your own office”，其中office是提示关键词，与D项中“in the other person’s office”中的office相呼应，由此可以判断出答案为D项。
2.关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词组(如带有形容词的名词词组)、专有名词等。
3.正确选项中的关键词一般重复上一句的关键词，也与下一句的关键词相呼应，或者是与关键词有关联的词。如第40题，空格前一句中提到a door，空格后一句中提到knock(敲门)，所以答案中肯定含有与door相关的词汇，而G项中的open，close正好与此相关，故正确答案为G项。
Ⅰ.词汇积累
1.agent n.代理人；代理商
2.stand up for支持；拥护；坚持
3.be respectful of尊重……
4.dig into挖掘；钻研
5.cut sb.short打断某人
Ⅱ.句式升级
1.Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors.(改为简单句)
Both of us had the qualities and virtues typical of American actors.
2.We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success，you should put something back.(把that从句由同位语改为宾语)
We believed that if you’re fortunate enough to have success，you should put something back.
强化练(一)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2018·安徽皖南八校联考)
He was there every morning，sitting motionless on the front steps of his house.In the morning light，I could see the shadows that were etched(蚀刻) deep within the lines surrounding his eyes.
Each morning I walked this route with my daughter to her kindergarten class.We were new to the neighborhood so that I didn’t know many of my neighbors.On one beautiful autumn morning，as we passed his house，my daughter called out to him，“Hi，Mr Man！” Always the outgoing child，I wasn’t surprised at her enthusiasm.But her cheerfulness soon faded when the man didn’t look at her and say “Hi” back.
As we continued on our walk to school，my daughter asked why the man didn’t want to say hi to her.Because I didn’t have an answer，I said simply，“Maybe he is having a bad day.”Later I knew that Bob lost his wife in a car accident.
A few days later，as we approached Bob’s house on our way to school，my daughter called out “Hi，Mr Man！” and as usual，he didn’t respond.But then she ran onto his front lawn and picked up a beautiful red autumn leaf.She continued up one step and handed it to him.I held my breath.
As she skipped back to me，she said，“See you tomorrow，Mr Man！” This time，he acknowledged her.In a soft gentle voice，he thanked her and said，“See you tomorrow.”
From then on，Bob and my daughter exchanged greetings each morning.Our friendship with Bob continued for many years.But，the sweetest day is when Bob attended my daughter’s high school graduation.Bob gave my daughter a gift—a book on identifying various plants and trees.There，tucked in the pages that described an oak tree，was the leaf my daughter had given to Mr Man when they first met.He had dried and pressed it and kept it all those years.
1.What puzzled the girl?
A.The cause of the man’s sadness.
B.The shadows in the man’s eyes.
C.The man’s sitting still on the steps.
D.The man’s not answering her greeting.
答案 D
解析细节理解题。根据第三段第一句中的“...my daughter asked why the man didn’t want to say hi to her.”可知，女孩对于那个男人不和她打招呼很困惑。故选D。
2.How did the author feel when his daughter gave a red leaf to the man?
A.Proud.
B.Nervous.
C.Embarrassed.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e68213364.html,fortable.
答案 B
解析推理判断题。根据第四段最后两句“She continued up one step and handed it to him.I held my breath.”可知，当作者的女儿捡起一片红色的秋叶给那个男人时，作者屏住了呼吸。再根据前文可知，这个男人在车祸中失去了妻子，女儿以前和他打招呼他都没有回应，所以作者是紧张的心理。故选B。
3.Why did Bob keep that little red leaf?
A.It was a care from a girl.
B.It was a symbol of enthusiasm.
C.It was a reminder of his painful days.
D.It represented the knowledge of trees.
答案 A
解析推理判断题。根据文中所述可知Bob在车祸中失去妻子之后，心情极度低落，而作者的女儿却与他打招呼，即使他没有反应，甚至送给他一片红色的秋叶，这一切都表达了小姑娘对他的关心。故选A。
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.A Simple Red Leaf
B.A Strange Neighbor
C.An Unusual Friend
D.A Greeting from a Girl
答案 A
解析标题归纳题。根据文章内容可知，作者的女儿送给Bob一片红色的秋叶才打破了僵局，也温暖了Bob的心。所以最好的标题是A。
B
(2018·山东菏泽七县一中期中)
As more people opt for the single life，adult friendships also grow more important.For people in relationships，having a reliable group is important，too—your mate will be much happier if you’re spreading your anxieties beyond his or her ears and you will also feel better.
In a recent study，researchers made some fascinating findings about how “who we are”informs the friendships we hold.The study was based on the most popular personality construct in contemporary psychology，the Big 5 personality traits(特征)：extraversion，or how much you love attention and interacting with people；neuroticism，or how easily worried you are by things; agreeableness，or how warm and kind you are; conscientiousness，or how careful you are about life’s many duties; and openness to experience，or how much you’re into discovering new things，whether they’re ideas，people，or places.
For their study，the research team recruited 434 students.They took a personality questionnaire in the lab，then rated how satisfied they were with their friends and their life overall，and then researchers asked them to recommend half a dozen friends to rate their personality.Gathering these ratings together，the researchers found that openness to experience didn’t have anything to do with friendship satisfaction，at least in this study.Neuroticism was linked to lower satisfaction (probably because emotionally unstable people may be dramatic or hard to please，at least in my personal experience).But having high scores in the three remaining sunny traits—conscientiousness，extra version，and agreeableness—predicted higher friendship satisfaction.However，it’s a pretty intuitive(直觉的) result，since it’s easy to be friends with someone who’s always on time，always saying that you’re right，and always up to hang out.But if you don’t exactly identify with all that，fear not：Your personality is so much more than your traits.
语篇解读这篇文章通过调查研究讨论了性格和友谊之间的关系。
5.What does the author think of the friendship?
A.It is helpful to dating and work.
B.It can relieve your negative emotions.
C.It has nothing to do with personality.
D.It is based on the 5 popular personality traits.
答案 B
解析细节理解题。由第一段中的“your mate will be much happier if you’re spreading your anxieties beyond his or her ears and you will also feel better”可知作者认为友谊可以减轻你的负面情绪。选B。
6.What does the underlined word “neuroticism” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.Determination.
B.Nervousness.
C.Hesitation.
D.Optimism.
答案 B
解析词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的“or how easily worried you are by things”可推断出“neuroticism”的意思是“神经过敏”。选B。
7.What opinion does the author hold?
A.It’s hard to please emotionally unstable people.
B.A punctual person can surely make more friends.
C.Friends are more important than families for single persons.
D.The five traits are equally demanded in getting higher friendship satisfaction.
答案 A
解析细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“probably because emotionally unstable people may be
dramatic or hard to please，at least in my personal experience”可知作者认为很难让情感不稳定的人高兴。选A。
C
(2017·山东费县二中月考)
Integrity
Integrity is the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right.The concept of integrity has played a key role in moral philosophy throughout history and is promoted in all societies because of its importance to social relations.Individual integrity is vital to society，one that enables people to make use of their capacity for critical reflection，does not force people to take up particular roles and does not encourage individuals to betray each other.Besides，societies can be favorable to the development of individual integrity.
Individual integrity can lift up the spirits of the entire society.It can shape the lives of people living in a particular society，the lives of all fellow people and，in its broadest sense，even the destiny(命运) of a nation.By contrast，if those living in the society are corrupt，it could have bad effects，jeopardizing the healthy morality of the society.
On the other hand，a society can be favorable to the development of individual integrity.Society expects and requires integrity.A society consisting of people of integrity，and people who never compromise on their principles，could have a positive mark on the personal development of its members.Being a part of such a morally lively community could serve as a basis for absorbing traits of good character.This could be of a distinct advantage to any individuals in the society.
However，some social structures are of the wrong sort for some individuals to pursue(追求) integrity.If that is the case，we have to ask questions about the moral nature of society first before raising questions about individual integrity.Questions about integrity may turn out to be about what kind of society it is，rather than about the relationship between individual interests and characteristics of a society.The pursuit of adequate individual integrity often depends，not so much on understanding who one is and what one believes and is committed to，but rather understanding what one’s society is and imagining what it could be.
Under no circumstances can we underestimate the importance of human integrity in a society.People，who are honest，trustworthy，compassionate and caring，are the factors decisive in the growth of individuals as well as the development of a society.
8.Individual integrity has been valued in society because .
第5讲氧化还原反应的计算及方程式的配平 [考纲要求] 1.掌握常见氧化还原反应的配平和相关计算。2.能利用得失电子守恒原理进行相关计算。 考点一氧化还原反应方程式的配平方法 氧化还原反应的实质是反应过程中发生了电子转移，而氧化剂得电子总数(或元素化合价降低总数)必然等于还原剂失电子总数(或元素化合价升高总数)，根据这一原则可以对氧化还原反应的化学方程式进行配平。 配平的步骤： (1)标好价：正确标出反应前后化合价有变化的元素的化合价。 (2)列变化：列出元素化合价升高和降低的数值。 (3)求总数：求元素化合价升高和降低的总数，确定氧化剂、还原剂、氧化产物、还原产物的化学计量数。 (4)配系数：用观察法配平其他各物质的化学计量数。 (5)细检查：利用“守恒”三原则(即质量守恒、得失电子守恒、电荷守恒)，逐项检查配平的方程式是否正确。 [典例]根据FeS2＋O2―→Fe2O3＋SO2，回答下列问题： (1)氧化剂________，还原剂________，氧化产物________，还原产物________。 (2)元素化合价升高的元素为________，元素化合价降低的元素为________。 (3)1“分子”还原剂化合价升高总数为________，1“分子”氧化剂化合价降低总数为________。 (4)配平后各物质的系数依次为____________________。 答案(1)O2FeS2Fe2O3、SO2Fe2O3、SO2 (2)Fe、S O(3)114 (4)4、11、2、8 失误防范配平氧化还原反应方程式的关键是正确标出化合价，找准1“分子”氧化剂化合价降低总数，1“分子”还原剂化合价升高总数，在计算时，往往容易忽略氧化剂、还原剂中的粒子个数。 题组一正向配平类
必修一Unit 1Friendship Ⅰ.常考单词必背 1．upset adj.心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的vt.(upset，upset) 使不安；使心烦；打翻，碰倒；打乱 She was upset about losing her job. 她正为失去工作而心烦意乱。 Losing the ring upset her very much. 遗失戒指使她很心烦意乱。 [快速闪记] be upset about/over/at sth 为某事心烦 upset oneself about sth 为某事而烦恼 2．ignore vt.不理睬；忽视 Either she didn't see me wave or she ignored me on purpose.要么她没看见我招手，要么就是故意不理我。 [快速闪记] ignorant adj.不了解的，无知的 ignorance n．不了解，无知 3．concern vt.(使)担忧；涉及；关系到n．担心；关注；(利害)关系 The accident was concerned with the bus driver. 这次事故与公交车司机有关。 There is some cause for concern but no need for alarm. 是有点令人忧虑，但不必惊慌。 [快速闪记] concerned adj.担心的；关注的 be concerned about/for关心；担忧；挂念
be concerned with牵涉到……，与……有关 as/so far as...be concerned关于；至于；就……而言 4．power n．能力；力量；权力 The power was cut off and the street was entirely in darkness.断电后街道完全陷入了黑暗。 She was the one who had the power to hire or fire people.有权雇用或解雇人的是她。[快速闪记] (1)come to power上台，当权，表示动作，不能和一段时间连用。 (2)be in power当权，执政，表示状态，可以和一段时间连用。 (3)have the power to do sth 具有做某事的能力、权力 beyond/out of one's power某人力所不能及 5．settle vi.安家；定居；停留vt.使定居；安排；解决 They calmed down and settled their problem soon. 他们镇静下来并很快把问题解决了。 Mr.Wang settled down in America soon after he got there.王先生到美国后不久就定居下来了。 [快速闪记] (1)settle down舒适地坐下；安静下来；定居下来 settle down to sth/doing sth开始认真对待某事；定下心来做某事 (2)settlement n．解决；协议 6．suffer vt.& vi.遭受；忍受；经历 We'll suffer hunger one day if we don't care about the farmland.如果我们不关注农田，将来我们会挨饿的。 [快速闪记] suffering n．痛苦；苦难sufferer n．患病者；受难者 7．pack vi.& vt.捆扎；包装；打行李n．小包；包裹 As soon as I graduated，I packed my bags and moved to the west of China.一毕业我就收拾行李去了中国西部。 A pack of reporters were waiting outside for the latest news.一群记者在外面等待最
选修4－5不等式选讲 1．两个实数大小关系的基本事实 a>b?________；a＝b?________；a
5．基本不等式 (1)定理：如果a ，b ∈R ，那么a 2＋b 2≥2ab ，当且仅当a ＝b 时，等号成立． (2)定理(基本不等式)：如果a ，b >0，那么a ＋b 2________ab ，当且仅当________时，等号成 立．也可以表述为：两个________的算术平均________________它们的几何平均． (3)利用基本不等式求最值 对两个正实数x ，y ， ①如果它们的和S 是定值，则当且仅当________时，它们的积P 取得最________值； ②如果它们的积P 是定值，则当且仅当________时，它们的和S 取得最________值． 6．三个正数的算术—几何平均不等式 (1)定理 如果a ，b ，c 均为正数，那么a ＋b ＋c 3________3 abc ，当且仅当________时，等号 成立． 即三个正数的算术平均____________它们的几何平均． (2)基本不等式的推广 对于n 个正数a 1，a 2，…，a n ，它们的算术平均__________它们的几何平均，即 a 1＋a 2＋…＋a n n ________n a 1a 2…a n ， 当且仅当________________时，等号成立． 7．柯西不等式 (1)设a ，b ，c ，d 均为实数，则(a 2＋b 2)(c 2＋d 2)≥(ac ＋bd )2，当且仅当ad ＝bc 时等号成立． (2)设a 1，a 2，a 3，…，a n ，b 1，b 2，b 3，…，b n 是实数，则(a 21＋a 22＋…＋a 2n )(b 21＋b 22＋…＋b 2 n )≥(a 1b 1 ＋a 2b 2＋…＋a n b n )2，当且仅当b i ＝0(i ＝1,2，…，n )或存在一个数k ，使得a i ＝kb i (i ＝1,2，…，n )时，等号成立． (3)柯西不等式的向量形式：设α，β是两个向量，则|α·β|≤|α||β|，当且仅当β是零向量，或存在实数k ，使α＝k β时，等号成立． 8．证明不等式的方法 (1)比较法 ①求差比较法 知道a >b ?a －b >0，a b ，只要证明________即可，这种方法称为求差比较法． ②求商比较法 由a >b >0?a b >1且a >0，b >0，因此当a >0，b >0时要证明a >b ，只要证明________即可，这 种方法称为求商比较法．
第1讲探究型实验题 热点一未知产物及物质性质的探究 1．对未知产物的探究 通过化学反应原理猜测可能生成哪些物质，对这些物质逐一进行检验来确定究竟含有哪些物质。正确解答此类试题的关键：(1)猜测要全面；(2)熟记常见物质的检验方法。
4 (2)在烧杯中加入热水(或对烧杯加热)c (3)取少量溶液于试管中，加入KSCN溶液，溶液变成血红色，则有Fe3＋取少量溶液滴入适 量酸性高锰酸钾溶液中，高锰酸钾溶液褪色，则有Fe2＋a(4)b 11m－4n 14n 2．物质性质的探究 无机物、有机物性质的探究，必须在牢牢掌握元素化合物知识的基础上，大胆猜想，细心论证。 对物质性质探究的基本思路如下：
题组一 未知产物的探究 1．实验室中需要22.4 L(标准状况)SO 2气体。化学小组同学依据化学方程式Zn ＋2H 2SO 4(浓)=====△ZnSO 4＋SO 2↑＋2H 2O 计算后，取65.0 g 锌粒与98%的浓H 2SO 4(ρ＝1.84 g·cm －3)110 mL 充分反应，锌全部溶解，对于制得的气体，有同学认为可能混有杂质。 (1)化学小组所制得的气体中混有的主要杂质气体可能是______(填分子式)。产生这种结果的主要原因是________(用化学方程式和必要的文字加以说明)。 (2)为证实相关分析，化学小组的同学设计了实验，组装了如下装置，对所制取的气体进行探究。
①装置B中加入的试剂为________，作用是________。 ②装置D加入的试剂为________________，装置F加入的试剂为________________。 ③可证实一定量的锌粒和一定量的浓硫酸反应后生成的气体中混有某杂质气体的实验现象是________。 ④U形管G的作用为________。 答案(1)H2随着反应的进行，硫酸浓度降低，致使锌与稀硫酸反应生成H2：Zn＋H2SO4===ZnSO4＋H2↑ (2)①NaOH溶液(或酸性KMnO4溶液，其他合理答案也可) 除去混合气体中的SO2②浓硫酸无水硫酸铜 ③装置E玻璃管中黑色CuO粉末变红色，干燥管F中无水硫酸铜变蓝色 ④防止空气中的H2O进入干燥管F而影响杂质气体的检验 解析(1)从物质的量关系来看，发生反应Zn＋2H2SO4(浓)===ZnSO4＋SO2↑＋2H2O，H2SO4略过量，但是实际上随着反应的进行，硫酸的浓度降低；当硫酸的浓度降到一定程度，反应变为Zn＋H2SO4===ZnSO4＋H2↑。(2)该实验的目的是为了通过加热还原CuO验证H2的存在，通过F装置进一步确认有H2O生成；具体的实验装置及作用是A—产生待研究的气体，B—除去气体中的SO2(可以利用SO2的性质选取NaOH溶液或酸性高锰酸钾溶液)，C—验证SO2已除尽，D—干燥气体，E—若有H2，则加热E玻璃管，CuO固体由黑色变为红色，F—利用无水硫酸铜吸水变蓝进一步确定气体中H2的存在，G—防止空气中的水蒸气进入F装置而干扰实验。
选修4－4 坐标系与参数方程 1．极坐标系 (1)极坐标系的建立：在平面上取一个定点O ，叫做________，从O 点引一条射线Ox ，叫做________，再选定一个长度单位、一个角度单位(通常取弧度)及其正方向(通常取逆时针方向)，这样就确定了一个极坐标系． 设M 是平面内一点，极点O 与点M 的距离OM 叫做点M 的________，记为ρ，以极轴Ox 为始边，射线OM 为终边的角叫做点M 的极角，记为θ.有序数对(ρ，θ)叫做点M 的极坐标，记作M (ρ，θ)． (2)极坐标与直角坐标的关系：把直角坐标系的原点作为极点，x 轴的正半轴作为极轴，并在两种坐标系中取相同的长度单位，设M 是平面内任意一点，它的直角坐标是(x ，y )，极坐标为(ρ，θ)，则它们之间的关系为x ＝______，y ＝________. 另一种关系为ρ2＝________，tan θ＝________. 2．简单曲线的极坐标方程 (1)直线的极坐标方程 θ＝α (ρ∈R )表示过极点且与极轴成α角的直线； ρcos θ＝a 表示过(a,0)且垂直于极轴的直线； ρsin θ＝b 表示过??? ?b ，π 2且平行于极轴的直线； ρsin(α－θ)＝ρ1sin(α－θ1)表示过(ρ1，θ1)且与极轴成α角的直线方程． (2)圆的极坐标方程 ρ＝2r cos θ表示圆心在(r,0)，半径为|r |的圆； ρ＝2r sin θ表示圆心在????r ，π 2，半径为|r |的圆； ρ＝r 表示圆心在极点，半径为|r |的圆． 3．曲线的参数方程
在平面直角坐标系xOy 中，如果曲线上任意一点的坐标x ，y 都是某个变量t 的函数? ???? x ＝f (t )， y ＝g (t ). 并且对于t 的每一个允许值上式所确定的点M (x ，y )都在这条曲线上，则称上式为该曲线的________________，其中变量t 称为________． 4．一些常见曲线的参数方程 (1)过点P 0(x 0，y 0)，且倾斜角为α的直线的参数方程为________________(t 为参数)． (2)圆的方程(x －a )2＋(y －b )2＝r 2的参数方程为________________________(θ为参数)． (3)椭圆方程x 2a 2＋y 2 b 2＝1(a >b >0)的参数方程为________________(θ为参数)． (4)抛物线方程y 2＝2px (p >0)的参数方程为________________(t 为参数)． 1．在极坐标系中，直线ρsin(θ＋π 4 )＝2被圆ρ＝4截得的弦长为________． 2．极坐标方程ρ＝sin θ＋2cos θ能表示的曲线的直角坐标方程为____________________． 3．已知点P (3，m )在以点F 为焦点的抛物线? ???? x ＝4t 2 ， y ＝4t (t 为参数)上，则PF ＝________. 4．直线? ???? x ＝－1＋t sin 40° ，y ＝3＋t cos 40°(t 为参数)的倾斜角为________． 5．已知曲线C 的参数方程是? ???? x ＝3t ， y ＝2t 2 ＋1(t 为参数)．则点M 1(0,1)，M 2(5,4)在曲线C 上的是________． 题型一 极坐标与直角坐标的互化 例1 在直角坐标系xOy 中，以O 为极点，x 轴正半轴为极轴建立极坐标系．曲线C 的极坐标方程为ρcos(θ－π 3)＝1，M ，N 分别为C 与x 轴、y 轴的交点． (1)写出C 的直角坐标方程，并求M 、N 的极坐标；
第1讲 化学实验基础知识和技能 [考纲要求] 1.了解化学实验室常用仪器的主要用途和使用方法。2.掌握化学实验的基本操作，能识别药品安全使用标志。3.了解实验室一般事故的预防和处理方法。 考点一 常用化学仪器的识别与使用 1．可加热的仪器 (1)仪器①的名称为试管，加热液体时，液体体积不能超过其容积的13 ，加热固体时，试管口应略向下倾斜。 (2)仪器②的名称为蒸发皿。使用方法：蒸发浓缩时要用玻璃棒搅拌。 (3)仪器③的名称为坩埚。使用方法：用于固体物质灼烧，把坩埚放在三脚架上的泥三角上加热，取放坩埚必须使用坩埚钳，加热完的坩埚应放在石棉网上冷却。 (4)仪器④的名称为圆底烧瓶。使用方法：a.常用于组装有液体参与反应的反应器；b.加热液 体时，不能超过其容积的12 。 (5)仪器⑤的名称为锥形瓶。使用方法：a.可用于组装气体发生器；b.用于滴定操作；c.作蒸馏装置的接收器。 收集：樱满唯
(6)仪器⑥的名称为烧杯。使用方法：a.可用于物质的溶解与稀释；b.用于称量具有腐蚀性的固体药品；c.组装水浴加热装置。 2．常用的计量仪器 完成下列空白 (1)仪器A的名称：量筒；用途：量取一定体积的液体；精确度：0.1 mL。 特别提醒①无“0”刻度；②不可加热，不可作反应容器，不可用于溶液的稀释；③选取量筒的规则是“大而近”，例如量取5.6 mL NaOH溶液应选取10 mL量筒，而不能选5 mL 或50 mL 量筒。 (2)仪器B的名称：容量瓶；用途：配制一定物质的量浓度的溶液；该仪器能长时间贮存溶液吗？不能。 (3)仪器C的名称：酸式滴定管。 ①使用前需“查漏”；②“0”刻度在上方；③不可盛装碱性溶液；④精确度：0.01 mL。 (4)仪器D的名称：碱式滴定管。 用于盛装碱性溶液，不可盛装酸性和强氧化性液体(如KMnO4溶液)。 (5)仪器E的名称：托盘天平。 ①称量前先调零点；②腐蚀性药品应放于烧杯内称量；③左盘放被称物，右盘放砝码，即“左物右码”；④精确度：0.1 g。 (6)仪器F的名称：温度计。 ①测反应混合液的温度时，温度计的水银球应插入混合液中但不能接触容器内壁；②测蒸汽的温度时，水银球应在液面以上；测馏分温度时，水银球应放在蒸馏烧瓶支管口处。3．常用的分离、提纯仪器
第十二章 推理证明、算法初步、复数 第1讲 归纳与类比一、选择题 1．观察下列事实：|x |＋|y |＝1的不同整数解(x ，y )的个数为4，|x |＋|y |＝2的不同整数解(x ，y )的个数为8，|x |＋|y |＝3的不同整数解(x ，y )的个数为12，…，则|x |＋|y |＝20的不同整数解(x ，y )的个数为 ( )． A ．76 B ．80 C ．86 D ．92解析 由|x |＋|y |＝1的不同整数解的个数为4，|x |＋|y |＝2的不同整数解的个数为8，|x |＋|y |＝3的不同整数解的个数为12，归纳推理得|x |＋|y |＝n 的不同整数解的个数为4n ，故|x |＋|y |＝20的不同整数解的个数为80.故选B.答案 B 2．古希腊人常用小石子在沙滩上摆成各种形状来研究数．比如：他们研究过图1中的1,3,6,10，…，由于这些数能够表示成三角形，将其称为三角形数；类似地，称图2中的1,4,9,16，…，这样的数为正方形数．下列数中既是三角形数又是正方形数的是 ( )．A ．289 B ．1 024C ．1 225 D ．1 378解析 观察三角形数：1,3,6,10，…，记该数列为{a n }，则a 1＝1，a 2＝a 1＋2，a 3＝a 2＋3，…，a n ＝a n －1＋n .∴a 1＋a 2＋…＋a n ＝(a 1＋a 2＋…、管路敷设技术通过管线敷设技术，不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范问题，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程中，要加强看护关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内，强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。、电气课件中调试对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。 、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。
考点一物质分离、提纯的常用方法及装置 1.物质分离、提纯的区别 (1)物质的分离 将混合物的各组分分离开来，获得几种纯净物的过程。 (2)物质的提纯 将混合物中的杂质除去而得到纯净物的过程，又叫物质的净化或除杂。 2.物质分离、提纯的常用方法及装置 (1)常规实验装置 ①过滤：适用条件：不溶性固体和液体的分离。说明：操作中a.一贴：滤纸紧贴漏斗内壁；二低：滤纸上边缘低于漏斗边缘，液面低于滤纸边缘；三靠：烧杯紧靠玻璃棒，玻璃棒轻靠三层滤纸处，漏斗下端尖口处紧靠烧杯内壁；b.若滤液浑浊，需更换滤纸，重新过滤。浑浊
的原因可能是滤纸破损、滤液超过滤纸边缘。 ②蒸发：适用条件：分离易溶性固体的溶质和溶剂。说明：蒸发结晶适用于溶解度随温度变化不大的物质；而对溶解度受温度变化影响较大的固态溶质，采用降温结晶的方法。 在蒸发结晶中应注意：a.玻璃棒的作用：搅拌，防止液体局部过热而飞溅；b.当有大量晶体析出时，停止加热，利用余热蒸干而不能直接蒸干。 ③蒸馏：适用条件：分离沸点相差较大的互溶液体混合物。说明：a.温度计的水银球放在蒸馏烧瓶的支管口处；b.蒸馏烧瓶内要加沸石；c.冷凝管水流方向应为“逆流”。
④萃取和分液：适用条件：分离互不相溶的两种液体。说明：a.溶质在萃取剂中的溶解度大； b.两种液体互不相溶； c.溶质和萃取剂不反应； d.分液时下层液体从下口流出，上层液体从上口倒出。 ⑤升华(如下左图)：适用条件：除去不挥发性杂质或分离不同挥发程度的固体混合物。说明：利用物质升华的性质进行分离，属于物理变化。
⑥洗气(如上右图)：适用条件：除去气体中的杂质气体。说明：长管进气短管出气。 (2)创新实验装置 ①过滤装置的创新——抽滤 由于水流的作用，使图1装置a、b中气体的压强减小，故使过滤速率加快。
§5.4复数
1．复数的有关概念 (1)定义：我们把集合C ＝{a ＋b i|a ，b ∈R }中的数，即形如a ＋b i(a ，b ∈R )的数叫做复数，其中a 叫做复数z 的实部，b 叫做复数z 的虚部(i 为虚数单位)． (2)分类： (3)复数相等：a ＋b i ＝c ＋d i ?a ＝c 且b ＝d (a ，b ，c ，d ∈R )． (4)共轭复数：a ＋b i 与c ＋d i 共轭?a ＝c ，b ＝－d (a ，b ，c ，d ∈R )． (5)模：向量OZ → 的模叫做复数z ＝a ＋b i 的模，记作|a ＋b i|或|z |，即|z |＝|a ＋b i|＝a 2＋b 2(a ，b ∈R )． 2．复数的几何意义 复数z ＝a ＋b i 与复平面内的点Z (a ，b )及平面向量OZ → ＝(a ，b )(a ，b ∈R )是一一对应关系． 3．复数的运算 (1)运算法则：设z 1＝a ＋b i ，z 2＝c ＋d i ，a ，b ，c ，d ∈R .
(2)几何意义：复数加减法可按向量的平行四边形或三角形法则进行． 如图给出的平行四边形OZ 1ZZ 2可以直观地反映出复数加减法的几何意义，即OZ →＝OZ 1→＋OZ 2→ ，Z 1Z 2→＝OZ 2→－OZ 1→.
概念方法微思考 1．复数a＋b i的实部为a，虚部为b吗？ 提示不一定．只有当a，b∈R时，a才是实部，b才是虚部． 2．如何理解复数的加法、减法的几何意义？ 提示复数的加法、减法的几何意义就是向量加法、减法的平行四边形法则．
题组一 思考辨析 1．判断下列结论是否正确(请在括号中打“√”或“×”) (1)复数z ＝a ＋b i(a ，b ∈R )中，虚部为b i.( × ) (2)复数中有相等复数的概念，因此复数可以比较大小．( × ) (3)复平面中原点是实轴与虚轴的交点．( √ ) (4)复数的模实质上就是复平面内复数对应的点到原点的距离，也就是复数对应的向量的模．( √ ) 题组二 教材改编 2．若复数z ＝(x 2－1)＋(x －1)i 为纯虚数，则实数x 的值为( ) A ．－1 B ．0 C ．1 D ．－1或1 答案 A 解析 ∵z 为纯虚数，∴????? x 2－1＝0， x －1≠0， ∴x ＝－1. 3．在复平面内，向量AB →对应的复数是2＋i ，向量CB →对应的复数是－1－3i ，则向量CA → 对应的复数是( ) A ．1－2i B ．－1＋2i C ．3＋4i D ．－3－4i 答案 D 解析 CA →＝CB →＋BA → ＝－1－3i ＋(－2－i)＝－3－4i. 4．若复数z 满足()3＋4i z ＝1－i(i 是虚数单位)，则复数z 的共轭复数z 等于( ) A ．－15－75 i B ．－15＋75 i
第3讲 硫及其化合物 [考纲要求] 1.了解硫及其重要化合物的主要化学性质及应用。2.了解硫的氧化物对大气的污染与防治。 考点一 硫及其氧化物的性质 1.硫单质的性质及应用 (1)硫元素的存在形态 形态— —游离态—火山喷口附近或地壳的岩层里—化合态—主要以硫化物和硫酸盐的形式存在 (2)硫单质的物理性质 硫单质俗称硫黄，是一种淡黄色固体；不溶于水，微溶于酒精，易溶于CS 2；有多种同素异形体，如单斜硫、斜方硫等。 (3)从化合价的角度认识硫单质的化学性质 S －2 ――→ 氧化性 S 0 ――→ 还原性 S ＋ 4 O 2
2.二氧化硫(SO2) (1)物理性质 二氧化硫是无色，有刺激性气味的有毒气体，是大气污染物之一；易溶于水，通常状况下，1体积水溶解约40体积SO2。 (2)化学性质 按要求完成下列方程式：
SO 2 ??????? ?? 酸性氧化物的通性???? ? 与H 2O 反应：SO 2＋H 2O H 2SO 3与NaOH (足量)反应： 2NaOH ＋SO 2===Na 2SO 3＋H 2O 氧化性 (如与H 2 S 溶液反应)： SO 2 ＋2H 2 S===3S ↓＋2H 2 O 还原性??? ?? O 2：2SO 2＋O 2催化剂△ 2SO 3 Cl 2＋H 2O ：Cl 2＋SO 2＋2H 2O===2HCl ＋H 2SO 4 漂白性：可使品红溶液等有机色质褪色生成不稳定 的化合物 3.三氧化硫(SO 3) SO 3在标准状况下为无色、针状晶体，能与水反应：SO 3＋H 2O===H 2SO 4，放出大量的热，SO 3是酸性氧化物，它跟碱性氧化物或碱都能反应生成硫酸盐。 4.硫的氧化物的污染与治理 (1)来源：含硫化石燃料的燃烧及金属矿物的冶炼等。 (2)危害：危害人体健康，形成酸雨(pH 小于5.6)。 (3)治理：燃煤脱硫，改进燃烧技术。 (4)硫酸型酸雨的形成途径有两个： 途径1：空气中飘尘的催化作用，使2SO 2＋O 2催化剂 2SO 3、SO 3＋H 2O===H 2SO 4。 途径2：SO 2＋H 2O H 2SO 3、2H 2SO 3＋O 2===2H 2SO 4。 深度 思考
2015年高中数学步步高大一轮复习讲义(文科)第3讲平面向量 的数量积
第3讲平面向量的数量积 一、选择题 1．设x∈R，向量a＝(x,1)，b＝(1，－2)，且a⊥b，则|a＋b|＝() A.5 B.10 C．2 5 D．10 解析∵a⊥b，∴x－2＝0，∴x＝2.∴|a＋b|＝a2＋b2＋2a·b＝a2＋b2＝4＋1＋1＋4＝10.故选B. 答案 B 2．设向量a＝(1，cos θ)与b＝(－1,2cos θ)垂直，则cos 2θ等于() A. 2 2 B. 1 2 C．0 D．－1 解析∵a⊥b，∴1×(－1)＋cos θ·2cos θ＝0，即2cos2θ－1＝0.又cos 2θ＝2cos2θ－1. 答案 C 3．若向量a，b，c满足a∥b，且a⊥c，则c·(a＋2b)＝ ()．A．4 B．3 C．2 D．0 解析由a∥b及a⊥c，得b⊥c，则c·(a＋2b)＝c·a＋2c·b＝0. 答案 D 4．已知非零向量a，b，c满足a＋b＋c＝0.向量a，b的夹角为60°，且|b|＝|a|，则向量a与c的夹角为() A．60°B．30° C．120°D．150°解析由a＋b＋c＝0得c＝－a－b， ∴|c|2＝|a＋b|2＝|a|2＋|b|2＋2|a||b|cos 60°＝3|a|2， ∴|c|＝3|a|，
又a ·c ＝a ·(－a －b )＝－|a |2－a ·b ＝－|a |2－|a ||b |cos 60°＝－32|a |2. 设a 与c 的夹角为θ， 则cos θ＝a ·c |a ||c |＝ －32|a |2 |a |·3|a |＝－32， ∵0°≤θ≤180°，∴θ＝150°. 答案 D 5．在平面直角坐标系中，O 为坐标原点，已知向量OA →＝(2,2)，OB →＝(4,1)，在x 轴上取一点P ，使AP →·BP →有最小值，则P 点的坐标是 ( )． A ．(－3,0) B ．(2,0) C ．(3,0) D ．(4,0) 解析 设P 点坐标为(x,0)， 则AP →＝(x －2，－2)，BP →＝(x －4，－1)． AP →·BP →＝(x －2)(x －4)＋(－2)×(－1) ＝x 2－6x ＋10＝(x －3)2＋1. 当x ＝3时，AP →·BP →有最小值1. ∴此时点P 坐标为(3,0)，故选C. 答案 C 6．对任意两个非零的平面向量α和β，定义αβ＝α·ββ· β.若平面向量a ，b 满足 |a |≥|b |>0，a 与b 的夹角θ∈? ????0，π4，且a b 和b a 都在集合???? ??n 2| n ∈Z 中，则a b ＝ ( )． A.12 B ．1 C.3 2 D.52 解析 由定义αβ＝α·ββ2可得b a ＝a ·b a 2＝|a |·|b |cos θ|a |2＝|b |cos θ |a |，由|a |≥|b |>0，及
高考真题题组训练(五) Ⅰ.语法填空(2016全国Ⅱ) 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work,you should take a step back and identify(识别) those of 1. (great) and less importance.Then,handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of 2. (achieve). Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 3. (be) often acceptable. Most of us are more focused 4. our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.So,get an early start and try to be as productive 5. possible before lunch.This will give you the confidence you need to get you through the afternoon and go home feeling accomplished. Recent 6. (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks 7. (regular).Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 8. while,exercising,or doing something you enjoy. If you find something you love doing outside of the office,you’ll be less likely 9. (bring) your work home.It could be anything-gardening,cooking,music,sports-but whatever it is,10. (make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about. 语篇解读:这是一篇说明文。该文告诉我们当工作压力大时,应如何缓解压力。 答案及剖析: 1.greater 与less是并列关系,应用比较级。 2.achievement 其前面有介词of,应用名词形式作介词的宾语。 3.is v.-ing 形式作主语,谓语动词应用第三人称单数。全文说明的是一种生活常识,应用一般现在时。 4.on 短语be focused on集中于……大多数人早晨对任务的注意力要比晚些时候的注意力更集中。 5.as 考查固定搭配。短语as...as possible尽可能…… 6.studies 本句的谓语动词是show,说明主语应为复数形式。
[考纲要求] 1.应用离子反应发生的条件，正确判断常见离子在溶液中能否大量共存。2.利用离子的特征反应，能鉴别常见离子以及进行综合推断。 考点一离子共存 1．离子共存问题是离子反应条件和本质的最直接应用 所谓几种离子在同一溶液中能大量共存，就是指离子之间不发生任何反应；若离子之间能发生反应，则不能大量共存。 2．熟记常考离子的性质 注意“两性离子”指既能与酸反应又能与碱反应的离子，一般为多元弱酸的酸式酸根离子。3．常见溶液酸、碱性的判断 酸性溶液：pH<7(常温)；能使pH试纸呈红色的溶液；能使甲基橙呈红色或橙色的溶液；能使石蕊溶液呈红色的溶液。 碱性溶液：pH>7(常温)；能使pH试纸呈蓝色的溶液；能使石蕊溶液呈蓝色的溶液；能使酚酞溶液呈红色的溶液。
呈酸性或碱性的溶液：和Al反应放出H2的溶液(HNO3除外)；能使甲基橙呈黄色的溶液；c(H ＋)水或c(OH－)水等于10－a mol·L－1(a>7)的溶液。 深度思考 (1)OH－不能和________________________________________________________大量共存(填具体离子，下同)。 答案H＋、NH＋4、Fe2＋、Fe3＋、Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Mg2＋、Al3＋、Cr3＋、HCO－3、HS－、HSO－3、H2PO－4、HPO2－4 (2)H＋不能和____________________________________________________大量共存。 答案OH－、CO2－3(HCO－3)、S2－(HS－)、SO2－3(HSO－3)、PO3－4(H2PO－4，HPO2－4)、SiO2－3、AlO－2、ClO－、F－、CH3COO－、NO－2 (3)CO2－3不能和________________________________________________大量共存。 答案H＋、Mg2＋、Ba2＋、Ca2＋、Fe3＋、Al3＋、Fe2＋、Cu2＋ (4)SO2－3不能和__________________________________________大量共存。
2015年高中数学步步高大一轮复习讲义(文科)第三章 3.1
§3.1导数的概念及运算
1．函数y＝f(x)从x0到x1的平均变化率 Δy Δx＝f(x1)－f(x0) x1－x0 ＝ f(x0＋Δx)－f(x0) Δx. 2．函数y＝f(x)在x＝x0处的导数 (1)定义 当x1趋于x0，即Δx趋于0时，如果平均变化率趋于一个固定的值，那么这个值就是函数y＝f(x)在x0点的瞬时变化率．在数学中，称瞬时变化率为函数y＝f(x)在x0点的导 数，通常用符号f′(x0)表示，记作f′(x0)＝lim x1→x0f(x1)－f(x0) x1－x0 ＝lim Δx→0 f(x0＋Δx)－f(x0) Δx. (2)几何意义 函数f(x)在点x0处的导数f′(x0)的几何意义是曲线y＝f(x)在点(x0，f(x0))处的切线的斜率．相应地，切线方程为y－f(x0)＝f′(x0)(x－x0)． 3．函数f(x)的导函数 如果一个函数f(x)在区间(a，b)上的每一点x处都有导数，导数值记为f′(x)：f′(x)＝ lim Δx→0f(x＋Δx)－f(x) Δx，则f′(x)是关于x的函数，称f′(x)为f(x)的导函数，通常也简称为 导数． 4．基本初等函数的导数公式 5． (1)[f(x)±g(x)]′＝f′(x)±g′(x)； (2)[f(x)·g(x)]′＝f′(x)g(x)＋f(x)g′(x)；
(3)?? ??f (x )g (x )′＝f ′(x )g (x )－f (x )g ′(x ) [g (x )]2 (g (x )≠0)． 1． 判断下面结论是否正确(请在括号中打“√”或“×”) (1)f ′(x 0)与(f (x 0))′表示的意义相同． ( × ) (2)求f ′(x 0)时，可先求f (x 0)再求f ′(x 0)． ( × ) (3)曲线的切线不一定与曲线只有一个公共点． ( √ ) (4)与曲线只有一个公共点的直线一定是曲线的切线． ( × ) (5)若f (x )＝a 3＋2ax －x 2，则f ′(x )＝3a 2＋2x . ( × ) (6)函数f (x )＝x 2ln x 的导函数为f ′(x )＝2x ·1x ＝2. ( × ) 2． (2013·江西)设函数f (x )在(0，＋∞)内可导，且f (e x )＝x ＋e x ，则f ′(1)＝________. 答案 2 解析 设e x ＝t ，则x ＝ln t (t >0)，∴f (t )＝ln t ＋t ∴f ′(t )＝1 t ＋1，∴f ′(1)＝2. 3． 已知曲线y ＝x 3在点(a ，b )处的切线与直线x ＋3y ＋1＝0垂直，则a 的值是 ( ) A ．－1 B ．±1 C ．1 D ．±3 答案 B
第三章常见的金属及其化合物钠及其氧化物钠的其他常见化合物 碱金属元素 一、选择题(本题包括12个小题，每小题5分，共60分) 1．下列有关NaHCO3和Na2CO3性质的比较中，正确的是 ( ) A．热稳定性：Na2CO3