当前位置:文档之家› 论文翻译公司学术论文翻译公司收费

论文翻译公司学术论文翻译公司收费

论文翻译公司学术论文翻译公司收费
论文翻译公司学术论文翻译公司收费

精诚翻译公司五周年五折优惠中5年经验!先翻译后付费学生客户送50元优惠券,可以搜索精诚翻译公司者50元翻译找到我们

SWOT Analysis of Medicinal Material Radix Tetrastigme

Industry in Fujian Province

Abstract: In this research project, radix tetrastigme was the research object, with its comprehensive value as the starting point and research results in the important demonstration base of radix tetrastigme in counties of Shunchang and Fuan of Fujian Province as the base; SWOT matrix analysis method was adopted to analyze external environment and internal conditions of the industry, its potential economic value was found, and the purpose of alleviating the demand for it in the market. The concept of sustainable development should be the core idea to realize the integrated development of the industry in the future and and standardization, modernization and internationalization of Chinese medicine market.

Keywords: Radix Tetrastigme; Chinese medicine industry; Integrated Value;SWOT matrix analysis

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg belongs angiosperms,dicotyledoneae, rosidae, grape plant [1]. As perennial herbaceous climbing vine, its dried root or the whole plant can be medicine. It is mainly distributed in mountains of Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui, Guangxi, Sichuan, ans has the effects of heat clearing and detoxicating, promoting blood circulation and resolving masses, dispelling pathogenic wind and eliminating phlegm, regulating qi-flowing for strengthening spleen and others[2], and it is known as "plant antibiotic".

1 The necessity of radix tetrastigme industrialization

1.1 Medicinal value

Dual effects of radix tetrastigme has universal validity for all types of cancers, it can not only inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells, but also enhance immune ability. Its effective ingredients can inhibit the expression of telomerase gene in tumor cells; and can also realize defending, self stabilizing, monitoring functions of immune system through enhancing cellular immunity and humoral immunity of human body. Timely removal of differentiated cells can ensure tha t they don’t have the chance of developing tumor cells. At the same time, radix tetrastigme’s active ingredients have strong anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects, thus it has very high medicinal value.

1.2 Society and economy

In the past 8 years, the price of radix tetrastigme in Fujian province soared, with its increasingly wide application, its market demand also expands. As is shown in Table 1, its average price in 2006 was only 35 yuan /kg, however, it rose to 360 yuan /kg in 2012, which was 10 times the price of 2006, the highest growth rate took place between 2009 and 2010, with the annual growth rate of 50%. The study of its medicinal value at home and abroad is continued, and its development and utilization are strengthened, and the wild resources are increasingly exhausted over time, and its cultivation costs a lot of time, therefore, its price will constantly rise in the next 3 years.

Table 1 The market price of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg in Fujian

(2006~2013)

Year Average Price Growth rate %

2006 35 —

2007 60 71

2008 85 41

2009 120 41

2010 180 50

2011 250 39

2012 360 44

2013 450 20

Fujian Province has suitable climate and excellent geographical environment, and the place is quite suitable for the growth of radix tetrastigme, and it is rich in wild radix tetrastigme. The province has 1130 acres of wood lands, the plant’s planting cycle is 2-3 years, and it needs suitable light and humidity, as well as good forest management. If 800 plants of radix tetrastigmes, its dried roots can be 3-5 g each, the yield per pu is expected to be 2.4-4 kg, namely the average annual output value per mu and total output value are expected to be 1-8 thousand yuan and 1130-2034 thousand yuan. In a word, high

economic value can be generated.

1.3 Industrial policy

Since the release of "Outline For The Development And The Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2002-2010)" and “The Outline For Social and Economic Development of People's Republic of China For The 12th Fiver Year Plan”,the industry of traditional Chinese medicine witnessed new conditions and development in recent 10 years. According to “The Notice On Project Fund For The Construction of Production Base of Chinese Herbal Medicine In 2012 By Fujian Agriculture Department”, Fujian government invested 2 million yuan in the construction of production demonstration base of Chinese Herbal Medicine, in order to enhance the quality of f Chinese Herbal Medicine, build great brands and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the industry.

1.4 Scientific research strength

In 2012, the total area of radix tetrastigme reached about 200 acres, with 2.5 million plants. Fu'an Maoguang Chinese herbal medicine planting cooperatives has developed good cooperation relationship in scientific research, and they are engaged in the study of chemical constituents of radix tetrastigme and the effect of environmental factors on it. In 2013, Fujian Radix Tetrastigme Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd. Cooperated with Fujian Agriculture And Forestry University in the development of large-scale cultivation techniques of radix tetrastigme, with total fund of 20 million yuan and scientific research fund of 1.5 million tyuan. The research results provided scientific basis for the prospect of radix tetrastigme cultivation and development in Fujian province.

2 Analysis of Development Condition of Radix Tetrastigme in Fujian

Province-SWOT Matrix Analysis

2.1 Advantages

(1)Geographical advantage

Radix tetrastigme is one of traditional Chinese medicine in Fujian. Climate,humidity, soil in Fujian are very suitable for its growth. Wild radix tetrastigme grow in shady slope remote mountains at an elevation of 200~2000m, acid and yellow soil, annual average precipitation of 1000mm ~ 2300mm and the temperature at 18 ~ 35 ℃are the best conditions for its growth. It stop growing when the temperature is below 10℃. Fujian's soil is yellow, with elevation is over 200 m, annual average temperature at 15~22 ° C and annual precipitation of less than 2200mm, the area is suitable for the plant’s growth.

(2) Quality advantage

Wilde radix tetrastigme from Fujian pronvice proves to be good clinical medicine. In recent years, more and more farmers began planting radix tetrastigme, Fujian agriculture department and health department and the Institute For Drug Control attach great importance to its quality and cultivation technology, add “Quality Standards of Crude Slices of Radix Tetrastigme to "Fujian Chinese Medicine Crude Slices Processing Norms". At the same time,scientific research institutions in Fujian province detect chemical composition of Fujian radix tetrastigme samples, and identify radix tetrastigme of high quality and yield, which offered scientific basis for the prospect of its development and application. The government vigorously promote the formulation of radix tetrastigme cultivation standards and high quality radix tetrastigme manufacturing standards, and its standardized cultivation and production.

2.2 Disadvantages

(1)The lack of professional talents

Cultivation of radix tetrastigme has high requirements on the environment.So far, professional talents of radix tetrastigme cultivation in Fujian province are in lack. cultivation and technical personnel are mainly old herbalist, their technologies are mainly from their cultivation practice, in most cases, they are in lack of scientific and reasonable cultivation theories. Overall, planting technologies are backward; What is more, training on radix tetrastigme cultivation technologies is limited, and cultural level of herbalists is low. Their abilities of adopting advanced cultivation theories is poor, therefore, artificial cultivation technologies of radix tetrastigme can not be improved quickly in the short term.

(2)Poor sharing of Chinese herbal medicine information

Radix tetrastigme is circulated in special market, its production, processing, sales are based on market supply and demand, at the same time, price of Chinese medicinal materials in Fujian market fluctuates significantly, it is difficult to predicate its price accurately. Market information is not transferred in a timely manner, as a result, rich radix tetrastigme in Fujian province are not developed and utilized reasonably. Therefore, the majority of farmers’ economic benefits can’t be guaranteed, and don’t have high enthusiasm.

(2)Product development level is low

The degree of mechanization in medicinal radix tetrastigme is low, traditional drying process cause rough process and slow development of the industry. Traditional production technologies also lead to degeneration of the plant and its lower disease resistant ability and quality. Traditional processing process also cause the loss of effective components in the Chinese medicinal material. The output of artificial radix tetrastigme in Fujian province is in the middle level in the country.

It can be found that cultivation technology of radix tetrastigme is at a relatively low level. At the same time, drug development efforts do not match its yield which is high, while the development efforts are not enough.

2.3 Opportunities

(1)Policy support

In recent years, Fujian government supports the development of forest economy and Chinese herbal medicines industry. According to certain statistics, forest economy in Fujian for the year of 2013 reached 1.0043 million hectares, and the economy involved 2.65 million households. Fujian forest economy realized output value of about 62 billion yuan, and understory herbs generated economic value of 27.1 billion yuan. We can easily conclude that the government vigorously support the development of radix tetrastigme cultivation industry.

(2) Research and development

In 2012, some pharmaceutical enterprises began to see medicinal effects of radix tetrastigme and mutually developed radix tetrastigme drugs through cooperating with medical colleges and universities and other research institutions, but currently, the research and development is at the stage of physiology and biochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Some farmers and manufacturers also see the potential of clover medicinal market, and cooperated with agriculture and forestry colleges in construction of clover cultivation base and research of artificial cultivation mode. The modes of "university scientific research institutions- farmers", "university research institutions -medical enterprises" have been developed in clover industry in Fujian.

2.4 Threats

In recent five years,as shown in figure 1-Cover transactions in medicine wholesale market in Zhejiang, Guangxi, Guizhou and other provinces, medicinal clover purchase market in Zhejiang has accounted for 21% of the country, clover drug development market has begun to develop. Hangzhou Tianhui pharmaceutical science and Technology Limited has developed Chinese patent drug Jinqi tablet for treating malignant tumor, Zhejiang Aike wild plant limited company has developed Jinsidijia capsule for curing anti mutation, autoimmune diseases. Therefore, the development of these clover drugs increase the deman in purchase market, promote quality research of clover, and promote the development of cover cultivation industry, and ultimately improve the economic benefits of planting industry. On the contrary, Fujian clover industry only stay in the stage of cultivation and processing, and clover drug market has not been developed yet.

2.5 Strategic choices

Table 2 The SWOT analysis Matrix of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum industry developmant

in Fujian

Internal

environment External environment

Superiority Weakness

1.Geographical

advantage: climate,

humidity and soil of

Fujian are suitable for

the growth of clover.

2.Quality advantage:

Fujian wild clover has

proved to have better

medicinal effects.

1 Lack of professional

talents: cultivation

personnel are mainly old

herbalist.

2 Poor transfer of

Chinese herbal medicine

information: The transfer

of sales market

information is not timely.

3 Low degree of product

development:

development does not

match the output.

Opportunity SO Strategy WO Strategy

The deve lopm ent of Chin ese herbal medicine clover industry needs relying on internal strengths and external opportunities.Overall, during the development of Chinese herbal medicine clover industry, external opportunities can be used through the use of internal advantages, in this way, the combination of industry advantages and market opportunities can create great effects. As shown in table 2, Fujian Chinese herbal clover industry has geographical advantages and regional advantages. With the rapid development of forest economy, “advantages+opportunities”type is the best choice. At the same time , the development of Chinese herbal medicine clover industry should adopt growth strategy, using existing strong internal advantages, seizing the development opportunity, utilizing geographical 1.Policy

support: vigorously

develop Chinese medicine

industry, support the

development of forest

economy.

2. Research and

development: develop the modes of "university scientific research institutions- farmers"

and "university research

institutions-medical

enterprises" in the

industry.

Making full use of natural advantage, and preferential policies

Overcoming market weakness and utilizing policy opportunities. Threat ST strategy

WT strategy Zhejiang medicinal

clover purchase

market has accounted

for 21% of the country,

clover drug market has been developed. In contrast, Fujian only

account for 8% of total market share, its

research and

development needs

further development.

Relying on the natural advantage, and avoiding industry challenges.

Overcoming market weakness, And avoiding industry challenges.

advantages, promoting the rapid development of forest economy and traditional Chinese medicinal materials cultivation industry, thus realizing the sustainable development of Chinese herbal clover industry.

3 Summary and Prospect

To sum up, Chinese herbal medicine clover industry has the advantages of rich regional resources and strong policy support. Clover cultivation has great feasibility. The promotion of clover cultivation technology can facilitate the employment of surplus rural labor force and aging farmers, as well as full use of forest resources. And large-scale cultivation of cover has good social benefit and economic benefits. At the same time, the government vigorously promote the application of Chinese herbal medicine clover cultivation practices and Chinese herbal medicine clover manufacturing standards, as well as its standardized cultivation and production. Therefore,based on the SWOT matrix analysis, scientific and rational development mode of Chinese herbal medicine clover industry is very critical for the scientific and appropriate development of Chinese herbal medicine clover resources.

北京有学术翻译的公司专业服务

北京有学术翻译的公司专业服务加-微-信:544609186 精诚翻译公司全网最低5元百字起(市场价格10元,比传统翻译机构低40%左右,互联网+时代,省去中间的环节,价格低于翻译行业任何家翻译机构,5年经验保证,首推先翻译后付费模式,无效免单,免费试译,免费修改,为很多的大型外企和国企翻译过许多专业文件!五周年庆,五折优惠中,可以通过以上联系方式咨询! 沪综指8月16日上午出现异动,突然大幅拉升,一度飙涨5%,瞬间大涨130逾点,各石油、银行等大盘蓝筹股均突然直线拉升。 据21世纪网,上海交易所已联系上光大,暴涨是光大系统问题,他们技术人员在查,但还没查出原因。光大透露,光大高管不准离开公司,等待被查。据21世纪网独家获悉,光大证券模拟盘突然切入实盘,合规部全部被停职。 8月16日下午两点半,光大证券发布提示性公告,称今天上午,公司策略投资部门自营业务在使用其独立的套利系统时出现问题,公司正在进行相关核查和处置工作。公司其他经营活动保持正常。 持续低迷的股市今天上午被打了一剂强心针!突然大幅拉升,一度飙涨5%,瞬间大涨130逾点!虽然事后被指是乌龙盘,但是此次暴涨事件的确给我们提供了一次学习和“涨跌”相关的英文表达的好机会。 和“涨跌”相关的英文表达 (1)表示涨停跌停的单词:limit up,limit down (2)表示上升的单词:increase,rise,soar,upsurge,skyrocket,ascend,escalate, elevate,take off等 (3)表示下降的单词:decrease,decline,descend,degrade等

翻译公司笔译合同(完整版)

翻译公司笔译合同 甲方:__________________________________________________ 乙方:__________________________________________________ 甲乙双方经友好协商,一致达成如下合同,以资信守。 甲方委托乙方将其资料翻译成: 原文标题为:“”。 一、交稿及费用结算 1、此次翻译的单价为元/每千字,实际字数按Word XP工具一栏中的“数字统计” 显示的“字符数(不计空格)”为准。签订合同之日预付定金元 2、译文的交稿日期为:年月日时之前。 3、甲方在收到乙方的译稿后,3天之内(即年月之前)将按合同约定费用付 清翻译余费。 4、在翻译合同签订后,如甲方遇特殊情况要求乙方停止翻译工作,乙方在接到甲方的书 面通知(包括书面、电子邮件)后的次日9:00前,向甲方提供已经翻译好的稿件部分。甲方 应须按乙方已经翻译好的稿件,根据单价( .00元/每千字)进行结算,支付给乙方已经 翻译部分的翻译费。 二、双方权利义务 1、甲方须保证其翻译稿件来源合法、用途正当并如期付款。 2、乙方承诺按照翻译行业通用规范执行翻译质量控制,包括流程的初译、语言审校、技 术审校、终检。 3、鉴于翻译风格的个性化因素,为确保最终翻译稿能够达到甲方要求,甲方有责任尽量 给乙方提供相关的背景资料和统一的专业术语。 4、乙方须为甲方保密翻译内容,否则应承担相应泄密责任。 5、如甲方中途终止翻译,必须按已翻译好的中文字数给乙方结算。 三、争议解决及合同终止 1、本合同未尽事宜甲乙双方应友好协商;协商不成的依据“中华人民共和国合同法”及 其他相关法规处理。

学术论文英文摘要模板

学术论文英文摘要模板 Abstract Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings

英文版通用学术英语论文格式样张

英文版通用学术英语论文格式样张 封面页

主要内容页 The Researches on Rs Method for Discrete Membership Functions ---------------subtitle(副标题12号字加黑右对齐) (空一行) ZHANG Xiaoya, LI Dexiang (题目14号字加黑居中) School of Management, Dalian University, P.R.China,116622 (10 号字居中) yuanfengxiangsheng@https://www.doczj.com/doc/e515422683.html, (10号字加黑) (空一行) Abstract Mizumoto used to advance a fuzzy reasoning method ,Rs, which fits the…… Key words IDSS, Fuzzy reasoning,……号字) (空一行) 1 Introduction (一级标题12号字加黑) We know that the approaches of implementation of intelligent decision support systems(IDSS)have become variable……(正文均用10号字) (空一行) 2 An Example According to the definition of Rs, we can construct the fuzzy relation matrix, as shown in table 1 Table 1 A Fuzzy Relation Rs (9号字加黑居中) U2U3 U10.00 0.10 0.40 0.70…… 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 …… 0.20 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 ……(表中用9号字) .….. ………………… (空一行)Figure 1 Functions of……(9号字加黑居中) 3 The Improved Method (空一行) 3.1 Method one (二级标题10号字加黑) ………… 3.1.1 Discussing about method one (三级标题10号字) ………… (空一行) 3.2 Method two…………

使用谷歌在线翻译看学术论文

如果想利用谷歌来翻译英文文献,简便方法是直接将英文文献名输入谷歌搜索栏 可以看到第三个结果就是我们要阅读的那篇文章,标题下面有“翻译此页”,点击即可翻译全文,优点是可以像论文页面那样看,缺点是无法与原文对应着看,结果如下:

通常我用更细致的翻译方法,步骤如下: 1.谷歌在线翻译网址:https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/e515422683.html,/ 界面如下: 左边是待翻译文字,右边是翻译结果。 左边方框上面一行最好选择“检测语言”,这样就不用管输入的是什么语言了;右边选中文(简体) 2.取一段待翻译内容从原文复制粘贴到上图左边空白方框中,结果自动出现在右边浅灰色方框 将鼠标光标放在翻译结果的一个词上,那个词会变成黄色,同时它对应的英文也在左边方框变成黄色。这时如果觉得这个词翻译的不正确,就鼠标左键单击它一下,会出现这个词的其他涵义,可以看看其他涵义怎么样,如下图:“本文认为”---》“本文重在探讨”。另:这里谷歌把class都翻译成了类而不是阶级。

还有一个用法即上图黑底白字方框显示的可以拖动翻译结果中的一个词,使文章重新排序。我觉得这个没必要,因为句子顺序不对不影响理解。 3.小工具 上图最下边一行左边有一个小图标,右边有四个小图标,用法如下: 1)左下角那个是全选,可以把翻译结果全选中后复制粘贴到其他地方。 2)右下角第一个小喇叭图标是朗读(这个学术用处不大,但是可供娱乐)如: 选择翻译德语到德语→复制黏贴下列字段到翻译框: pv zk pv pv zk pv zk kz zk pv pv pv zk pv zk zk pzk pzk pvzkpkzvpvzk kkkkkk bsch→点击翻译结果框的“朗读”→可以听到吭哧吭哧的音乐~~ 3)右边第二个图标是显示字词的用法,很好用的~~但是不能在翻译一段话时使用,只能翻译一个词时用,如: 直接从网上找出例句

北京翻译机构公司报价

北京翻译机构公司报价qq:544609186 精诚翻译公司全网最低5元百字起(市场价格10元,比传统翻译机构低40%左右,互联网+时代,省去中间的环节,直接对接客户,价格低于翻译行业任何家,六年经验保证,首推先翻译后付费模式,无效免单,免费试译,免费修改,为很多的大型外企和国企翻译过许多专业文件!五周年庆,更有折扣惊喜等,可以通过以上联系方式咨询! 一、名词、动名词前增补动词 1.We often go to the school-run factory for labor. 2.Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery. 二、英语抽象名词的翻译 1.He was still reluctant to talk substance. 2.Many changes take place during the transformation. 3.Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall. 4.From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions. 三、将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征,这是一种引申,需增词 1.It was a Godsend to him. 2.If you dare to play the fox with me,I’ll shoot you at once. 四、增添“概括”性的词 1.He had slept there before,in July and again in October. 2.Their host carved,poured,served,cut bread,talked,laughed,proposed health. 3.The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.

学术论文英文题名和英文摘要的写作

学术论文英文题名和英文摘要的写 作 英文题名和英文摘要是学术类和技术类科技期刊论文的重要组成部分,是国际间传播、学术交流与合作的桥梁和媒介,有其特殊的意义和作用。好的英文题名和英文摘要对于增加期刊和论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。为了帮助读者撰写论文英文题名和英文摘要,本文总结了英文题名和英文摘要的基本要求及注意事项,以给读者提供参考和指导。 一、论文题名 1.英文题名撰写的基本要求

题名应简明、具体、确切,能概括文章的主旨,符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则并有助于选择关键词和分类号。中文题名一般不超过20个汉字,必要时可加副题名。题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。英文题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母应大写。 2.英文题名撰写的注意事项 除了以上基本要求,我们在写英文题名时还应注意以下几个问题。 (1)英文题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰,要注意采用正确的单词顺序,形容词应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻。 (2)英文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。英文题名开头第一个字不得用the, and, an和a。 (3)英文题名中的大小写有以下3种

格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第一个词的首字母大写,其余均小写。 (4)中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。 总之,题名的用词十分重要,它直接关系到读者对文章的取舍态度,务必字字斟酌。 二、论文摘要 1.摘要的定义 摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是论文主体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点,简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概括和总结。摘要能让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足,并为科技情报文献检索数据库的

学术论文题目的英文翻译方法

学术论文题目的英文翻译方法 题目(title)是论文内容的高度概括,它对读者具有影响力,可使读者首先明确论文研究的主题。其特点是简明扼要,严密朴实,生动醒目,突出主题。为了适应学术论文传播现代化的需要,扩大学术交流,如今国内正式出版的学术期刊和毕业论文一般都要求附有论文的英文题目,有的还需附英文摘要和关键词。 有些作者由于很少进行中译英的实践,常常觉得有些陌生、为难。笔者在此结合自己的工作经验,对论文题目的英译谈几点看法。 1 、论文题目英译应注意的问题 在翻译汉语论文题目时,除了做到忠实原文,言简意赅,还应注意以下几个问题。 1.1抓住中心词。 汉语论文题目的特点是先冠以一大堆修饰语,用作题目的词组通常采用偏正结构,最后点出中心词。而英语中则往往是先突出其中心词,然后附加一些修饰语。因此,在英译论文题目时,首先要找到中心词,并将其放在突出的位置上,然后找出与这中心词有关的词和词组,并用连词或介词连结,使之成为一个短语。例如: (1)翻译教材中译例的编选原则 Principles of Illustrative Examples in Com-piling Translation Textbooks 这个题目的中心词是“原则”,英译时首先将中心词principles译出,属于译例的原则,即principles of Illustrative Examples,然后说明附加语“编写翻译教材中”,即in compiling trans-lation textbooks. (2)法律英语的词语特色 Vocabulary Characteristics of Legal Eng-lish (3)接收信号频率的精确再生 Precise Reproducing of the Frequency ofReceived Signals (4)汉语习语的翻译 C_E Translation of Idioms 1.2力求简明扼要。 许多论文题目常有“… …的研究”、“… …一瞥”、“漫谈… …”、“试论… …”、“浅说… …”、“… …初探”等词,这是作者行文谦逊,也是在科学上留有余地的表现。英译时为了做到言简意赅,往往都可以省略不译。这样,既符合英语题目的惯例,又可使题目更加简洁、醒目。例如: (5)关于鲁迅广州时期的研究

北京成绩单翻译公司翻译机构

北京成绩单翻译公司北京翻译机构拨--打【4000-537-407】 精诚翻译公司全网最低5元百字起(市场价格10元,比传统翻译机构低40%左右,互联网+时代,省去中间的环节,价格低于翻译行业任何家翻译机构,5年经验保证,首推先翻译后付费模式,无效免单,免费试译,免费修改,为很多的大型外企和国企翻译过许多专业文件!五周年庆,五折优惠中,可以通过以上方式咨询! Social practice is a good way to guideundergraduates out of the university to get in touchwith society and to understand nationalconditions.It can also combine theory andpractice,and connect intellectuals and society.It is animportant channel for college students to devote to the construction of the country,learn insociety and train themselves.It is also an effective approach to improve collegestudents'ideological consciousness,enhance their awareness of serving society and promotetheir healthy growth.Social practice can help college students renew ideas and establish correctview of the world,life and value.Meanwhile,undergraduate's participation in social practice hascertain positive effect on construction of the socialist material and spiritual civilization. 参考翻译 大学生社会实践活动是引导学生走出校门、接触社会、了解国情,使理论与实践相结合、知识分子与社会相结合的良好形式;是大学生投身祖国建设,向社会学习,培养锻炼才干的重要渠道;是提高思想觉悟、增强大学生服务社会的意识,促进大学生健康成长的有效途径。社会实践活动有助于大学生更新观念,树

常见中英翻译测试稿

您好,您可以根据您的强项选择以下任何一段进行翻译,不必同时翻译,时间不限,尽快完成即可。完成后请将稿件发回给客服人员,看过您的译稿后我们将会及时联系您。 翻译时请保留原文,译文直接置于原文的下方即可。 一、服饰类,中译英 皮革作为服装材料具有良好的审美性、华贵而柔软的材质、较好的触感,尤其经过铬处理后,材质弹性与韧性得到了提升,使其在服装领域得到越来越广泛的应用。这些材料特性决定了皮裙外形轮廓线属于合体性设计,上尖下阔的大摆或厚重的重叠是不合适的,而低腰类合体皮裙以其简洁的造型、优美的体态占到了主导地位。由于人体腰臀形态差异和数量差量的存在,消除腰臀差量成为合体皮裙结构设计的重点,这决定着裙装的美观性和舒适性。 二、合同类,中译英 如果自约定的进场施工之日起满24个月,乙方项目经审计固定资产投资额低于人民币300 万元/亩,则乙方应在期满后一个月内向甲方指定单位以补交土地款的方式补足落地投资额差额。 本协议中所涉及的固定资产落地投资额审计工作由具有甲级资质的审计单位进行,以会计年度为期间每年审计一次;如果因甲方原因不具备进场施工条件的,固定资产投资的考核期限按照双方书面确认的实际具备进场条件的时间相应顺延。 三、工程类,中译英 富氧环境可以促进燃烧,从而减少排放中的颗粒物和温室效应气体,降低对燃油消耗,可改善冷启动时的燃烧与排放。此外,针对高海拔地区特殊的空气状态,要提高发动机的高海拔适应性,目前解决这一燃烧问题的主要手段是采用的是增压技术,对于汽油机来说存在一定难度,同时还要考虑如何的应用和普及。由此可见,进气中氧和氮成分决定了发动机燃烧,前者助燃,后者阻燃,本文是通过进气充量组分重整来实现燃烧和排放的优化控制。 四、文学类,中译英 福尔摩斯探案集采用顺叙倒叙与插叙结合的手法,所有故事的开端都是罪犯故事的一个片断,逐渐向案件真相发展,但更重要的正是对案发之前线索的整合包括对犯罪动机、背景等这些先于案发就已经存在的信息的挖掘,通过倒叙与插叙的手法让读者能了解案件的侦破进展。在神探夏洛克中同样是采用顺序倒序与插叙结合的手法,以猎犬为例,首先利用插叙的手法闪回到案件发生时的情景,然后再利用顺序的手法收集证据进行推理破案。

学术论文中英文写法

英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non f uzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presente d in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the ne ed for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and

成都标书翻译学术论文翻译公司

成都翻译公司学术论文翻译拨--打【4000-537-407】 精诚翻译公司全网最低5元百字起(市场价格10元,比传统翻译机构低40%左右,互联网+时代,省去中间的环节,价格低于翻译行业任何家翻译机构,5年经验保证,首推先翻译后付费模式,无效免单,免费试译,免费修改,为很多的大型外企和国企翻译过许多专业文件!五周年庆,五折优惠中,可以通过以上方式咨询! 译题一:With the NBA’s last two MVPs facing each other on Christmas Day,The Race wonders where exactly that honor fits into the pantheon of accomplishments for Los Angeles Lakers star Kobe Bryant,particularly since he is playing at a level that regularly prompts the Staples Center faithful to chant in unison for him.Apparently,winning the award means more to the fans than it does to Bryant.采集者退散 看过几位网友的翻译,觉得总体上看不错,有的译文甚至相当精彩。比如第一段里,把facing each other翻译成“对决”,把The Race wonders翻译成“比赛的悬念”,在此类文章中都十分恰当。但有的理解太流于字面上的意思。比较典型的例子是把Pantheon of accomplishments翻译成“众神之厅”、“最高成就的众神庙”等,显然不妥。我们大家都知道,Pantheon特指“万神殿”——罗马圆形神庙,供奉所有的神。它和NBA显然没有任何联系。而Pantheon 还有一个意思,那就是“(集团、个人、运动、党派等推崇的)英雄人物”。紧随其后的accomplishments则是“成就,完成,技艺”的意思。如果我们的思路朝这个方向发展,这句话是否可以翻译成:“比

北京学术论文翻译公司

北京学术论文翻译公司

精诚翻译公司五折优惠中六年经验!先翻译后付费报价50元千字起,市场价100,因为是年轻创业团队,总体定价比市场价低40%左右,学生客户送50元优惠券,可以搜索精诚翻译找到我们 2. 质量管理理论的发展 2.1 目前国外质量管理理论的发展 ①缺陷理论 1)零缺陷理论对质量管理的基本认识 a.质量就是符合要求 零缺陷理论认为质量不可以用“好”、“美丽”、“漂亮”等词来形容,不可加入主观色彩,因为要求永远是客观存在的,符合要求就是有质量的产品、服务或过程。 b.产生质量的系统是预防 预防是从设计源头发现和解决问题,检验只能发现问题的结果,会在质量成本及客户满意度等各个方面造成某些不可挽回的损失,因为检验时缺陷己产生,且部分缺陷会遗漏。预防行动是防患于未然,因而比较经济。 c.工作标准必须是零缺陷 这一要求的含义为每一时间,每一个作业都需满足工作过程的全部要求,而不是某些方面满足要求。 d.质量是用缺陷造成的金钱损失来衡量的 零缺陷理论认为用缺陷损失来衡量质量比用不良数据来衡量质量更能引起高层重视进而采取行动。 2)零缺陷理论关于公司质量管理水平定位方法的论述 零缺陷理论认为可以以一个公司对质量管理的定义、系统、标准、测量的理解、要求,以及高层管理者对待质量的态度不同而对其质量管理水平作为评估和定位。 每个公司都可以用表1.1方法对本公司的质量管理水平进行定量分析评价,找出现存主要问题,以便于取长补短

3)零缺陷理论对质量管理、质量保证、质量控制三者作用及相互关系的描述质量控制是测量和指示质量状况的基本方法,主要靠检验来实现。质量保证是为满足质量要求而建立的一整套程序和系统,主要靠建立体系来实现。IS09000质量体系就是质量保证的一种。质量管理则是一种应用哲学,它主要取决于我们关于质量的理念和态度。 ② 6σ理论 6σ管理是一项以顾客为中心、以数据为基础,以追求几乎完美管理理念。其核心是通过一套以统计科学为依据的数据分析,测量因,改进优化和控制效果,使企业在运作能力方面达到最佳境界。 实施6σ管理,可以把企业质量管理水平用数据来反映,可以与它的参与市场竞争的能力和实力挂钩。真正实现质量管理是以顾客为中心、以数据为依据的基本原则。这就要求准备实施6σ企业: 1)必须具备长远发展规划准备参与全球竞争; 2)必须具有一个比较扎实的管理基础; 3)必须拥有一支素质比较高的员工队伍; 4)必须能得到企业最高管理者的大力支持。 ③全面质量管理与财务成本管理的结合 全面质量管理的历史足以说明它从其他管理学科学习、借鉴、吸收了许多有益的制度、技术和方法,其中最明显的是学习财务成本管理,因为财务成本管理中的会计制度等规章,经过了几个世纪的实施和提炼,远比只有几十年历史的全面质量管理的规章制度成熟得多,其中包括一些很有效的做法。 1)整个项目包括若干个独立的过程,如总成本会计、质量成本管理、质量效益审计等。 2)己创立了很多使活动折算成钱的概念,如质量损失、质量费用和质量损 3)关键词和术语都作了精确定义,这些定义大都已标准化。 4)创造了许多适用的、标准化的工具,如帐户一览表,复式分录簿记和空白表格程序等。 ④战略策划与全面质量管理的结合

翻译公司公司流程详解

译国译民翻译服务有限公司 热线: 400-1165-880 专心翻译 做到极致 翻译公司公司流程详解 翻译是一种系统、完整的服务,当当译员拿到一份稿件后,首先会根据文章的形式,例如是可编辑的Word 、PPT 、Excel 或等电子稿,还是JPG 及PDF 等无法编辑的图片文件,或者是传真或快递来的纸质文件,对于文档的翻译服务,涉及到前期排版、稿件预处理、翻译、校对、审校、后期排版等工序。 1. “翻译”的定义式在准确通顺的基本上,把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的翻 译。翻译是将一种相对陌生的表述方式,转换成相对熟悉的表达方式的过程。为此需要严谨、考查与耐心,需要经历理解、思考、选择、表达等系列的思维过程。 2. “校对”是翻译过程中必须经过的一道流程,主要工作是按照原稿去审查订正排印或 缮写的错误。校对其实是对译文的简单检查过程,可通过人工或机器辅助来完成,一般就是看看是否有错译、漏译、标点符号错误、错别字、大小写、拼写错误、单复数、动词时态、数字错误、人名地名错误等等。这些,具有一般英语基础的人都可以做,有些校对软件可以起到辅助作用。 3. “审校”,就要比“校对”要求高,一般来说,审校人员要比翻译人员水平高,能够发 现翻译人员所犯的错误,包括如上所述校对人员应该发现的错误,还有包括文章专业性,译文准确性等等问题,这是一般校对人员以及翻译人员自己都无法或没有能力发现的问题了。 “审校”是对译稿进行最终修改定稿,审查完成任务。根据外交部《翻译专业职务试行条例》第二条,翻译专业职务的名称定为:译审、副译审、翻译、助理翻译。译审、副译审为高级职务,翻译为中级职务,助理翻译为初级职务。 汉化中的“润色”就是在原有的翻译基础上进行更加深入的考究和修正,一方面要将翻译过程中的错误进行修正,另一方面从语境词意上找到最恰当的表达方法。 当然了,如果翻译质量很好,错误少,校对或审校起来还是很舒服的,但是,多数情况下,其实都是因为翻译质量不好,找审校人员来做弥补,这种情况下,修改量非常大,还影响审校人员的思维模式,或者说,因为译文质量差,会把审校人员的翻译水平都给影响了。 一般来说,翻译流程是要包括一次或两次审校工作的,以保证翻译质量。当然,目前看,中国大陆的翻译市场,价格很低,很少有客户能提供足以让翻译公司把所有翻译流程都走完的价格,多走一步流程,成本就增加一笔。所以,翻译企业和译员应该同心协力,做好本职工作的情况下,还要想法去影响客户、教育客户,让他们重视翻译质量,了解翻译流程,提供更高的价格,以便翻译公司为其译文提供翻译之外的一次甚至两次审校工作,母语润色。

学术论文英文题目和摘要的撰写方法

学术论文英文题目和摘要的撰写方法 各位读友大家好,此文档由网络收集而来,欢迎您下载,谢谢 一、英文题名 1、题名的结构 英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。 2、题名的字数 题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般

对题名字数有所限制。例如,美国医学会规定题名不超过2行,每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词数越少越好。 3、中英文题名的一致性 同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。 4、题名中的冠词 科技论文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。 5、题名中的大小写 题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。 6、题名中的缩略词语 已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人

员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题名中,否则不要轻易使用。 二、作者与作者单位的英译 1、作者 中国人名按汉语拼音拼写 2、单位 单位名称要写全(由小到大),并附地址和邮政编码,确保联系方便。 三、英文摘要 1、英文摘要的时态 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳。 (1)一般现在时:用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等;涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,也要用一般现在时。 (2)一般过去时:用于叙述过去某一时刻的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理,只是当时情况;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕

南京学术论文翻译论文翻译价格

南京学术论文翻译论文翻译价格加-微-信:544609186 精诚翻译公司全网最低5元百字起(市场价格10元,比传统翻译机构低40%左右,互联网+时代,省去中间的环节,价格低于翻译行业任何家翻译机构,5年经验保证,首推先翻译后付费模式,无效免单,免费试译,免费修改,为很多的大型外企和国企翻译过许多专业文件!五周年庆,五折优惠中,可以通过以上方式咨询! 颜色词的译法 要想准确而生动地运用各种颜色词把原文中色彩斑斓的世界重新展现在读者面前,使读者有身临其境之感,译者的确需要认真"察言观色",努力再现原文中的色彩。遇到词汇空白和文化鸿沟时,要采取灵活的补救措施,使原文与译文相协调,使读者真正欣赏原作的色彩和意境。一般说来,颜色词有以下几种译法: A. 把英语颜色词译成与之相应的汉语颜色词。如果英语颜色词与汉语颜色词在词义上相同,就可采用这种直译的方法。例如: (1)The sun was dropping behind the farthest mountain, and the valleys were purple with something deeper than aster. 夕阳已渐渐沉没在远山的背后,壑谷间一片紫蔼,颜色比紫菀还浓。 (2)His arms and legs were thickly smeared with calamine lotion dried to a chalky white. 他四肢上涂得厚厚的炉甘石液已干成粉白色。 (3)The very dust was scorched brown, and something quivered in the atmosphere as if the air itself was panting. 连那尘土都被炙烤成褐色;大气中似乎也有什么东西在颤抖,仿佛空气本身也在气喘吁吁。

北京专业合同翻译公司

更多详情,查看译国译民百科https://www.doczj.com/doc/e515422683.html,/view/6262931.htm或 译国译民翻译服务有限公司成立于2003年2月27日,是中国翻译协会理事单位和美国翻译协会会员单位,现已拥有在兼职人员近两千名,是中国十大翻译公司之一。我们秉承“专心翻译,做到极致”的翻译理念,立志成为全国最好的翻译公司。公司成立8年以来,在北京、广州、广州、重庆、天津等全国50多个城市先后成立我们的翻译机构。在这8年我们与国内外上千家企业及个人有过友好合作,多年专业翻译工作获得了许多客户的支持和信任。我们愿与更多的客户合作! 合同翻译作为译国译民翻译的主要业务之一,在公司的各类稿件中占有较高的比例。合同由于其自身的特殊性及严谨性,在翻译过程中对质量的要求尤为严格,不仅要求译员对文字的表述完全到位,而且对各类合同专用词汇的使用也要达到法律级别的专业水平,因此它属于公司的高级类翻译类别,并且公司专门配备有经验丰富的法律类译员从事稿件的翻译工作。同时,译国译民翻译还安排有资深的译审专家对稿件进行校对和审稿,他们凭借多年积累的翻译经验和自身的优势,能够确保客户合同表达的专业性和无歧义。因此,当您需要高质量、高效率且方便快捷的合同翻译服务时,译国译民翻译将会是您值得托付和信赖的选择。 合同翻译的重要性随着我国改革开放的进一步深化,世贸会组织的加入,经济领域的国际交往日趋频繁,经济合作更加密切,国际间的一切经济活动,如贸易、金融、投资、经济合作等都离不开互相制约的合同。合同文件的翻译已成为急待研究的课题。由于合同文件的翻译直接关系到合同双方的经济利益,因此译文必须精确、无误,这就需要充分理解原文的内在含义,译入语句构严谨无懈、无漏,遣词准确、鲜明、专业词汇娴熟,使译文具有专业化、法律化的水准。 专心翻译,做到极致

了解翻译行业

了解翻译行业 高斋翻译TransElegant整理的CATTI和MTI备考资料 想学好翻译,语法一定要过关:很多人对翻译没有正确的认识,建议看看,调整好心态!如果语法都不懂,连句子成分都分不清,想做好翻译几乎是空话,很多人翻译没做好,很大一个原因是语法没学透彻,句子理解有误。总之,to do的n多用法, doing表示影响意义作用效果你了解吗?, with,同位语等等语法细节,彻底弄明白了吗?觉得翻译难,就是因为很多人目前学的语法都是比较死板,没有彻底明白这些语法的使用细节。 很多人对口译和笔译有误解,觉得口译就是高大上,笔译挣不了多少钱。其实各有优势,口译一次性虽然价格高,但也不是说天天有,笔译需求量很大,全国那么多翻译公司,只要水平好,光朋友介绍估计你都翻译不了,再别说这么多公司了。所以,只要好好学,选择自己擅长的,不管口译还是笔译,都不错,但是笔译确实刚开始比较累,需要积累和学习的过程很长,一定要耐住性子,认真踏实的学。 笔译的实际工作情况和工资情况: 全职翻译:本科生刚开始一个月3K-6K,研究生4K-7K:很多研究生毕业朋友的一个月6K多,几大全国高翻院校毕业生年薪15-25万。 兼职笔译:1.和目前翻译公司公司,目前给的价格都不高,60-120元/千字算大部分翻译公司给的价格,150-200算高的了,这就是兼职笔译的行情。2. 如果你有直接客户,1000字200-500元都有可能,但是前提是水平过硬,很多人信任你,才来找你。 兼职口译:会展等陪同口译价格确实很低,才一天200-500元,而且也就一些大城市多点;其他的交传和同传价格500-5000元/小时不等,当然有上万的都有可能。 如何找翻译兼职: 1.朋友介绍。 2. 翻译公司官网都有应聘方式,投递简历,如果他们看重,自会给你发送测试稿件。 3.加一些翻译qq群,很多翻译公司为了方便联络译员,都会加很多翻译群,你加入之后可以给他们的邮箱发送简历,或者你很优秀的话可以直接交谈,但是尽量发邮件,因为他们很忙,你如果直接发文件,他们估计接收了也没时间看,过段时间你的文件自动就失效了。 4. 联系出版社。 5.期刊翻译。当然很多方式,就看你有没有慧眼发现了。 为什么很多英语专业或翻译专业的人毕业后不做翻译?那不做翻译为什么学翻译?可能是翻译太累,要学习的翻译细节点太多了,学员们应该深知这点,上课的时候我会剖析每一个词和句型的用法,有个学员的评价很不错,抽丝拨茧这个词用的好!或许就是因为这个原因,

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档