附件1：外文资料翻译译文
包装对食品发展的影响
一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。
食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。
保质期的一个定义是：在食品加工和包装组合下，在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。保质期，可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间，方便以及减少浪费食物的风险，消费者和/或零售商。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。
包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。
食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛
刻的年轻消费者，他们将要求和期望改进包装的功能，如方便包揭开（百货配送研究所，IGD）。
对零售商而言存在有一个高的成本，供应和服务的货架体系。没有储备足够的产品品种或及时补充库存，特别是副食品，如鲜牛奶，可能导致客户不满和流失到竞争对手的商店，这正需要保证产品供应。现代化的配送和包装系统，允许消费者在购买食品时，他们希望在他们想任何时间地点都能享用。近几年消费者的选择已在急剧扩大。例如在英国，20世纪60年代和90年代之间在一般超市的产品线的数量从2000年左右上升到超过18000人（INCPEN）。
自20世纪70年代以来，食品卫生和安全问题已成为日益重要的关注和选择食物的驱动力。媒体所关注的一系列问题，如使用化学添加剂和食品污染事故已警示消费者，这些事件都是故意的，恶意篡改的，和在生产过程意外发生的。然而，许多消费者都没有充分认识到包装在维护食品安全和质量过程中的重要作用。明显更改之后的包装迅速推出，不仅为了保护消费者，而且为了品牌的一个效果，一直是许多预包装食品。另一个影响一直激励消费者注重保质保鲜、最小加工和对产品的原产地（OECD）的标准给予更多的关注。
消费者直接通过他们的购买方式和它们所产生的包装废弃物对环境的影响。消费者购买包装作为产品的一部分，包装的重量，多年来，所包含的产品，相对下降。然而，消费模式产生了更大容量的包装，由于人口结构的变化和生活方式的变化，这些情况使得包装体积，而不是包装的重量，正成为吸引公众关注的关键。此外，朝预包装食品和食品包装服务的发展趋势，增加了塑料包装废弃物进入固体废物流的金额。
零售商和制造商所使用的营销策略之一，是对环境的兼容性。然而，消费者往往混淆或发现它很难界定什么是对环境负责的或友好的包装。正是这种缺乏明确的含义，至今无法利用，以使零售商和包装公司获得竞争优势。消费者需要明确的信息来指导他们的行动，使大多数的人差异化。包装链的各部门负责解释的职能和自身包装的好处，厂家销售好的包装，他们的客户，产品的厂家，但这一特定的信息到达最终顾客相对较少。
包装在现代快速消费品零售上的发展，反过来成了促使以满足其需求的演变的关键。最重要的发展为食品包装行业已出现大型零售集团。这些群体产生巨大
的影响和控制生产什么，如何介绍产品和它们是如何分配商店的。大型零售商处理的包装食品杂货市场的主要份额对食品生产厂家相关的包装供应商施加相当大的影响。因此，重要的包装供应商充分了解市场需求和快速响应变化。此外，买方力量集中在零售层面是指制造商可能需要修改它们的分布和包装业务反应的结构变化的零售。
论包装多种食品零售环境可考虑其在品牌竞争和零售物流中的作用。在食品销售流通中一个重要的关键，一个品牌的成功，或仅仅是生存在一个高度竞争的市场，包装起着至关重要的作用。包装设计创新存在于一线之间的竞争品牌的主要零售商和产品制造商，已在近年来推动巨大的零售增长，行业激烈的竞争和日益苛刻和复杂的消费者。在个人品牌/产品的基础上，成功取决于产品制造商的快速创新的反应的主要趋势。一个最有效的回应方式是通过独特的包装，这已经成为一个品牌成功关键因素。零售商自有品牌产品与制造商的品牌在几乎每一个产品类别竞争激烈。品牌差异化可以提高创新的包装设计，赋予审美和/或功能属性。
包装在预测零售商的形象，赢得竞争优势方面起着重要的支撑作用。一般零售商自己的品牌形象的目的是积极的消息，如高品质的，健康的饮食，新鲜，环保意识还是物有所值的整体。例如，零售商是热衷于环保意识，推动部分为可生物降解、可堆肥包装成长的利基市场，他们正在使用它作为与客户的沟通点。
包装与广告是密切相关的，但它远远超过了广告，重点是因为它每天在家里和在零售货架上向消费者介绍产品。商品显示，目前用一个有吸引力的或有趣的方式和媒体广告与包装的形象一致的包装设计也有利于促进品牌。品牌的拥有者是经常负责采购操作，促销活动的关键是通过利用有效的包装，存在多种返还优惠的方式，如免费额外的产品，退返现金，特别版，新的改进产品，铝箔新鲜包装。
零售商的忠诚卡计划使用条码扫描信息购买和销售决策，对其产生了很大的影响。他们的任务是更好地利用这一信息消费行为为目的，并建立品牌忠诚度。零售商还可以使用此信息来评估新的包装设计有效性，返还促销和新产品销售。
包装的作用在多个零售物流配送和店内商品有严格的限制。零售商是接受包装，降低经营成本，增加存货周转率，转化为吸引力商品显示器 - 如预组装或
易于装配显示 - 满足物流服务水平（可靠性，响应速度和产品的可用性）。例如，联合运输销售点包装节省商店劳动力通过更快货架载荷，从而避免需要使用有潜在危险的不安全的切割工具，提供方便的机会，并减少了污染源的可能。
总经销成本影响，通过对价格的影响（麦金农，1989）的需求总量。对于一些快速移动商品型产品，如巴氏杀菌奶，分销及零售商品成本产品总成本占高达50％或更多的销售价格通常是一个相当大的比例。包装材料和容器还增加了成本而设计出最佳包装系统可以大大降低在零售连锁配送的成本。发展全球食品供应链意味着，许多生产点位置远离消费点，往往导致配送成本较高。
通过改善供应链运作效率，进行分销成本控制是一个零售商竞争优势关键。零售商必须最大限度地发挥在分销渠道（西，1989年）的运作效率。分配目标是以最少的成本为客户提供必要的服务水平，最具成本效益后勤包装标识变得更加重要。配送成本领域，包括仓储，库存，运输，管理包装；仓储，库存，运输和储存劳动是零售商的主要成本区而运输，仓储包装食品制造商主要成本区。
多种零售食品供应链效率依赖于零售商，食品生产商和包装供应商之间密切沟通。它还依赖于准确的订单预测可能的市场需求。信息技术大规模投资，使更紧密的供应链的整合，并通过电子数据交换（EDI），确保股票上刚刚在实时（JIT）的基础上移动商店，出售届满前条形码是一个代码，使全行业的零售产品单位鉴定通过一个独特的参考号码，主要应用在零售结帐电子销售系统（EPOS）。小学，中学和大专院校包装使用鉴定的条形码，使有效的分配管理和库存控制。
附件2：外文原文
FOOD PACKING TECHNOLOGY
Packaging is critical to a consumer’s first impression of a product, communi- cating desirability, acceptability, healthy eating image etc. Food is available in a wide range of product and pack combinations that convey their own processed image perception to the consumer e.g. freshly packed/prepared, chilled, frozen, ultra-heat treated (UHT) aseptic, in-can sterilised and dried products.
One of the most important quality attributes of food, affecting human sen- sory perception, is its flavour, i.e. taste and smell. Flavour can be significantly
degraded by processing and/or extended storage. Other quality attributes that may also be affected include colour, texture and nutritional content. The quality of a food depends not only on the quality of raw ingredients, additives, methods of processing and packaging, but also on distribution and storage conditions encountered during its expected shelf life. Increasing competition amongst food producers, retailers and packaging suppliers; and quality audits of suppliers have resulted in significant improvements in food quality as well as a dramatic increase in the choice of packaged food. These improvements have also been aided by tighter temperature control in the cold chain and a more discerning consumer.
One definition of shelf life is: the time during which a combination of food processing and packaging can maintain satisfactory eating quality under the particular system by which the food is distributed in the containers and the conditions at the point of sale. Shelf life can be used as a marketing tool for promoting the concept of freshness. Extended or long shelf life products also provide the consumer and/or retailer with the time convenience of pro duct use as well as a reduced risk of food wastage. The subject of Packaged product q u a l i t y a n d s h e l f l i f e i s d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n C h a p t e r 3.
Packaging provides the consumer with important information about the product and, in many cases, use of the pack and/or product. These include facts such as weight,volu me, ingred ients,the manufac turer’s details, nutritional value, cooking and opening instructions. In addition to legal guidelines on the minimum size of lettering and numbers, there are definitions for the various types of product. Consumers are seeking more detailed nformation about products and, at the same time, many labels have become multilingual. Legibility of labels is an issue for the visually impaired and this is likely to become more important with an increasingly elderly population..
A major driver of food choice and packaging innovation is the consumer demand for convenience. There are many convenience attributes offered by modern packaging. These include ease of access and opening, dispos al and handling, product visibility, resealability, microwaveability, prolonged shelf
life etc. Demographic trends in the age profile of the UK and other advanced economies reveal a declining birth rate and rapid growth of a relatively afflu- ent elderly population. They, along with a more demanding young consumer, will require and expect improved pack functionality, such as ease of pack o p e n i n g(T h e I n s t i t u t e o f G r o c e r y D i s t r i b u t i o n,I G D).
There is a high cost to supplying and servicing the retailer’s shel f. Failure to stock a sufficient variety of product or replenish stock in time, especially for staple foods such as fresh milk, can lead to customer dissatisfaction and defection to a competitor’s store, where product availability is assured. Mod- ern distribution and packaging systems allow consumers to buy food when and where they want them. Consumer choice has expanded dramatically in recent years. In the UK, for example, between the 1960s and 1990s the number of product lines in the average supermarket rose from around 2000 to over 18 000. . Since the 1970s, food health and safety have become increasingly major concerns and drivers of food choices. Media attention has alerted consumers to a range of issues such as the use of chemical additives and food contamination incidents. These incidents have been both deliberate, by malicious tampering, and accidental, occurring during the production process. However, many consumers are not fully aware of the importance of packaging in maintaining food safety and quality. One effect has been the rapid introduction of tamper evident closures for many pre-packaged foods in order to not only protect the consumer but also the brand. Another impact has been to motivate consumers to give more attention to the criteria of freshness/shelf life, minimum processing and the products oringin..
Consumers ha ve dire ct environ mental imp act through the wa y the y purchase and the packaging waste they generate. Consumers purchase packaging as part of the product and, over the years, the weight of packaging has declined relative to that of the product contained. However, consumption patterns have generated larger volumes of packaging due to changing demo- graphics and lifestyles. It is the volume of packaging rather than the weight
of packaging that is attracting critical public attention. In addition, the trend toward increased pre-packaged foods and food service packaging has increased the amount of plastics packaging waste entering the solid waste stream. Packaging has been a key to the evolution of modern fast-moving consu goods retailing that in turn has spurred on packaging developments to meet its requirements. The most significant development for the food packaging supply industries has been the emergence of large retail groups. These groups exert enormous influence and control over what is produced, how products are pre- sented and how they are distributed to stores. The large retailers handle a major share of the packaged grocery market and exert considerable influence on food manufacturers and associated packaging suppliers. It is, therefore, import ant for packaging suppliers to be fully aware of market demand and respond quickly to changes. In addition, the concentration of buyer power at the retail level means that manufacturers may have to modify their distribution and p a c k a g i n g o p e r a t io n s i n r e s p o n s e to s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e s i n r e ta i l i n g.
Packaging for fast-moving consumer goods (f.m.c.g.) has been referred to as part of the food retail marketing mix and thus closely affects all th e other marketing variables i.e. product, price, promotion, and place (Nickels & Jolsen,
The discussion on packaging in the multiple food retail environment may be considered in terms of its role in brand competition and retail logistics. The role of packaging in brand competition.Packaging plays a vital role in
food marketing representing a significant key to a brand’s success or mere sur- vival in a highly competitive marketplace. Packaging innovation and design are in the front line of competition between the brands of both major retailers and product manufacturers, having been driven in recent years by dramatic retail growth, intense industry competition and an increasingly demanding and sophisticated consumer. On an individual product/brand bas is, success is dependent on the product manufacturer’s rapid innovative response to major trends. One of the most effective ways to respond is through distinctive pack-
aging, and this has become one key factor in the success of a brand. The retail- ers’ own brand products compete intensely with manufacturers’ brands in virtually every product category. Brand differentiation can be enhanced by drive the growing n i c h e m a r k e t f o r b i o d e g r a d a b l e a n d c o m p o s t a b l e p a c k a g i n g. The y a re us ing it as a poin t of co mmuni cation with th eir cus to me rs.
Packaging is closely linked to advertising but it is far more focused than advertising because it presents the product to the consumer daily in the home and on the retail shelf. Merchandising displays that present the pack desi gn in an attractive or interesting way and media advertising consistent with the pack’s image also serve to promote the brand. The brand owner is frequently responsible for the merchandising operation. A key to promotional activities is through effective use of packaging and there exist many kinds of on-pack promotions such as free extra product, money-off, special edition, new improved Bar code scanning information linked to the use of retailers’ loyalty card schemes has made a big impact on buying and marketing decision-making by retailers. Their task is to make better use of this information on con- sumer behaviour for promotional purposes and to build store brand loyalty. Retailers can also use this information to evaluate the effectiveness of new pack designs, on-pack promotions and the sales appeal of new products. The role of packaging in multiple retail logistics.There are tight constraints
on physical distribution and in-store merchandising. The retailer is receptive to packaging that reduces operating costs, increases inventory turnover, trans- forms to attractive merchandising displays –such as pre-assembled or easy- to-assemble aisle displays –and satisfies logistics service levels (reliability, responsiveness and product availability). For example, combined transit and point-of-sale packaging saves store labour through faster shelf loading, pro- vides ease of access to product thereby obviating the need to use potentially dangerous unsafe cutting t ools, and presents an opportunity for source reduce.
The total distribution cost affects the total volume of demand through its
influence on price (McKinnon, 1989). For some fast-moving commodity type products, such as pasteurised milk, the cost of distrib ution and retail mer- chandising is usually a sizeable proportion of total product cost representing up to 50 per cent or more of the sales price. The cost of packaging materials and containers also adds slightly to the cost but design of the optimal packaging system can significantly reduce cost in the retail distribution chain. The development of global food supply chains has meant that many points of production have located further away from the points of consump- t i o n,o f t e n r e s u l t i n g i n h i g h e r d i s t r i b u t i o n c o s t.
Controlling distribution cost through improved operational efficiency in the supply chain is a key to competitive advantage for a retailer. The retailer must maximise operational efficiency in the distribution channel (West, 1989). The goal of distribution is to deliver the requisite level of service to customers at the least cost. The identification of the most cost-effective logistical packaging is becoming more crucial. Cost areas in distribution include storage, inventory, transport, administration and packaging. Storage, inventory, transport and store labour are major cost areas for the retailer while transport, storage and p a c k a g i n g a r e t h e m a i n c o s t a r e a s f o r t h e f o o d m a n u f a c t u r e r.
The efficiency of the multiple retail food supply chain relies on close com- munication between retailers, food manufacturers and packaging suppliers. It also relies on accurate order forecasting of likely demand. Massive investment in information technology has enabled closer integration of the supply chain and, through electronic data interchange (EDI), has ensured that stock moves to stores on a just-in-time (JIT) basis, and is sold well before the expiry date. The bar code is a code that allows the industry-wide identification of retail product units by means of a unique reference number, the major application being the electronic point of sale (EPoS) system at the retail checkout. The use of the bar code for identification of primary, secondary and tertiary packaging h a s e n a b l e d e f f i c i e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n m a n a g e m e n t a n d s t o c k c o n t r o l.
文献综述 《中国设计的力量》把当今市场上的白酒酒包装编辑成册，研究酒包装设计对人们的消费观念的影响。书中所列举的包装充分表现出了历史文化和高尚生活元素的结合。随着当今酒市场竞争的激烈，酒包装设计本身所呈现出的价值也越来越得到人们的认可，不仅带给人们实用和审美的艺术价值，还创造了不可估量的经济价值。酒并不是生活必需品，但在社会生活中，酒却具有其它物品所无法替代的功能。酒是随着人类文明不断的发展和创新的。酒包装设计也是在不断更新、变化、发展的。 《设计大师的对话》这不是一本普通的访谈录，而是凝聚着当代日本设计大师们发自肺腑心声的箴言集。本书汇编出了一组包罗万象的时代创意阵容，并且进行访谈的二十五个人物绝对不可缺一。用文字和图片去记录日本设计源头所发生的一切。凭着作者那股近乎门外汉般的好奇精神和不懈的努力，最终成就了他对智慧的生产现场的执著探访。从表面上看，除了要传递那些成为我们新的共同关注点，即设计专业的整体和真实以外，似乎并没有什么特别之处。但是本书却汇编出了一组包罗万象的时代创意阵容，并且到了书中的二十五个人物绝对不可缺一，若有一人被排斥在外便难以成书的微妙地步。 《包装设计基础与创意》这本书介绍了在艺术设计领域中，包装设计以其与人们生活的密切而占有重要的位置。今天的消费在一定程度上，已经成为一种文化消费的趋势。随着文化消费圈层的不断扩大，文化消费已经渗透到我们社会生活的各个层面。人们对商品的购买已经不再是单单的实用，而是越来越注重外观的美感。特别是产品的包装，更是文化和艺术的载体。这需要我们对包装的设计，进行深入地研究与发掘。在继承的前提下充分融合时代需求，不断地发展与创新，满足人们的文化追求。从包装发展的历史中涉取宝贵的经验与教训，这样才能在继承优秀的外在形式和内在的精神基础上不断提高和创新，才能超越和创造历史，把包装设计艺术不断的创新和发展下去。 《设计中的设计》这本书中，原研哉认真阐述了“设计领域的再配置”这一问题。显然，他对设计的思考已经远远超出了技术层面，而是围绕信息传达这一设计的本质功能，以充满自省的精神在深化和反思自己的设计意识。在原研哉看来，设计不是一种技能，而是捕捉事物本质的感觉能力和洞察能力。所以，设计师要时刻保持对社会的敏感度。他正是以这一想法为中心展开论述。原研哉以“无中生有”的理念为圭臬，凸现了“无”的力量。同时，作为一名非常具有社会责任感的设计师，他也把引导消费欲望作为自己的任务之一，并对其进行了深入的思考。 《绝对包装》此书体现了包装设计创新的精华理念。以大量成功经典作品为案例，对其创意的关键所在进行深入分析。食品、非酒精类饮料、酒精类饮料、CD、化妆品、生活用品、礼品盒等包装精品光彩夺目、美伦美奂；作者的点评文字，敏锐精当，每每切入作品独特奥妙之处。 《标牌与标签设计》在这本书中作者，列举了大量的实例。详细地介绍了国外标牌与标签设计的发展情况。在国外设计分工越来越细，一个小的标牌，不过方寸。却显示出大
附录A 英文参考资料 Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design In recent years, Carry out GMP (medicines and chemical reagents produces specifications of quality) attestation system because of sustained our country economic situation rise and country to pharmacy industry mandatory. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery has got quite great progress. The new product increases by gradually. Engineering level has had very big improvement. But be returning very big gaps back to existence compared with international standards. Level being close to 60%'s product cannot to reach upper developed country century eighties. Large-scale advanced equipment is dependent on entrance mainly. Low our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery engineering level is that the design designing personnel low level from our country enterprise arouses to a great extent. One, our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery current situation analyses Our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery still has bigger gap compared with advanced international level. What time is insufficient on domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design under main existence 1) Backward domestic mechanical performance medicines and chemical reagents package machinery mostly, accuracy low velocity, is slow, stationarity dispatches package machinery travel process to contain large amount of dyadic complicated intermittence motion. Come to come true mainly from the cam, the connecting rod. But, many design that the personnel is unable to require that the independence designs the parameter calculating cam bar linkage kinematics and dynamics according to job cycle picture and accuracy. Be only the surveying and mapping carrying out a piecemeal that the abroad model machine cam connecting rod part is dismantled down simplely. Bring about actuating mechanism error is very big. That domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery runs speed mostly is more general than hanging down according to cutting frequency if the aluminiummoulds bubble cover
文献综述 建筑设计参考文献综述： [1]《房屋建筑学》，邢双军主编 建筑学作为一门内容广泛的综合性学科，它沙及到建筑功能、工程技术、建筑经济、建筑艺术以及环境规划等许多方面的问题。般说来，建筑物既是物质产品，又具有一定的艺术形象，它必然随着社会生产生活方式的发展变化而发展变化，并且总是受科学技术、政治经济和文化传统的深刻影响*建筑物—一作为人们亲手创造的人为环境的重要组成部分，需要耗用大量的人力和物力。它除了具行满足物质功能的使用要求外，其空间组合和建筑形象又常会赋予人们以精神上的感受。 [2]《建筑设计防火规范》（GB50016-2006） 1.0.1 为了防止和减少建筑火灾危害，保护人身和财产安全，制定本规范。 1.0.2 本规范适用于下列新建、扩建和改建的建筑： 1 9层及9层以下的居住建筑（包括设置商业服务网点的居住建筑）； 2 建筑高度小于等于24.0m 的公共建筑； 3 建筑高度大于24.0m 的单层公共建筑； 4 地下、半地下建筑（包括建筑附属的地下室、半地下室）； 5 厂房； 6 仓库； 7 甲、乙、丙类液体储罐（区）； 8 可燃、助燃气体储罐（区）； 9 可燃材料堆场； 10 城市交通隧道。 注：1 建筑高度的计算：当为坡屋面时，应为建筑物室外设计地面到其檐口的高度；当为平屋面（包括有女儿墙 的平屋面）时，应为建筑物室外设计地面到其屋面面层的高度；当同一座建筑物有多种屋面形式时，建筑 高度应按上述方法分别计算后取其中最大值。局部突出屋顶的瞭望塔、冷却塔、水箱间、微波天线间或设 施、电梯机房、排风和排烟机房以及楼梯出口小间等，可不计入建筑高度内。 2 建筑层数的计算：建筑的地下室、半地下室的顶板面高出室外设计地面的高度小于等 于 1.5m 者，建筑底部设置的高度不超过2.2m 的自行车库、储藏室、敞开空间，以及建筑屋顶上突出的局部设备用房、出屋面 的楼梯间等，可不计入建筑层数内。住宅顶部为两层一套的跃层，可按1 层计，其它部位的跃层以及顶部 多于2 层一套的跃层，应计入层数。 1.0.3 本规范不适用于炸药厂房（仓库）、花炮厂房（仓库）的建筑防火设计。 人民防空工程、石油和天然气工程、石油化工企业、火力发电厂与变电站等的建筑防火设计，当有专门的国家现行标准时，宜从其规定。 1.0.4 建筑防火设计应遵循国家的有关方针政策，从全局出发，统筹兼顾，做到安全适用、技术先进、经济合理。 1.0.5 建筑防火设计除应符合本规范的规定外，尚应符合国家现行有关标准的规定。
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面
设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。
中英文翻译 原文： Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design In recent years, Carry out GMP (medicines and chemical reagents produces specifications of quality) attestation system because of sustained our country economic situation rise and country to pharmacy industry mandatory. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery has got quite great progress. The new product increases by gradually. Engineering level has had very big improvement. But be returning very big gaps back to existence compared with international standards. Level being close to 60%'s product cannot to reach upper developed country century eighties. Large-scale advanced equipment is dependent on entrance mainly. Low our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery engineering level is that the design designing personnel low level from our country enterprise arouses to a great extent. One, our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery current situation analyses Our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery still has bigger gap compared with advanced international level. What time is insufficient on domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design under main existence 1) Backward domestic mechanical performance medicines and chemical reagents package machinery mostly, accuracy low velocity, is slow, stationarity dispatches package machinery travel process to contain large amount of dyadic complicated intermittence motion. Come to come true mainly from the cam, the connecting rod. But, many design that the personnel is unable to require that the independence designs the parameter calculating cam bar linkage kinematics and dynamics according to job cycle picture and accuracy. Be only the surveying and mapping carrying out a piecemeal that the abroad model machine cam connecting rod part is dismantled down simplely. Bring about actuating mechanism error is very big. That domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery runs speed mostly is more general than hanging down according to cutting frequency if the aluminium moulds bubble cover
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Create and comprehensive technology in the structure global design of the building The 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together. The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity and
《文献检索》课程教学设计 目录 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 (2) 项目一科技文献检索方法和图书馆的科学利用 (8) 项目二常见化学化工科技论文的写作 (11) 项目三美国化学文摘的使用 (14) 项目四专利文献的查询 (17) 项目五标准文献的查询 (20) 项目六计算机信息检索的应用 (23) 项目七信息检索策略综合应用训练 (26)
徐州工业职业技术学院教学设计（讲稿）
教学内容与设计 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 自我介绍 提问一：你会检索吗？ 如果会，那么会用检索以下毕业专题的相关资料吗？ ?杜仲叶中绿原酸的提取分离 ?有机废水处理工艺设计 ?蚕丝蛋白制备工艺研究 ?铁矿石含铁量测定方法新工艺 ?基因工程干扰素生产工艺研究 提问的目的：突出检索技术直接是为毕业专题服务，这是一门技术。提问二：信息检索课是什么？ 学生如是说： 文献检索课程是井底之蛙的升降机，是雄鹰的翅膀，是横跨天堑的桥梁。 针对某一课题，通过电子检索查阅有关资料，才知道知识的浩瀚，才知道世界的宽广，才知道“山外青山，楼外楼”。 它是我在大学期间所学的最重要，最有用的课程之一，有了它，我们将会受益终生。教会我们一种方法，一种主动 了解外界，提高自己，放眼世界的方法。 检索不仅是我们学习的制胜法宝，更是一条贯穿我们生活的红线。正因为有了这门课的学习，现在大脑的检索意识 就比较强烈，越搜越快！前几天，问同学借自行车，他告 诉我车子大致地点，是永久牌，有车栏，略有一点蓝。到 了现场，脑海中一下就有了先找有栏的，再找蓝颜色的， 最后确定是不是永久的，很快就找到了。 我爱检索，就像爱自己的生命一样。 最后我想说，我们是幸运的！我们学到了一门真正有用的课，它对我的影响和帮助将是伴随我一身的。 提问三：借鉴与创新的关系？ 科学研究是“站在前人肩膀上”的事业，而创新又是科学研究的灵魂，即要求“前无古人”。 时间分配 2min 引导学生回答 8min 10min 通过往届学生对信息检索课的评价能够激起学生学习这门课的兴趣，也可以突出这门课对个人的作用。 10min 通过提问让学生
包装设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
包装对食品发展的影响 消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的运输和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有着显著的提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在规定的贮存温度条件下产品保持其质量和安全性的时间。在保质期内，产品的生产企业对该产品质量符合有关标准或明示担保的质量条件负责，销售者可以放心销售这些产品，消费者可以安全使用。 保质期不是识别食物等产品是否变质的唯一标准，可能由于存放方式，环境等变化物质的过早变质。所以食物等尽量在保质期未到期就及时食用。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。
包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性会是视觉发现的一个问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛刻的年轻消费者，他们将要求和期望改进包装的功能，如方便包开启（百货配送研究所，IGD）。 对零售商而言存在有一个高的成本，供应和服务的货架体系。没有储备足够的产品品种或及时补充库存，特别是副食品，如鲜牛奶，可能导致客户不满和流失到竞争对手的商店，这正需要保证产品供应。现代化的配送和包装系统，允许消费者在购买食品时，他们希望在他们想任何时间地点都能享用。近几年消费者的选择已在急剧扩大。例如在英国，20世纪60年代和90年代之间在一般超市的产品线的数量从2000年左右上升到超过18000人（INCPEN）。 自20世纪70年代以来，食品卫生和安全问题已成为日益重要的关注和选择食物的驱动力。媒体所关注的一系列问题，如使用化学添
中英文资料翻译 Modern packaging 1. Changing Needs and New Roles Looking back, historical changes are understandable and obvious. That all of them have had an impact on the way products are bought, consumed and packaged is also obvious. What is not so obvious is what tomorrow will bring. Yet, it is to the needs, markets, and conditions of tomorrow that packaging professionals must always turn their attention. The forces that drove packaging during the Industry Revolution continue to operate today. The consumer society continues to grow and is possibly best described by a1980s bumper sticker, “born to shop”. We consume goods today at rate 4 to 5 times greater than we did as recently as 1935. Most of these goods are not essential to survival; they constitute what we may call “the good life”. In the second half of the 20th century, the proliferation of goods was so high that packaging was forced into an entirely new role, that of providing the major purchase motivation rather than presenting the goods itself. On a shelf of 10 competing products, all of them similar in
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文： Norway Romsdal Folk Museum Photograph from : Stiftelsen Romsdalsmuseet The Romsdal Folk Museum is an architectonic attraction and a treasured landmark that embodies the history and identity of the entire region. Our intention in this project was to let the structure signal its meaning and function through an architectural expression and the use of local materials. The scale of the building refers to the urbanity and morphology of the town. The overall layout of the museum grounds the connections to the town by linking different surrounding areas in an overall plan where all circulation is linked in a unified structure. The project conveys an open and progressive attitude that makes diverse utilization possible. The Museum design approach is rooted in rationality and sustainability. The plan geometry is deceptively simple, the characteristic angled shapes are limited to the roof and the external wall, making the circulation and internal organisation clear and flexible. The public areas are clearly separated from the administration wing, which is located on both the ground and first floor. Exhibition rooms, the auditorium and the library are all placed on the ground floor to increase flexibility and user experience. The transparency of the reception room permits supporting internal and external activities. Large sliding doors separate the permanent and temporary exhibition areas, giving the curators the ability to combine or separate the spaces. The archives and workshops are located on the basement level, with the vertical circulation of large items facilitated by a large goods lift.Pine is the primary building material of the museum. Exterior walls and roof are made of solid timber in combination of steel beam when required. The terrain entailed the use of concrete, however its use was reduce to the foundations. Exterior walls and ceilings covered with maintenance-pine relief tempered with bio-based oil.Different openings filter the daylight in such way that the internal space are enriched by gradations and translucency nuances. However, the main exhibition rooms are black boxes, giving the curators total control of artificial lightening in these areas. All the glazing units have high-energy performance glass, in some locations with silk printed colours and patterns. The impact on the Nordic society:The Romsdal Folk Museum is a great example of strategic use of low-tech building solutions. It embodies the national policy in Norway to aim for a more sustainable future. The museum is built using Norwegian timber technology and acts as a hub for
外文文献—动画
Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of film animation, as there were several people working on projects which could be considered animation at about the same time. Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. An Egyptian burial chamber mural , approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been invented in 180 AD. The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular animation devices invented during the 19th century. These devices produced the appearance of movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much
绪论 结构和应用材料对于影集来说至关重要，影集的结构设计是影集包装的重要组成部分，材料是影集包装的物质基础。首先要了解包装结构设计中包含了哪些力学基本原理，包装材料的设计应用，以及结构与材料的相互关系。 包装设计的目的是依循相关的营销背景以及一个品牌的战略目标而定。无论包装设计是服务于新产品还是现有产品，其基本目的就是促进销售，而实现这一目标的方法就是快速清楚地传达该品牌和产品的本质特征。在影集本身和包装的设计中利用材料的特性来显示个性影集的特色，使材料、结构与影集的内在属性得到了充分的结合，认识现代包装设计发展动态与趋势。这就要了解消费者的消费心理，明白消费者的心理特征，使包材料综合搭配，实现现代包装设计策略，达到让消费者有购买欲望。 主体 一、包装结构设计中力学基本原理 容器的力学性质不仅与结构有关，而且还与材料的力学性能密切相差，所以必须研究材料的力学性能。力学性能是通过实验方法来测定，一般通过拉伸与压缩实验来进行测试。 （一）材料拉伸力学性能 当结构设计时，一般要求受力材料在弹性范围内。但当冲压加工等生产工程中则应利用材料塑性变形的特性。
（二）结构的刚度问题 在包装结构设计中要考虑的一个很重要的问题就是结构的刚度问题，包装容器如纸箱、纸盒、塑料容器等都必须具有一定的刚度，即结构抵抗变形的能力，这样才能较好地保护好产品和结构本身。一般来说，提供构件刚度的方法有： 选择弹性模量较大的材料，提高材料厚度与抗弯截面模量在结构上增加加强筋。 1 / 5 （三）结构的稳定性 当细长杆件或薄壁结构受到压力作用时，即受到的应力远低于材料的强度极限，也会由于失去平衡而突然快速变形，甚至破坏，这种现象叫作失稳。 二、包装材料的设计应用 现代包装所实用的材料是十分广泛的，包装设计中对材料的选择则通常是以科学性、经济性、适用性为基本原则的。目前最常用到的包装材料包括有四大类： 纸材、塑料、金属和玻璃。纸包装材料基本分为纸、纸板瓦楞纸三大类。 三、结构与材料的关系 结构与材料有着紧密的关系。一方面，特殊的结构可以提供、改善材料的韧性与强度；另一方面，特殊的材料其本身的特点决定了它适合