雅思写作中常见议论文题型解析
对于大多数雅思考生来说，雅思写作的难度不止在于时间和字数的限制，而更多的是有关题目提问的准确理解和回答方向的完全把握。可惜的是，并没有太多的考生真正意识到此问题的严重性，反倒是把准备的重心压在语言提升上。倒不是说语言不重要，只是在大方向面前，再好的语言都抵不过偏题甚至是跑题的摧残。这也是为什么我们总是能听到考生类似的疑惑：“我明明感觉写的不错，挺顺畅的，可是结果却仍然只有5分呢？我需不需要复议呢？“因此，专家们就针对此存在的现象进行了讨论分析，认为要想真正做有用功，首先就必须调整态度，真正明白“磨刀不误砍柴工”的道理，而不是拿到试卷就立即争取时间开始漫无目的地瞎写。
就近几年的雅思出题动态看来，雅思议论文大致可以分成2大题型——辩证型及分析解决型，共计5小类提问方式，分别为：
(1) To what extent do you agree or disagree?
(2) Discuss both sides and give your own opinion。
(3) What is your opinion?
(4) What are the benefits and disadvantages? / Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages?
(5) What are the reasons, effects or solutions?
相信考生们在复习过程中对此类知识并不陌生，不论是老师讲解还是书本介绍都必定涉及过。但是我们不得不承认的是，大多数培训中心的老师在介绍雅思议论文题型时都只是蜻蜓点水，走个过场，学生们也因为怕时间不够而有意忽视，或是自以为十分了解而不够重视。因此，真正读懂题目、把握方向对于考生们，尤其是要拿高分的考生来说，就显得更重要了。否则就算拥有再完美的语句和词汇功底，都敌不过偏题跑题的悲惨下场。
那么以上提及的5小类提问方式到底该如何一一应对呢？哪些是出现几率更高一些的呢？哪些又是十分容易出错的呢？这一系列的问题都需要及时得以解决。在本系列文章中，笔者将以雅思考试的经典方向标作品——剑桥系列书籍Cambridge IELTS 4-7中考[微博]官给出的Sample Answer 和Model Answer为参考范本对各个话题及应对方式进行具体详尽的讲解和分析。
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
此提问方式可以说是雅思议论文的典型代表提法，正如其他所有的英语语言考试一样，雅思也有自己独特的代表。因此，要想准备好雅思的题型，首先应该掌握的就是Do you agree or disagree的回答。此类提问方式在我们剑桥系列4-7共16题中出现3次，约为20%之多，分别出现于Cambridge IELTS4 Test3, IELTS5 Test1 及IELTS6 Test1。那么，对于如此重要的提问方式，我们该如何进行回答，文章的段落安排又该如何？
Cambridge IELTS4 Test3有关是否该给有创造力的艺术家足够的自由一题中，考官给出了一篇打分为7分的Sample Answer；该考生直接在开头段就表明了自己的观点：I agree with the statement that there should be no government restriction on creative artists who express themselves in the way they do…并且在接下来的其余3个段落中分别就这一观点进行了充分的论证，全文共分4段结构。考官的评语中出现的第一句话就是：This answer considers the main issues raised by the question and presents a definite opinion about the statement. 由此我们也不难发现，考官在批阅卷子时对于是否直接正面回答提问是看的相当重要的。
而对于Cambridge IELTS6 Test1有关广告的文章，考官更是给出了打分为7.5分的Sample Answer。但是不同于前面一篇的是，此次考生并没有在开头段直接提出自己的看法，而是以更客观公正的角度叙述着自己的观点，首先在开头段就他人的看法提出This argument may be true. 然后在主体第一段证明人们购买东西会受到广告的影响，而在下一段则提到on the other hand, there are various aspects against these arguments. 最后结尾段落正面摆出自己的观点：It is fairly difficult to say everyone is swayed by advertising and buy goods impulsively…若粗略一看，我们的确不能像之前那篇文章一样直接点出作者的观点，但是却不难理解他的看法。而考官的评语中第一段话为：The way in which the candidate has responded to the task is a strong point of this script. It is a well-developed answer that addresses the issues relevantly and at length. The writer introduces the topic, examines both sides of the argument and expresses a clear position. 相信看完此段评论我们不难理解考官为何会将此篇文章当作范文参考，毕竟此类回答方式有其可取之处。
就考官给出的两篇参考范文及评语我们不难发现这两种回答方式及结构安排模式都是可取的。可以选择第一种的开门见山型，然后用4段安排文章，给人清晰直接的印象，一目了然；也可以参考第二种的全面分析比较型，然后以5段来结束文章，给人更客观公正的概念，面面俱到。也就是说，考生在准备过程中完全可以结合实际的题目，选择一个更为适合的回答方式，一边倒或是两面俱到均可。而至于具体如何选择，建议各位考生一定要结合具体题目在这两者中进行有效挑选，而切不可盲目认定，生搬硬套。
Discuss both sides and give your own opinion。
此类提问的题目中必然会有双方观点。可能是正反方，观点完全对立，如：2009年1月10日考题Some people believe that the range of technology available to individuals today is increasing the gap between the poor people and the rich people, while some others say this has an opposite effect. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 也可能只是对于某一话题的不同看法意见而已，如2010年2月11日考题Some people think that politicians have the greatest influence on the world. Other people, however, believe that scientists have the greatest influence. Discuss both of views and give your opinion. 但是不论是何种对立观点，在回答此类题目时基本要把握的是考生必须在同一篇文章里面同时出现这双方的观点并进行适当的讨论，同时也绝不能忘记提问中的后一半问题give your own opinion，也就是说全文完成后应该要有包括自己观点在内的3方人的看法和意见。
当然此类Discuss both of views and give your opinion在最近几年里的上升速度和出镜次数是远远盖过了雅思的典型提问方式Do you agree or disagree，在剑桥系列4-7的16次题目中有6次是讨论双方的题目，分别是Cambridge IELTS5 Test3, IELTS6 Test2, IELTS6 Test3,
IELTS6 Test4, IELTS7 Test1, IELTS7 Test2. 那么到底该如何在短短的250个字内安排好3方人的看法呢？考试时若碰到此类问法，我们又该用什么样的回答结构来应对呢？还是以剑桥系列考官所给范文为例，我们分析如下：
Cambridge IELTS5 Test3有关竞争与合作的题目中，考官最后给出的参考范文是得分为6分的学生作文，文章共分成4段，结尾段是阐述自己观点和理由的段落，而中间两段分别介绍双方的看法，但是两个段落明显存在长短详略，所以考官给出的评语中有这么一句话：Although the answer considers the main issues in the question, it deals much more with the aspect of “competition”than it does with “cooperation”…However, the main points are relevant and the writer’s point of view is generally clear. 这篇文章也正好提醒我们的考生在完成此类文章时一定要注意在分析双方看法时不要有明显的字数差距。
我们再看一例Cambridge IELTS6 Test2有关体育明星高收入是否公平的题目回答，考官给出了一篇Model Answer，我们可以清楚的看到全文的4个段落的框架分法，开头和结尾段字数略少，并未在开头段直接亮明自己的观点和看法，相反的是留到结尾段才首次提出Personally, I think the amount of money such sports stars make is more justified than the huge earnings of movie stars, but at the same time, it indicates that our society places more value on sport than on more essential professions and achievements. 主体两段字数比较接近，分别论证双方不同的看法，但是这篇考官范文也明确解答了不少考生的疑惑，就是在讨论双方的时候该以何种姿态来写，赞同还是批判？在此文中考官更推荐的是尽管未在开头段给出自己的观点，但是在论证双方看法时却有明显表露出自己的看法，因为在证明有人认为不公平时，考官除了提出他们的看法外，更是直接用However提出这些看法的错误性——Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists…However, sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds…So the notion of “fairness”is not the issue. 而在下一段证明另一方，也是考官赞同的一方时，却并未出现如此的辩驳。
由此可以看出，各位考生在回答此类文章时该采取何种姿态。当然我们在考官给出的Cambridge IELTS6 Test4有关改变的题目回答中也能再次得到证明此种回答方式的科学性。考官的观点不像上篇是偏向某一方的，而是认为双方都有可取和不全面的地方，所以在4段论证过程中，考官对主体讨论他人看法时都同样地表达出了他们看法的片面性，出现类似Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing。以及However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that change is always for the better. 最后在结尾段概括自己观点时，考官就给出了一个更为客观全面的观点，认为改变有时是有好处的，但是并不是所有的改变都会有好结果。
在本系列文章上篇中，雅思写作最常见的两种提问方式(1) To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2) Discuss both sides and give your own opinion及它们的应对方法已经得到了深刻的剖析；那么在本篇论文中，将就雅思大作文剩余的三种提问方式(3) What is your opinion? (4) What are the benefits and disadvantages? / Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages? (5) What are the reasons, effects or solutions? 应该如何回答论证进行仔细的解答。
本系列文章中，笔者仍然以雅思考试最经典的方向标作品——剑桥系列书籍Cambridge IELTS 1-8中考官给出的Sample Answer 和Model Answer为参考范本对各个话题及应对方式进行具体详尽的讲解和分析。
What is your opinion?
此种提问方式属于雅思写作几种提问中最开放、最自由的提问；考生只需就题目中出现的某个话题或是看法发表自己的相关意见，而不用纠结是否完全赞同还是反对。也可以说这种提问是我们常见的To what extent do you agree or disagree的变式提法，只要你的回答是围绕着题目走，而未偏题的答案都可以接受。以对班级规模大小的题目为例，some people think larger class size is a good choice while others argue that small class teaching is better. 若是提问What is your opinion的话，则可以有以下多种回答：认为大班好；认为小班好；认为大班小班都好；认为班级规模大小要取决于学生的年龄段或是具体的科目；认为大班小班都不好而中班好等。
那么此类提法是考生在考试过程中需要特别注意的吗？事实上就我们出现的真题及剑桥书籍来看，并不是十分常见的。就目前市面上的Cambridge IELTS 1-8的考题来看，一共出现过2次此类提问的考题，分别为Cambridge IELTS3 Test3和Cambridge IELTS7 Test4的两题。当然这也并不能说明它不重要，而恰恰相反的是它十分重要，因为真正掌握了这种提问方式，对于考生更好地了解赞同与否的题目有极大的帮助。
Cambridge IELTS3 Test3：In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility. What are your opinions on this? 对于这道有关孩子的paid work的问题，我们可以就考官给出的Model Answer来进行具体的分析并且掌握回答的方式及布局。通读全文后，我们不难发现，考官并未像之前看的赞同题那样直接在开头段给出明确的答复，而是认为It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is wrong or valuable. Opinions will also differ as to learning benefits. 并且在接下去的一个段落中进行了论证，提出了一些“wrong”和“less learning”的证明：It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money. 而在主体第二段中提到有些work的valuable：in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small. 而在最后一段又提及建议part-time jobs or doing tasks around the family home。
由此我们并不难看出，考官并未直接说明对孩子工作是支持还是不支持，而是围绕孩子工作的问题，采用了客观的态度，分情况来论证说明。考生在回答类似提问时自然也可以试用。
What are the benefits and disadvantages?
优缺题在雅思写作中一般有3种提法：(1) Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages(最常见)，如2010.11.27考题：In some countries, small town-centre shops are going out of business because people tend to drive to large out-of-town stores. As a result, people without cars have limited access to out-of town stores, and it may result in an increase in the use of cars. Do you
think the disadvantages of this change outweigh its advantages? (2) What are the advantages and disadvantages? (3) Is this a positive or negative development，如2010年10月14日考题：In some countries, it is illegal for companies to reject job applicant for their age. Is this a positive or negative development? 建议各位考生在回答时一定要仔细审题，绝不可以想当然地随意套用。
以考官在剑5中给出的参考范文为例，就优缺题进行分析：In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this. 题目中明确提出了要求讨论优点和缺点，那么自然文章段落安排应该是4段，优缺点各一段。考官在优点段落中提到：They tend to be more independent, which is a very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life. 而在缺点段第一句话就提到：However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age. 更值得注意的是对于此类题目，不仅分析优缺两方面，考官还在结尾段落中明确给出了自己的看法：My view is that young people should be encouraged to …考生在完成类似提问时自然也可以学习这种写法，让全文更客观公正。
What are the reasons, effects or solutions?
这种提问方式是一般被称为分析解决型的文章所有的提问，可以是分析原因，也可以是说明影响，当然也可以提出建议，甚至是同一题目要求回答其中的2-3个问题。所以对于这种提问，考生也只需要做好认真读题审题，做到“问啥答啥”即可。
尽管相比较之前出现的几种辨证型的题目来说分析解决型题目相对出现几率不那么高，但是我们也决不可小觑了它的重要性，尤其是最近几年明显更为常见了，在Cambridge IELTS1,4,5,7,8中都有不少考题的分析。一般说来，分析解决型因为提问十分明显，所以考生在回答时难度也并不会特别大，甚至不少辩证性的题目若换成分析解决提问，难度都会明显下降，如2010年1月23日考题：The gap between the rich and the poor is becoming much wider, the rich more richer, the poor even more poorer. What problems can the situation cause and give the solutions? 这一题目本来是有关贫富差距的社会类话题，之前在2009年出现过讨论双方的提问方式时难倒了一大片考生，而此时的分析问题和解决方案就容易解决了。
但值得注意的是，在最近几年里出题的难度明显有所提升，甚至比某些辨证型的文章难度更大，如：Many people believe that today there is a general increase in anti-social behaviour and lack of respect for others. What might have caused this situation? How to improve it? 这个题目之所以难，倒不是在于提问而是因为题中出现了anti-social behaviour这个考生所不能准确找到社会现象对应的词。反社会行为，其实是一种越轨行为，有时候还是违法犯罪行为，主要指为了个人或少数人的利益(有时候实施暴力者并无利益可求，只为泄愤)而违背社会公认的行为规范，并因此对他人和社会造成损害乃至严重破坏的行为，因为施暴者和施暴对象没有明显的目标关系，这就有点“滥杀无辜”的意味，对社会而言会产生强烈的不安全感。因此也在此建议各位考生绝对不要在准备考试过程中一味地注重常见话题，而应更多留心社会类考题，尤其是其中出现的一些专业术语的理解。
那么除了在审题这一步要特别仔细以免丢了冤枉分之外，到底该如何回答安排此类分析
解决型文章呢？接下来我们就以考官范文为参考进行仔细的分析。如Cambridge IELTS4 Test2: Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness? 既然题目中出现了2个提问，那么在回答时自然也要一一对应回答，而不能忽略了其中某一个。所以考官给出的参考范文一共有5个段落，主体第一段说明原因，第一句话就点明：Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. 第二段提出重要因素Of course, factors such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too. 主体第三段融入了自己的看法I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. 从这篇考官范文中我们不难发现，对于此类文章只要能做到一一对应，不要漏题即可轻松拿下，若能加入自己看法自然是更好。
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另外我们再以Cambridge IELTS8 Test2的题目为例(Nowadays the way many people interact with each other has changed because of technology. In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships people make？Has this become a positive or negative development?)，就考官给出的一篇 5.5分的范文进行分析：考官对于该学生范文的评语中明确写到This answer addresses both questions, but the first is not well covered in terms of how actual relationships have changed. Nevertheless, there is a clear opinion that the effects have been positive and relationships have improved, with some relevant ideas to support this. 这篇范文分析也十分明确地告诉我们，在回答此类题目时切记要回答到位，而且字数一定要满足题目的要求。
当然，我们还有更多的考官范文可以用来借鉴和参考，本系列文章中只是截取了其中一小部分进行分析。对于每一种提问方式要如何更好地细致安排，希望考生们好好地利用我们的这套雅思考试风向标，对剑桥系列书籍进行细细研读，相信一定能从中发现不少捷径，这样在雅思写作最关键的审题部分就能轻松迈出大步，成功的一大步！
2014年山东高考成绩查询https://www.doczj.com/doc/e66256113.html,/hotcontent/505725.html
雅思议论文写作技巧及范文 第一部分：各种不同类型题目的写作模版： 一．同意与否类型题目：There is no denying that the specific issue of sth./ 或接whether 从句has become controversial. However, in spite of those who are against/ for …, I approve wholeheartedly of/ 或I strongly object to the idea that … Those who hold negative/ positive attitude towards …believe that …may exert adverse/ significant effect on us. … is always top of the list of their argument. For example,… (请用举例子的方法解释). Besides, those critics/ advocates also claim that …（此处写第二个原因）for the reason that …. It is often the case that …(此处总结上段反方提出的几个观点)。But when it comes to …, …, and …,(此处先总结写你所支持的几个理由)，an increasing number of people including me are convinced that .. .For one thing, …。The evidence recently presented in research journals available to the public confirms that …此处写调查结果，通过数字来证明自己所列举的理由1。Similarly,…should also deserve our special attention. In other words, …(换种说法解释)。If…not, ..(反过来在说一遍)。Last but not least, … Obviously, it is hard for both sides to come to an agreement on this complicated issue, but I still commit to the notion that …(再重申你的立场)。 二．Agree or disagree 两者皆可 Introduction Recent years have witnessed …………………（背景），which has aroused a heated debate of whether …………….（把要讨论的话题引入进来）Views on this issue vary from person to person. From my point of view, before airing my own opinion, I do think it’s necessary to analyze / explore this thorny issue from different angles / both sides of this thorny issue. Main body Those who ………………（正面观点）tend to present the following reasons. To begin with, …………… In addition, ……………….. What’s more, ……………… ………..(尽量用不同的论证方法) However, other people may examine / explore this issue from another angle. For one thing, ……... For another thing, ……………. Furthermore, …………….. Conclusion In conclusion, although it’s very difficult / hard to draw / come to / reach / arrive at an absolute conclusion to this issue, I would not hesitate to assent to the former / latter viewpoint because I’m fully convinced that ……………………… 三，分析利弊的题型 It is undeniable that the specific issue of sth./ 或接whether 从句has become controversial. However, in spite of those who believe that sth. have more negative/positive effects, I hold opposite attitude. The drawbacks of sth are obvious. Some people are really concerned about …They hold that …(请解释)。Other feel upset at …(另外一个弊端), which will damage …/endager …. It is often the case that …(此处总结上段提出的两个弊端)。But when it comes to …, …, and …,(此处先总结写你认同的几个好处)，an increasing number of people including me are convinced that …...For one thing, …。The evidence recently presented in research journals available to the public confirms that …写调查结果，通过数字来证明自己所列举的好处1. Besides，。。。（另外一个好处）. In other words, …(换种说法解释)。This is another aspect of how sth benefits us.
2019年雅思写作小作文流程图解析及范文：废纸回收 The chart below shows the process of waste paper recycling. 范文： The flow chart shows how waste paper is recycled. It is clear that there are six distinct stages in this process, from the initial collection of waste paper to the eventual production of usable paper. At the first stage in the paper recycling process, waste paper is collected either from paper banks, where members of the public leave their used paper, or directly from businesses. This paper is then sorted by hand and separated according to its grade, with any paper that is not suitable for recycling being removed. Next, the graded paper is transported to a paper mill. Stages four and five of the process both involve cleaning. The paper is cleaned and pulped, and foreign objects such as staples are taken out. Following this, all remnants of ink and glue are removed from the paper at the de-inking stage. Finally, the pulp can be processed in a paper making machine, which makes the end product： usable paper. (160 words, band 9)
雅思小作文题型多样，其中就包括地图题，本文将详细讲解雅思小作文地图题写作技巧。评分标准 ?TA – Task Achievement 任务完成情况 ?CC – Coherence and Cohesion 意合与形合 ?LR – Lexical Resource 词汇资源 ?GRA – Grammatical Range and Accuracy 语法广度与精确度 审题 The map below shows the development of the village of Ryemouth between 1995 and present. 文章结构 第一段 交待写作目的 第二段 描述1995年的地图 第三段
拿现在的地图和95年的做对比 第四段 总结全文 第一段 This report compares how the village of Ryemouth has developed and changed since the year of 1995. 题目：The map below shows the development of the village of Ryemouth between 1995 and present. 第二段 As is clearly described in the first picture, Ryemouth was a coastal city which was divided into three parts by two roads. In the southern part, there was a fishing port on the sea, with a fish market located in the north and a coffee shop in the north-east. A block of shops was situated on the opposite side of the market… 第三段 In the second picture, the village changed a lot. The fishing port has been removed and the fish market is replaced by apartments. Several restaurants also occupy the place of the shops on the roadside. Moreover, a parking lot is newly built on the east of the hotel. In addition, … 第四段 Overall, based on the brief description above, it is clear that the general layout of the village does not change a lot, while some newly-built facilities and housing has ornamented the small village.
2015年6月6日雅思写作（一） 题目类别society 提问方式Discussion 考试题目 Some people prefer to provide help and support directly to those in their local community who need it. Others, however prefer to give money to national and international charitable organizations. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 有人认为给需要救助的人自己的帮助更加可取，有人认为给有需求的国家或国际援助组织提供经济援助更加重要，讨论两种观点，给出你的意见。 Although people in industrialized countries lead a high standard of living, it is undeniable that there are still 1.2 billion people living below the poverty line. In order to solve poverty-related problems, I feel that all kinds of help should be encouraged and respected. Giving a helping hand to those who are in need in the local community seems reasonable. It is because even in the richest countries, there are still a lot of people, such as disabled people and orphanages, suffering from famine and extreme poverty. For this reason, it is easy and convenient for us to help our fellow citizens, such as donating food or clothing to them, so that we can see the result of our actions immediately. By contrast, it is rather difficult to track expenditure of international aids, which might result in corruption in some cases. Those who donate money to domestic and international charities believe that the collection of money has a tremendous effect on the poor countries compared with other forms of help. This is because few people are able to donate a large amount of money to construct schools, hospitals and roads in poor areas. Instead, governments and charities can achieve this. International aids can also purchase vaccines which are available in developed countries by using the money raised worldwide and save millions children’s life. In my view, minor proportion of donated money and other sorts of help should be appreciated equally as long as the money reaches to those who need it desperately. The government could run campaign and encourage door-to door help. At the same time, charitable organizations should make every penny count for donors.(word count：274)
中考议论文阅读常见考点与答题技巧 一、考点归纳： 1.提取.概括文章的中心论点。 2.结合具体语境理解关键词语的深层含义和表达作用。 3.考查论据的类型及作用。 4.辨别论证方法.论证方式.或论证角度。 5.对文章的语言进行探究品析。 6.根据文意从自己阅读和生活积累中列举事实论据.或谈自己个性化的阅读启迪和感悟。 二、议论文文体知识 ①议论文的三要素：论点、论据、论证。 ②论据分类：事实论据和理论（道理）论据。 ③论证方法：道理论证、举例论证、对比论证、引用论证、比喻论证。 ④论证方式：立论、驳论。（议论文可由此标准分为立论文与驳论文二大类。） ⑤议论文的结构：提出问题（引论）、分析问题（本论）、解决问题（结论）。 三、常见题型及答题技巧 ●●题型1：分析论证方法的作用（指出下列语段运用什么论证方法？有何作用？） A.举例论证（事例论证、例证法）： 举出……的事例，具体确凿、有力地论证了……的观点。增强文章的说服力。 B.道理论证（包括引用论证）： 运用科学的道理或引用名言、格言、警句等，充分有力地论证了……的观点。使文章的论证更有权威性，增强文章的说服力。 C.对比论证： 从正反两方面进行论述，突出地论证了……的观点。增强文章的说服力。 D.比喻论证：（喻证法） 以事喻理，(把。。。比成。。。)，形象生动地论证了……的观点，使论证浅显易懂，易被接受。 E、引用论证：（引证法）引用论证比较复杂，这与具体的引用材料有关，有引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据、名人佚事、笑话趣闻等各种情况，其作用要具体分析。如引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据，可以增强论证的说服力；引用名人佚事、奇闻趣事，可以增强论证的趣味性，引起读者的阅读兴趣。 引用论证答题格式：使用了引用论证的论证方法，通过引用证明的观点，使论证更有说服力。（或增强论证的趣味性，引起读者的阅读兴趣）例子： 如“人生是个大舞台.我们都是表演者.但是.一位真正优秀的演员.不是仅仅依靠外表的华丽取悦观众.而是凭借内心世界的真诚、丰富来赢得更多的掌声。正如我国著名翻译家傅雷先生所说：“一个人只要真诚.总能打动人。”这段话运用了哪些论证方法？作用是什么？ 答：（1）比喻论证。作者把人生比做舞台.论证了诚实是可贵这个论点.从而把抽象深奥的道理阐述的生动形象.浅显易懂。 （2）道理论证。引用傅雷先生的话.有力地论证了诚实的可贵这个论点.增强文章的说服力。 ●●题型2：分析论据的类型和作用（文段中用了什么论据？有何作用？）
雅思议论文中的“三明治”结构 作者：黄志贤 | 来源：朗阁海外考试研究中心 | 时间：2009-10-05 | 335 次 | 字体 [ 大中小 ] [收藏] [划词已启用] 写雅思大作文就如同在建筑一座大楼一般。首先是进行大楼结构设计，然后再进行实际的建筑工程，最后经过装修而成为耐用而漂亮的大楼。良好的结构对于大楼的实用以及美观有着非常重要的作用。同样道理，良好的作文结构也将提高文章的质量和成绩。从一定意义上来说，优秀的作文结构可以使内容条理清晰易懂，还可以弥补语言表达上的不足。 议论文的整体结构 雅思专家认为，一篇好的议论文一般由三个部分构成，分别是导语段（Introduction），主体段落（Body）与总结段（Conclusion）。这个结构很像三明治，其中导语段与总结段就像最上层和最下层的面包，而主体段落为论证段，相对较为重要，就像三明治中间的肉和菜。其结构如下图所示： 通常情况下按照实际的需要，中间的主体部分（Body）又可以分成二到四个段落，其结构图分别如下： (注：*段落视需要而增加) 由于导语段中最重要部分是中心句（Thesis statement），它是全文的立足点，决定文章的发展方向，覆盖全文；段落主题句（Topic sentence）是每一段的重点，覆盖各自所在的段落。因此，我们可以通过思考后得出议论文的中心句（Thesis statement）以及各主体段落主题句（Topic sentence）。此外，为求达到全文的统一性(Unity)和连贯性(Coherence), 考生们应当合理地安排中心句和各段的主题句的关系，使得中心句覆盖全文，使得各段的主题句很好地支持着中心句。如果中心句没有覆盖主题句，说明正文偏题了。如果中心句超过主题句，刚说明内容有遗漏，或者说内容不够全面。中心句各段的主题句的关系情况可由下面三张图表示：
雅思写作小作文题型与难点分析：秒杀图形描述题 图形描述题的难点之一是难以在短时间内找出该题需要表达的重点，其次缺乏此举，缺少书面表达的语言和亮点。对于题型出现的这 些难点，有一些相对应的建议，协助大家克服考试中出现的这些难点。 1、寻觅小作文需要表达的重点 见到图形表达题，你心中就需要思考这个图形题需要表述的重点 在哪里。作答时先说明再梳理数据。切不可将文章写成账本式的文字，否则，你就会得到很低的分数。 例如：The graph shows how the amount of water used worldwide changed between 1900 and 2000. Throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural Purposes, and this increased dramatically from about 500 km to around 3,000 km in the year 2000. 文章的主句应该对文章要表达的趋势，量的大小作出说明，相关 的数据则补充在后面。雅思(课程)小作文考察的精髓还是查看考生的 英文表达水平，精简凝练。你的描述要让阅卷者脑海中浮现出图形的 样本，数量和趋势等等相关变量。如果你能达到以上这些要求，那么 小作文本身也就基本上合格了。 2、了解图形的分类规律 图形描述题，按照标准图形来分，能够分为line graph (curve), bar chart, pie chart以及table,按照表达重点来分，分为趋势类和 大小类，分类依据于题中的时间列表。一般来说，出现时间段的图形 题都是以描述数据变化趋势为主。 3、准备必要的表达方式 1. 与趋势相关的词语：
年月至月雅思写作大作文真题解析
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题目类别教育与科技提问方式利弊判断 考试题目 Some people say that playing computer games is bad for children in every aspect. Others say that playing computer games can have positive effects on the way children develop. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 分析：教育与科技、教育与媒体可谓是雅思考试的热点，而且这些话题跟广大考生们息息相关。平时对生活多一些思考，备考期间针对话题词汇和句型多写多练，这些都是理想分数的 保障。 文章结构：4段 首段：导入话题，表达立场。 主题段1：玩电脑游戏对孩子的各方面有害。 主题段2：玩电脑游戏对孩子的成长有利。 结尾段：总结上文，重申立场。 In recent years, the prevalence of computer games has exerted a significant effect on children’s life. As to whether they affect children negatively, there is an endless debate. Despite the fact that playing computer games is an effective way to relieve pressure, the problems associated with study and health cannot be neglected. Clearly, playing computer games is regarded as a main factor leading to poor academic performance. With the entertaining nature, computer games will easily distract children from their studious pursuits. With the passage of time, children will probably fall behind their peers in academic development. In addition, when children spend too much time playing computer games, they are less likely to participate in physical activities, which is one reason why many children suffer from obesity. As a result, these overweight children’s confidence may be undermined and their health may be negatively influence as well. Despite these disadvantages, the advantages can still not be ignored. First of all, the latest research shows that game-playing helps children to home their communication and interpersonal skills. In many cases, players work together in teams to achieve goals, competing against other players. Therefore, their social skills and teamwork spirit are put to the test. Also, computer games can have positive and therapeutic effects on players. Games provide an opportunity for children to decompress and tune out of strains and stresses of everyday life. Giving their time to rest is critical for emotional and mental well-being. In conclusion, it is not advisable for children to play computer games, for the reasons that it not only has a negative impact on their study, but also makes them lose confidence, although computer games provide a form of relaxation.
议论文阅读常见题型和答题技巧 1、找出文章的中心论点 中心论点的识别：一看题目，二看首尾，三看是否是明晰的判断，四看是否统帅全文，四看论据证明的观点。 方法： （1）标题揭示（2）开头提出（3）结尾归纳（4）承上启下的句子 （5）文章没有直接提出中心论点，但始终围绕……展开论述。 2、分析论据的类型和作用 论据可分为道理论据和事实论据两种类型。 答题要点二个方面：（1）明确论据类型；（2）具体分析作用。 答题格式：这是……论据，……（概括容），在文中起着证明……（论点，如果有分论点，则写出它证明的分论点，否则写中心论点。） 3、分析论证方法的作用 句式：使用××论证的方法＋论证了××观点＋效果 （1）举例论证：通过举具体的事例加以论证，从而使论证更具体、更有说服力。 答题格式：使用了举例论证的论证方法，举……（概括事例）证明了……（如果有分论点，则写出它证明的分论点，否则写中心论点），从而使论证更具体更有说服力。 （2）道理论证：通过讲道理的方式证明论点，使论证更概括更深入。 答题格式：使用了道理论证的论证方法，论证了……了观点，从而使论证更概括更深入。 （3）比喻论证：能够生动形象的证明作者的观点，使说理生动，让人容易理解。 格式：使用了比喻论证的论证方法，将……比作……，证明了……的观点，从而把抽象深奥的道理阐述得生动形象、浅显易懂。 （4）对比论证：突出了作者观点的正确性或重要性，使说理更有力度。 答题格式：使用了对比论证的论证方法，将……和……加以比较，突出强调了……的观点。 （5）引用论证：引用论证比较复杂，这与具体的引用材料有关，有引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据、名人佚事、笑话趣闻等各种情况，其作用要具体分析。如引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据，可以增强论证的说服力和权威性；引用名人佚事、奇闻趣事，可以增强论证的趣味性，吸引读者往下读。 答题格式：使用了引用论证的论证方法，通过引用……证明……的观点，使论证更有说服力。（或更有趣味性，吸引读者往下读） 4、分析文章的论证思路 首先应该了解一般议论文的结构：提出问题（引论）—分析问题（本论）—解决问题（结论）。 分析议论文的论证思路，其实，就是在段落层次的基础上加上一些诸如“首先”、“然后”、“接着”、“最后”一类表承转启合关系的词语。做这个题目，尤其要注意开头结尾的表述。
General Knowledge 注意： 1. 作文要有实质内容。 2. 6分：260~270个词左右；6.5分：280个词以上。 3. 没有必要一定写长难句，但要提高句子的准确度和多样性。必须在对英语造句知识准确理解和把握的基础上流畅地写出复杂的长句子，而不是刻意、机械地拉长句子。（准确、严密、多样、清晰） 4. 对于零星出现的少量拼写错误，只要不引起歧义，是不会导致严重扣分的，但要努力减少作文里出现拼写错误的可能。 5. 考场里没有时间打草稿，但可以在印考题的试题纸上把看到题目后头脑里闪现出的ideas、考前准备的相关加分词汇和句型大致记录一下。 6. 当考官要求停笔时即使还没有写完也一定要停下来，否则会被判为违纪行为。 7. 考前练习一定要尽可能模拟实战：下载标准格式的答题纸；用铅笔写作，每行10~12个单词；严格控制时间，Task 1不应超过25 min，Task 2不应超过45 min。备考初期，可将Task 1和Task 2分开练习，但在考前一周内，必须演练完整的写作考试全程，严格控制时间，写完后再核对或请有经验的老师批改。 8.
如果Task 2准备得较为充分，有信心在40min写出一篇自己满意的议论文，那么就先完成Task 2。反之，就先写Task 1。 9. 齐头式：每段开头顶格写，每两段之间空一行 缩入式：每段开头后退3~4个字母的距离，每个段落之间不空行 10. 可使用I/we、被动语态，但不宜滥用；可将But/So放在句首 11. 7分或以上的作文对于用词的要求是准确，而不是冗长 ?Topics ?学术类写作的特殊要求 1. 不接受缩写形式 2. 不使用非正式口语表达 3. 英美拼写不能混淆 4. 用词要有特色 5. 句式不能过于短促 6. 句式不能过于干瘪 7. 感情色彩不能过于强烈
1. 该表格描述了在...年之...年间...数量的变化。 2. 该柱状图展示了... 3. 该图为我们提供了有关...有趣数据。 4. 该图向我们展示了... 5. 该线形图揭示了... 6. 这个曲线图描述了...的趋势。 7. 数据(字)表明... 8. 该树型图向我们揭示了如何... 9. 该数据(字)可以这样理解... 10. 这些数据资料令我们得出结论... 11. 如图所示... 12. 根据这些表(数字)... 13. 如表格所示... 14. 从图中可以看出，...发生了巨大变化。 15. 从图表我们可以很清楚(明显)看到... 16. 这个图表向我们展示了... 17. 该表格描述了...年到...年间a与b的比例关系。 18. 该图描述了...总的趋势。 19. 这是个柱型图，描述了...
20. 如图所示，两条曲线描述了...的波动情况。 21. 在...至...期间，...基本不变。 22. 在...年到...的期间 23. 1995年至1998三年里... 24. 从那时起... 25. ...月(年)至...月(年)...的数量基本不变。 26. 数字急剧上升至... 27. ...至...期间...的比率维持不变。 28. ...的数目在...月(年)达到顶点，为... 29. 比率维持在... 30. ...的比例比...的比例略高(低)。 31. ...与...的区别不大。 32. 该图表表明...的数目增长了三倍。 33. ...逐年减少，而...逐步上升。 34. ...的情况(局势)到达顶(高)点，为...百分点。 35. 数字(情况)在...达到底部。 36. 数字(情况)达到底部(低谷)。 37. a是b的...倍。 38. a增长了...
雅思写作小作文饼图真题句子练习P i e S e n t e n c e s It was last revised on January 2, 2021
P i e c h a r t In 1980 Australia used coal as the main electricity source(50 units) and the remainder was produced from natural gas, hydro power(each producing 20 units) and oil，which produced only 10 units. 在1980年，澳大利亚使用煤作为主要的电力来源（50 units），剩下的电力由天然气，氢能（两者各产生20 units）和石油，它仅仅只产生10 units。 By 2000, coal had become the fuel for more than 75% of electricity produced and only hydro continued to be another significant source supplying approximately 20%. 到了2000年，煤已经成为了产生超过75%电力的能源了，同时只有氢能继续成为另一个重要的供应来源，大约是20%。 In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was matched by natural gas. 相比之下，法国在1980年用煤供电只有25 units，这和天然气相同。 The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear power, with hydro contributing only 5 units. 剩下的40 units 主要都产生于石油和核能，其中氢能只贡献了5 units。 But by 2000 nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units.
B卷：表格，讲述八个国家1990年和2000年千人拥有摩托车的数量A卷大作文：Difference between countries are becoming less evident recently. People can see the same films, brands, fashion, advertisements and TV channels. To what extent do disadvantage outweigh advantages? B卷大作文：Some people think government should invest more money in teaching science than other subjects in order for a country to develop and progress. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 小作文：1/14/2016
大作文：A recent newspaper article reports that a 14-year-old boy who seriously destroyed his school got a punishment to clean streets instead of sent to the prison, do you think this is right? Or the young criminals should be sent to the jail. 小作文：1/23/2016 个不同年龄段人用互联网5年到2006年，2003Bar chart描述英国的比率。The leaders or directors of organizations are often older 大作文：people. But some people say that young people can also be a leader. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 1/17/2016 描述咖啡的生产、消费、和利润流向三个饼图小作文： The news media have become more inflential in people's
中考语文议论文阅读常见题型梳理 议论文的阅读材料一般选自课外，其容具有一定的人文性，侧重对学生进行理想信念、人格修养、读书学习等方面的教育。题型以主观试题为主。下文就中考语文议论文阅读常见题型为各位考生进行梳理。 1、找出文章的中心论点 中心论点的识别：一看题目，二看首尾，三看是否是明晰的判断，四看是否统帅全文，四看论据证明的观点。 方法： (1)标题揭示(2)开头提出(3)结尾归纳(4)承上启下的句子 (5)文章没有直接提出中心论点，但始终围绕……展开论述。 2、分析论据的类型和作用 论据可分为道理论据和事实论据两种类型。 答题要点二个方面：(1)明确论据类型;(2)具体分析作用。 答题格式：这是……论据，……(概括容)，在文中起着证明……(论点，如果有分论点，则写出它证明的分论点，否则写中心论点。) 3、分析论证方法的作用 句式：使用××论证的方法+论证了××观点+效果
(1)举例论证：通过举具体的事例加以论证，从而使论证更具体、更有说服力。 答题格式：使用了举例论证的论证方法，举……(概括事例)证明了……(如果有分论点，则写出它证明的分论点，否则写中心论点)，从而使论证更具体更有说服力。 (2)道理论证：通过讲道理的方式证明论点，使论证更概括更深入。 答题格式：使用了道理论证的论证方法，论证了……了观点，从而使论证更概括更深入。 (3)比喻论证：能够生动形象的证明作者的观点，使说理生动，让人容易理解。 格式：使用了比喻论证的论证方法，将……比作……，证明了……的观点，从而把抽象深奥的道理阐述得生动形象、浅显易懂。 (4)对比论证：突出了作者观点的正确性或重要性，使说理更有力度。 答题格式：使用了对比论证的论证方法，将……和……加以比较，突出强调了……的观点。 (5)引用论证：引用论证比较复杂，这与具体的引用材料有关，有引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据、名人佚事、笑话趣闻等各种情况，其作用要具体分析。如引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据，可以增强论证的
雅思大作文范文：老年人与现代科技 本文是雅思大作文范文：学生就业难，供大家阅读参考。认真研读一定的雅思范文及作文模板可以帮助我们检验自己的写作水平，并能很好地吸收和应用优秀范文里的优秀内容。 With technology speeding up, more and more young people begin to use mobile phones and the Internet, but old people have little chance to be exposed to them. What ways could mobile phone and the Internet is useful to old people? How do old people be encouraged to use this new technology? 范文： It is obvious that advanced technologies such as cellular phones or the net not only bring a lot of fun to youngsters who are always passionate to novel things, but also have an important effect on the life of senior citizens who would like to keep the pace of the age. Today, mobile phones are increasingly popular with old people. Unlike young people who fancy playing games or taking photos with phones, they seem to be most interested in their most basic function –communication. It is easily found that keeping in touch by mobiles with