当前位置:文档之家› 英美新批评知识梳理

英美新批评知识梳理

英美新批评知识梳理
英美新批评知识梳理

新批评是20世纪西方文学理论的一个重要流派,20年代发端于英国,20年代形成于美国,40至50年代在美国文坛占据了统治地位,60年代虽然逐渐衰落,但在今天的欧美理论界仍有一定的影响,其影响时间之长,范围之大,在20世纪英美现代文学理论中无出其右。

一、艾略特

艾略特“无个性理论”是其对新批评的主要贡献。艾略特认为,“诚实的批评和敏感的鉴赏,并不注意诗人,而注意诗。”这就将作者的地位大大降低,而强调了“诗”在批评中的本体论地位,使得文学文本在理论研究中占据了中心地位。同时,诗人的创作不仅是个人行为,还要在和前人的比较过程中、在文学传统的历史长河中获得对诗人的客观评价。所以艾略特认为,诗是一切诗的有机整体。在创作中,诗人需要不断地放弃自己,“一个艺术家的前进是不断地牺牲自己,不断地消灭自己的个性。”诗人应当避免吧作品当做个人情感的表现形式,而是要用客观的事物或者意象来暗示自身的情感和心境。这种意象便是“工具”,即“客观对应物”,只能在文本中才能找到。因而是文本本身而不是诗人才是文学批评研究的对象。所以,诗人在文学中的地位是低于文本本身的。

这种“无个性论”将文学理论研究中心转移到作品,只有文本才是读者批评和鉴赏的中心,也只用通过文本,才能找到作者意义参照的基点。

二、瑞恰兹

如果说艾略特为新批评派的产生提供了思想基础的话,那么瑞恰兹则为新批评派提供了具体的方法论。

1、科学语言和诗歌语言

在瑞恰兹看来,科学能够告诉我们人类在宇宙中的地位和各种机会,能使人正确地认识到自己在宇宙中的位置,但科学不能告诉我们事物的本质。信仰在科学的发张中缺失。诗歌在现代社会中承担了重新组织人们心灵的重任。

诗歌对事物的陈述是“伪”的,但却使我们面对人性和心灵,拓宽了人们的感受力,进而使人们重新面对世界,恢复它的诗性。

2、语境理论

瑞恰兹通过语义学分析找到诗歌语言的特征、功能和价值。他认为,对于意义的分析应当从思想、语词符号以及事物三者之间的关系入手。语言符号要经过

传输、组织,复制然后传达的过程。而在这个过程中,我们需要把思想和事物本身区分开来,所以就语词来讲,它并不代表任何意思。而思想和语词的关系则比较复杂,因此要看不同的具体的“语境”。

诗歌往往要求语言的精练,一个词往往具有丰富的表达能力,这时候,语境的作用就更为明显,单个词语语境的关系也更加微妙。语境理论的目的在于,它可以防止人们通常对意义所做的那些毫无依据的设想,造成许多人为的问题,妨碍人们对意义的深入理解。语境理论应用到文学批评实践中,就是要通过“细读法”来完成对作品的分析。,这也成为新批评派语义分析的基础理论。

三、燕卜荪

燕卜荪将诗歌语词特有的多义性所带来的巨大表现力和内在的张力称为“朦胧”。在此基础上,他将朦胧分为七种类型。第一种是暗喻,燕卜荪认为这是诗歌的根基之一,在人们对语词意义的理解的习惯与诗歌的不可解释性中发挥重大的作用。由一个词或者句法结构的几种可供选择的意义形成了一个诗句的多重意义时,就是第二种朦胧类型。第三种是指在诗句中一个词具有两重含义的情况。第四种朦胧类型是指诗歌中的一个陈述具有多重不同意义集合形成作者的复杂思想状态。第五种则是诗人思想不明确时通过写作明确自己真正的思想,使得诗歌语词介于两种不同的要表达的思想之间。第六种则强调了读者的作用,是读者对诗歌的意义的理解。最后一种受到弗洛伊德的影响,是一个词具有两种截然对立的意义,而这个意义又是由上下文所明确规定了的。

这种“朦胧性”的分析揭示了文学语言的多义性,增强了作品的表现力。

四、兰色姆

兰色姆倡导科学的文学批评,他认为批评不仅仅是欣赏,更是一种研究活动,应当具有规范性。要想使文学批评更加科学化,出了要排除历史研究和新人文主义之外,还应排除个人感受、文本概述、历史研究、语言研究、道德研究等,这些因素都只是文学研究的辅助手段,而不是研究的根本目的。

同时,兰色姆认为,艺术真实不等于客观世界的真实,艺术虚构与读者的要求一致时,就体现了艺术真实,就是终于生活的,即“诗歌本体论”。诗歌被兰色姆分为事物诗、概念诗和玄学诗,玄学诗被他奉为经典,因为它把事物诗中过于物质性写实性的内容和概念诗中枯燥的概念剔除了,实现了理性和感性的统

一。

五、布鲁克斯

布鲁克斯对瑞恰兹的“细读法”进行了更为深入的研究,其意义也更为深远。布鲁克斯认为,抽象的概念和理念是无法用抽象的概念来表示的,而具体的意向、具体的诗歌文本则是认识普遍抽象性的最佳途径。诗歌并不是具有无法认识的神秘性,是一种“自然”行为,是人类最基本的行为之一,是可读可分析的。他强调对诗歌的文本研究盲从诗歌的内在结构入手,对诗歌进行分析。布鲁克斯提出的“细读法”认为,对于诗歌的意义不应从内容上来认识,而是要从诗歌的整体内在机构上来阅读和理解诗歌语言,通过这种阅读,发现文学作品的语言是否成功地形成了一个富有张力的、和谐的整体,组成这个整体的各个部分之间又具有怎样的相互关系。阅读不是寻找主题意义,而是分析诗歌的语言结构。而要实现这种“细读”,就要找出悖论、反讽、隐喻、象征等形式的诗歌语言的张力结构。

悖论和反讽是布鲁克斯的常用术语,所谓反讽就是实际意义和语言的字面意义相对立。反讽和语境密切相关,在布鲁克斯看来,反讽原则不仅构成了诗歌的语言技巧,还是诗歌的一种结构原则。而悖论是诗歌语言的重要特征,只有运用悖论,诗人才能表达真理。诗人在创作中,把语言的日常意义变形,把对立的语言放在一起,从而在语言的碰撞和意义的对立中发出诗性。

六、艾伦·退特

“张力论”是他的重要观点,他认为诗歌语言中有两个经常在发挥作用的因素:外延和内涵。外延指的是词典意义,内涵指的是词的暗示意义、感情色彩等。在好诗中内涵和外延同时并存,互相补充,最深远的比喻意义不以损害文字陈述的外延,而最好的张力诗是玄虚派诗。

七、韦勒克

韦勒克强调关注文学自身

坚持以文学文本为中心的理论观是韦勒克最大的要求,他将文学研究分为外部研究和内部研究,传记、心理学、社会学等被他称为外部研究,而文体、文学作品的存在方式、意向、叙述等诗内部研究,文学研究的出发点应该是文学作品本身。

韦勒克提出了“透视主义”,即在文学研究中做透视的处理,从而在历史与

现实的结构中把握文学的发展。应避免使批评史成为对一堆古籍资料的挖掘和清理,避免使理论研究脱离现实。也即是文学研究不仅要尊重理论历史的本来样貌,同时也要充分展示自己的理论个性,有现实针对性地做出价值判断。

韦勒克还强调坚持文学理论的科学性,强调文学经验对理论研究的重要性的同时,认为文学理论是一种理性活动,应当具有自己的知识体系。

英美概况名词解释

The bill of rights The bill of rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791 .the bill of rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech , the rights to assemble in public places , the rights to own weapons and so on . The great depression The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. WASP It stands for the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant. it is the dominant group in the US controlling economic assets and political power The civil rights movement The American civil rights movement (1955-1968)refers to the reform movements in the united states aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African American and restoring suffrage in southern states The westward movement American Westward Movement, movement of people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west. Between the early 17th and late 19th centuries, Anglo-American peoples and their societies expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. George Washington George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the America republic , he was the commander-in –chief of the Continental Army in the war of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first president of the the United States Industrial Revolution in American After independence ,America was principally an agricultural country ,the industrial revolution in England brought many to American industry between 1776 and 1860 , one key development was the introduction of the factory system , A second development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks ,A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization-the bank and the corporation Three faiths in the US By the 1950s ,the three faiths model of American religion had developed , American were considered to come in three basic varieties : protestant , catholic and Jewish ,in terms of numbers ,the protestants and Jewish are the smallest among the groups Boards of education Boards of education refer to groups of people who make policies for schools at the state and district level ,they also make decision about the school curriculum , teachers standards and certification ,and the overall measurement of student progress Consumer economy an economy driven by consumer spending as a percent of its gross domestic product, as opposed to the other major components of GDP

石钟山记-知识点整理

《石钟山记》 【文学常识】 1、苏轼,字子瞻,号东坡居士,北宋眉山人。北宋著名文学家、书画家、诗人,豪放派词人代表。“唐宋八大家”之一。他学识渊博,多才多艺,在书法、绘画、诗词、散文各方面都有很高造诣。他的书法与蔡襄、黄庭坚、米芾合称“宋四家”;是北宋继欧阳修之后的文坛领袖,散文与欧阳修齐名,并称“欧苏”;诗歌与黄庭坚齐名,并称“苏黄”;他的词气势磅礴,风格豪放,一改词的婉约,与南宋辛弃疾并称“苏辛”;与汉末“三曹父子”(曹操、曹丕、曹植)齐名。 记:古代文体,主要是记载事物,并通过记事、状物、写景、写人来抒发作者的感情和见解。 3、纪年法:(一)干支纪年法,干即天干,共十位:甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸;支即地支,共十二位:子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥。一干一支互相结合以纪年,六十年一轮。(二)帝王年号纪年法:皇帝即位,都要改元,称元年。汉武帝起有年号,后多用年号纪年。如开元,天宝为唐玄宗的年号。(三)王公年次纪年法,这种纪年法多在春秋,战国时代。如赵惠文王十六年,鲁孝公三十年等。 【写作特点】 这一篇带有考辨性质的游记,除描写所见景物外,还采取了记叙和议论相结合的手法,是一篇具有某些论说文特点,特别是驳论文特点的游记。说它具有论说文,特别是驳论文的某些特点,是因为文章一开头就提出问题,摆出靶子,并从逻辑上对李说作了初步的反驳;接着用亲访石钟山耳闻目见的事实,证实并补充了郦说,推翻了李说,使形象描写为证明和反驳服务。最后,在此基础上,提出了要重视“耳闻目见”而不可“臆断其有无”这一中心论点。交代写作意图。全文思路清楚,结构严谨,说理透辟,文笔流畅。 【通假字】 1、扣而聆之(“扣”同“叩”) 2、南声函胡 (“函胡”同“含糊”) 3、至莫夜月明 (“莫”同“暮”) 【词类活用】 A.使动:虽大风浪不能鸣也鸣:使。。。。鸣响 B.名词做动词: 1、微风鼓浪鼓:振动2而此独以钟名名:命名噌吰如钟鼓不觉 钟鼓:敲钟击鼓 磔磔云霄间 磔磔:磔磔地叫 C.形容词作动词 涵淡澎湃而为此也 涵淡:水波动荡;澎湃:波浪相激 D,形容词作名词 不知其浅深浅深:深度E.名词做状语 余自齐安舟行适临汝舟:乘船 大石侧立千尺侧:在旁边事不目见耳闻 目:用眼睛;;耳:用耳朵 士大夫终不肯以小舟夜泊绝壁之下夜:在夜里 【值得积累的实词、虚词】 下临深潭(面临) 所在皆是也(这样) 适临汝(往) 因笑谓迈曰(于是) 余固笑而不信也(当 然,固然) 绝与向噌洪者相应(先 前)(应和) 笑李渤之陋(浅陋)乃 桴止响腾(传播) 郦元之所见闻殆与余同 (大概) 【一词多义】 鼓 ①噌吰如钟鼓不绝(鼓, 名词) ②微风鼓浪(振动,掀 起,动词) 2.莫 ①至莫夜月明(“莫” 通“暮”,夜晚,名词) ②故莫能知(没有人, 否定性无定代词) 3.自 ①自以为得之矣(自己, 代词) ②余自齐安舟行适临汝 (从,介词) 4.焉 ①彭蠢之口有石钟山焉 (兼词,相当于“于此”, 在那里) ②硿硿焉(相当于 “然”,“……的样子”, 形容词词尾) ③微波入焉(相当于 “于是”,即“到那里”, 兼词) ④如乐作焉(无义,表 陈述语气词,助词) 5.余 ①余韵徐歇(剩余的, 形容词) ②余尤疑之(我,代词) 6.得 ①得双石于谭上(得到, 找到,动词) ②固得观所谓石钟者 (能够,助动词) 7.搏 ①水石相搏(击,拍, 动词) ②森然欲搏人(搏击, 动词) 8.之 ①汝识之乎代词, 代钟声 ②笑李渤之陋也 的,结构助词 ③石之铿然有声者 定后标志,无义 9、而 ①而况石乎表递进 ②扣而聆之表顺接 ③而此独以钟名表 转折,但是 ④而长子迈将赴饶之德 兴尉表并列 ⑤徐而察之表修饰 ⑥涵淡澎湃而为此也 表因果,因而 10、虽 ①虽大风浪不能鸣也 即使 ②而渔工水师虽知而不 能言虽然 11、言 ①言之不详说 ②而渔工水师虽知而不 能言用文字表述、记载 12、然 ①然是说但是 ②石之铿然有声 者······的样子 13、自

英美概况名词解释

名词解释: 1.Great Britain: shortened as Britain ,it can be a geographical term ,referring to the island on which England ,Wales and Scotland are situated ,together with numerous smaller islands . 2.The Union Flag :also known as the Union Jack ,it is the national flag of the United Kingdom . 3.God Save the King /Queen : the national anthem of the United Kingdom. https://www.doczj.com/doc/e66927788.html,ke Poets: English poets at the turn of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District of England and were inspired by it to create romantic works . 5.Domesday Book(土地财产清册):The written record of a census and survey of English landowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-1086 . 6.Black Death (黑死病):also known as the Black Plague ,it was a devastating pandemic(流行 的) that first struck European in the mid-14th century . 7.Gunpowder Plot(火药阴谋):conspiracy of a group of English Catholics to blow up the House of Parliament where King James I was present on 5 November ,1605.The plan was discovered and Guy Frank was caught and burnt alive .In England ,5 November is celebrated with bonfire ,fireworks and the burning of the effigies.(肖像)。 8.The Petition of Right (权利请愿书):a document produced by the English Parliament in the run-up to the English Civil War .It was addressed to Charles I of England in 1628. 9.T he Hundred Years' War: The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between Englan d and Franc e that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes o f the war wer e partly territorial and partly economic. ①The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine in France, as the F rench kings grew stronger, the y increasingly coveted this large slice. ②The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England's desire to ③s top France from giving aid to Scots and ④a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.一。 The English's being driven out of France is ①regarded as a blessing for both countrie s. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would h ave ②hindered the development of a separate English national identity, ③while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. 10.Constitutional monarchy (君主立宪制):The United Kingdom ,as the name implies, rem ains a monarchy, but one with limited power 11.Social Security (社会保障):The Social Security system is designed to secure a basic st andard of living for people in financial need “from the cradle to the grave”. 12.The church of England :The Church of England ,also called the Anglican Church(英 国国教),is the established or national church in England . 13.Westminster Abbey :a famous church located in London ,where English monarchs are crowded and distinguished English subjects are buried .The Poets’Corner contains th e graves o f great English writer ,includin g Geoffrey Chaucer and Robert Browning.

新批评

新批评的理论体系 新批评是英美现代文学批评中最有影响的流派之一,它于二十世纪二十年代在英国发端,三十年代在美国形成,并于四五十年代在美国蔚成大势。五十年代后期,新批评渐趋衰落,但新批评提倡和实践的立足文本的语义分析仍不失为文学批评的基本方法之一,对当今的文学批评尤其是诗歌批评产生着深远的影响。 “新批评”一词,源于美国文艺批评家兰色姆1941年出版的《新批评》一书,但这一流派的起源则可追溯到艾略特和瑞恰兹。艾略特可视为新批评的思想先驱。他在《传统与个人才能》一文中提出了一重要论点——非个性论,这一论点构成了新批评文论的基石。艾略特强调批评应该从作家转向作品,从诗人转向诗本身。为新批评提供方法论基础的是瑞恰兹,他通过引进语义学的方法使人们把注意力移向语言。新批评有几代批评家,其早期的代表人物有英国的休姆和美国诗人庞德,第二代的代表人物是燕卜逊和兰色姆,第三代的代表人物是韦勒克和文萨特,他们共同完成了新批评的理论体系。 文学本体论 这一观念由新批评的主将兰色姆提出。他将“本体”这一哲学术语首次用于文学研究。 新批评则认为,文学作品是一个完整的多层次的艺术客体,是一个独立自足的世界,文学作品本身就是文学活动的本源。以作品为本体,从文学作品本身出发研究文学的特征遂成为新批评的理论核心。持有同样观点的文萨特和比尔兹利则从另外的角度来阐述他们的主张,为此他们提出了两个著名的概念:其一是意图谬误。其二是感受谬误。文萨特和比尔兹利视对作者意图的探究为谬误,其锋芒所向直指实证主义或浪漫主义文学批评。同时他们认为以读者情感波动弧度的大小评判作品的优劣,是一种感受谬误。在作家——作品——读者共同建构的艺术有机过程中,新批评毫不犹豫地斩断了两端千丝万缕的联系,从这个意义上讲,新批评是一种地道的作品本体论。 结构—肌质论 这一主张由兰色姆提出。他认为,结构与肌质是相互对应又联系紧密的概念,所谓结构是一首诗的逻辑线索和概要,它是一首诗可以用散文转述的部分,它给予一系列感性资料以秩序和方向。诗始终把握着具体事物的形象,这些具体事物和形象就是诗歌的肌质。诗的结构—肌质是一个不容分割的有机整体,正像一个活人的肉体和精神不可分离一样,文学艺术作品的形式和内容是不可分离的。 语境理论 语境理论是新批评语义分析的核心问题,也是理解新批评方法的前提。这一理论由瑞恰兹提出,后来得到新批评派的赞同和运用。 语境指的是某个词、句或段与它们的上下文的关系,正是这种上下文确定了该词、句或段的意义。在此基础上,瑞恰兹进一步扩展了语境的范围。一是当时写作时的话语语境,二是指文本中的词语所体现的“表示一组同时再现的事件的名称”,这里词语蕴含了历史的积淀,一个词可能暗含着一个惊心动魄的事件,或某种强烈的情感。由此可见,新批评的语境理论具有十分开阔的视野,体现了新批评对文学语言的

【英美文化】各章节知识点

Outline of chapters After learning this chapter you should learn to Chapter 1 I. terms: culture, iceberg, culture shock, low context culture/ high context culture, collectivism/ individualism, relationship-oriented/ task-oriented, multicultural person, monocultural person, multilingual person, the characteristics of culture II. Questions: 1. List some cultural differences between the west and east. at least 5. 2. What is cultural stereotype and its influence on cultural learning? 3. What kind of attitude shall we take towards cultural learning and cultural generalizations? Chapter 2 I. Terms: value, individualism, collectivism, individual-oriented society, group-oriented society II. Questions: 1. The core value of the U.S.: individualism, privacy, equality, informality, directness and assertiveness. 2. The core value of Britain: class system, British food, socializing, understatement and so on. 3. Different value in American and British daily life. 4. Cultural reasons of cheating. 5. The child-parent relationship in different culture. 6. The difference of American dream and Chinese dream. Chapter 3: I. Terms: Western-style conversation, Japanese-style conversation, low-context communication, high-context communication II. Questions: 1.Can you use different ballgames to explain western-style conversation and Japanese-style conversation? 2.What are the differences between low-context and high-context communication? 3.How should students organize their expository writing in English? 4.What are the unspoken rules for a language? 5.Can you give a specific example of directness in verbal interaction between Americans? Chapter 4 1.Illustrate the importance of nonverbal communication. 2.Know at least 5 aspects of silent language. 3.Explain the functions of nonverbal cues. 4.Explain Americans’ perception of time and their time concept.

《石钟山记》文言知识整理

《石钟山记》文言知识整理 一、通假字 ①南声函胡,北音清越(函胡,同“含糊”,重浊而模糊) ②至莫夜月明(莫,通“暮”,晚上) ③汝识之乎(识,通“志”,知道) 二、古今异义 1.空中而多窍 古:中间是空的;今:天空上。 2.自以为得其实 古:那事情的真相;今:实际上。 三、一词多义 1.鼓 ①噌吰如钟.鼓不绝(鼓,名词) ②微风鼓.浪(振动,掀起,动词) 2.莫 ①至莫.夜月明(“莫”通“暮”,日落的时候,名词) ②故莫.能知(没有人,否定性无定代词) 3.自 ①自.以为得之矣(自己,代词) ②余自.齐安舟行适临汝(从,介词) 4.焉 ①硿硿焉(相当于“然”,“地”、“……的样子”,形容词词尾) ②微波入焉(相当于“于是”,即“到那里”,兼词) ③如乐作焉(无义,表陈述语气词,助词) 5.余 ①余.韵徐歇(剩余的,形容词) ②余.尤疑之(我,代词) 6.得 ①得.双石于谭上(得到,找到,动词) ②固得.观所谓石钟者(能够,助动词) 7.搏 ①水石相搏.(击,拍,动词) ②森然欲搏.人(扑向,动词) 四、词类活用 (一)名词作状语 ①余自齐安舟行适临汝(舟,用船,乘着船) ②大石侧立千尺(侧,在旁边) ③士大夫终不肯以小舟夜泊绝壁之下(夜,在夜里,在晚上)(二)名词作动词

而此独以钟名(名,命名,取名) (三)使动用法 虽大风浪不能鸣也(鸣,使……鸣响) 五、特殊句式 (一)判断句 ①石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也 ②此鹳鹤也 ③噌吰者,周景王之无射也 ④窾坎镗鞳者,魏庄子之歌钟也 ⑤此世所以不传也 (二)省略句 ①今以钟磬置(于)水中,虽大风浪不能鸣(之)也,而况石乎! ②磔磔(于)云霄间 ③士大夫终不肯以小舟夜泊(于)绝壁之下 (三)宾语前置 古之人不余欺也(“不余欺”即“不欺余”) (四)定语后置 石之铿然有声者(即“铿然有声之石”) (五)状语后置 ①得双石于潭上 ②又有若老人咳且笑于山谷中者 ③而大声发于水上 六、一词多义: 1、而:扣而聆之(表顺接) 徐而察之(表修饰) 空中而多窍(表并列) 郦元之所见闻殆与余同,而言之不详(表转折) 2、焉:箜箜焉(相当于“然”,形容词词尾) 微波入焉(兼词,于此) 3、因:因得观所谓石钟者(因此) 因笑谓迈曰(于是) 七、重点词义: 1、水石相搏(击、拍) 2、桴止响腾(传播) 3、余尤疑之(更加) 4、所在皆是也(这样) 5、适临汝(往) 6、余方心动欲还(刚才)(心惊) 7、则山下皆石穴罅(缝隙) 8、涵淡澎湃而为此也(形成) 9、与向噌洪者相应(先前)(应和)

英美概况期末考试名词解释整理

The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The industrial revolution A period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The Industrial Revolution, was a period of unprecedented technological, economic and social change that completely transformed British culture from a largely rural, static society with limited production and division of labour into the world's first modern industrial society. the Black Death It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labor was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences. The Black Death----It was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestisis and have started in Central Asia. It came without warning, and without any cue.The Black Death is estimated to have killed30% to 60% of Europe's population and had profound effects on the course of European history. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. the Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.(Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms. In spite of limitations of the movement, it brought about changes and improvement in many fields.) Roman Britain was the part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410. Britannia already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanisation, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today. The first Romans to campaign extensively in Britain were

20世纪西方文论讲义-第二章英美新批评文论

第二章英美新批评文论 一、发展概述 新批评(TheNewCriticism )是关注文学文本主体的形式主义批评,认为 文学的本体即作品,文学研究应以作品为中心,对作品的语言、构成、意象等进行认真细致的分析。新批评20 世纪在英美流行,一度在文学研究中占统治地位。大致讲,新批评分三个阶段。第一阶段是20年代,英国的T. S.艾略特、I. A.理查兹和威廉?燕卜荪以及美国的约翰?克罗?兰瑟姆和艾伦?泰特等人,开始提出一些新批评的基本观点并付诸实践。30年代和 40 年代为第二阶段,这一时期认同并支持新批评这种形式主义的人大量增加,新批评的观点迅速扩展,直接影响到文学期刊、大学教学和课程设置。主要代表人物除上述五人外,还有R. P.布莱克默、科林斯?布鲁克斯、雷内?韦勒克和W. K.韦姆萨特等。第三个阶段从40 年代末延续到50 年代后期,这一时期新批评占据了主流地位,形成了制度化的批评模式,失去了“革命的”气息,批评家的著作大多阐述新批评的原则而缺乏创新。到50 年代末,新批评失去了它的生命力,虽然在大学教学中仍被应用,但许多人认为它已经过时,开始以新的理论观念对它进行批判和超越。 新批评与俄国形式主义有许多相似之处,主要目的都是探讨独特的文学性所在,都否认后期浪漫主义诗学中“软弱的”精神性,一味主张经验主义阅读方式。但新批评与俄国形式主义又有许多不同,它有自身的特性。布鲁克斯把新批评的特征概括为五点:(1)把文学批评从渊源研究中分离出来,使其脱离社会背景、思想史、政治和社会效果,寻求不考虑“外在”因素的纯文学批评,只集中注意文学客体本身;(2)集中探讨作品的结构,不考虑作者的思想或读者的反应;(3)主张一种“有机统一”的文学理论,不赞成形式和内容划分的二元论观念,强调探讨作品中词语与整个作品语境的关系,认为每个词对独特的语境都有

英美文化概论整理

英国: 1、The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 2、The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain(the larger one)and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones. 3、(UK)capital:London 4、There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England,Scotland,and Wales.England is the largest,most populous and richest. 5、The British Empire(大英帝国):one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in1931.The Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. 6、The United Kingdom is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.The English Channel lies between Britain and France. 7、The highest mountain in Britain is Ben Nevis(本尼维斯山),1,343m in Scotland.The longest river is the Severn River(塞文河)(338km);the second largest and most important river is the Thames River(336km). The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh(内伊湖)in Northern Ireland. 8、The English are Anglo-Saxons(盎格鲁撒克逊人),but the Scots,

石钟山记知识点

石钟山记知识点-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN

石钟山记》知识点整理 一、通假字 ①南声函胡,北音清越(函胡,同“含糊”,重浊而模糊) ②至莫夜月明(莫,通“暮”,晚上) 二、古今异义 1.空中而多窍 古:中间是空的;今:天空上。 2.自以为得其实 古:那事情的真相;今:实际上。 三、一词多义 1.鼓 ①噌吰如钟鼓不绝(鼓,名词) ②微风鼓浪(振动,掀起,动词) 2.莫 ①至莫夜月明(“莫”通“暮”,日落的时候,名词) ②故莫能知(没有人,否定性无定代词)3.自 ①自以为得之矣(自己,代词) ②余自齐安舟行适临汝(从,介词)

4.焉 ①彭蠢之口有石钟山焉(兼词,相当于“于此”,在那里) ②硿硿焉(相当于“然”,“地”、“……的样子”,形容词词尾) ③微波入焉(相当于“于是”,即“到那里”,兼词) ④如乐作焉(无义,表陈述语气词,助词)5.余 ①余韵徐歇(剩余的,形容词) ②余尤疑之(我,代词) 6.得 ①得双石于谭上(得到,找到,动词) ②固得观所谓石钟者(能够,助动词) 7.搏 ①水石相搏(击,拍,动词) ②森然欲搏人(扑向,动词) 四、词类活用 (一)名词作状语 ①余自齐安舟行适临汝(舟,用船,乘着船) ②大石侧立千尺(侧,在旁边) ③事不目见耳闻(目,亲眼;耳,亲耳)

④士大夫终不肯以小舟夜泊绝壁之下(夜,在夜里,在晚上) (二)名词作动词 ①而此独以钟名(名,命名,取名) (三)使动用法 ①虽大风浪不能鸣也(鸣,使……鸣响) 五、特殊句式 (一)判断句 ①石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也 ②此鹳鹤也 ③噌吰者,周景王之无射也 ④窾坎镗鞳者,魏庄子之歌钟也 ⑤此世所以不传也 (二)省略句 ①今以钟磬置(于)水中,虽大风浪不能鸣(之)也,而况石乎! ②磔磔(于)云霄间 ③士大夫终不肯以小舟夜泊(于)绝壁之下(三)宾语前置 ①古之人不余欺也(“不余欺”即“不欺余”) ②余是以记之(“是以”即“以是”) (四)定语后置

英美国家概况名词解释等

1. The civil rights movement It is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in America. Rosa Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like the SNCC,CORE,and SCLC struggled for racial intergration by providing leaderships,network and the people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King. Jr, and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in th US. 2.A federal system【联邦制】 It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constiuent parts, with some rights reserved to each. 3.King Arthur It is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magica sword,Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends. 4. The Anglo-Saxons They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England. 5. Riverdance[大河舞] It is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland’s intricate[错综复杂的]folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance. Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture. It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle. The music usually sounds fast and furious. Most of the action

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档