议论文的框架
(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型)
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People,however,differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
( 3 ) 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
( 4 ) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our
daily study and job..
在备考英语四级的过程中，各位考生不仅要注意词汇的积累，句型的掌握，还要注意标点符号的正确使用。
冒号的用法
冒号表示停顿，其停顿时间比分号长比句号短。它可用逗号，有时也可用句号代替。尽管现在冒号的使用不如50到75年前频繁，但现在它使用仍很方便，因为它告诉读者其后仍是对上文进一步的陈述。冒号还能产生轻微的戏剧效果。
冒号常用于引出一个词、短语、或完整的句子(子句)来强调，举例解释，或证明刚才所说过的内容。
注意：冒号之后的词可用大写也可用小写字母开头。如果冒号之后的词是另一个完整句子的开始，则用大写字母开头。反之，如果冒号之后的词只是句子的一部分，则用小写字母开头。
例May I offer you a suggestion: don’t drive without your seat belts fastened.
The thought continued to perplex him: Where will I go next?
用于引出一连串用来解释或强调已叙述过的内容。如：
In the basement, he kept some equipment for his experiments: the test tubes, some chemical agents, three sun-lamps, and the drill.
冒号后常为缩排且不用引号、与全文分离的长引文。
President Jiang Zemin enjoys quoting the first line of Lincoln’s Gettysburg address:
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
精典范例
There are only two tragedies in life: one is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it.
--英国作家Oscar Wide
写作时，切忌这样写：
The four major reasons for the landslide victory were: the candidate’s personal popularity, the enthusiastic support of his party, his stand on budget issues, and the general mood of the nation.
这样用的问题在哪?问题出在冒号用于动词were之后，你可能在英语为母语的人写的报纸或流行刊物中见到这类用法，但它在学术写作中不被大学教师所接受。在学术论文中，主语补足语或直接宾语应紧跟在冒号之后。主语补足语的修饰词(obvious)使原本存在句子中的问题得到解决：冒号不应紧跟在动词之后。
上面例题中，取得压倒性胜利的四个原因是明显的：the candidate’s personal popularity, the enthusiastic support of his party, his stand on budget issues, and the general mood of the nation.
破折号的用法
用于表示句子正常语序中突然或出人意料的中断。如果意义明确，它也可用于代替括弧或逗号。通常，破折号特别强调它所隔开的部分。
破折号常用于对一长项已表达过的内容进行总结。
例The day was the longest in her life - or so it seemed to her.
Could you - I hate to ask! - help me with these dishes?
When we left town - a day never to be forgotten - they had a record snowfall.
Most of the paintings in the gallery - in fact all but one - were done in the early 19th century.
What he lacked in intelligence - and he lacked a good deal - he made up for in physical strength.
The three of them were seated at one end of a long dining table that could hold - had once often held - eighteen people.
William Harvey did not discover the circulation of the blood in the body. It was discovered - or rather, always assumed - in China.
More than 600 unforgettable - and often surprising - photographs and Illustrations will rivet your attention, no matter what your age.
破折号常用来总结一系列已表达过的内容。如：
Time and patience - two simple words - yet why are they so hard for me to remember.
分号的用法
分号有时又称为小句号。它表示一个停顿，其停顿时间在逗号与冒号的停顿时间之间。文章如采用许多分号，其风格则变得严肃、正式。为了正确使用分号，有必要先学会辨认主句。当两个主句没有任何连接词(and, but, or, nor, for)连接而出现在同一个句子里，这时最好采用分号使之分离。分号的主要作用很简单，它常用于分离没有连接词连接的句子。但最好不要在从句之间形成如此之强的停顿。如果你要连接从句，而又不愿意用连接词时，则采用分号。
The world is a comedy to those that think; a tragedy to those that feel.
You don’t write because you want to say something; you write because you’ve got something to say.
In the past, boy babies were often dressed in blue; girls, in pink.
Can’t you see it’s no good to go on alone; we’ll starve to death if we keep traveling this way much longer.
John F. Kennedy said at his inaugural speech, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."
Our power to apprehend truth is limited; to seek it, limitless.
Science needs to be lived alongside religion, philosophy, history and esthetic experience; alone it can lead to great harm.
下列各词和短语如用于连接复合句时，常与分号连用：
then however thus furthermore
hence indeed consequently also
that is nevertheless anyhow in addition
in fact on the other hand likewise moreover
still meanwhile instead besides
otherwise in other words henceforth for example
therefore at the same time even now
例：
Being clever and cynical, he succeeded in becoming president of the company; meanwhile his wife left him.
The weather was cold for that time of the year; nevertheless, we set out to hike to the top of that mountain.
According to one national survey, high school boys expected a starting salary of $19,500 for their first full-time job; on the other hand, high school girls expected a starting salary of only $15,000.
括号的用法
括号用于隔开与中心意思相关不紧密的言语。
In New York (I’ve lived there all my life and ought to know), you have to have a license for a gun.
I thought I knew the poem by heart (boy, was I wrong!).
For a long time (too long as far as I’m concerned), women were thought to be inferior to men.
The first time I went driving (do you remember the day?), I was so scared.
其他几种标点的用法
问：如果连续使用两个形容词，可用逗号分开它们吗?
答：在"Singapore is a clean, friendly city state"一句中，逗号代替了"and"。连续两个形容词同时修饰一个名词时，可用逗号把它们隔开。但当其中一个形容词修饰另一形容词时，不需要用逗号隔开它们：
On my way back home, I stared at the pale blue sky.
问：何时用连字符连接单词?
采用连字符连接的两个词，意思可一目了然。例如，没用连字符的合成词light year，字面意思是一年比另一年不重要;加上连字符，我们就很清楚light-year是光年的意思。
通常，我们在处理名词前两个或多个词的组合时，可用连字符。
例：know-how
ready-to-wear
faster-than-expected production
life-form
state-of-the-art technology
medium-range missiles
当这一群词用作形容词时，仅对它们所修饰的名词之前的词使用连字符。
It was a fast-paced city life.
即City life is fast paced.
Bring me the up-to-date report.
即Bring me up to date.
还有，以"-ly"结尾的副词不用连字符。
Wrong: We do not work with financially-unstable organizations.
Correct: We do not work with financially unstable organizations.
Wrong: We are required to attend all regularly-scheduled meetings.
Correct: We are required to attend all regularly scheduled meetings.
问：你赞成省略缩略语的中间或末尾的句点吗?
答：这是一个关于写作风格和品味的问题，有些编者对缩略语用句点;有些则不用。用与不用取决于你。我的建议是，一旦你决定采用哪种方式，就不宜改变。专有名词中的句点应该保留，姓名之间的圆点应予保留。
问：什么叫不分段句?
答：两个完整的句子间仅用逗号，或不用任何其它标点，这两个句子叫做不分段句。
例：
The air conditioner is broken, we must have it repaired as soon as possible.
How to rid of run-on? Here are a few approaches:
有如下几种方法可消除不分段句。
The air conditioner is broken and has to be repaired as soon as possible.
(使用连词"and")
The air conditioner is broken; it has to be repaired as soon as possible.
(用分号隔开这两个句子)
The air conditioner is broken. We must have it repaired as soon as possible.
(用句号隔开这两个句子)
倒装的妙用
精典范例
To be or not to be: that is the question.
--William Shakespear
Never before have we had so little time to do so much.
--美国前总统Franklin D. Roosevelt
Plain: We sat on the cliffs by the sea, watching the sunset.
Interesting: On the cliffs by the sea we sat, watching the sunset.
(介词短语-主语-谓语-分词)
Normal: The professor walked in.
Reversed: In walked the professor.
(谓语-主语)
Normal: Jeremy scorned honest men.
Reversed: Honest men Jeremy scorned.
(宾语-主语谓语)
Normal: Although I am fond of my children, I hope they won’t grow up spoilt.
Reversed: Fond as I am of my children, I hope they won’t grow up spoilt
Normal: He never gave up certain habits of his youth, and one of them was that he liked to inspect his clothes thoroughly for wrinkles before he stepped out of the door.
Reversed: Certain habits of his youth he never gave up, and one of them was that he liked to inspect his clothes thoroughly for wrinkles before he stepped out of the door.
Normal: Stephen was a bungler then.
Reversed: A bungler Stephen was then.
(补语-主语-谓语)
Normal: We shall never feel secure.
Reversed/Interesting: Secure we shall never feel.
(补语-主语-谓语)
Normal: This is a lost generation.
Reversed: This is a generation lost.
Plain: The immense expanse of the Gobi Desert stretches before us.
Interesting: Before us stretched the immense expanse of the Gobi Desert.
(介词短语-谓语-名词)
Plain: He wasn’t cut out to be a peacetime officer. He wanted glory, he wanted the excitement of war. No one, except possibly himself, has ever doubted his physical courage (or any other kind of courage).
Interesting: He wasn’t cut out to be a peacetime officer. He wanted glory, he wanted the excitement of war. His physical courage (or any other kind of courage) no one, except possibly himself, has ever doubted.
Normal: Nobody knows why lands sink under the sea and rise again.
Reversed: Why lands sink under the sea and rise again nobody knows.
Normal: I dare not trust her.
Emphatic: Trust her I dare not.
Normal: I never thought he would return alive.
Emphatic: Never did I think he would return alive.
Loose: History has proved amply that mere numbers may be defeated by smaller forces who are superior in arms, organization, and morale.
Better: That mere numbers may be defeated by smaller forces who are superior in arms, organization, and morale history has amply proved.
Plain: I hate taxes and tax collectors equally.
Interesting: Taxes and tax collectors, I hate equally.
(宾语- 主语- 谓语)
Normal: This is more noticeable in Kaohsiung than anywhere else in Taiwan.
Emphatic: Nowhere in Taiwan is this so noticeable as in Kaohsiung.
Normal: Like most Irishmen, Samuel was quick-tempered.
Reversed: Samuel was quick-tempered, as are most Irishmen.
Normal: A man lay beside the road, waiting hopelessly for help.
Reversed: Waiting hopelessly for help, a man lay beside the road.
Plain: In the President’s office, there was a pale, thin, sandy-haired man in his early thirties with the President. He was wearing a rumpled suit and looking completely out of place.
Better: In the office with the President was a pale, thin, sandy-haired man in his early thirties, wearing a rumpled suit and looking completely out of place.
倒装结构中的常见短语：
Strange as it may sound…
Little did I know...
To your right...; and to your left ... as in "To my right is a large a lake, partially hidden behind the hill.
Off we go...
Down with ... as in "Down with the Gang of Four."
Happy will be the day...
Reverse the sequence for effect
妙用倒装
如果你行文平淡，那就枯燥无味。你需要不时地改变一下你的行文规则，把简单的东西紧缩，放在一起写，有时你得打破你叙述事情的惯用模式。达到语言变化自如的途径之一是颠倒句子的正常顺序。倒装使英语四级的文章清新，出人意料,富于创造性。
打破词或句子的自然顺序可获得强调的效果，但注意：如果过分使用倒装会使文章矫揉造作，有明显的雕琢痕迹。同时句子次序的变化不应该造成歧义。
例Wrong: Those who teach rarely get rich.
这个句子含义模糊，分辨不出是"teach rarely" 还是"rarely get rich?"
Reversed/ Correct:Rarely do those who teach get rich.
Reversed/Correct:Rarely do people get rich by teaching.
优秀作家一般在句子的一半处引出主语。可是很多学生几乎不用这种写法。应该变换这种主语开头的写法。
平行结构
相似的思想应用相似的形式表达出来。句子的成份相近，则也应以相似的形式出现。请注意以下标有"NO"的句子是不规范的。
No: The school bus skidded, turned sideways, then comes to a stop.
Yes: The school bus skidded, turned sideways, and came to a stop.
(并列时态)
No: I don’t know why I married someone who is miserly, sloppy and a bore.
Yes: I don’t know why I married someone who is miserly, sloppy and boring.
(形容词平行结构)
No: In the wreck the circus lost a panda and elephant.
Yes: In the wreck the circus lost a panda and an elephant.
(不定冠词的平行结构)
No: I debated whether I should give the beggar money or to offer him food.
Yes: I debated whether to give the beggar money or to offer him food.
(不定式的平行结构)
No: They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes days.
Yes: They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes for days.
(介词平行结构)
No: Michael’s vacuum cleaner squealed loudly, shook violently, and dust filled the air.
Yes: Michael’s vacuum cleaner squealed loudly, shook violently, and filled the air with dust.
(并列谓语)
No: The mechanic explained the problem, method, and the tools that he was going to use.
Yes: The mechanic explained the problem, method, and tools that he was going to use.
(并列带有定冠词"the"的名词)
No: He retired respected by his associates, admired by his friends, and his employees loved him.
Yes: He retired respected by his associates, admired by his friends, and loved by his employees.
(并列被动语态)
No: As a young man he had been to Shanghai, fighting in the Anti-Japanese War, and following the Nationalist Party to Chongking.
Yes: As a young man he had been to Shanghai, had fought in the Anti-Japanese War and had followed the Nationalist Party to Chongking.
(并列过去完成时)
No: Jane is pretty, with brown hair, and has a graceful manner.
Yes: Jane is pretty, brown-haired, and graceful.
(形容词平行结构)
No: He left the city because of his lack of success in business, the departure of his friends and because his health deteriorated rapidly.
Yes: He left the city because of his lack of success in business, the departure of his friends and his rapidly failing health.
(作宾语的名词平行结构)
No: They bought the house for location and affordability.
Yes: They bought the house because of its location and its affordability.
(并列名词;注意代词的所有格)
No: Why did you make Xiao Zhang feel useless and as if he was unimportant?
Yes: Why did you make Xiao Zhang feel useless and unimportant?
(形容词的平行结构)
No: This could be a problem for both the winners and for those who lose.
Yes: This could be a problem for both the winners and losers.
(名词平行结构)
No: The prisoner was not only found guilty of bribery but also adultery.
Yes: The prisoner was found guilty not only of bribery but also of adultery.
(并列介词短语)
为使平行结构清楚明了，随时都可以重复介词、冠词、助动词、不定词标志，或者长的短语或句子的介绍词。
Awkward: I admire Tennyson for the ideals in his poems but not his style.
Improved: I admire Tennyson for the ideals in his poems but not for his style.
Awkward: The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but they are obscure.
Improved: The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but because they are obscure.
Awkward: He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, business had increased more than forty per cent, and additional capital was sorely needed.
Improved: He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, that business had increased more than forty per cent, and that additional capital was sorely needed.
独立主格结构
独立主格结构指带主语的动词分词、介词、或副词词组。何谓独立主格结构?
它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词的结构。它不修饰单个的词，而修饰整个句子。独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。它构成一个单独实体，并具有如下两种功能：(1) 解释原因或情景(2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。
例Freud distinguished three kinds of anxiety, each arising from a different source of perceived danger.
"each" 是独立主格结构，"arising from"是动词短语。注意这个独立主格结构是一个"干巴巴"的句子。通过改变动词形式，它的面貌可焕然一新：Each arises from a different source of perceived danger.
再看以下例句
Before: His nose was running and his hands were shaking. He left the theater like that.
Interesting: His nose running and his hands shaking, he left the theater.
Before: He is known for his bad temper, so I fear the encounter.
Interesting: I fear the encounter, his temper being what it is.
Plain: If the weather is favorable tomorrow, we will spend the entire day climbing Huang Shan.
Good: Weather permitting, we will spend the entire day tomorrow climbing Huang Shan.
Plain: Let’s pray that the Southeast Asian economy will soon return to normal.
Good: The Southeast Asian economy, God willing, will soon return to normal.
Plain: Early radio reports exaggerated the success of the raid on the Embassy. Some even indicated that the Vietcong had occupied several floors of the building.
Better: Early radio reports exaggerated the success of the raid on the Embassy, some even indicating that the Vietcong had occupied several floors of the building.
Plain: Even though the drug controversy was still festering around him, in the end, defending
Australian Open champion Petr Korda walked away with a salute to a cheering crowd.
Better: In the end, defending Australian Open champion Petr Korda, the drug controversy around him still festering, walked away with a salute to a cheering crowd.
有些短语在语法上可与它所在句中的其它成分分离。这种结构不修饰句子的任何一个词，而修饰句子的整体意思。
分词连同它所修饰的名词或代词可构成独立主格结构。同位语和插入语有时也被认为是独立主格结构
有用句型
During the early years of the Cultural Revolution, dried mushrooms on dinner tables were an unheard-of luxury, and pork chops unthinkable.
We see Van Gogh in the role of prophet in "Self Portrait," his emaciated, luminous head with its burning eyes set off against a whirlpool of darkness.
Professor Wang’s handwriting was precise, fussy, spidery, his notepad pale mauve.
(主语+系动词+形容词, +独立主格结构<主语+形容词>)
少用关系代词
学会运用关系代词是你学习英文过程中的一个重要的阶段。学会少用它们则表明你取得了更大的进步。在校对你的作品时，仔细检查一下所有的which’s, who’s that’s和whom’s是否必要。删除不必要的关系代词会使你的文章更精彩。
Example:
Unnecessary: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
(用两个that’s，读起来很别扭)
Better: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
-- Jane Austin
注：被动语态修饰的名词通常不须用关系代词。
Unnecessary: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, which was built with American assistance.
Improved: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, built with American assistance.
Unnecessary: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation which was undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.
Improved: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.
Unnecessary: Justice theories have a long tradition, which goes back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.
Improved: Justice theories have a long tradition, going back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.
Unnecessary: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million that she made by tap dancing which made her famous in the movies.
Improved: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million she made tap dancing her way to fame in the movies.
Unnecessary: We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.
Improved: We told them they were the victims, most deserving of sympathy.
Unnecessary: Only a person who is oblivious* to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.
Better: Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.
Unnecessary: Not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea, whether it contains caffeine or not.
Better: With or without caffeine, not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea.
Unnecessary: Usually the Washington family married people who were socially better off than themselves, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.
Better: Usually the Washingtons married their social betters, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.
Unnecessary: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach the person to whom the letter is addressed.
Better: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach its intended receiver.
同位结构
同位语指用于再定义相邻的名词(或词组)的名词(或词组)。
例Nature was addressed for the first time in a universal and international language, the precise and quantitative idiom of mathematics, a tongue which every man and woman, irrespective of color, creed or race, can use and master if given the proper training.
注: "the precise and quantitative idiom of mathematics" 和"a tongue which every man and woman can use and master" 是同位语。
Awkward: Today, transistors and other solid state devices, such as personal computers, cellular telephones, and precision controls, to name a few, are the foundation of industries unknown a few decades ago.
Better: Today, transistors and other solid state devices are the foundation of industries unknown a few decades ago - personal computers, cellular telephones, and precision controls, to name a few.
(注意: industries unknown a few decades ago = personal computers, cellular telephones, and precision controls)
Awkward: Coolidge was a taciturn, morose New England farmer who did not seem to have apparent talents, but, he appeared to the country to symbolize such old American virtues as frugality, honesty, hard work and religious faith.
Better: A taciturn, morose New England farmer of no apparent talents, Coolidge nevertheless appeared to the country as a symbol of old American virtues: frugality, honesty, hard work, and religious faith.
Loose: Biotechnology is defined as the use of a natural biological system to produce a product or to achieve an end desired by human beings. The subject is not new.
Better: Biotechnology, the use of a natural biological system to produce a product or to achieve an end desired by human beings, is not new.
变化才是真
简短未必是美德
许多人将简洁与简短混为一谈，其实二有很大区别。简洁的主旨是用尽量少的词汇讲述整个故事，简短的主旨则是为保持文章篇幅短小，精心撰写或随意删除文中的某些词语或章
节。
简洁并不意味着总写短句子。事实上，如果句式缺乏变化，文章就会显得支离破碎，缺少联系，让人觉得写作技巧贫乏。句式的变化能令文章协调而流畅，会让读者感觉到作者对主题把握得游刃有余。虽然短句没什么语法错误，但用得太多会使本应合在一起的意思分离开来。
记住：不要使用一串串短的、支离破碎的句子。要理清自己的思路，尽量使句子长度有所变化。
例:
Before: The Art of Strategy was written by Sun Tzu. It is a fifty-six-hundred-word Chinese classical work. The writer put forth a set of principles in a very tightly compressed manner. They deal with how to defeat oppositions and win battles.
这种表达的问题在于：
(1) 简单的“主语+谓语”结构太多;
(2) "written"和"writer","The Art of Strategy"和" It"，"set of principles"和" they"为重复用语;
(3) 读起来很单调。
After：In his fifty-six-hundred word classic, The Art of Strategy, Sun Tzu put forth a tightly compressed set of principles for achieving triumph over opposition.
介词结构+同位语+主语+谓语的形式比较好，因为将"Sun Tzu" 放到了最重要成分-主语的位置，其他成分按逻辑排序居次要地位。整个句子很流畅。
再看下面各例
Choppy: Of course, the weapons at Sun Tzu’s time were quite primitive. The armies were very large. They were nearly as large as those in World War Two. The devastation and human sufferings were just as profound as in World War Two.
Better: Compared with World War Two, the weapons at Sun Tzu’s time were quite primitive, but the armies were nearly as large and the devastation and human suffering just as profound.
Choppy: Proverbs are short sayings. They are drawn from long experience.
Better: Proverbs are short sayings drawn from long experience.
Choppy: People change and places change as well. Jennifer felt this strongly. She had been away for eleven years.
Better: On returning after an eleven-year absence, Jennifer had a strong feeling of how people and places change.
Choppy: Beijing streets are crowded with taxis, company cars and private vehicles owned by the newly affluent. The number has been rising rapidly in the last few years. The latest statistics show there are now 1.2 million vehicles in Beijing alone.
Better: Taxis, company cars and private vehicles owned by the newly affluent have crammed Beijing streets in rising numbers in the last few years - 1.2 million vehicles at last count.
Choppy: Moby Dick is a book. It is a long book. It is about a whale. A man named Ahab tries to kill it. Herman Melville wrote it.
Better: Herman Melville wrote a long book called Moby Dick. It is the story of a struggle of a man against a whale.
Choppy: Thousands of buildings met the same fate. This alone is now being preserved. It marks the center of the nuclear explosion. It is being preserved as a symbol. It symbolizes our wish that there be no more Hiroshimas.
Better: Of the thousands of buildings that met the same fate, this alone, marking the center of the nuclear explosion, is now being preserved to symbolize our wish that there be no more Hiroshimas.
Choppy: I have always had a dream. My dream has been to be a famous writer. Everyone would read my books. I would become very wealthy.
Better: I have always dreamed of being a wealthy, famous writer, read by everyone.
Choppy: This is a wreck. It was formerly the stately Imperial Garden. It is preserved deliberately as a reminder and symbol.
Better: This wreck, formerly the stately Imperial Garden, is preserved deliberately as a reminder and symbol.
句式变化的一些技巧
英语的一个显著特征是它可轻易地把简单结构(一个中心意思)转化为复合结构(两个中心意思)和复杂结构(一个中心意思和一个从属意思)甚至转化为复合-复杂结构(两个或以上的意思)。主句，又称独立句，表达可独立成句的思想内容。从句，又称非独立句，表达不能独立成句，而需与主句一起构成完整的思想内容。
达到句式多变的最佳期途径是把关键词或短语换到开头或结尾，从中发现达到你的目的和适合你的品味的最好方法。通过连接短句--省词，增词，改变词序或把不那么重要的思想放到从句中去--你就可以写出更流畅，成熟的句子。
例
Before: Lu Hao graduated last summer. He joined the First Auto Works in Changchun soon after graduation. He received an engineering degree from his college.
采用从句能将这三个简单句以不同方式连接起来。
After: After graduating last summer with an engineering degree, Lu Hao soon joined the First Auto Works in Changchun.
(介词结构+ 主语+ 谓语)
或：An engineering degree-holder, Lu Hao joined the First Auto Works in hangchun last summer soon after graduation.
(同位语+ 主语+ 谓语+状语)
或：Having graduated with an engineering degree, Lu Hao joined the First Auto Works in Changchun last summer.
(状语+ 主语+ 谓语)
（1）Travel alone or travel with a companion When it comes to a traveling way, different people will offer different opinions. Some people like to travel alone, while others prefer to travel with a companion. Of course every one has different considerations for his preference. Traveling alone one can enjoy more freedom. The traveler can arrange his tour as he wishes. Without the trouble of compromising with others. Morever, traveling alone tends to bring the traveler unexpected surprises, such as making a new friend and enjoying different scenery. Compared with traveling alone, traveling with a companion has also its advantages. For one thing the group members can help and look after each other on the journey. For another traveling with others who have the same interest as you, you can share experiences and pleasure with them. As for me, I prefer to travel with a companion. Firstly, we can together deal with the possible problems and difficulties on the journey. Secondly, I like to share the experience of traveling with others. In summary, both traveling alone and traveling with a companion have their own attractions and you can enjoy the pleasure of traveling from either one. （2）Auguest 14th,2008. Dear Mr. John , I'm one of your neighbours.And I'm now writing and behave of the resident 's association to complain about your making noises.You disterb others' normal lifes. Since you moved in the building three months ago we have received many complaints about your bad behaviors. According to the complaints you have shown very little consideration for the other residents of the building.For example ,you often turned on the music very loudly till late.Furthermore every weekend your extremely noisey partys last until the early hours of the next morning so that other residents can not have a good rest.Much words though some residents have talked to you about the noise you made your behavior has no improvement. A harmony community's life needs every resident's effert.Of course you are no exception.We hope you can realise and stop your improper behavior as soon as possible.Unless you do something to improve the present situation,we will have no other choice but to take legal action. Your's sincerely LinYue （3） A Witness of a Theft Incident Yesterday, I witnessed a theft incident on my way home. The thief was so rampant that it left me a very deep impression. It was in the rush hour, when many people were buying tickets at the subway station. A woman took her purse out and paid for the ticket. Then she put her purse back into her bag and turned to leave, when a mid-aged man brushed past her muttering “Excuse me”. She didn’t feel unusual and went into the station. Indeed, her purse had been stolen by that man. To our surprise, the thief seems not to be nervous at all and even began to look others up and down. Maybe he was searching for the next target. At that time some persons, including me, witnessed the process. But unfortunately, no one dared to warn that woman. This incident makes me ashamed and leaves me a deep thought. The pickpocket has posed a great threat to residents’ and visitors’ property safety. Undoubtedly, it is an urgent thing to take action to prevent pickpocket. However, it cannot depend on the police only. Instead, it needs our common efforts. We can not shut our eyes and mouths to the pickpocket any more. It should be kept in our minds that our forces are far beyond those thieves.
温馨提醒： 对于英语基础较差的同学，作文可采用背模板的方法应对。 以下模板仅适用于英语书面表达较差，到目前为止看到题目仍然无从下笔的同学。实属考前临时抱佛脚的无奈之举。 基础较好的同学，请按照题目要求与提示正常完成写作。 写作注意事项： 1、无论如何要写够字数80词 2、如果实在无法写出完整的符合语法的句子，可以按题目提示的中文顺序罗列你所知道的 英文单词 3、一时想不起如何拼写的英文单词，可以到阅读理解等题目中查找。 万能模板1：（适用所有作文类型） The topic of 此处抄写作文题目is becoming more and more popular recently. It is my thinking about this topic below. This First point is very important. 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） This Second point is important, too. 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） So I believe that we should pay more and more attention to this topic from now on. 万能模板2：（适用所有作文类型） I think it is very important to understand 此处抄写作文题目. Why? That’s because many people don’t understand it well enough nowadays. For one thing, 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） For another, 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） It is my point of view about此处抄写作文题目above. Let’s pay more and more attention to this together from now on. 万能模板3：（适用所有作文类型） I think此处抄写作文题目is an interesting topic. Many people around me are talking about this. In my opinion, we should understand 此处抄写作文题目like this. First, 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） Second, 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） In conclusion, let’s pay more and more attention to this together from now on. 万能模板4：（适用信件类作文） Dear **,
高一英语作文经典句子与模板 常用句型： 1. Only in this way can we … 只有这样，我们才能…… 2. It goes without saying that... 不用说...(意思是：论述的内容是显而易见的） 3. It can be said with certainty that... ...是肯定的。 4. As the proverb goes 有句谚语是这样说的...;常言道... 5. It has to be noticed that...必须引起注意的是... 6. It`s generally recognized that...通常认为... 7. What calls for special attention is that... .需要引起特别注意的是... 8. There’s no denying that....不容否认... 9. Nothing is more important than the fact that...没有比这更重要的是... 10. what’s far more im portant is that..更重要的是... 11. As time goes by,.....随着时间的流逝 12. There is no doubt that...毫无疑问... 13. As far as I'm concerned, I think....就我而言，我认为... 14. It is said that...据说... 15. It is important for sb to do sth. 做某事对某人很重要 16. Compared with A, B is more ...与A相比，B更... 17. in my opinion 在我看来 18. It is high time that we did sth.是我们做..的时候了。 19. Only in this way, can we solve this problem properly.只有这样我们才能妥善解决这个问题。 20. sth is so...that...如此..以至于.. 21. not only ...,but also...不仅...而且... Not only is English important to us, but it is also a must in our daily life. 22. To be honest To tell the truth 老实说来 23. too..to 太..以至于不能.. 24. On one hand,. .on the other hand,..一方面.. 另一方面... 25. With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为…… 段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.
大学英语作文万能模板 （一）段首句 1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……
英语高分作文表达必备 1.一些人……而另外一些人Some people…while others… 2.就我而言/就个人而言As far as I am concerned/personally 3.就……达到绝对的一致reach an absolute agreement on… 4.可靠的消息源a reliable source of information 5.宝贵的自然资源valuable natural resources 6.社会进步的体现a symbol of social progress 7.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons 8.双方的论点the argument on both sides 9.对……观点因人而异views on...vary from person to person 10.在一定程度上to some extent/degree/in some way 11.对这一问题持有不同态度hold different attitude towards this issue 12.支持前/后种观点的人people/those in favor of the former/latter opinion 13.有/提供如下理由/证据have/provide the following reasons/evidence 14.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in... 15.对……必不可少be indispensable to… 16.有争议性的问题a controversial issue 17.正如言语所说as the proverb goes 18.满足需求satisfy/meet the needs of 19.快捷convenient and efficient 20.生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life 21.环保（的）environmental protection/environmentally friendly 22.热烈的讨论/争论a heated discussion/debate 23.随着经济的快速发展with the rapid development of economy 24.人们生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长the remarkable improvement/steady growth of people’s living standards 25.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology 26.身心两方面both physically and mentally 27.完全不同的观点a totally different argument 28.把时间和精力放在……上focus time and energy on…
英语作文万能模板 英文写作中，主题句，引导句，过渡句在文中的重要性不言而喻。适时的积累一些英语作文模板句子，会让你的文章增色不少哦~ （一）段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。
1. My view on…(就...问题，我的观点) Model 1 模板一 Para 1第一段 Different people have different views on... It is held/ believed/ thought/ recognized/ acknowledged that...But it is also held that ... 就 ...而言，不同的人有不同的观点（见仁见智）。大家都认为...但也有人认为... Those who hold the first opinion feel…In contrast/however/on the contrary, those who hold the second view believe/suggest/argue/believe/think that… 持第一个观点的人认为...相反地，持第二个观点的人认为 Para 2 第二段 As to me, I agree with the former/latter opinion. Admittedly… /后者 In my opinion, I am for From my standpoint / viewpoint, I am in favor of From my point of view, I am supportive of As far as I am concerned What’s more，… Moreover，… Furthermore，… ，… Para 3 结尾段 In a word, … In sum In brief In short It’s necessary to take a correct attitude to…. Only …, can we … In conclusion 对...持正确的态度是有必要的。只有...，我们才能... To sum up As is mentioned above, Taking all the above into consideration, Model 2 模板二 Para 1第一段 随着...到来/诞生，在我们生活/社会中...变得越来越... When asked about ..., different people will offer different opinions.
高中英语万能写作模版：英语作文开头句型6大写 法 导读：本文高中英语万能写作模版：英语作文开头句型6大写法，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 1）对立法：先引出其他人的不同看法，然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法，适用于有争议性的主题。 [1] When asked about..., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that …. But I think/view a bit differently. 当被问及道......的话题，大多数人认为，但是我却持有一点反对意见。 [2] When it comes to ...., some people believe that…. Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but I tend to the former/latter. 一提到....一些人相信....然后另一部分人却不这么认为。这两种观点都有相对正确的地方，但我更倾向于前者（后者） [3] Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that..... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether..... 现在，普遍的观点认为...他们坚信....但我对此却表示怀疑... 2）现象法：引出要剖析的现象或者问题，然后评论。 [1] Recently the rise in the problem/phenomenon of ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. 近来有个现象（问题）不断发生...并且已经受到公众广泛关注。 [2] Recently the issue of the problem/phenomenon of ...has been brought into
模块（3） For most of us today ,(1). From above ,we can find that the reasons why (2) are as follows. The primary reason ,i think,is (3). Second,(4). The third reason,actually,is (5). The significance for (6)。 Therefore ,(7). 注释： （1）人们针对XX的态度和举措 （2）归纳现状 （3）第一个原因 （4）第二个原因 （5）第三个原因 （6）重申造成现状的最重要原因 （7）我的建议我写的模块 （3）的相应的作文，仅供参考 Pollution most of us today (recognize that environmental pollution has been a greatly serious problem . lots of plants trees corps1 are destroyed by bad air .many fish die of poisonous water . thousands of people die from eating poisoned fish or breathing in gas . therefore , environmental pollution should be responsible for these diseases that are disabling ,or bringing death not only to human beings , but also to wild life .) from above ,we can find that the reasons why (environment are polluted more and more seriously) are as follows. The primary reason ,I think , is (the reason of harmful substances into environment . for example ,to prevent insects ,farmers make use of great amounts of insecticides, so as to have bumper2 harvests . however ,they pollute air ,water and land ). Second,(the gas coming from the car engines and factories also make environment polluted badly ). The third reason actually is (the result of a growing population in the world. Everyday , so much litter and waste are poured out from houses ,also pollute the environment ). The significance for (controlling pollution ) noted3that it’s high time that more effective measures should be taken . Therefore ,(new laws should be passed to limit the amount of pollutants4 from factories . moreover ,in the households ,there is an obvious need to reduce litter and waste . let’s make our good efforts ,and the world will be a safer place to live for us ). 模块（4）
大学英语作文四级万能模板 开头万能公式 1．开头万能公式一：名人名言 有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！ 原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？ 经典句型： A proverb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言） It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言） 更多经典句型： As everyone knows, No one can deny that… 开头万能公式一：数字统计 原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。 原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型： According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： Honesty：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 Travel by Bike：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。 Youth：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。 Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 更多句型： A recent statistics shows that … 结尾万能公式 1．结尾万能公式一：如此结论 说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！ 更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型： Thu s, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that… 如此建议 如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废
（一）段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。There is an old saying______. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People’s opin ions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？ According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why?
大学英语议论文写作模板 一、不同观点列举型（选择型） There is a widespread concern over the issue that 作文题目. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that观点一. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows：in the first place,原因一.Furthermore,in the second place,原因二. So it goes without saying that观点一. People,however,differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that观点二. In their point of view, on the one hand,原因一. On the other hand,原因二. Therefore, there is no doubt that 观点二. As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that观点一或二.It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________. 二、利弊型的议论文 Nowadays,there is a widespread concern over （the issue that ）___作文题目 ______. In fact,there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking,it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly,___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes,every coin has two sides,__讨论议题______ is no exception,and in another word,it still has negative aspects. To begin with,___缺点一 ______. In addition, ____缺点二______. To sum up,we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play,and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case,we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___. 三、答题性议论文
xx英语作文万能模板及万能句型汇总 作文万能模板 一、阐述主题题型 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． １．阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．２．分析并举例使其更充实．二、解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 １．问题现状２．怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）Confronted with A，we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing，---------------（解决方法一）。For another -------------（解决方法二）。Finally，--------------（解决方法三）。Personally，I believe that -------------（我的解决方法）。Consequently，I'm confident that a bright future isawaiting us because --------------（带来的好处）。 三、说明利弊题型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） １.说明事物现状２.事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）３.你对现状
（或前景）的看法 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally，its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------（Ａ的优点之一）。Besides -------------------（Ａ的优点之二）。 1 / 13 But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------（Ａ的第一个缺点）．To make matters worse，------------------（Ａ的第二个缺点）． 四、议论文的框架 （1）不同观点列举型（选择型） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows：in the first place，___原因一_______.Furthermore，in the second place，___原因二_____. So it