Conference on Senior Engineering Design Projects
You are invited to attend the forty-fourth Conference on Senior Engineering Design Projects. The conference will be held from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Tuesday, April 14th, 2009 at the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences on the Parkview Campus of Western Michigan University. The College of Engineering and Applied Sciences sponsors the conference to showcase the work of its graduating seniors, who are required to complete a capstone project that puts into practice what they have learned. Many of the projects are sponsored by business and industry. The conference is free and open to the public. You are welcome to attend all or part of the day's events. Reservations are not necessary.
High school and community college teachers are encouraged to bring students to the conference. Buses can drop off passengers in the College Circle in front of the building and then park in lot P-2. (See map)
Teachers who cannot accompany their students to the conference may ask their students to sign in and out at the information table in the lobby on the first floor of the College. Sign-in sheets will be mailed to teachers the day after the conference.
Parking is available in the ramps behind the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences (See Map: Lots P3 and P4). There is no charge for parking for those attending the Conference.
Presentations begin on the hour and half hour. Please do not enter a room after a presentation has begun.
Session locations, times, and page number for project descriptions:
Civil and Construction Engineering D-204/5 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. p. 5 Computer Science D-210 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. p. 8 Electrical and Computer Engineering D-208 8:30 a.m. to 12 p.m. p. 10 Industrial Design D-115 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. p. 12 Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering D-201 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. p. 17 Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering A D-109 9 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. p. 20 Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering B D-212 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. p. 23
Paper Eng., Chemical Eng., and Imaging D-208 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. p. 26
A lunch break is scheduled from 12 p.m. to 1 p.m. There is a café available on site.
For more information about the conference, call Tamara Bergman at (269) 276-3248.
CCE Civil and Construction Engineering
CS Computer Science
ECE Electrical and Computer Engineering
ID Industrial Design
IME Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
MAE Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
Time Room Dept. Topic
8:00 D-201 IME Process Design and Documentation of ISO 9000 Standards
8:30 D-208 ECE Controller-Area Network (CAN) Test Bench
D-115 ID Math through Art
D-201 IME V-Process for Rapid Prototyping
9:00 D-204/5 CCE Optimized Winter Operations
D-210 CS Distributed Network Monitoring
D-208 ECE Solar Cell Characterization System
D-115 ID Honeycomb Dog Kennel
D-201 IME Cost Model Construction for Product Families
D-109 MAE A Design of Formula SAE Frame and Suspension
D-212 MAE B Classic Aircraft Windscreen and Canopy Design
9:30 D-204/5 CCE 12th Street Elementary – Portage Public Schools
D-210 CS Modification of Room Reservation Website and Room Wizards?
D-208 ECE Audio Signal Quality Monitor
D-115 ID Hygiene Pack
D-201 IME Design and Manufacturing of a Three-Wheeled Electric Vehicle
D-109 MAE A Redesign of a Solar Car Suspension and Steering
D-212 MAE B Multi-Element Wing Design
10:00 D-204/5 CCE Bridge Load Rating Analysis
D-210 CS Making an Xbox 360 Game
D-208 ECE CAN-Bus Based Vehicle Telemetry System
D-115 ID Kalamazoo Capsule Shelter
D-201 IME Modeling a Heavy Truck for Rollover Stability
D-109 MAE A Aero Body Development for Formula SAE Race Car
D-212 MAE B Pneumatic Quick Jack
10:30 D-204/5 CCE Gusset Plate Analysis for Steel Truss Bridges
D-210 CS Materials Science Virtual Lab
D-208 ECE Rugged Mobile Data Acquisition Unit
D-115 ID ZAK: An Educational Handheld Tool
D-201 IME Determining Energy Savings using a “Green” Refrigeration Product
D-109 MAE A House Geometry Optimization for Wind/Solar Energy Generation
D-212 MAE B Design and Optimization of Piping System for Water Heating Package 11:00 D-204/5 CCE Steel Frame Retrofit of a Hospital
D-210 CS E-Commerce Gift Card Web Application
D-208 ECE Pneumatic Proportional Control System
D-115 ID Mobile Showering Unit
D-109 MAE A Flow-Conditioning for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
D-212 MAE B Analysis and Improvement of a Biomedical Implant
11:30 D-204/5 CCE Design of Hawkins Road Bridge over I-94
D-210 CS Solar Car Simulator
D-208 ECE Peltier Countertop Heating/Cooling System
D-115 ID Total Health Hygiene Pack
D-201 IME Redesign Assembly Line through Inventory Optimization
D-109 MAE A Hybrid PV/T Solar Collection System
1:00 D-204/5 CCE Construction Documents and Schedule for a Vehicle Facility D-115 ID Helping Hand
D-201 IME Optimizing Shipments to Customers from Plants/Distribution Centers
D-109 MAE A Design of Pneumatic Fitting Assembly Machine
D-208 PCI ERIC Measurement by Ingede 11 and a NIR Spectrometer
1:30 D-204/5 CCE Olivet College Cutler Events Center
D-115 ID The Nocturinal
D-201 IME Evaluation of a PRT System Around WMU Campus
D-109 MAE A eyeBOT: Robotic Performance Vehicle
D-208 PCI Reducing Fresh Water Usage in a Paper Mill
2:00 D-204/5 CCE Parkview Bridge Overpass US-131
D-115 ID Terra Trike Fairing
D-109 MAE A Aircraft Rotary Actuator Testing Station Design
D-212 MAE B Design and Construction of an Experimental Submarine Propulsion
D-208 PCI Compound Coating Cost Savings Opportunity
2:30 D-204/5 CCE Evaluation and Repair of the Jennings Drain Culvert
D-115 ID The K Guide
D-212 MAE B Assessment and Treatment of Poor Acoustics in a Classroom
D-208 PCI Baking Oven Exhaust Heat Reclamation
3:00 D-115 ID The “Eco Essentials” Pak
D-208 PCI Methanol Waste Distillation Optimization from Manufacturing Biodiesel 3:30 D-115 ID H-Pack: A Mobile Storage Shelter
D-208 PCI The Affects of Gray Component Replacement on Color Gamut Volume 4:00 D-115 ID Sculpdrate: The Hydrating Art
THANK YOU
The College of Engineering and Applied Sciences is grateful to these sponsors that have provided or cooperated in Senior Engineering Design Projects being presented in April 2009. If you have a project for our students or if you would like more information, please call
Tamara Bergman at (269) 276-3248.
CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
Session Chair – Hubo Cai
Room D-204/205
OPTIMIZED WINTER OPERATIONS
by David Bonamy, Griffin Enyart, and Kyle Ghastin
Sponsor: Mia Silver - Michigan Department of Transportation
Faculty Advisors: Hubo Cai and Jun-Seok Oh
9:00 a.m. to 9:25 a.m., D-204/205
In the northern parts of the country snow and ice are a common problem that not only affects the safety of motorist but also a state’s budget. A system has been developed using ArcGIS, a geographical information system software used to generate optimized water plans. These plans allow for snow and ice to be removed from state roadways in a timely and economical manner. The plan contains prioritized plow routes, current and alternative de-icing techniques and strategic garage locations. This optimized snow and ice removal system will minimize the use of materials while keeping roads safe.
12TH STREET ELEMENTARY – PORTAGE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
by Mark Crider, Jackie Kawa, and Marianne Zenz
Faculty Advisors: Jun-Seok Oh and Upul Attanayake
9:30 a.m. to 9:55 a.m., D-204/205
This fall, the Portage Public School District will be opening a two-story elementary school on 12th Street that shall accommodate 3,800 students. The project will total about 15 million dollars. Structural analysis and design of this 72,000 square foot structure was performed in accordance with the national and local codes and specifications. Traffic analysis was performed considering the Safe Route to School concept. Both the structural and transportation components were analyzed using basic theory of structural and traffic engineering in conjunction with state-of-the-art computer technology.
BRIDGE LOAD RATING ANALYSIS
by Ryan Forgey, Logan Lockman, and Ryan Wurtz
Faculty Advisor: Haluk Aktan
10:00 a.m. to 10:25 a.m., D-204/205
Heavy loads and equipment need to be transported periodically on the highway system. Vehicles loaded beyond legal limits need to apply for a permit. Highway agency reviews the route including capacity assessment of bridges among other issues in order to issue the permit. An analysis was done on a bridge in Southwest Michigan in response to a permit application. The bridge analysis under load was studied using SAP2000. From the generated computer models and member capacity calculations, bridge safe load capacity was obtained. The permit analysis also includes a traffic study and geotechnical investigation.
GUSSET PLATE ANALYSIS FOR STEEL TRUSS BRIDGES
by Paulette BeVier, Megan Montgomery, Frank Rodriguez, and Evan Selahowski
Faculty Advisor: Yufeng Hu
10:30 a.m. to 10:55 a.m., D-204/205
The gusset plate failure of the Minnesota 1-35 Bridge led the FHWA to recommend that steel truss bridges be evaluated for similar flaws. Implementing the mathematic analysis software MathCAD, a general template was developed to check the adequacy of gusset plate designs. This template will be an efficient tool in the analysis and design of gusset plates on various existing truss bridges. In the case of inadequate design, a steel connection retrofit plan was developed. Because of a possible need for upgrades, a construction traffic plan was proposed. This was accomplished using the traffic simulation software Synchro.
STEEL FRAME RETROFIT OF A HOSPITAL
by Andrew Grimes, Alberto Landa, and Michael Peake
Faculty Advisor: Xiaoyun Shao
11:00 a.m. to 11:25 a.m., D-204/205
Over the past half decade, buildings in the United States have been lacking proper earthquake design and construction regulations. More recently, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has created present criteria for the design and construction of structures to resist earthquake ground motions. The “NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reductions Program) Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures” provides minimum design criteria applicable to withstand earthquake ground motion. SAP2000 was used to model a theoretical, four-story steel frame hospital located in southern California. Using basic dynamic and nonlinear static analysis in SAP 2000, the steel frame hospital was retrofitted to meet all of the design provisions recommended by NEHRP. The retrofitted model can serve as an example for future rehabilitation or construction of similar steel frame buildings that require retrofitting due to seismic activity.
DESIGN OF HAWKINS ROAD BRIDGE OVER I-94
by Nick Francis, Joshua Glowski, Dan Robinson, and Amanda Rossman
Faculty Advisor: Upul Attanayake
11:30 a.m. to 11:55 a.m., D-204/205
The Hawkins Road Bridge over I-94 deteriorated over time and required replacement considering current traffic demands and relevant design standards and specifications. The bridge clearance was a controlling factor for the new design as well as removing two piers to change the bridge from a four-span bridge to a two-span bridge. The challenge in redesigning the bridge was to increase the clearance and remove the piers while maintaining strength requirements. This challenge was addressed by choosing a beam design that met necessary requirements and altering any necessary earthwork. A traffic analysis was performed evaluating detour options to re-route traffic during the bridge construction.
CONTRUCTION DOCUMENTS AND SCHEDULE FOR A VEHICLE
STORAGE/MAINTENANCE FACILITY
by Travis Johncock, Mikal Morris, and Jeffrey Wassink
Sponsor: Jack Abate - Miller-Davis Company
Faculty Advisor: Hubo Cai
1:00 p.m. to 1:25 p.m., D-204/205
The Van Buren County Road Commission’s goal was to create a more efficient facility that met current standards while being fiscally responsible. By implementing current construction practices, a workable set of documents were produced including a schedule, estimate, and management plan in order to complete the project on time and within budget. This facility will enable the Van Buren County Road Commission to streamline its operations by consolidating all of its maintenance functions under one roof. OLIVET COLLEGE CUTLER EVENTS CENTER
by Eric Kella, Ryan Long, and Jeffrey Vlietstra
Sponsor: Bryan Roy – CSM Group
Faculty Advisor: Ahmad Jrade
1:30 p.m. to 1:55 p.m., D-204/205
The Olivet College Events Center was an addition onto the college’s exis ting athletic facility. The new 44,000 square foot addition added a full service, full court gymnasium with bleachers, men’s and women’s locker rooms, public restrooms, a new fitness center, as well as additional storage and office space. Taking the position as Construction Manager starting with pre-construction services through post-construction: a construction estimate (per CSI Master Format), a full project schedule, scopes of work broken up by/for bid packages, a project management and safety plan for construction, as well as a building integrated model using Rivet Software were developed. The documents developed will allow for a construction management firm or general contractor to take the given information and complete a construction project from start to finish.
PARKVIEW BRIDGE OVERPASS US-131
by Thomas Carlson, Jacob Cinader, and James Stacer
Faculty Advisor: Ahmad Jrade
2:00 p.m. to 2:25 p.m., D-204/205
Due to this country’s quickly deteriorating infrastructure, construction processes need to b ecome more cost and time efficient. Population growth in the area has caused an overpass on Parkview Ave. to become outdated and in need of replacement. Using the design software Rivet Structure, along with the estimating program M.E.R. L, a 3-D model and cost estimate were created. Next, with the help of the planning program Microsoft Project, a detailed project schedule was developed. With the replacement
of the Parkview overpass many new construction codes and safety regulations will be satisfied. Additionally, with the overpass being constructed using pre-fabricated concrete sections, the entire construction process will be accelerated causing less public disturbance.
EVALUATION AND REPAIR OF THE JENNINGS DRAIN CULVERT
by Zachary Beeman, Bryce DeQuoy, John Leite, and Travis Moore
Sponsor: Munawar Azam, PE – Michigan Department of Transportation
Faculty Advisors: Jun-Seok Oh and Paul Romano
2:30 p.m. to 2:55 p.m., D-204/205
The Jennings Drain culvert at I-94 near Paw Paw was deemed necessary to be repaired to prevent damages to the highway. Using structural analysis, soil mechanics, and hydrology, the culvert was analyzed to determine integrity. A cost benefit analysis was performed to determine the most economical repair method. A construction and traffic plan were determined to make the project most effective. This feasible solution prevented a future problem while keeping the impact on highway traffic to a minimum. The project ensured that the culvert would be functional for years to come without a total reconstruction.
COMPUTER SCIENCE
Session Chair – John Kapenga
Room D-210
DISTRIBUTED NETWORK MONITORING
by Ryan Noble
Sponsor: Noble https://www.doczj.com/doc/e56452725.html,
Faculty Advisor: John Kapenga
9:00 a.m. to 9:25 a.m., D-210
Maintaining a functioning computer network is vital to businesses. A distributed network monitoring system was created to observe the network operations of several small businesses using Nagios, an open source network monitoring application. This system can be utilized to alert technical staff of network errors, record on-going performance characteristics, and predict trends that may cause future problems. The completed software was extended to include site-specific test and performance statistics, GUI enhancements, and easy roll-out installation packages. This system will help to maintain high-availability computer networks, reduce the response time for outages, and provide critical information for preventing future interruptions.
MODIFICATION AND REVAMP OF ROOM RESERVATION WEBSITE AND ROOM WIZARDS?
by Seth Behnke
Faculty Advisor: John Kapenga
9:30 a.m. to 9:55 a.m., D-210
The Room Wizards? outside of each room were not maintainable in their current form. The website back end that allows for room reservation was updated. A completely new operating system was installed on the Room Wizards?, along with a new interface. The overall benefit is a significant improvement in stability, maintainability, and the possibility for future expansion.
MAKING AN XBOX 360 GAME
by Daniel Frandsen
Faculty Advisor: Karlis Kaugars
10:00 a.m. to 10:25 a.m., D-210
One of the biggest popular interests in computer science is in the creation of video games. A video game was created using the Microsoft XNA Framework for the Xbox360 platform. The game, entitled “Olu”, used many different aspects of the computer science curriculum including threading, linear algebra, optimization, graphical design, coding standards, artificial intelligence, and game design. The game was released on the LIVE Community Games service and available for purchase to anyone on Xbox LIVE.
MATERIAL SCIENCE VIRTUAL LAB
by Kyle Chouinard, Daniel Frandsen, and Richard Herrington
Faculty Advisor: John Kapenga
10:30a.m. to 10:55a.m., D-210
Expensive equipment is required for physical labs used in a material science curriculum. The Virtual Lab is an effort to provide the ability of material science students to work on their labs without the need for a physical environment. The students use HP tablet PCs to interact with a virtual environment. Using the application, students can take notes, perform quizzes, send e-mails to the professor, and complete an entire lab using only their tablet PCs. This provides an effective low-cost replacement for expensive physical labs.
E-COMMERCE GIFT CARD WEB APPLICATION
by Adam Flink, Ted McDonald, and Stuart Swope
Sponsors: Jerry Howell – Midwest Business Exchange, Art Pearce - Battle Creek Area Habitat for Humanity, and John Jozef Kapenga - Kapenga Design
Faculty Advisor: John Kapenga
11:00 a.m. to 11:25 a.m., D-210
Charities lack an efficient way to collect funds. An e-commerce website was created to facilitate donations to many charities from one central location. Features of the web application include purchasing a gift card, redemption of a gift card, and administration of the site. During the redemption process the user donates to the charity of their choice. HTML, CSS, Javascript, PHP, and MySql were the tools used in the development process. The web application will benefit charities by allowing a large number of people to easily donate.
SOLAR CAR SIMULATOR
by Paul Adams, Collin Moerman, Cory Nunnery, Brandon VanVaerenbergh, and Ryan Woodcox Faculty Advisor: John Kapenga
11:30 a.m. to 11:55 a.m., D-210
In major inter-collegiate solar car races, performance modeling and strategy are critical to the success of a team. The Solar Car Simulator utilizes the Java programming language, an interactive information visualization toolkit called Prefuse, NOAA’s National Digital Forecast Database, and the United States Geological Survey’s Elevation Query Service. The program also takes real-time input from GPS, chase car weather data, and solar car telemetry. The simulation package will enable a team to author and test a strategy before a race, as well as monitor the effectiveness of their plan during the race.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Session Chair – John Gesink
Room D-208
CONTROLLER-AREA NETWORK (CAN) TEST BENCH
by Trevor Case, Kyle Hendricks, and Robert Olsen
Sponsor: Karen Cooper-Boyer - DENSO North America Foundation
Faculty Advisors: Bradley Bazuin and John Kapenga
8:30 a.m. to 8:55 a.m., D-208
The Controller Area Network (CAN) is part of the automotive on-board diagnostics required in virtually all 2008 and beyond US passenger cars and light trucks. The WMU Sunseeker solar “rayce” car uses the CAN for communications between all primary electronic modules, including electric motors, brake lights and turn signals, accelerator and cruise control, dashboard displays, etc. The test bench is a fully functioning mockup of CAN related electronic modules and cable interconnections in Sunseeker 2008 and expected in future Sunseeker vehicles. The commercial modules used and custom electronic modules developed will be presented and the broader use of the test bench uses for future CAN developments and classroom education will be discussed.
SOLAR CELL CHARACTERIZATION SYSTEM
by Ruba Afaneh, Hang Guan Cheah, and Ishrak Mamun
Faculty Advisor: Bradley Bazuin
9:00 a.m. to 9:25 a.m., D-208
All solar cells are not manufactured equally. The Sunseeker solar car team needed a solar cell characterization system to match solar cells in order to collect energy with maximum efficiency. The system measured the current-voltage (I/V) curves for individual solar cells or modules under varying indoor and outdoor lighting conditions. An embedded microcontroller set the device operating point with the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and then collected current, voltage, and temperature readings with an analog to digital converter (ADC). System control, display, and data storage was performed by a PC using a USB interface.
AUDIO SIGNAL QUALITY MONITOR
by Keith Kurdziel, Megan Nattrass, and Alexander Pearce
Faculty Advisor: Raghe Gejji
9:30 a.m. to 9:55 a.m., D-208
Conference calls are frequently interrupted due to poor audio quality. A device was designed and built to provide real-time response of signal quality during these calls. The device uses signal filtering and a microcontroller for signal processing. Visual feedback is provided using LEDs (light emitting diodes). The efficiency of conference calls can be increased with the use of this device.
CAN-BUS BASED VEHICLE TELEMETRY SYSTEM
by Jeffrey Choate, Laura Szabelski, and Nicholas Tenney
Sponsor: Leonard Pimentel - I.D. Systems Inc.
Faculty Advisor: Janos Grantner
10:00a.m. to 10:25a.m., D-208
I.D. Systems wished to upgrade their current data collection system to be CAN-Bus compatible. The old system collected data on industrial machinery, such as forklifts, via sensors that were hard-wired to a transmitter. Upgrading to a CAN-Bus architecture required creation of new code and circuits that would filter and convert the raw sensor data, based on the individual sensor. The sensors converted to the new system were GPS, distance, impact, and differential voltage.
RUGGED MOBILE DATA ACQUISITION UNIT
by Nathan Cox, Steve Mayr, and Jacob Spitzner
Sponsor: Marie Maddix - Eaton Corporation
Faculty Advisor: Frank Severance
10:30 a.m. to 10:55 a.m., D-208
Eaton Corporation designs, tests, and builds truck transmissions. To do this it is necessary to accurately acquire, condition, filter, and log voltage signals in real time. An integrated data acquisition system that performs each of these functions was designed. It is a 12” x 9” portable unit that uses National Instruments Data Acquisition cards, Analog Devices 5B Signal Conditioning Modules, and PCB123 to create a single rugged data collection system with an attached laptop for real time analysis. The completed system accepts up to sixteen channels from different embedded sensors for data collection and conditioning.
PNEUMATIC PROPORTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM
by Ryan Boender, Ryan Cook, Nicholas Hainer, and Corey McClain
Sponsor: Humphrey Products
Faculty Advisor: Dean Johnson
11:00 a.m. to 11:25 a.m., D-208
An automated control system for proportional pneumatic valves has been designed, constructed, and evaluated for Humphrey Products. The pneumatic proportional control system consists of a LCD display with both a push button interface and a 0-10 volt direct control input. The control system also features real time learning with calibration for individual characteristics for each valve due to manufacturing tolerances and valve wear. The system consists of a hardware based interface that is controlled by a custom developed software backend.
PELTIER COUNTERTOP HEATING/COOLING SYSTEM
by David Geiser, Justin Hobart, and Nick Kennel
Faculty Advisor: Massood Atashbar
11:30 a.m. to 11:55 a.m., D-208
Advancement s in technology have provided the opportunity to bring a professional chef’s environment into the average home. Home chefs need a way to heat or cool food products without using the conventional bulky equipment. This was done by attaching multiple peltier devices underneath granite countertops to provide heating and cooling. A battery powered wireless microcontroller unit was designed and implemented to have a closed loop feedback system enabling the control of the temperature of the countertop.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
Session Chair: Roman Rabiej
Room D-115
MATH THROUGH ART
by Julie Keith
Sponsors: Emily Pilloton - Project H Design and Julie Bontrager - VSA Arts of Michigan
Faculty Advisors: Roman Rabiej and Dave Veldkamp
8:30 a.m. to 8:55 a.m., D-115
Children with learning disabilities, such as Dyslexia and Non-Verbal (Math) Disability, have difficulties with understanding math. Special education math programs in public schools primarily teach kids with the same methods, but at a slower pace. This is ineffective because these children are not deficient in their learning abilities, they just learn differently. The Math Through Art learning method uses art methods and ideas such as drawing, music, dance, sculpture, and storytelling to teach, making math interesting and memorable to children.
HONEYCOMB DOG KENNEL
by Stefanie Koehler
Sponsor: Emily Pilloton - Project H Design
Faculty Advisor: Dave Veldkamp
9:00 a.m. to 9:25 a.m., D-115
Thousands of homeless dogs end up in local animal controls, humane societies, and rescue organizations every year. Designing a dog kennel that allows staff to spend less time cleaning and more time with the dogs was vital. The Honeycomb Kennel provides better visibility of adoptable dogs. The self-contained drainage system reduces cleaning time and medical costs which enables staff to interact with dogs more frequently. Higher quality interactions will make the dogs more adoptable, thus, increasing the turn-over rate. Overall, this system will provide a more pleasant experience for the public, the workers, and most importantly, the dogs.
HYGIENE PACK
by Peter Leite
Sponsor: Emily Pilloton - Project H Design
Faculty Advisors: Roman Rabiej and Dave Veldkamp
9:30 a.m. to 9:55 a.m., D-115
Homelessness is an issue that affects many people in the United States; approximately 3.5 million people experience a state of being homeless each year alone. One of the big issues facing the homeless is the need to get cleaned up, which can improve one’s self esteem and help them attain employment. They only need a few basic amenities to keep themselves clean and by keeping them in a specialized travel case they can still remain independent and become hygienically self-sufficient. This in turn should help them possibly become employed and keep them returning to shelters to help keep clean. KALAMAZOO CAPSULE SHELTER
by Chris Latta
Sponsor: Emily Pillonton - Project H Design
Faculty Advisor: David Veldkamp
10:00 a.m. to 10:25 a.m., D-115
Three-quarters of a million people call the streets here in the United States home. The Kalamazoo Capsule Shelter (KCS) incorporates the everyday needs of the homeless with a sense of empowerment as recycling is used to help fund and maintain the units. The design was based on the Japanese capsule motels which use small living quarters contained within a single person capsule. Homeless are then charged with the task of collecting recyclables to gain entry in to the overnight sleeping unit. So as shelter is provided by the city to the homeless, the homeless provide to the city cleaning service and the recyclables are used again to help fund the unit’s maintenance and installation costs. Over all, the KCS is a solution to an ever growing homeless population and how the homeless work themselves off the streets.
ZAK: AN EDUCATIONAL HANDHELD TOOL
by Joe Alef
Faculty Advisors: Roman Rabiej and David Veldkamp
10:30 a.m. to 10:55 a.m., D-115
2.9 million kids in America today have learning disorders, most of them are diagnosed with forms of dyslexia. Zak is an educational handheld unit that utilizes the methods used today to help overcome dyslexia. Influenced by students and teachers, Zak is designed to fit in to their comfort zone with form and function. A basic skill level set up by the teacher allows this handheld device to shape itself to each individual student. Because proven methods are being used, Zak will help students learn what they need to know now and retain that knowledge for the future.
MOBILE SHOWERING UNIT
by Matthew Parr
Sponsor: Emily Philloton - Project H Design
Faculty Advisors: Roman Rabiej and David Veldkamp
11:00 a.m. to 11:25 a.m., D-115
Homeless people have very little options as to where they are able to shower and clean themselves. In order for them to get a job and off the street, they must be clean and presentable. The mobile showering unit provides this luxury to the homeless by providing a place where they may get a shower. They are also provided with some interview questions and job listings which give them some extra help to better their situation. The completed model provides two showers, two changing rooms, a bathroom, and a consultation room.
TOTAL HEALTH HYGIENE PACK
by Derek DeDecker
Sponsor: Emily Pilloton - Project H Design
Faculty Advisors: Roman Rabiej and David Veldkamp
11:30 a.m. to 11:55 a.m., D-115
Homeless individuals are more subject to health problems, less aware of health issues, and have a lack of proper hygiene necessities to maintain a healthy well being. An educational lecture on health prevention and a hygiene pack were created to help combat the health problems faced by the homeless. Attending the educational health prevention lecture allows homeless individuals to obtain the Total Health Hygiene Pack. These are both intellectual and physical tools to overcome health problems that plague the homeless.
HELPING HAND
by Matthew Allen
Sponsor: Emily Pilloton - Project H Design
Faculty Advisors: Roman Rabiej and David Veldkamp
1:00 p.m. to 1:25 p.m., D-115
There are hundreds of different agencies that can help the homeless in America, but lack of transportation, no phone or address to be contacted, and complex application processes are just a few of the barriers that prevent the homeless from receiving the help they are eligible for. Helping Hand is a service that connects people who are homeless with the agencies that can provide them shelter, food, clothing, healthcare, and other needs. Helping Hand brings all the information and paperwork from these agencies to the homeless at locations such as soup kitchens and homeless shelters. Helping Hand then works with each individual or family and determines which agencies can help, assists filling out paperwork, schedules appointments, answers questions, and walks people through the entire process of receiving benefits and assistance. For people who have lost their home and job, this dramatically helps to alleviate the hardships of getting back on their feet.
THE NOCTURINAL
by Steve Bui
Sponsor: Emily Pilloton - Project H Design
Faculty Advisor: David Veldkamp
1:30 p.m. to 1:55 p.m., D-115
There exists a problem in downtown Grand Rapids where the homeless are using inappropriate areas at night as an alternative restroom solution. This can easily be seen as a serious national problem if avoided too long. An alternative solution has been designed to not only solve this problem but also to aid the homeless in getting their life back on track. The completed project, called the Nocturinal,was designed with these key objectives in mind.
TERRA TRIKE FAIRING
by Brent Paiva
Sponsor: Jack Wiswell - Terra Trike
Faculty Advisors: David Middleton and David Veldkamp
2:00 p.m. to 2:25 p.m., D-115
A semi-enclosed fairing to keep riders from the elements was designed for a line of recumbent style trikes. The existing line of products were previously unable to be used in wet conditions, preventing customers from fully utilizing their potential. The project began with ideation sketches and finalized with a foam and computer model. Focusing on key design criteria such as easy ingress/egress, low manufacturing costs, low production weight, and the ability to break down for shipping, a solution was found. The final design provides a unique solution to a previously unanswered problem.
THE K GUIDE
by Matthew McMullen
Sponsor: Emily Pilloton - Project H Design
Faculty Advisors: Roman Rabiej and David Veldkamp
2:30 p.m. to 2:55 p.m., D-115
Homeless people face many obstacles, one of them being finding the available resources to help them get on the path to self sufficiency. The Kalamazoo Guide to homeless living is designed to combine all the services and resources into one easy to navigate guide. This guide will focus on visual communication to cross communication boundaries and help all homeless people in the Kalamazoo area. The guide will include all kinds of services and resources including health care, shelters, transportation, special events, food services and public restrooms.
THE “ECO ESSENTIALS” PAK
by Eric Greene
Sponsor: Emily Pilloton - Project H Design
Faculty Advisors: Roman Rabiej and David Veldkamp
3:00 p.m. to 3:25 p.m., D-115
In consideration to current homelessness issues in our area, the need for common necessities for these less-fortunate is a continuing struggle. “EcoEssentials” presents an effectively designed parcel to household goods pertaining to sleeping, hygiene and overall wellness. It would be worn and transport with the user while offering ease of maintenance and comfort. Products contained would have arose from recycled materials and when exhausted these can then be re-recycled into further existence. To offer a sense of ownership with the user in mind could provide the empowerment necessary for one to alter their life forever.
H-PACK: A MOBILE STORAGE SHELTER
by Benjamin Lusis
Sponsor: Emily Pilloton - Project H Design
Faculty Advisor: Roman Rabiej
3:30 p.m. to 3:55 p.m., D-115
Through research on the efforts of Project H to improve the lives of the homeless, there exists a need for a product with perhaps a more specific focus. This design will look to fulfill five needs of the homeless: two tangible and three intangible. The need for storage as well as shelter is ever-present in the lives of those less fortunate, but this product will also provide mobility, privacy, and security. This will be a secure storage device with convertibility into an efficient and out-of-the-way temporary shelter. This will be an overall modest, yet effective medium for the homeless to move their lives off the streets and back into a normal way of life. This product is called the H-Pack.
SCULPDRATE: THE HYDRATING ART
by Afroz Munshi
Sponsor: Emily Pilloton - Project H Design
Faculty Advisors: Roman Rabiej and David Veldkamp
4:00 p.m. to 4:25 p.m., D-115
Having pure drinking water on daily basis is a huge problem faced around the world. Sculpdrate is durable and eco-friendly drinking fountain that is publicly accessible. Its artistic styling allows it to fuse into everyday environment. The design also provides a functional service while beautifying its surrounding. It breaks the discriminating barrier by uniting the homeless with other groups of society. It is not just a fountain but also a functional piece of art.
INDUSTRIAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
Session Chairs – Betsy Aller and Bob White
Room D-201
PROCESS DESIGN AND DOCUMENTATION OF ISO 9000 STANDARDS
by Tim Seitz, Jeremy Bullard, and Kevin Oteng
Sponsor: Melissa Saltzman - Kelm Acubar
Faculty Advisor: David Lyth
8:00 a.m. to 8:25 a.m., D-201
ISO certification enables international trade by providing a single set of standards that industry acknowledges and respects. ISO guidelines ensure worker competence and proper documentation of the work environment. The Management System Model (MSM) and nimble documentation methodologies were used to design and document processes to comply with ISO standards at a local Kelm Acubuar. Kelm Acubuar is a firm that specializes in high quality OEM and aftermarket machined components.
V-PROCESS FOR RAPID PROTOTYPING
by Kirk Mrozek and Shane Sovia
Faculty Advisor: Sam Ramrattan
8:30 a.m. to 8:55 a.m., D-201
Rapid prototyping (RP) is an evolving technique used to rapidly produce physical models. However, most of these models are not fully functional, posing a problem when design, testing, and research are necessary. CAD and RP technology were used to produce a molding pattern specifically designed for the V-process (vacuum process). V-process produces small to large castings ranging in complexity; zero draft, zero pattern wear, and internal cavities are benefits of the process. All components for the V-process were designed and fabricated to produce fully functional prototype castings in a timely and cost effective manner.
COST MODEL CONSTRUCTION FOR PRODUCT FAMILIES
by Dimas Insani, Yongchul Jeong, Anthony Moguel, and Charles Sibarani
Sponsors: Nikki Crocker - Fabri-Kal
Faculty Advisor: Steven Butt
9:00 a.m. to 9:25 a.m., D-201
Production standards for a thermoforming plastics manufacturer were validated and associated costing models generated for specific items in a product family. A model that allows quick referencing of financial metrics will help brand managers screen new business opportunities.
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF A THREE-WHEELED ELECTRIC VEHICLE
by Okwui Atueyi, James Callan, Jonathan Engels, and Joseph Schneider
Faculty Advisor: Pavel Ikonomov
9:30 a.m. to 9:55 a.m., D-201
Current consumers are interested in developing alternative fuels and more efficient transportation. A three-wheeled vehicle that exceeds the efficiency of most electric vehicles on the market was developed. Vehicle weight, component placement, stability, safety, and costs were important design criteria. The vehicle was drawn in CAD software and a finite element analysis (FEA) performed to identify stress, strain, and displacement on structural components. The final deliverable is a street legal, three-wheeled vehicle that responds to current demand for fuel efficiency.
MODELING A HEAVY TRUCK FOR ROLLOVER STABILITY
by Sean Duncan, Taylor Krugh, Madeline McAuley, and Todd Simcina
Sponsor: National Transportation Research Center, Inc.
Faculty Advisor: Mitchel Keil
10:00 a.m. to 10:25 a.m., D-201
Heavy truck rollovers are not a frequent occurrence, but more than 52% of all truck-to-driver fatalities are a result of a rollover. Reverse engineering was performed on a heavy tractor and tanker trailer using the TRITOP photogrammetry and ATOS 3-D digitizer systems. A full-scale model was developed using Pro/ENGINEER. This model will be used in conjunction with simulation software to study rollover characteristics. Information obtained from simulation testing will lead to future designs with increased rollover stability.
DETERMINING ENERGY SAVINGS USING A “GREEN” REFRIGERATION PRODUCT
by Dan Fountain, Brent Giles, Chris Mazzola and Mike Sell
Sponsor: Tim St. Onge - Eliason Corporation
Faculty Advisor: Betsy Aller
10:30 a.m. to 10:55 a.m., D-201
The growing demand to conserve valuable natural resources is pushing the development of products to help businesses reduce energy use. A testing procedure was designed to determine the effectiveness of using the Econo-Cover, an insulation barrier manufactured by a local company, on a commercial open display refrigeration unit. Data collected were used to determine energy cost savings associated with the product’s use. The results of these tests will allow customers to determine their own energy savings associated with using the product.
TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE CUTS COSTS AND ENHANCES QUALITY
by Charles Birkeland, Tyler Butler, Dennis Howe, and Brandy Taylor
Sponsor: David Beyer - American Axle & Manufacturing
Faculty Advisor: Joseph Petro Jr.
11:00 a.m. to 11:25 a.m., D-201
With the world economy on the decline, companies must be able to cut costs and maintain quality in order to stay in business. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) addresses these needs. Plant layouts, Preventive Maintenance (PM) schedules, Gantt charts, statistical data, and other resources were used to create a new production system, which includes greater worker responsibilities, an oiling satellite station, and improved PM scheduling. The new system will have save time and money, increasing productivity and overall plant efficiency.
REDESIGN ASSEMBLY LINE THROUGH INVENTORY OPTIMIZATION
by Sidney Byrd, Josh White, Joshua Wiese, and Chris Zguris
Sponsor: Kristi Brunner - Stryker Medical
Faculty Advisor: David Lyth
11:30 a.m. to 11:55 a.m., D-201
In response to rising overhead costs and changing demand at a local medical equipment manufacturer, a need existed to redesign and reduce the assembly line footprint and utilize existing infrastructure. Flow process charts, time studies, part analysis, and a parts supermarket concept were used to evaluate and optimize the current assembly process. Through the design process and use of work analysis methods, the inventory management system, part flow, and overall product value per square foot were improved. OPTIMIZING SHIPMENTS TO CUSTOMERS FROM PLANTS AND/OR DISTRIBUTION CENTERS
by Bryan Dopkins and Aarti Valsadia
Faculty Advisors: Bob White and Abdolazim Houshyar
1:00 p.m. to 1:25 p.m., D-201
A tool was created to determine optimal solutions for shipments to customers from plants and/or distribution centers (DCs). The tool evaluates the scheduled production at each plant and the demand from customers. Based on partial trailer volume, the tool then determines whether a direct shipment to a customer is more cost-effective than shipping to a DC, where volume can be combined before shipment is made to the customer. Transportation optimization, scheduling, and planning were primary methods used for the analysis and a cost analysis determined if the tool is a good investment.
EVALUATION OF A PRT SYSTEM AROUND WMU CAMPUS
by Matthew Nagy and Nick Polidori
Faculty Advisor: Tarun Gupta
1:30 p.m. to 1:55 p.m., D-201
Transportation around WMU campus is unreliable, expensive, and time consuming. A personal rapid transit (PRT) was evaluated to give the University more mobility between campuses. A workable transportation model was developed using responses from mail-in surveys, subsequent data analysis, and simulation modeling. The model simulates and investigates interactions of pedestrians, automobiles, and public transit systems on campus and in the community. The evaluation outcome indicates that a fitting and well built PTR system will improve mobility, increase predictability of travel time, and relieve traffic congestion.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - A
Session Chairs – Claudia Hansford, Pnina Ari-Gur, and Rameshwar Sharma
Room D-109
DESIGN OF FORMULA SAE FRAME AND SUSPENSION
by Sara Arendell, Benjamin Frudzinski, Chad Kroll, and Ryan Pringle
Faculty Advisor: Richard Hathaway
9:00 a.m. to 9:25 a.m., D-109
Formula racing is an exciting and cutting-edge racing field that demands great engineering detail to create a winning car. A new frame, suspension, and steering system has been designed for the 2010 WMU Formula SAE (FSAE) competition vehicle to help assure the teams continued success. The initial designs, which ultimately led to a final design, were created using solid modeling, simulation, and spreadsheet programs. Having a design a year in advance of the competition will place the FSAE team ahead of many teams with which it competes, will allow increased time for assembly and tuning, and will improve the team’s competitiveness.
REDESIGN OF A SOLAR CAR SUSPENSION AND STEERING
by Jonathan Eckhart, Ross Ott, and Christopher Rocker
Accommodati on 适应性 Aerod yn amics 空气动力学 Air Con ditio ner 空调 Air Drag 风阻 Air Suspe nsion 空气悬挂 An alysis 分析 Anti Corrosion 防腐 Anti Rust 防锈 Ashtray 烟灰盒 Assembly 装配 Assistant ' s seat」驾驶座 Attachi ng Parts 附件 Azimuth 方位（角）（极坐标） Back An gle 靠背角 Backrest 靠背 Backup Lamp 倒车灯 Bino cular Obstructio n 双眼盲区BIW （Body-I n-White）白车身Blower 风机 Body 车身，车体 Bolt螺栓 Bonn eted Cab 凸头驾驶室Bracket 托架 Breakdow n 分块 Bumper 保险杠 Bushi ng 衬套 Case壳体 Caution Plate 警告牌 Cen troid 重心 Cigarette Lighter 点烟器 Chassis 底盘 Chassis Frame 车架 Check Arm 限位器 Clip卡扣 Cluster Meter 组合仪表盘 Coat Han ger 衣帽架 Coat Hook 衣帽钩 Collar 套环 Combi natio n Switch 组合开关Comfort 舒适性 Comp onent 总成
Con cealed Wipers 隐藏式雨刮器Condenser 冷凝器
叮叮小文库 Con tour 轮廓线 Co ntrols 控制件 Con vex Mirror 凸面镜 Coola nt 冷却液 Cooler 制冷器 Crash 碰撞 Cup Holder 水杯架 Curtain 窗帘 Curtain Rail 窗帘滑轨 Curvili neal 曲线的 Dash Board 前围内板 Delivery of the Drawi ng 岀图 Displaceme nt 位移 Door Check 限位器 Door Header Rail 车门顶轨 Door Lock 车门锁 Door Ope ning 门洞 Door Outer Ha ndle 车门外手柄 Door Outer Pan el 车门外板 Door Pan el 门护板 Door Pocket 门袋 Door Regulator 车门玻璃升降器 Door Sash 车门窗框 Door Striker 锁环 Door Trim 车门护板 Door Ven tilator 三角窗 Drip Rail 滴水凹槽顶轨 Drive Con figurati on 驱动形式 Dummy Plate 平衡板 Dyn amic 动态的 Ellipsoid Surface 椭球面 Emblem 商标 En gi ne 发动机 Engin eeri ng 工程 En tra nee Han drail 上车门扶手 Entry & Exit 进岀 Ergono mics 人机工程学 Eyellipse 眼椭圆 Fatigue An alysis 疲劳分析 FEM (Fi nite Eleme nt Method) 有限元 Fen der 翼子板
汽车专业英语大纲内部编号：（YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128）
《汽车专业英语》课程标准 学时/学分： 32/2 课程类型：理论课程（A类） 适用专业：汽车电子技术专业 课程所属系部：汽车工程系 批准日期：2014年5月 一、制定依据与课程定位 （一）制定依据 本课程标准是依据汽车检测与维修技术、汽车制造与装配技术、需要制定。 （二）课程定位 《汽车专业英语》这门课程是汽车专业的一门专业选修课程，旨在使学生掌握汽车专业常用的英语词汇。 通过本课程的学习，培养学生在汽车专业领域具有的一定的英语阅读能力和翻译能力，以便学生更好的直接从外文资料中获取新的知识和信息。 二、课程教学目标 《汽车专业英语》是三年制高职汽车检测与维修技术、汽车制造与装配技术、的专业选修课程。其任务是使学生一方面可以巩固已掌握的词汇和语法知识，另一方面扩大专业词汇量，提高学生对汽车专业英文文献的阅读能力。通过教学应使学生获得初步具备专业英语翻译能力和初步具备能够直接从外文资料中获取信息的能力。 （一）知识目标 1、掌握专业英语中的基本词汇和专有名词； 2、掌握专业英语中常用的语法和句型结构； 3、可以阅读有一定词汇量的专业英语文献。 （二）能力目标 通过对《汽车专业英语》的教学，力求向学生提供未来工作岗位所需要专业英语知识，培养学生在实际工作岗位上运用汽车专业英语的能力。
1、阐述“专业阅读”，内容力求反应汽车专业方面的最新知识，文章能展示 当今汽车专业方面的最新技术，同时书中附带一些真实的现场照片。 2、阐述“专业术语”，帮助学生了解汽车各零部件的功能及应用，是学生进 入企业后应用较多的内容。 3、阐述“试试您的动手能力”，以汽车故障诊断为主，列举大量贴近企业工 作实际的实例。 4、阐述“交际会话”，选用贴近实际，贴近企业，贴近岗位的常用专业英语 会话。 （三）素质目标 通过教学应使学生认识《汽车专业英语》学习的基本方法， 1、具备通过查阅资料等方法，通过自学获取知识和新技术的能力； 2、通过不同形式的探究活动、自主学习，体验科技发现和创造的历程，发展 抽象思维和辨证逻辑思维。 3、养成严谨求实的科学态度以及质疑和独立思考的学习习惯。 4、使学生具备正确的价值观与评定事物的能力，具备一定的英文语言表达能 力以及与人交往沟通的能力。 5、培养学生爱岗敬业、团结协作、吃苦耐劳的职业精神与创新设计的意识。? 三、课程内容设计 （一）学时分配
黑盒测试：决策表 用决策表测试法测试以下程序:该程序有三个输入变量month、day、year（month 、day和year均为整数值，并且满足：1≤month≤12和1≤day≤31),分别作为输入日期的月份、日、年份，通过程序可以输出该输入日期在日历上隔一天的日期。例如，输入为2004 年11月29日,则该程序的输出为2004年12月1日。 (1) 分析各种输入情况，列出为输入变量month 、day 、year 划分的有效等价类。 (2) 分析程序的规格说明，并结合以上等价类划分的情况，给出问题规定的可能采取的操作（即列出所有的动作桩）。 (3) 根据(1) 和(2) ，画出简化后的决策表。 (1)分析各种输入情况，列出为输入变量month、day、year划分的有效等价类。 ①month变量的有效等价类： M1: {month=4,6,9,11} M2: {month=1,3,5,7,8,10} M3: {month=12} M4: {month=2} ②day变量的有效等价类： D1: {1≤day≤26} D2: {day=27} D3: {day=28} D4: {day=29} D5: {day=30} D6: {day=31} ③year变量的有效等价类： Y1: {year是闰年} Y2: {year不是闰年} (2)分析程序规格说明，结合以上等价类划分的情况给出问题规定的可能采取的操作（即列出所有的动作桩）。 动作桩：A1: day+1 A2: day=1 A3: month+1 A4: month=1 A5: year+1 A6：不可能 (3)根据条件桩和动作桩，画出决策表
浅谈中小学景观设计 摘要：学校是培养人才的地方，校园绿化可以改善学校生态环境，形成优美的校园景观，并营造高雅的校园文化气氛，对长期生活在其中的师生产生持久的、潜移默化的影响，从而达到环境育人的目的。中、小学生正处于人生中成长的重要阶段，优美的校园对其自身素质的培养和正确人生观的形成具有重要的意义。本文结合广州市金沙洲居住新城B3710B02地块中学项目案例分析中小学景观设计的要点、发展方向等。 关键词：中小学校；景观设计；设计原则；方案设计 一、项目概况 广州市金沙洲居住新城B3710B02地块中学项目，南侧紧邻广佛高速公路，东南角为广佛高速与环城高速所形成的立交，环境极其吵杂；东侧面临武广客运专线，建成后对用地影响较大；基地西侧和北侧乃金沙洲居住新城规划的居住用地，山水环绕，环境优越，总平面图见（图1）。规划总用地面积33124m2，划分为普通教学行政、实验专教、实验园区、生活、体育运动五大区域，规划建设为42班的完全中学。 总平面图（图1） 二、设计原则与设计指导思想 学校是教书育人的场所，景观设计要充分体现校园的文化气息，营造良好的学习氛围，使人感到安全舒适，校园景观建筑还能对学生的行为产生积极的引导作用。本次设计的目的是将校院各分散功能建筑进行整合，通过相互联系的道路、连廊、广场、院落等过渡空间将它们组合成一个有机整体，构成多层次、多变化的建筑空间，达到景观文化与校园文化意境的和谐统一，创造符合校园精神特征的优美的教学环境和理想的生活家园，使其精髓在景观环境的设计中得以延续和强化。该设计以把B3710B02地块中学建设成为生态型现代化校园、金沙洲居住新城标志性建筑为设计原则与设计指导思想，努力做到： 1、方案设计充分考虑周遍环境，以“人”为本，突出绿化服务功能：校园的绿化本着为师生服务为主的原则，力求创造景色宜人、愉悦舒适的环境，为师生以及其他职工提供学习知识、交流思想、启发智力、表达感情、休闲娱乐的人性化空间。 2、充分体现现代教育理念、校园文化特色，突出“教书育人”的气氛：充分挖掘校园环境特色和文化内涵，体现校园景观的文化特色，起到寓教于游的作用，来陶冶师生的情操，培养其健康向上的人生态度。
收稿日期:2006-02-28 作者简介:孙 胜(1978-),男,湖北黄冈人,博士研究生,研究方向为现代数据库理论与技术及系统实现;导师:王元珍,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为现代数据库理论及实现技术。 决策表的一种知识约简与规则获取方法 孙 胜1,2 (1.华中科技大学计算机学院,湖北武汉430074; 2.黄石理工学院计算机学院,湖北黄石435003) 摘 要:粗糙集理论是一种新型的数据挖掘和决策分析方法,利用粗糙集理论进行决策表的知识约简与决策规则挖掘已经成为研究热点。文中介绍了粗糙集的基本理论,在此基础上运用该理论对从决策表中获取最小规则进行了研究,提出了决策表约简的启发式方法,并通过一个具体实例详细说明了决策规则获取过程,实例分析表明了其有效性。关键词:粗糙集;决策表;决策规则;属性约简 中图分类号:T P311.131 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-629X(2006)09-0035-03 Knowledge Reduction and Rule Acquirement Method in Decision Table SUN Sheng 1,2 (1.Schoo l of Computer Science,Huazhong U niv ersity of Science and T echnolog y,Wuhan 430074,China; 2.School of Computer Science,Huangshi Institute of T echnolog y,Huangshi 435003,China) Abstract:Rough set theory is a new data mining and decision analysis method.Knowledge reduction and decision rule mining in decision table by using rough set theory has become a research hotspot.T he article introduces basic con cepts in rough set theory first.M inimal dec-i sion rule acquirement in deci sion table based on rough set theory i s researched.A heuristic approach for rule reduction is put forward,and the procedure of decisi on rule acquirem ent is i lluminated using an example.T he instance analysis show s its validity.Key words:rough set;deci sion table;decision rule;attribute reduction 0 引 言 粗糙集理论是由波兰科学家Z.Paw lak 教授于1982年提出的一种研究不精确、不确定性知识的数学工具[1,2]。已应用于机器学习、知识发现、数据挖掘、决策支持与分析、专家系统、归纳推理和模式识别等许多科学和工程领域[3]。从实际系统采集到的数据可能包含各种噪声,存在许多不确定因素和不完全信息有待处理。传统的不确定信息处理方法,如模糊集理论、证据理论和概率统计理论等需要数据的附加信息或先验知识,而粗糙集理论能在缺少关于数据的先验知识的情况下,仅仅以对数据的分类能力为基础,对模糊或不确定性数据进行分析和处理,这就克服了以上几种方法的不足之处。 知识约简就是在保持知识库的分类和决策能力不变的条件下,删除其中不相关或不重要的知识[4] 。决策表的简化是知识约简的重要内容之一,并在数据挖掘和知识发现等领域有重大应用价值。粗糙集理论的研究对象是一个二元信息表,称为信息系统 [5] 。信息系统由一些对象通 过在一些属性上的取值来构成。若属性集合分为条件集和决策集,则信息系统称为决策表。决策表简化的理论基础是属性的核与约简及其关系、规则的核与约简及其关系。根据决策表简化的结果,利用决策规则挖掘算法可以获取决策系统的规则。 1 有关的粗糙集概念 现实世界中的信息,在粗糙集理论中用决策表的形式给出。下面先简要介绍一下文中主要用到的Rough 集基本概念,详细的请参考文献[3~5]。 定义1 称S =(U,A ,V ,f )是一个知识表达系统,其中U 是非空有限对象集合,U ={X 1,X 2,,,X n };A 是非空有限属性集合;f 是一个U @A 到属性值集合V 上的一个映射,它表示每个对象在每个属性上对应一个值,称为信息函数。若A =C G D ,其中C 是非空有限条件属性集合,D 是非空有限决策属性集合,且C H D =a,则称 该知识表达系统为决策表。此知识表达系统又称为决策系 统。 定义2 若X A U,则称R -(X ){x I U:[x ]R A X }为X 的下近似集,R -(X )={x I U:[x ]R H X X a}为X 的上近似集。pos R (X )=R -(X )称为X 的R 正域,neg R (X )=U -R -(X )称为X 的R 负域。 第16卷 第9期2006年9月 计算机技术与发展 COM PUT ER TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPM ENT Vo l.16 N o.9Sep. 2006
汽车专业英语大纲 Company number：【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】
《汽车专业英语》课程标准 学时/学分： 32/2 课程类型：理论课程（A类） 适用专业：汽车电子技术专业 课程所属系部：汽车工程系 批准日期：2014年5月 一、制定依据与课程定位 （一）制定依据 本课程标准是依据汽车检测与维修技术、汽车制造与装配技术、需要制定。 （二）课程定位 《汽车专业英语》这门课程是汽车专业的一门专业选修课程，旨在使学生掌握汽车专业常用的英语词汇。 通过本课程的学习，培养学生在汽车专业领域具有的一定的英语阅读能力和翻译能力，以便学生更好的直接从外文资料中获取新的知识和信息。 二、课程教学目标 《汽车专业英语》是三年制高职汽车检测与维修技术、汽车制造与装配技术、的专业选修课程。其任务是使学生一方面可以巩固已掌握的词汇和语法知识，另一方面扩大专业词汇量，提高学生对汽车专业英文文献的阅读能力。通过教学应使学生获得初步具备专业英语翻译能力和初步具备能够直接从外文资料中获取信息的能力。 （一）知识目标 1、掌握专业英语中的基本词汇和专有名词； 2、掌握专业英语中常用的语法和句型结构； 3、可以阅读有一定词汇量的专业英语文献。 （二）能力目标 通过对《汽车专业英语》的教学，力求向学生提供未来工作岗位所需要专业英语知识，培养学生在实际工作岗位上运用汽车专业英语的能力。
1、阐述“专业阅读”，内容力求反应汽车专业方面的最新知识，文章能展示当今汽车专业方面的最新技术，同时书中附带一些真实的现场照片。 2、阐述“专业术语”，帮助学生了解汽车各零部件的功能及应用，是学生进入企业后应用较多的内容。 3、阐述“试试您的动手能力”，以汽车故障诊断为主，列举大量贴近企业工作实际的实例。 4、阐述“交际会话”，选用贴近实际，贴近企业，贴近岗位的常用专业英语会话。 （三）素质目标 通过教学应使学生认识《汽车专业英语》学习的基本方法， 1、具备通过查阅资料等方法，通过自学获取知识和新技术的能力； 2、通过不同形式的探究活动、自主学习，体验科技发现和创造的历程，发展抽象思维和辨证逻辑思维。 3、养成严谨求实的科学态度以及质疑和独立思考的学习习惯。 4、使学生具备正确的价值观与评定事物的能力，具备一定的英文语言表达能力以及与人交往沟通的能力。 5、培养学生爱岗敬业、团结协作、吃苦耐劳的职业精神与创新设计的意识。 三、课程内容设计 （一）学时分配
当代中小学校园设计策略简析 摘要：时代在发展，社会在进步，我国的素质教育模式也更为进步，使得合理的进行当代中小学校园设计越来越重要。现如今的中小学学生更为活泼开朗，接受新事物信息也更为广泛，但传统的模块化校园规划建设单调乏味，难以满足这些学生的需求。在本文中笔者根据自身工作经验以及对相关专业的学习，以中小学校园设计作为主要研究对象，针对当前教育模式向素质教育模式的转变对中小学校园设计产生的影响和冲击，力图以相关学科的分析及建筑学的思考，给予良好的应对，使中小学校园成为当代教育模式的空间保障。 关键词：当代中小学校园；设计；策略 前言：完善当代中小学校园设计工作，除了进行合理的设计工作以外，更需要选取正确的设计策略。所谓“科教兴国”是一项重要国策。素质教育是教育发展的目标，中小学则是基础。而学生作为校园活动的主体，其行为、思想发展的特殊性直接关系到对校园规划和建筑设计的基本要求。因此如何在理论层面上对其进行深入探讨，从而使巨大的经济投入真正转变为人的素质的全面提升，正是本文研究的意义所在。 1.设计师要灵活多变当代根据时代进行校园设计工作 1.1素质教育下的中小学校园设计转变 由于教育指导思想的变革带来教学内涵、教学方式的改变，随之也对教学空间提出新的、符合变革的要求。中小学校园的规划和设计就是教学环境中的空间设计，也是为素质教育创造有利于中小学生素质全面发展的整体环境设计。素质教育是遵循孩童心理为基础的，因此整体环境设计应考虑到中小学学生的对空间环境的心理感受。 根据皮亚杰对儿童心理学研究成果表明，儿童最早的空间直觉是地形学的，他们对空间或图形的认知并不会对直线、直角或角度产生精准的理解，而更多地兴致于作为开放的连续空间或不同空间形态之间的地形学关系。也就是说，单一的几何空间对儿童来说并不敏感，甚至无动于衷，儿童感兴趣的是几何与空间的连续与变化关系，这种地形学关系会影响儿童的视觉性与模仿性的身体行为，从而产生适应儿童“奇趣”要求的空间活动行为。因此适应素质教育的整体环境，不是功能的简单组合，也不是房间的机械拼接，而是开放式建筑观指导下的真诚创作。灵活多样、不墨守成规的校园设计才是这个时代所需要的，它包括创造丰富的生活环境、良好的群体环境、广泛的交际环境、生动的科学环境和优美的艺术环境等。 1.2开放式的中小学校园设计建筑观 开放式的建筑观，是围绕建筑学作为人学的不朽主题展开的，因为其基本概念就是人性的建筑观。开放式建筑观就是在对机械内向建筑观在机体功能等方面的有益探索上，将建筑所服务的对象由主要为人的形体提升到人的形体与精神并重的层面。这样的提升既突破简单无趣的环境模式，又突破满足机体活动的功能观，才有可能创造出愉悦精神的校园空间，使学生乐在其中，与环境产生良好的互动共生关系，为当代教育模式的进行提供空间保障。北京四中房山校区就是根据此类构想兴建的学校。设计中，建筑师突破传统方方正正的教学结构方式，将主体建在起伏的山坡上，让建筑以架空的方式与山坡相连，架空处形成绝佳的休息之处，像是回到自然中。同时建筑师利用屋顶空间，设计成实验田，让每个班级都可以拥有自己的农田。这样的设计，甚至反过来改变了传统的教育方式，将
软件测试 实验报告 题目: 决策表法的使用 学号: 姓名: 教师: 东南大学成贤学院电子与计算机工程学院 2017年 9 月30 日
实验题目 1、实验内容 NextDate 函数包含三个变量：month（月份）、day（日期）和year（年），函数的输出为输入日期前一天的日期。例如，输入为2007年9月9日，则函数的输出为2007年9月10日。要求输入变量month 、day 和year 均为整数值，并且满足下列条件： （1）1≤month≤12 （2）1≤day≤31 （3）1912≤year≤2050 2、实验目的与要求 分别输入测试用例，判断期望输出与实际输出是否相等 3、实验环境 操作系统 WIN10 测试工具 VS2010 测试语言 c++语言 4、设计思路分析（包括需求分析、整体设计思路、概要设计） 需求分析： 此函数的主要特点是输入变量之间的逻辑关系比较复杂。复杂性的来源有两个：一个是输入域的复杂性，另一个是指闰年的规则。例如变量year和变量month取不同的值，对应的变量day会有不同的取值范围，day值的范围可能是1～30或1～31，也可能是1～28或1～29。 整体设计思路： NextDate函数中包含了定义域各个变量之间的依赖问题。等价类划分法和边界值分析法只能“独立地”选取各个输入值，不能体现出多个变量的依赖关系。决策表法则是根据变量间的逻辑依赖关系设计测试输入数据，排除不可能的数据组合，很好地解决了定义域的依赖问题。 5、详细设计 NextDate函数求解给定某个日期的下一个日期的可能操作（动作桩）如下： 变量day加1操作； 变量day复位操作；
中小学校园网规划设计 一、校园网的定义 校园网就是在校园内通过综合布线系统（有线或无线）把服务器、网络设备、软件和用户终端合理地连接起来的局域网系统，并可通过广域网的互联实现远距离交流和资源共享。是为学校师生提供教学、科研、管理和综合信息服务的多媒体网络。 二、校园网的设计原则 校园网的建设宜遵循“统筹规划、整体设计、统一标准、分步实施、逐步完善”的原则。 1、校园网的建设应结合学校长远发展规划和互连网技术的未来发展， 将基础设施建设、教学软件建设和人员培训统筹规划。 2、建设校园网时要作出一个整体的设计方案，综合布线要一次到位，重点 抓好实际应用技术的建设。 三、校园网的基本要求 1、先进性。校园网的建设应本着设计思想先进，软硬件设备先进，网络结构先进，开发工具先进的原则进行。 2、开放性。系统设计应采用开放技术、开放结构、开放系统组件和开放用户接口，以利于网络的维护、扩展升级及与外界信息的沟通。 3、可扩展性。网络规划设计应满足学校长远发展的需求，能够满足因网络技术发展扩展和升级的要求。 4、实用性。既要考虑校园网的普遍性，又要考虑学校的个性，务求实用。 5、安全性。防止系统数据的窃取、篡改和丢失；具有防病毒功能。 6、经济性。投资合理，有良好的性能价格比。 四、校园网的建设方案
（一）、校园网的整体设计（示意图） 校园网的建设必须根据学校自身的实际需求以及资金、师资力量等因素来决定建设的标准，标准做到“整体设计，按需分步实施”，采用迭加的装备建设方案，减少不必要的浪费。具体建设方案如下： 前期： 1、校园网基础平台：综合布线一次到位，信息点布置到每一个需用的房间。服务器、交换机、终端设备等根据当前实际需要的数量配备，实现校园网内资源的共享以及校园网内所有信息点与INTERNET的连接。 2、计算机室实现局域网以及计算机室与校园网相连，且能提供教师制作简单教学课件。 3、校园网与多功能观摩室相连，能为各科进行多媒体教学提供简捷方便的条件。 中期： 1、与电子阅览室相通，能使教师及学生利用INTERNET搜索和整理各种信息资源，培养自学能力，改变传统学习模式。
第八章信息表值约简 值约简是在属性约简的基础上对决策表的进一步简化。本章将就决策表的值约简问题进行系统分析，并介绍几种主要的值约简算法。 8.1 决策表值约简概述 在第7章中，我们介绍了决策信息表的属性约简，通过属性约简，可以将决策表中对决策分类不必要的属性省略，从而实现决策表的简化，这有利于从决策表中分析发现对决策分类起作用的属性。但是，属性约简只是在一定程度上去掉了决策表中的冗余属性，但是还没有充分去掉决策表中的冗余信息。 例如，在表7.3-1所示的关于气象信息的决策表表的属性约简结果中，如果在条件Outlook=Sunny∧Temperature=Hot下，决策属性的取值肯定是N，而无需考虑条件属性Windy的取值是True还是False。 显然，这个属性约简结果，对于决策分类来说，仍然包含冗余信息。根据第四章中介绍的决策规则，我们不能够直接从该表中得到满意的决策规则。这就是说我们还需要进一步对决策表进行处理，得到更加简化的决策表，这就是我们本章将要讨论的决策表值约简问题。 与属性约简中的属性核一样，值约简中也可以定义相应的值核。 决策表S=(U,C,D,V,f)，对于任意的x∈U，用d x表示决策规则，即 d x：des([x]C)?des([x]D)，d x(a)=a(x)，a∈C?D， 且d x|C、d x|D分别称为d x的条件和决策。 定义8.1-1 考虑一个相容知识表达系统S，对决策规则d x有[x]C?[x]D。若?r∈C，有[x]C-{r}?[x]D，则r为d x的核值属性，r为d x中不可省略的；若[x]C-{r}?[x]D，则r不是d x的核值属性，r为d x中可省略的。
engine type) liquid cooled, in-line, 4cylinder, carb (发动机型号)水冷，直列，四缸，化油器式 (engine) compression ratio (发动机)压缩比 (engine) displacement (发动机)排量 (engine) fuel (发动机)燃料 3rd gear 三档齿轮 3-way seat 三向座椅 4WD control device 四轮驱动控制装置 4WD indicator switch 四轮驱动指示灯开关 4WD lamp electrical connection 四轮驱动指示灯接线 4WD switch 四轮驱动开关 5th synchromesh assy. 五档同步器总成 6PK belt 6PK 多楔驱动皮带 A / C compressor assembly 空调压缩机总成 A / C control assembly 空调控制装置 A/C & heater assy. 空调加热器总成 A/C blower 空调鼓风机 A/C clutch 空调压缩机离合器 A/C compressor MTG bracket 空调压缩机安装支架 A/C control assy. 空调控制器 A/C housing assy. 空调箱总成 A/C low pressure switch 空调低压开关 A/C mode select switch 空调状态选择开关
abdomen performance criterion 腹部性能指标 Abdominal Peak Force 腹部力峰值 ABS 防抱死制动系统 acceleration fuel system 加速系统 acceleration running noise level 加速行驶噪声 accelerator interlocking type 加速踏板联锁式 accounting foundation 财政基础 Actual cycle work 实际循环功 Actual torso angle 实际躯干角 adapter 连接器 additional features 附加装置 additional rule 附加法规 adjust screw 调整螺钉 adjuster cable 调整拉线 adjuster plug 调整盖 adjuster screw assy. 调整螺栓总成 adjuster washer 调整棘片 adjuster, diff. bearing 差速器轴承调整螺母 Adjustment system 调节装置 Administration and Registration Division 管理科 Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts Which
中小学校园规划设计的实践与思考 王小工北京市建筑设计研究院有限公司副总建筑师，BIAD教育建筑研究中心副主任，公司直属BIAD6A6建筑工作室主任兼总建筑师。中国建筑学会建筑师分会教育建筑专业委员会委员、副秘书长；北京市教委基建处学校建筑规划设计评审专家组成员；国家《中小学校设计规范》GB50099-2011主要参编者之一；著名中小学教育建筑规划设计专家；中国建筑学会青年建筑师最高荣誉奖获得者。主持完成大量业界较有影响的工程实践项目，包括北京师范大学附属中学校园整体更新扩建、新北川中学、武汉市艺术学校新校区、北京实验二小本部等近50所不同类型的校园建筑，获得包括中国建筑创作设计奖（银奖）、全国优秀工程勘察设计行业奖（一等奖）、北京市优秀工程设计（一等奖）等众多奖项。 一部世界教育发展历史生动的表明，在社会的转型期，人们会在审视传统教育的同时，进行许多新的思考，提出许多新的问题。因此，也就需要有人给出回答。目前，中国社会正处于转型期，中国的教育也正处于转型期。人们从来没有像现在这样提出这么多需要回答的教育问题。这是时代对教育的考验。――陶西平 关于我们和我们的实践案例 【BIAD】6A6工作室+【BIAD】教育建筑研究中心，作为一个面向基础教育建筑规划与设计的专业化设计研究团队，在研习和继承BIAD已有的教育建筑设计经验和成果基础上，通过近二十年的工程实践，专注于基础教育校园规划与建筑设计的专向化研究和探索。 这些年来，我们用心积累了一笔笔宝贵的财富，这之中既包括全国各
地知名老校的新建校区设计和更新扩建工程，如：温家宝总理亲笔题写“以爱育爱”享誉全国的北京第二实验小学新校区，京剧大师梅兰芳出任名誉校长、在艺术界享有盛誉的武汉市艺术学校新校区，有着近百年历史的江淮名校蚌埠二中新校区（江淮中学），中国最早的公立中学、钱学森母校北京师范大学附属中学校园整体更新扩建，北京第一实验小学新建教学楼改扩建工程等等；也有秉持创新教学理念的国际学校建设，如：北京芳草地小学北四环国际校区、清华附中广华新城国际学校、清华附中/北京华盛顿国际学校项目等等；更有为灾后新区重建的新校园，如：汶川地震灾后心系全球华人爱心奉献的新北川中学、全国特殊党费援建的新北川七一高级职业中学和中国红十字基金会第一个启动援建的四川安县河清 博爱中心小学等等。 这些学校因历史传承、地域文化的不同，都有着各自不同的教学理念、办学特点，对学校的建设也都有着自身不同的特殊需求与文化传承。正是设计工作中我们有幸与诸多这些一线的教育家＼校长教师们的沟通交流中，不断积累和提升了对现代教育的认识，这也促使我们更广泛地去深入思考校园的本质、创作的初衷和设计的着眼点！ 三个不同类型的校园规划设计 首先以三个不同类型的校园规划设计来概括谈一谈我们对不同校园 项目的设计感想。既有校园的整体改扩建规划设计 案例：北京师范大学附属中学校园整体更新扩建 在校园的更新改造过程中，本案侧重依据学校未来管理发展的总体构想对既有校园进行整体规划的梳理、保留和重构；校园规划骨架的合理延
第七章信息表属性约简 基于Rough集理论的知识获取，主要是通过对原始决策表的约简，在保持决策表决策属性和条件属性之间的依赖关系不发生变化的前提下对决策表进行约简（简化），包括属性约简和值约简。本章将对决策表的属性约简从代数集合观点和信息论的信息熵观点进行系统分析，并介绍几种有效的属性约简算法。 7.1决策表属性约简概述 一个决策表就是一个决策信息系统，表中包含了大量领域样本（实例）的信息。在第四章中，我们曾经对决策规则进行了讨论，决策表中的一个样本就代表一条基本决策规则，如果我们把所有这样的决策规则罗列出来，就可以得到一个决策规则集合，但是，这样的决策规则集合是没有什么用处的，因为其中的基本决策规则没有适应性，只是机械地记录了一个样本的情况，不能适应新的、其他的情况。为了从决策表中抽取得到适应度大的规则，我们需要对决策表进行约简，使得经过约简处理的决策表中的一个记录就代表一类具有相同规律特性的样本，这样得到的决策规则就具有较高的适应性。 根据定义2.1-1，我们可以进一步讨论决策表中属性的必要性和相应的约简算法。 定义7.1-1 设U是一个论域，P是定义在U上的一个等价关系簇，R∈P。如果IND(P-{R})=IND(P)，则称关系R在P中是绝对不必要的（多余的）；否则，称R在P中是绝对必要的。 绝对不必要的关系在知识库中是多余的，如果将它们从知识库中去掉，不会改变该知识库的分类能力。相反，若知识库中去掉一个绝对必要的关系，则一定改变知识库的分类能力。 定义7.1-2 设U为一个论域，P为定义在U上的一个等价关系簇，R∈P。如果每个关系R∈P在P中都是绝对必要的，则称关系簇P 是独立的；否则，称P是相互依赖的。 对于相互依赖的关系簇来说，其中包含有冗余关系，可以对其约简；而对于独立的关系簇，去掉其中任何一个关系都将破坏知识库的分类能力。
Accommodation 适应性Aerodynamics 空气动力学 Air Conditioner 空调 Air Drag 风阻 Air Suspension 空气悬挂Analysis 分析 Anti Corrosion 防腐 Anti Rust 防锈 Ashtray 烟灰盒 Assembly 装配 Assistant’s seat 副驾驶座Attaching Parts 附件 Azimuth 方位（角）（极坐标）Back Angle 靠背角 Backrest 靠背 Backup Lamp 倒车灯Binocular Obstruction 双眼盲区BIW (Body-In-White) 白车身Blower 风机 Body 车身，车体 Bolt 螺栓 Bonneted Cab 凸头驾驶室Bracket 托架 Breakdown 分块 Bumper 保险杠 Bushing 衬套 Case 壳体 Caution Plate 警告牌 Centroid 重心 Cigarette Lighter 点烟器Chassis 底盘 Chassis Frame 车架 Check Arm 限位器 Clip 卡扣 Cluster Meter 组合仪表盘 Coat Hanger 衣帽架 Coat Hook 衣帽钩 Collar 套环 Combination Switch 组合开关Comfort 舒适性 Component 总成 Concealed Wipers 隐藏式雨刮器Condenser 冷凝器
Contour 轮廓线 Controls 控制件 Convex Mirror 凸面镜 Coolant 冷却液 Cooler 制冷器 Crash 碰撞 Cup Holder 水杯架 Curtain 窗帘 Curtain Rail 窗帘滑轨 Curvilineal 曲线的 Dash Board 前围内板 Delivery of the Drawing 出图Displacement 位移 Door Check 限位器 Door Header Rail 车门顶轨 Door Lock 车门锁 Door Opening 门洞 Door Outer Handle 车门外手柄 Door Outer Panel 车门外板 Door Panel 门护板 Door Pocket 门袋 Door Regulator 车门玻璃升降器Door Sash 车门窗框 Door Striker 锁环 Door Trim 车门护板 Door Ventilator 三角窗 Drip Rail 滴水凹槽顶轨 Drive Configuration 驱动形式Dummy Plate 平衡板 Dynamic 动态的 Ellipsoid Surface 椭球面 Emblem 商标 Engine 发动机 Engineering 工程 Entrance Handrail 上车门扶手 Entry & Exit 进出 Ergonomics 人机工程学 Eyellipse 眼椭圆 Fatigue Analysis 疲劳分析 FEM (Finite Element Method) 有限元Fender 翼子板 Fender Protector 挡泥护板 Fender Stay 挡泥撑条
1、车辆 vehicle 2、底盘 chassis 3、货车 truck 4、微型货车 mini truck 5、轻型货车 light truck 6、中型货车 medium truck 6、重型货车 heavy duty truck 7、越野汽车 off-road truck 8、自卸汽车 dump truck 9、专用汽车 special purpose vehicle 10、客车 passenger car 11、车长 vehicle length 12、车宽 vehicle width 13、车高 vehicle height 14、轴距 wheel base 15、轮距 tread 16、前悬 front overhang 17、后悬 rear overhang 18、柴油机 diesel 19、汽油机 gasoline fueled engine 20、活塞 piston 21、喷油嘴 nozzle 22、火花塞
spark 23、曲轴 crank shaft 24、分电器 distributor 25、发电机alternator 26、飞轮壳 flywheel housing 27、起动机 starter 28、散热器 radiator 29、凸轮轴camshaft 30、进气门Intake valve 31、排气门 exhaust valve 32、气缸盖 cylinder head 33、水泵 water pump 34、风扇皮带轮 fan pulley 35、活塞环 piston ring 36、机油泵 oil pump 37、离合器 clutch 38、离合器操纵机构 clutch operation 39、飞轮 flywheel 40、从动盘磨擦衬片 clutch plate lining driven plate lining (GB) 41、离合器盖 clutch cover (GB) 42、压盘 pressure plate 43、分离杆 release lever 44、分离套筒 release sleeve 45、从动盘
软件学报ISSN 1000-9825, CODEN RUXUEW E-mail: jos@https://www.doczj.com/doc/e56452725.html, Journal of Software,2014,25(9):2119?2135 [doi: 10.13328/https://www.doczj.com/doc/e56452725.html,ki.jos.004640] https://www.doczj.com/doc/e56452725.html, +86-10-62562563 ?中国科学院软件研究所版权所有. Tel/Fax: ? 大数据环境下多决策表的区间值全局近似约简 徐菲菲1, 雷景生1, 毕忠勤1, 苗夺谦2, 杜海舟1 1(上海电力学院计算机科学与技术学院,上海 200090) 2(同济大学电子与信息工程学院,上海 200092) 通讯作者: 徐菲菲, E-mail: xufeifei@https://www.doczj.com/doc/e56452725.html, 摘要: 在电力大数据中,很多具体的应用如负荷预测、故障诊断都需要依据一段时间内的数据变化来判断所属 类别,对某一条数据进行类别判定是毫无意义的.基于此,将区间值粗糙集引入到大数据分类问题中,分别从代数观 和信息观提出了基于属性依赖度和基于互信息的区间值启发式约简相关定义和性质证明,并给出相应算法,丰富和 发展了区间值粗糙集理论,同时为大数据的分析研究提供了思路.针对大数据的分布式存储架构,又提出了多决策表 的区间值全局约简概念和性质证明,进一步给出多决策表的区间值全局约简算法.为了使得算法在实际应用中取得 更好的效果,将近似约简概念引入所提的3种算法中,通过对2012上半年某电厂一台600MW的机组运行数据进行 稳态判定,验证所提算法的有效性.实验结果表明,所提的3种算法均能在保持较高分类准确率的条件下从对象和属 性个数两方面对数据集进行大幅度缩减,从而为大数据的进一步分析处理提供支撑. 关键词: 大数据;区间值;近似约简;多决策表;全局约简 中图法分类号: TP181 中文引用格式: 徐菲菲,雷景生,毕忠勤,苗夺谦,杜海舟.大数据环境下多决策表的区间值全局近似约简.软件学报,2014,25(9): 2119?2135.https://www.doczj.com/doc/e56452725.html,/1000-9825/4640.htm 英文引用格式: Xu FF, Lei JS, Bi ZQ, Miao DQ, Du HZ. Approaches to approximate reduction with interval-valued multi- decision tables in big data. Ruan Jian Xue Bao/Journal of Software, 2014,25(9):2119?2135 (in Chinese).https://www.doczj.com/doc/e56452725.html,/ 1000-9825/4640.htm Approaches to Approximate Reduction with Interval-Valued Multi-Decision Tables in Big Data XU Fei-Fei1, LEI Jing-Sheng1, BI Zhong-Qin1, MIAO Duo-Qian2, DU Hai-Zhou1 1(College of Computer Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China) 2(College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China) Corresponding author: XU Fei-Fei, E-mail: xufeifei@https://www.doczj.com/doc/e56452725.html, Abstract: For the big data on electric power, many specific applications, such as load forecasting and fault diagnosis, need to consider data changes during a period of time to determine their decision classes, as deriving a class label of only one data record is meaningless. Based on the above discussion, interval-valued rough set is introduced into big data classification. Employing algebra and information theory, this paper defines the related concepts and proves the properties for interval-valued reductions based on dependency and mutual information, and presents the corresponding heuristic reduction algorithms. The proposed methods can not only enrich and develop the interval-valued rough set theory, but also provide a new way for the analysis of big data. Pertaining to the distributed data storage architecture of big data, this paper further proposes the interval-valued global reduction in multi-decision tables with proofs of its properties. The corresponding algorithm is also given. In order for the algorithms to achieve better results in practical applications, approximate reduction is introduced. To evaluate three proposed algorithms, it uses six months’ operating data of one 600MW unit in some power plant. Experimental results show that the three algorithms ?基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(61272437, 60305094); 上海市教育委员会科研创新项目(12YZ140, 14YZ131); 上海市自然科学 基金(13ZR1417500) 收稿时间:2014-03-31; 定稿时间: 2014-05-14