雅思写作
何倩
一、Introduction
Clear view for beginning
——Brief and to the Point
Reiterates the viewpoint in the end
Threads up the subject:
重复词
序数词
关联词
下大雨了，他发烧了。发烧了，不能上班了。他不能去上班了，扣工资了。
Because of the heavy rain, he developed high fever,
and thus had to sleep at home.
His absence resulted in reduction of his pay.
——句间衔接
英语写作中的衔接关系：
A.表示附加： and, what is more
n ot only…but also…
as well as
____. Besides this, ______.
____. In addition, ______.
____. Apart from this, ______.
____. Furthermore, ________.
____. Moreover, __________.
____.To put it in another way, ________.
B.表示顺序：
First…Second…Third…
Firstly…Secondly…Thirdly…
To begin with, … Following this, … Next, …
Initially, … After this, … Then,
On one hand, … On the other hand, … Last but not the least, 英语写作中的衔接关系：
C.表示因果：because / as / for / since….
Owning to______, _________.
Due to_________, _________.
__________. For this reason, _________.
__________. Hence, ________________.
__________. Accordingly, _________________.
__________. Therefore, ______________.
__________. Thereby, ________________.
英语写作中的衔接关系：
D.表示对比：but
_______.While, __________.
_______. By contrast, _________.
_______. Conversely, _________.
_______. On the contrary,_______.
_______. Whereas, __________.
_______. Nevertheless,__________.
_______. Nonetheless,_________.
E.表示肯定：Of course / certainly
Surely, __________.
Clearly, ＿＿＿＿＿．
Naturally, ________.
Obviously, ________.
Plainly, ___________.
Undoubtedly, _________.
英语写作中的衔接关系：
F.表示条件：If _____, _________.
As long as _______,________.
As far as_________,_________.
Depending on_________,________.
Provided that________,__________.
英语写作中的衔接关系：
G.表示定义：___is___.
____ refers to ________
____ means ___________.
H.表示举例：for example/ such as/ for instance
In particular_________.
Namely ________________.
As an illustration, ___________.
Specifically, _________.
To demonstrate,_______.
英语写作中的衔接关系：
I.表示时间：When______.
As _____, ______.
While_________,_______.
Meanwhile_______,_______.
Whenever__________,______.
J.表示承接： About/ On___.
With regard to________,_________.
As for_________,___________.
Around_________,___________.
英语写作中的衔接关系：
K.表示强调：especially,________.
Mainly, ______________.
Particularly, ____________.
In particular, __________.
L.表示总结（总而言之）：
in short/ in conclusion/ in a word/ in summary， To conclude / to sum up，
As far as I’m concerned,
英语写作中的衔接关系：
M、表示概括（整体来讲）:
as a rule
for the most part
in general
in most cases
on the whole
speaking generally
Unified content
Doctrine of the Mean
Water dropping day by day wear the hardest rock away. Celebrity Quotes & Famous Sayings:
Immanuel Kant
Nietzsche
William Shakespeare
George Gordon Byron
…
Confucius
——适用于道德类话题
不得分文章
1，不写/ 中文/ 完全与范文一样
2，与题目完全无关
3，政治态度过激
从论文入手……
FOR TASK 2——题型
个人观点表达段
二、 Strategy for Essay Writing
word
How many? —— 2000 positive words
To avoid the following words:
word
word
good—— positive, favorable, rosy, promising，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding
Think —— harbor the idea that, take the attitude that; hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that
in my opinion ——for my part ,from my own perspective…
grammar：
S + Link.V + P
S + V
S + V + O
S + V + O1 + O2
S + V + O + C
扩展：S + L + P
一条主线贯穿三个层次
A S + L + Adj. + that
Adj.——amazed / sure / amused / lucky / surprised…
应用层：
1, I am amazed that some people regard money as everything.
2, I am sure that they have no chance to embrace the real happiness .
3, I felt quite amused at his unwarranted choler.
4, I am lucky that I am a smart person.
5, I am surprised that most people would not like to live in the city.
扩展：S + L + P
一条主线贯穿三个层次
B S + L + Adj. + to + V…..
Adj.——free / ready / eager / quick / willing…
应用层：
1, You are free to come and go as you please.
2, He is always ready to help his friends.
3, The boy is eager to ride his new bicycle.
4, The government was quick to deny any involvement in the attacks.
5, Are you willing to accept responsibility?
扩展：S + L + P
一条主线贯穿三个层次
C It + L + Adj. +that…..
Adj.——clear / reasonable / obvious / possible / impossible
应用层：
1, It is clear that the drug does benefit some patients.
2, It is not reasonable to expect a child to understand sarcasm.
3, It was obvious to everyone that the child had been badly treated.
4, It is just possible that I gave them the wrong directions
5, It is virtually impossible to predict the future accurately
扩展：S + L + P
一条主线贯穿三个层次
D It + L + Adj. + to + V…..
Adj.——interesting / easy / difficult / practicable / sufficient
应用层：
1, It is particularly interesting to compare the two versions.
2, It is easy to confuse users with customers.
3, It is difficult to see how more savings can be made.
4, It may not always be practicable to follow exactly the recommendations.
5, it is not sufficient to explain human mind only by opinions of computation.扩展：S + L + P
一条主线贯穿三个层次
E It + L + Adj. + for sb. + to + V
Adj.—dangerous / reasonable / important / right / impossible
应用层：
1, It is dangerous for a woman to walk alone at night.
2, It is reasonable for me to ride a bicycle.
3, It is important for children to keep safe and healthy.
4, It is right for the government to tell people how to raise there kids.
5, It is impossible for me to be there before 8.00p.m..
扩展：S + L + P
总结：简单的主系表结构经扩展后成为五种复杂句型
A S + L + Adj. + that ….
B S + L + Adj. + to + V…..
C It + L + Adj. +that….
D It + L + Adj. + to + V…..
E It + L + Adj. + for sb. + to + V…..
扩展：S + V + O
一条主线贯穿三个层次
A S + V + that ….
V: hope / admit / know / notice / expect
应用层：
1, We hope that more women will decide to join the course.
2, I admit (that) you have a point.
3, I know that this is a serious problem.
4, I have noticed that many other students have the same trouble.
5, I expect that all of us can work harder and become great human beings.扩展：S + V + O
一条主线贯穿三个层次
B S + V + to + v +…..
V: want / hesitate / plan / intend / hope
应用层：
1, There are two points which I wanted to make.
2, I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes.
3, I plan to learn all subjects well at university.
4, I don't intend to listen to this rubbish any longer.
5, I hope to make my dream come true.
扩展：S + V + O
一条主线贯穿三个层次
C S + V + what \ how + to + V ….
V: wonder \ know \ ask \ explain \ remember
应用层：
1, We wonder how to guide our children properly.
2, We don’t know what to do now.
3, I will ask how to solve this problem.
4, Teachers often explain how to learn grammar well.
5, I remember how to forget.
扩展：S + V + O
一条主线贯穿三个层次
D S + V + doing…
V: resist / avoid / admit / prefer / consider
应用层：
1, I could not resist laughing when I hear people say so.
2, He avoids answering their questions.
3, He admits having done that.
4, She prefers watching fashion shows.
5, They are considering buying another TV set.
扩展：S + V + O
总结：简单的主谓宾结构经扩展后成较为
四种复杂句子结构类型。
A S + V + that ….
B S + V + to + v +…..
C S + V + what \ how + to + V ….
D S + V + doing…
一条主线贯穿三个层次
S + V + Sb. + that \ when\why ….
V: advise \ convince \ persuade \ remind \ assure…
应用层：
1, They advised him that the tour would proceed.
2, They convinced me that study abroad took some risks.
3, They persuaded him that his English was very good.
4, History always remind us that the never has the past turned into ash.
5, They assure me that everything will be all right.
Directions
Warning:
? A ____,_____.
? B _________!
? C _________?
? D _________...
? E should be do sth
? F 主谓一致
——use modal verb(can, could, must…)
Sentences for IELTS
Subordinate clause
A："anticipatory it“
That + 完整句 = N.
E.g. Education is vital.
—— That education is vital is obvious.
—— It is obvious that education is vital.
Sentences for IELTS
It is announced / estimated /reported…
It goes without saying that …
It cannot be denied that …
It is vital / imperative / significant / of importance / essential that…
It is suggested / demanded / required / advised that + should do…
It is o bvious / clear / evident / manifest / as clear as crystal that …
…
Sample
it is a striking fact that every modern city boasts not only of its prosperity but also of its culture.
It is an inescapable fact that a small, but troublesome minority of school students behave badly, some only occasionally but others regularly.
Sentences for IELTS
Object clause ——some people think that …
Some people insist / maintain / argue / deem / contend / conclude / advocate / emphasize …
Some people point out / do st rongly believe / be convinced / do not mistrust ….
Sample——对比引入
A large number of people insist that lack of practical knowledge, among other things, contributes to this situation.
In light of this, they contend that college teachers should lay more stress on practical courses than on traditional ones.
For my part, I am in favor of their viewpoint.
Sentences for IELTS
Famous saying:
I have a dream that one day all roads will be made plain.
We hold these truths to be self-evident that men are created equal.
Many people are fancied that money means everything.
Sentences for IELTS
Non-restrictive clause
A: which
Many people think that frequent culture communications are beneficial, which can enhance the culture integration.
Business research should be advanced, which can pave the way for a nati on’s economic development.
Sentences for IELTS
B： as
As is well-known,
As is known to all,
As is widely-accepted,
As is universally-known,
As is universally-accepted,
Sentences for IELTS
As has been said,
As has been mentioned,
As has been discussed,
As has been remarked,
As has been outlined,
As has been presented,
…
Sentences for IELTS
Nonfinite verbs
A : to do
?To begin with / start with / illustrate…
?To sum up / conclude / summarize…
?To be honest / be frank / tell the truth… Sentences for IELTS
B doing
According to / concerning sth. / judging by / respecting sth. taking all factors into consideration
taking all things into account
Speaking of / talking of….= when it comes to
Preposition ：
amazing / eye-catching / earth-shaking / relaxing / entertaining / far-reaching/ decision-making…
Postposition ：
Those who hold the latter view do strongly believe that doing so may occupy students’ for them to study.
——those holding ….
Sentences for IELTS
Emphasizing
A : adv.
especially, mainly, particularly, in particular…
B: S + do/did/does …
We do believe that a friend walks in when the rest of the world walks out.
C : it is/was … that/ who …
Michael is waiting for me in the woods.
Sentences for IELTS
Inversion
A: Here/ there / now / then / thus
Here comes a dog.
Then came a new difficulty.
B: Prepositional phrase
In the fields stands a tree.
Ahead sat an old man.
C: no /not /never /seldom /little /hardly /at no time /in no way /not until…
Never in history had technology made such spectacular advances.
Little do we realize how essential this decision is.
Hardly a day goes by without my thinking of her./ such a question.
Sentences for IELTS
D: only
Only in this way, can we solve the problem.
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
Should University Students Go in for Business?
It has become an increasingly prevalent phenomenon that university students spend part of their college life in doing part-time jobs.
——话题引入
Some pick up jobs related to their major for acquiring practical training as well as valuable experiences; while others go in for business and open their own shops aiming at getting prepared for the future.
_____ 对立引入
From my perspective, it would be considerable to devote to some part-time jobs related to on e’s major rather than be occupied with business mainly for profit during their college life.
——个人观点表达
首段写作技巧
一、反义引入法
结构：块——块——线
主语：
many individuals / some folks / most characters
谓语：claim/deem/believe/argue / hold the view that ….
But/ however/ while/ meanwhile/ on the contrary/in contrast…,
I disagree with / disregard this + point/ opinion / idea / point of view/ view….
——第二块（过渡）
Personally,
For my part,
As to me,
As far as I am concerned,
From my perspective,
I prefer A rather than B as my recommendation.
——线（总论点）
验证：
验证：
验证：
科技类：Computers——a blessing or a curse?
Some individuals argue that computers have so many disadvantages. On the contrary, I disagree with this point of view. As to me, I deem that the advantages of computers have overwhelmed its disadvantages.
阐释类：Smoking is increasingly serious? How to solve this problem?
Transform…
Writing Samples
块：①It seems certain that② many③ people have formed an unrealistic picture of ___, and they have been ④regarding __ as cure-all solution.
块：⑤However, I am always amazed when I hear people say so.
线：The information I have collected over the past several years makes me ⑥believe that nothing is further from the truth than ⑦is this opinion.
Optional
①: obvious \clear ; obviously \ apparently
②: most \ a large number of \
the majority of \ the minority of ;
more than \no more than\ less than \ no less than;
a handful of \ an increasing number of + N.
③: woman\man；female\male
Teenager \ college students \ undergraduate students
children\ adults\ senior citizens
④: consider …as
⑤: on the contrary \ by contrast
⑥: do not mistrust
⑦: than is this opinion= than this opinion is.
Practice：
Traditional clothes
Do parents are the best teachers?
Can money buy happiness?
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首段写作技巧
二、对立表达法
结构：块——块——线
主语：
Many individuals claim /deem/believe/contend /argue that…..+观点A 转折词：
But/however/while/meanwhile/in contrast/on the contrary… +, others claim /deem /believe / contend /argue that…..+观点B
——块1
Which kind of view/opinion/idea/point of view/point is right? People’s opinions are controversial.
——块2（过渡句）
观点A:
主语1+does/do have so many brilliant advantages.
观点B:
主语2+ is better than主语1.
总论点：
the advantages/disadvantages of +主语1/主语2 + have outweighed + that of 主语2/ 主语1.
(its + advantages/ disadvantages.)
平衡式总论点：
both sides have something reasonable.
study at home or study abroad？
Many individuals claim that study at home does have so many brilliant advantages. While others believe that study abroad is superior to study at home. Which kind of view is right? People’s opinions are divided. From my perspective, I deem that the benefits of study abroad have outweighed that of study at home.
或者：both sides have something reasonable.
Transform…
对比引入
Never has the topic respecting whether college students should take part-time jobs on campus or not been defined. Although some people do strongly believe that doing so will distract them
from study, taking all factors into consideration, I contend that taking part-time jobs does make contribution to changing the campus life into a colorful journey.（the earth into a paradise.)
Practice
Internet——a blessing or a curse?
Which play a major role in one’s personality and development? Nature or nurture?
zoos should be closed. Agree or disagree?
三，描述法
结构：块、块、线
Have you ever found/beli eved/felt/seen that…?
Have you ever found/believed/felt/seen that…?
Have you ever found/believed/felt/seen that…?
If you have the experience above mentioned,
You may agree with my opinion/ view/ idea/ point/ point of view that + 总论点
Sample: study at home or study abroad
Have you ever found that people who study abroad are more independent? Have you ever felt that people who study abroad own the wide vision? Have you ever believed that people who study abroad could obtain a better career? If you have the experience above mentioned, You may agree with my point that study abroad is the best choice for your brilliant future.
结构上：点、块、线
In summary, / In short, / In a word, / In conclusion,
To sum up, / To conclude,
As far as I am concerned,
——点
____do/did/does have so many brilliant advantages /so many disadvantages + in our daily life/ in our routine work.
——块
How can we say it is / they are / V+ing is + more troublesome/ more colorful?
——线（点题）
Body?
Reasons?
How?
…
Ways to find reasons…
P: public &politics
E: environment/ education/ experience/ economy
T: time & technology
C: culture & character
S: society
Sample
Part – time jobs：
——living expense；the sense of independence；enrich working experience; be well prepared to the future development；put theory into practice….
——distract… from study ；be a waste of time；lack of experience
Study abroad：
——education conditions; communication skills and interpersonal skills; rich social and life experience
—— cost a lot; sentimental ; lack of self-care ability
Para. 2——原因分析段
As far as I am concerned, running business attracts students for the following reasons:
----outline sentence
To start with, it provided an important access to the information about the society;
2015年6月6日雅思写作（一） 题目类别society 提问方式Discussion 考试题目 Some people prefer to provide help and support directly to those in their local community who need it. Others, however prefer to give money to national and international charitable organizations. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 有人认为给需要救助的人自己的帮助更加可取，有人认为给有需求的国家或国际援助组织提供经济援助更加重要，讨论两种观点，给出你的意见。 Although people in industrialized countries lead a high standard of living, it is undeniable that there are still 1.2 billion people living below the poverty line. In order to solve poverty-related problems, I feel that all kinds of help should be encouraged and respected. Giving a helping hand to those who are in need in the local community seems reasonable. It is because even in the richest countries, there are still a lot of people, such as disabled people and orphanages, suffering from famine and extreme poverty. For this reason, it is easy and convenient for us to help our fellow citizens, such as donating food or clothing to them, so that we can see the result of our actions immediately. By contrast, it is rather difficult to track expenditure of international aids, which might result in corruption in some cases. Those who donate money to domestic and international charities believe that the collection of money has a tremendous effect on the poor countries compared with other forms of help. This is because few people are able to donate a large amount of money to construct schools, hospitals and roads in poor areas. Instead, governments and charities can achieve this. International aids can also purchase vaccines which are available in developed countries by using the money raised worldwide and save millions children’s life. In my view, minor proportion of donated money and other sorts of help should be appreciated equally as long as the money reaches to those who need it desperately. The government could run campaign and encourage door-to door help. At the same time, charitable organizations should make every penny count for donors.(word count：274)
科技 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 在这部分，你的任务是： 一，背诵话题词汇短语 二，为题目列出英文提纲 基础词汇短语 advanced science 尖端科学 scientific invention 科学发明 exert a far-reaching impact on…对…产生一种深远的影响 double-edged sword 双刃剑 earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的改变 pay the way for the future development 为未来的发展铺平道路 lay a solid foundation for…为…打下良好的基础 energy crisis 能源危机 depletion of resources 能源消耗 milestone 里程碑 sophisticated equipment 尖端设备 technical innovation 科技创新 expediency 权宜之计 antithetical 与…背道而驰的 over-commercialized 过渡商业化的 a heated discussion 热烈的讨论 exhaust gas 废气 disastrous 灾难性的 overshadow 使…相形见绌 compared to/with…与…相比 usher in 引领 speedy and comfortable 既快捷又舒适 opposite forces 负面影响 a fatal breakdown 致命故障 potential hazards 潜在危险 pose a threat to…对…有一种威胁 promote relative industries 促进相关产业发展 accelerate 加速… means of transportation 交通方式 transportation tools 交通工具 social status 社会地位 environmentally-friendly resources 环保的能源 make people's life easier 使人们生活更方便 alternative fuel 可替代燃料
Database Systems: The Complete Book Solutions for Chapter 2 Solutions for Section 2.1 Exercise 2.1.1 The E/R Diagram. Exercise 2.1.8(a) The E/R Diagram Kobvxybz Solutions for Section 2.2 Exercise 2.2.1 The Addresses entity set is nothing but a single address, so we would prefer to make address an attribute of Customers. Were the bank to record several addresses for a customer, then it might make sense to have an Addresses entity set and make Lives-at a many-many relationship. The Acct-Sets entity set is useless. Each customer has a unique account set containing his or her accounts. However, relating customers directly to their accounts in a many-many relationship conveys the same information and eliminates the account-set concept altogether. Solutions for Section 2.3 Exercise 2.3.1(a) Keys ssNo and number are appropriate for Customers and Accounts, respectively. Also, we think it does not make sense for an account to be related to zero customers, so we should round the edge connecting Owns to Customers. It does not seem inappropriate to have a customer with 0 accounts;
最高级和比较级 主语谓语最高级和比较级(宾语) than 英国在某方面花费的最多 Britain spent the most heavily on… 英国的花费高于其他国家 Britain spent more than other countries. 德国花的只比法国多 Germany only spent more than France. 主系表结构 意大利的花销只比法国多一点 Italy’s spending is only marginally greater than that of France. 英国的花费高于其他国家 British spending is considerably higher than that of other countries. 西班牙是最受欢迎的度假胜地。 Spain is the most popular holiday destination. 被动语态 女性失业率高于男性的。 More women are unemployed than men. 红色车的销量较高。 Far more red cars are sold. 英国在玩具上的花费高于其他国家 More money was spent on toys in Britain than in other countries. 女性的失业率最高 The highest percentage of women are unemployed. The unemployment rate for females is the highest. 位居中间maintain middle position 表示比较的连接词 By comparison = in contrast = by contrast: 对比来说, Compared with A = in contrast to A :和A对比来说, On the contrary = conversely: 相反 数字连接词修饰词 at \with\ reaching the figure of some\approximately\more or less\ just over\just under\ number or so The number of visitors to France and Germany reached 3million and 5million respectively 相等be equal to 主谓宾结构中常用动词 Spend Consume Consider mention cite prefer\favor\appeal to enjoy\have \own Suffer hoose 最the most 最不the least
2015-6-6 Task 2 An ask 2 Analysis Some people p ople prefer to provide help and support directly to loca local community who need it. Others prefer to give money to national and international charitable organizations. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.有?人喜欢直接帮助社区中需要帮助的?人。也有些?人喜欢把钱投给国内或国际慈善组织。讨论这两个观点并且表达你?自?己的想法。 1Topic 话题 Charity 2Question type 题型Discuss 3 5W ANALYZE THE QUESTION审题 （WHO+what+when+where+why+how） WHO: people WHAT: do charity How: direct support vs money donation Where: local vs national & international 4identify key words and their synonyms 关键词理解 support directly=direct involvement give money to=donate charitable organizations=charities 5identify all the writing tasks 确定全部写作任务 1. some people prefer direct help 2. others donate to non-pro?t organizations 3. own opinion Brainstorming and organ d organizing ideas 写作思路 Direct support Donation to non-profit 6Necessary: 必要性 组织运作不当，造成损失: charity frauds Bene?ts: 重要性 积极参与：direct involvement 及时?高效: concretely helping ?立竿?见影: make a signi?cant difference Necessary: 必要性 有些问题单纯本地解决不了 not easy to tackle at the local level Bene?ts: 重要性 资本有效运作：Meet more basic needs with fewer dollars 减税福利：tax bene?ts for helping globally
雅思写作教材 ?雅思写作必须为AcademicWriting，但是何为AcademicWriting，且看下面两段文字： E.g.:livinginbigcityisagoodchoice,becauseourchildrencouldgetbettereducation. Forexample,plentyofprimaryschoolsarelocatedinbigcity,so localcitizenscouldsend theirchildrenthere.Secondly,therearealotoftheatersinbigcitysowecouldenjoyfilms intheweekend. Thetwomeritsinbigcitiesasbetterservicejointlycontributetomakeurbanizationapriority. Firstofall,sufficienteducationalinstitutionsandfundshaveguaranteedthat higherlevelofeducationcouldbeacquiredinlargecity.Additionally,urbancitizenscanappreciate amorecolorfullifethanruralcitizens.Thecityprovides aplentyofplacesfor entertainmentwhilerurallifemayabitdull andtasteless. 第二段文字是典型的AcademicWriting，仅供参考。 ?雅思写作必备基础常识。首先从类型角度说五类小作文，四类大作文；从字数角度说是至少150+250=400字；从写作时间角度说是理论上20+40=60mins；从技术处理角度说建议先写大作文再写小作文。 ?官方给出每篇作文的分数是根据四个评分标准来的，小作文分别是：TA/CC/LR/GRA，大作文分别是：TR/CC/LR/GRA。两者结合白话一点说就是：题意理解/连贯衔接/词汇运用/语法准确。分别来看： 7分作文： ?写作内容涵盖写作任务的要求 ?（学术类）清晰地呈现关于主要趋势、区别或不同阶段的概述 ?（培训类）清晰地呈现写作目的，行文语气一致且恰当 ?能就主要内容/要点进行清晰的呈现与强调，但未能更为充分地展开 ?符合逻辑地组织信息及观点；清晰的行文推进贯穿全文 ?恰当地使用一系列衔接手段，尽管有时使用不足或过多 ?使用足够的词汇，体现一定灵活性及准确性 ?使用不常见词汇，对语体及搭配有一定认识 ?在选择用词、拼写及/或构词方面可能偶尔出现错误 ?运用各种复杂的语法结构 ?多数句子准确无误 ?对语法及标点符号掌握较好，但有时出现少许错误 6分作文：根据写作任 务要求作文 ?（学术类）选择恰当的信息进行概述 ?（培训类）写作目的基本清晰；行文语气有时未能保持前后一致 ?呈现并充分地强调了主要内容/要点，但有时含有不相关、不恰当或不准确的细节信息 ?连贯地组织信息及观点，总体来说，能清晰地推进行文发展 ?有效地使用衔接手段，但句内及/或句间的衔接有时有误或过于机械 ?有时无法保持一贯清晰或恰当地使用指代 ?使用足够的词汇开展写作任务
数据库系统之三 --数据建模与数据库设计 课程1：基本知识与关系模型 课程2：数据库语言-SQL 课程3：数据建模与数据库设计课程4：数据库管理系统实现技术数据库系统
第15讲关系模式设计之规范形式 Research Center on I ntelligent C omputing for E nterprises & S ervices, H arbin I nstitute of T echnology 战德臣 哈尔滨工业大学教授.博士生导师黑龙江省教学名师教育部大学计算机课程教学指导委员会委员
战德臣教授数据库的规范性设计需要分析数据库Table中的属性在取值方面有什么依存关系？数据库设计过程中应遵循什么样的原则 数据库设计理论 ?数据依赖理论 ?关系范式理论 ?模式分解理论BCNF 3NF 2NF 1NF 4NF 5NF 函数依赖部分函数依赖/完全函数依赖传递函数依赖 多值依赖 联结依赖如何避免数据库的一致性问题—数据库的规范性设计无损连接分解保持依赖分解
战德臣教授基本内容 1. 关系的第1NF和第2NF 2. 关系的第3NF和Boyce-Codd NF 3. 多值依赖及其公理定理 4. 关系的第4NF 重点与难点 ●一组概念：1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF；多值依赖 ●熟练应用数据库设计的规范化形式，判断数据库设计的正确性及可 能存在的问题
关系的第1范式和第2范式 Research Center on I ntelligent C omputing for E nterprises & S ervices, H arbin I nstitute of T echnology 战德臣 哈尔滨工业大学教授.博士生导师黑龙江省教学名师教育部大学计算机课程教学指导委员会委员
雅思写作36个基础句型 1 benefit from 从……当中获益 例句：Others,however,believe that boys and girls benefit more from attending mixed schools.（剑8例句） 2 invest in 对……投资 例句：The government should invest a large proportion of its budget in helping the needy, despite the economic recession. 3 promote the development of 促进……的发展 例句：Even though the city has invested millions of pounds in museums and art galleries,it has done little to promote the development of education and medical care. 4 boost efficiency/productivity 提高效率/生产力 例句:The main question about high-tech education is whether it actually boosts the efficiency and effectiveness of learning. 5 play a pivotal role in 在……中起关键作用 例句:Vitamins and minerals play a pivotal role in keeping our body heathy;therefore,children and adults alike shoud eat more vegetables that are rich in various vitamins and minerals. 6 enrich one’s social/academic/professional experience 丰富……的社会的/学术的/职业的经历 例句：Working for a period before going to university can greatly enrich students’social experience and make them more capable in university. 7 keep society safe and stable 保持社会稳定 例句：Harmony keeps society safe and stable while conflict disturbs social order. 8 have a duty/obligation to do…有责任做… 例句：In most European countries,parents have a legal obligation to ensure that their children receive proper education. 9 relax their bodies and ease their minds 让人放松身心 例句：Children not only need opportunities to acquire knowledge ,they need time to relax their bodies and their minds as well. 10 be based on 基于 例句：Discipline should be based on a positive,loving parent child relationship instead of on force and punishment. 11 generate employment opportunities 创造就业机会 例句：International tourism can generate employment opportunities.On the other hand ,it may damage the culture heritage of a nation. 12 be less time-consuming and more economical 省钱又省时间 例句：Contrary to the popular belief ,advertising makes our shopping experience neither less time-consuming nor more economical. 13 relieve one’s academic/financial/psychological burden 减轻某人的学业/经济/心理负担 例句：Part-time jobs help students to relieve their parents’financial burdens.Nevertheless,working on a part-time basis may create psychological burdens for the students themselves. 14 fulfill one’s potential 发挥某人的潜力 例句：Employees may feel they cannot fulfill their professional potential when their work is not
雅思写作流程图解析 朗阁海外考试研究中心刘雅敏 相比较其它小作文题型，雅思写作中的流程图对于很多考生来说都会感觉束手无策，尤其 是拿到题目时无从下手。这主要是由流程图的考察重点决定的。不同于图表题型在表达方 式上的固定，流程图更加能够考察考生“真正的”词汇量。虽然流程图出题频率不算高（去 年48场A类考试中，流程图出现6次），且普遍集中在工业生产过程和自然现象这两类，但题材差距很大，2014年的6场考试以及今年出现的2次流程图的具体题材如下： 由于题材不同，所以每次考试的词汇要求都不同，这无疑增加了考生的备考难度。 另外，一般情况下流程图都是以图片而非数字形式出现，所以有不少刚接触流程图的同学 认为它更接近大作文的语言风格。其实不然，流程图的文章风格偏客观描述，而且与其它 小作文题型一样，流程图还有一个特点——主要扩展顺序为时间顺序，这一点不同于大作 文主要以逻辑顺序为扩展顺序。无论大作文还是小作文，逻辑性是一切文章的灵魂，而要 想使流程图的写作逻辑严密，就要按照时间顺序展开，并加入恰当的时间顺序连接词。 除了小作文的共性外，流程图又有自身在表达方式上的特殊要求。具体而言，要注意两点：动词的使用和三大句型的运用。 一、动词的使用
考生面临的比较普遍的问题就是：图里面的词汇可能认识的只有一半，碰到这种情况，考 生应尽量猜，运用常识和看图猜词意。图里面可能会给出一定数量的动词，也可能没有给出。具体而言，一般会出现三种情况： 1. 图详细＋注解详细 流程图中出现过的词汇可以使用一次，第二次出现的时候尽量换成其同义词甚至可以是近 义词。但即使猜出了大概含义，找出同义替换仍然比较困难。对此，有两种解决方案： 1). “名词动用”，如果原图给出了某个词的名词形式，在你的作文中可以将其转变成该词 的动词形式。同理，形容词可以换成副词（通常在该形容词后加-ly），副词变成形容词。 比如剑桥真题6 Test 3的范文中：原图第二个步骤中的“food”, 作者改成了动词“feed”。 2). 根据“下义词”，找出其“上义词”，比如说“furnace”（熔炉）在“玻璃瓶的回收”之类的 流程图中都会出现，我们称之为“下义词”（即含义较具体），而其“上义词”（即概括性较 强的表达）可以是“a container”。 2. 图详细＋注解简略 这种情况要求考生把图片中出现的、而注解中表述比较简略而省掉的信息运用考生会的表 达方式补充出来，尤其注意动词的使用。比如：“玻璃瓶的回收”这一流程中有个步骤是把 碎玻璃倒进熔炉里面将其融化，图片画得较详细：一个椭圆形的鼎样容器，上面画的温度 计显示融化玻璃的具体温度数值，燃料是用木炭还是煤炭还是天然气……但下面的注解可 能只有三个单词：the melting process。显然，我们不可能只用这三个单词描述这一步骤，原因很简单，即考生都熟悉的一个悲剧——图描述完了，字数没写够！遇到这种情况，建议考生用自己的话把图表信息补充完整。 3. 图简略＋注解更简略 同样还是以“玻璃瓶的回收”流程为例，其中一个步骤是玻璃瓶被重塑成新瓶子、并注入相 应液体产品后，被卡车送到超市，消费者购买并使用。该步骤在原图中只出现了两个名词——“supermarket”和“customers”。实战中有相当数量的考生只用一句话说完了这个步骤（比如：These bottles are transported by trucks to supermarkets, and then they would be bought by consumers.）。这种写法与上面的写法后果是一样的——
雅思写作基础段教学大纲 课程名称：雅思写作基础段 课程周期：16小时 课程安排：2小时 / 次；共8次 教学目标： 教学安排： 第一次：雅思写作task 1整体介绍；task 1常用词汇及运用 第二次：雅思写作task 1常见图表介绍及相应的表达 第三次：雅思写作task 2整体介绍和常用词汇及运用 第四次：雅思写作task 2分类介绍与背景构建 第五次：雅思写作task 2常用表达运用及强化进阶 第六次：雅思写作task 1 和task 2 混合基础分场景共建 第七次：雅思写作task 1和task 2混合表达及词汇共建 第八次：雅思写作基础段总结及强化段铺垫与衔接 雅思写作强化段教学大纲 课程名称：雅思写作强化段 课程周期：12小时 课程安排：2小时 / 次；共6次 教学目标： 在进行了起步段和基础段之后，通过强化段的课程来帮助学生更深入地理解雅思写作考试。帮助学生解决备考中的关键性问题——思维发散。通过强化段的课程来提高学生在雅思写 作方面的应试能力。 教学安排： 第一次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第二次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第三次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第四次：雅思写作task 2分类强化 第五次：雅思写作task 2分类强化 第六次：雅思写作task 2分类强化篇二：定制雅思教学计划 雅思阅读【总学时】 24学时 教材选用 《剑桥雅思考试全真试题4-9》外语教研社 第一阶段：第一个月（4次*2h） 教学重点：基础词汇积累&定位信息，关键词的基本能力 授课内容： 1，扩充雅思基础阅读词汇。 2，学会寻找关键词，在原文中快速定位，教授雅思阅读中常见的3种题型：1heading sentence(找标题)summary(摘要填空) ture/false/not given(是非题) 再陈述与推理及true, false, not given 题的技巧。 培养学生雅思判断题需要的逻辑思维 4，教会学生读文章的步骤，利用文章中的图片图表信息做题。 模考安排：每4次课一次单科模考和分析反馈 第二阶段：第二个月（4次*2h） 教学重点：猜词与复杂句，基本题型的操练 授课内容：1，词根，词缀，词性，利用上下文猜词的能力；十大句子关系。 学会如何判断词性，句子成分，如何判断区分有用与无用的生词。 3，快速找到复杂句的重点，根据复杂句完成简单的问题；
雅思写作地图题深度解析（上） 朗阁海外考试研究中心姜芮 在雅思小作文中，流程图和地图题无疑对于广大考生来说都有不小的威胁，很多考生在遇到此类型的题目时，会变得手足无措，不知道应该从何写起。许多考生抱着侥幸的心里，往往不重视此类小众题目的备考，结果作文分数受到了很大的影响。在本系列文章中，朗阁海外考试研究中心写作组的专家将着重对雅思写作地图题做一个深度解析。 我们用两个经典的地图题真题为例，在近两年出现的数次地图题中，多数都是属于这类“三格地图”。 WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The diagram below shows the development of the village of Kelsby between 1780 and 2000.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. 在审题过程中我们需要特别注意以下几点： 1. 时态：关注时态是小作文能否取得高分的关键，同样对于地图题，我们也应该很好地注意时态，本文的时间是明确的，都是过去的时间，因此全文应当使用一般过去时。 2. 顺序：该图属于动态的地图题，这种类型的地图题一律按照时间顺序来写。在这道题中，也就是按照图的顺序依次来写，不要把元素拆开。如果是静态的地图题（即不涉及时间变化的题型），则按照空间顺序来写。在描述单幅地图时，我们可以采取上北下南的顺序描述，或者从左到右的顺序也可以，但值得注意的是，如果地图上有明显的方向标示，那就要根据这个标示来描述。 下面我们一起来分析文章的写作。 第一段：Introduction 引言段就是把题目进行改写。原文中的diagram，可以替换成figure，原文中的shows，可以改为illustrate, demonstrate, reveal, indicate等词。宾语development，可以替换成transformations，也可以改为宾语从句how the village of Kelsby developed/ changed. 题目中给出的时间比较模糊，可以具体化为in 1780, 1860 and 2000. 【例文】The three maps illustrate how the village of Kelsby changed in 1780, 1860 and 2000. 第二段：描述1780年的地图 1780年的情况只涉及到静态的数据，因此只需要用存在句即可表达，不涉及任何变化的单词。但是，考生非常容易把这些元素全部用there be这个句型来表达，从而导致句式单一。表示存在的句型除了there be之外，还有非常简单的have句型，还有lie/ be located/ be situated这样的结构。另外还有一种倒装句型，比如“桌子上面有一本书”，可以翻译为on the desk is a book. 除此之外，要注意几个元素的顺序问题。这里有四大元素：住宅区homes，树林woods，农场farms，还有一条河流river。理论上只要按照一定的空间顺序（比如顺时针、逆时针，从左到右）都是可以的，但是要考虑家庭数量的变化是导致其它所有变化的根本原因，因此建议先写住宅区homes。 还有就是土地单位的表达，land是不可数名词，因此不能说a land，只能说a piece of land。为了表达更加精确，可以用a plot of land（一小块），a stretch of（一长片），a large expanse of（一大片）。 另外朗阁海外考试研究中心提醒考生们还要注意方位词的表达。地图题中常用的方位词有：in the east/ west/ south/ north of ...; in the eastern/ western/ southern northern part of ...; 如果是在角落，可以用in the southwestern corner of ...; 在河流的上/下游：at the lower/ upper reaches of the river; 在河岸：alongside the riverbank; 在河流的南端：at the southern end of the river.
数据库系统原理 第一节数据库系统概述 数据管理技术经历了人工管理、文件系统和数据库系统三个发展阶段。 一、数据库基本概念 1.数据（Data）是数据库系统中存储的基本对象，是描述事物的符号记录。包括文字、图形、图像、流媒体信息等。 2.数据库（DB）是存放数据的仓库，是长期存放在计算机内的、有组织的、可共享的数据集合。数据库中的数据按一定的数据模型组织、描述和存储，具有较高的数据独立性和扩展性，可被用户所共享。 3.数据库管理系统（DBMS）是位于用户和操作系统之间的数据管理软件，如Oracle、DB2.Access等。其功能包括：数据定义功能、数据操纵功能、数据库的运行管理、数据库的建立和维护。 4.数据库系统（DBS）是指计算机系统中引入数据库后的系统，由数据库、数据库管理系统、应用系统、数据库管理员、数据库用户构成。 【要点】 1.数据、数据库、数据库管理系统和数据库系统的基本概念和英文缩写。 2.DBMS的功能：数据定义功能（DDL）、数据操纵功能（DML）、数据库的运行管理、数据库的建立和维护。 3.DBS由数据库、数据库管理系统、应用系统、数据库管理员、数据库用户构成。 4.数据库技术主要解决数据共享的问题，DBMS是系统软件。 【例题·单选题】（2010年×省信用社招聘考试真题）下面关于数据库管理系统和操作系统之间关系描述正确的是（）。 A.操作系统可以调用数据库管理系统 B.互不调用 C.数据库管理系统可以调用操作系统 D.可以相互调用 『正确答案』C 『答案解析』硬件和操作系统是数据库管理系统的技术资源，数据库管理系统可以调用操作系统。二、数据库系统的特点
雅思考试写作金牌教程（6-7.5分）教学方案 第一次课 一、教学目标：雅思写作概述、基本构成、雅思写作考试与其他考试的类比 二、课时陈述：第一次课，2.5小时 三、教学重点：议论文体和报告文体的题型 四、教学难点：雅思评分标准与其他考试评分标准的异同 五、教学亮点：雅思考官阅卷的潜规则 六、课堂结构： 1、雅思考试介绍 2、雅思考试评分标准 3、雅思写作话题介绍 4、雅思写作题型介绍 5、中英两国写作对比 1、雅思考试介绍 雅思写作的量分 task1 占三分之一，而task2占三分之二。 Task 1 （以下简称小作文） 题型：LINE PIE BAR TABLE DIAGRAM MAP MIXED Task 2 (以下简称大作文) 题型：argumentation report 2、雅思考试评分标准 孙武子说“知己知彼，百战百胜”.为了更好的对付雅思写作考试，我们起先要了解它的具体评分准则。 Task Response and Fulfillment Coherence and Cohesion Lexical resources Grammatical Range and Accuracy Band 7—good user Has operational command of the language, though with occasional inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles complex language well and understands detailed reasoning. 具体要求： Task response: whether all parts of the task are addressed; whether a viewpoint is clearly expressed, developed and supported.
雅思写作话题分类词汇 教育与学业 考试频率：★★★★★ Education and study 教育与学业 1、Teaching methods 教学方法 7、Generation gap 代沟 2、Educational facilities 教育设施8、Adolescents’/Teenagers’problems 青少年问题 3、Academic subjects 学校科目9、Studying abroad 留学话题 4、Computer and learning(teaching) 电脑与学习（教学）10、Taking a part-time job 兼职工作 5、Personal development 个人发展11、Parents’/Teachers’responsibilities 父母/教师责任 6、Physical and mental growth 身心成长12、Functions/tuition of university 大学功能/学费 真题重现 In schools and universities, some girls tend to choose arts subjects, while boys choose to study science subjects. What are the reasons? Do you think this trend should be changed? Some people think that the main purpose of school is to turn children as a good citizens and workers, rather to benefit them as individuals. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 分类词汇加油站 1. scope of knowledge 知识面 2.lighten the burden of 减轻了…的负担 https://www.doczj.com/doc/e86444697.html,prehensive knowledge 广博的知识 4.long-distance education 远程教育 5.enrich the teaching method 丰富教育手段 6.teaching\pedagogical methodology 教学方法 7.schooling 学校教育parenting、upbringing 家庭教育8.impart\inculcate knowledge 传授知识 9.multi-media teaching 多媒体教学10.vocational education 职业教育11.down-to-earth, practical 切合实际的12.enlightening 予以人启迪的13.perplexing 令人困惑的 14.the cultural diversity 文化的多元性15.insightful 富有洞察力的,有深刻见解的16.undertake the due obligations 承担责任17.exam-oriented education 应试教育 18.develop our creative mind 培养我们创造性思维19.widen one’s knowledge 拓展知识面20.realize the value of life 实现生命价值