● 1.As a linguist,he acknowledges that (all varieties of
language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be
powerfully expressive)—there exists no language or dialect in the
world that cannot convey complex ideas.
?Expressive adj. 有表现力的，富于表情的
翻译：作为一名语言学家，他承认所有的人类语言，包括一些非标准的语言，如黑人英语，都是可以明确的表情达意的——世界上没有不能表达复杂情感的语言或者是方言。
●Mr.Smith’s academic speciality is language history and change,and he
sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”,for example,to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old
English.
?Speciality n. 专业，专长；特性
?Case-ending [语法]变格词尾
?No more than 仅仅，只是，不多于，至多
翻译：Mr.Smith 的学术研究领域是语言学史及其变迁，例如，他认为在语言中一些词语的渐渐消失，例如“whom”这个词，属于自然现象，这不会比古英语词尾格的消失更令人感到惋惜。
●An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism
( by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.)
?Machanism n. 机制；原理，途径；进程；机械装置；技巧
翻译：在一个以市场为导向的经济中，一个重要的因素就是一种用来表现消费者需求并能使制造商做出反应的机制。
●Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large
chunks of memorized poetry in their heads,while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech (that would seem old-fashioned to most
English-speakers.)
?Elaborate adj. 精心制作的；详尽的；煞费苦心的
vt. 精心制作；详细阐述；
vi. 详细描述；变复杂
?Chunk n. 大块
A chunk of 一大块
翻译：俄国人对自己的语言有着深厚的感情，并且他们的脑海里储存着大量的诗歌，而意大利的政客们却倾向于精心准备的演讲，尽管这些演讲在大多数说英语的人眼里看来是过时的。
●Many life’s problems (which were solved by asking family
members,friends of colleagues) are beyond the capability of the
extended family to resolve.
?Capability n. 才能，能力；性能，容量
?Extended family n.大家庭
翻译：许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友和同事们来解决的生活中的问题，是现在的大家庭所无能为力的。
●In Europe ,as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly
successful groups (which bring together television,radio,newspapers, magazines,and publishing house that work in relation to one another.)
翻译：多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团把相互关系密切的（电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社）整合到了一起。
●Creating a “European identity” (that respects the different cultures
and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent) is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
?Identity n. 身份；同一性，一致；特性；恒等式
?Fabric n. 织物；布；组织；构造；建筑物
?Strategic adj. 战略上的，战略的
翻译：创造一个（尊重那些将欧洲旧大陆联系在一起的不同文化和传统的）欧洲统一体绝非易事，这需要一个战略性的选择。
●The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives,thoughts or
needs of the workmen (employed by the company in which he helo
shares ) and
．．． his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.
翻译：像这样的“股东”对他所拥有股份公司所雇用的员工的生活、想法和需求一无所知，而且他们对于资金与劳动力的关系（劳资双方的关系）产生的的影响也是不好的（也不会产生积极的影响）。
●(After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary
debates),Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal
authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
?Authority n.○1权力，管辖权○2官方，当局○3当权者，行政管理机构○4权威，专家
?Parliamentary adj. 议会的；国会的；议会制度的
翻译：经过6个月的努力和最终16个小时的会议讨论，澳大利亚北部地区成为了世界上第一个允许医生终止患有不治之症且希望死去的病人生命的合法当局。
●In Australia——(where an aging population, life-extending
technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part)——other states are going to consider making a similar law to
deal with euthanasia.
?Play one’s part 尽本分；起作用
?Euthanasia n. 安乐死；安乐死术
?Community n. 社区；[生态] 群落；共同体；团体
翻译：在澳大利亚——人口老龄化、延长寿命的技术和变化着的社会态度都在起着作用——其他的州准备考虑制定类似的关于安乐死的法律。
●As is true of any developed society,in America a complex set of
cultural signals,assumptions,and conventions underlies all social
interrelationships.
?As conj. 因为；随着；虽然，尽管；依照；当…时
prep. 如同；当作；以…的身份
adv. 同样地；和…一样的
?Be true of v. 符合于；对…适用
?Convention n.会议；惯例；公约；协定；习俗
?Assumption n.假定，设想；担任，承担
?Underlie vt. 成为……的基础；位于……之下；引起；使发生
?Interrelationship n.相互关系，相互联系，相互联系性
翻译：就如同在任何一个发达社会里一样，在美国所有的社会关系之中都隐藏着一系列复杂的文化信号、假设和传统观念。
●The complementary coastlines and certain geological features (that
seem to span the ocean) are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.
?Complimentary a.互补的，补充的，补足的
?Span n. 跨度，跨距；范围
vt. 跨越；持续；
?Reminder n.1. 提醒者；提醒物
2. 催款单
3. 提示
?Certain adj. 某一；必然的；确信；无疑的；有把握的
pron. 某些；某几个
翻译：那些似乎横跨海洋的互补的海岸线和某些地质特征，提醒人们注意那里是曾经是连接两块大陆的地方。
●At the same time,the American Law Institute——(a group of
judges,lawyers,and academics whose recommendations carry
substantial weight)——issued new guidelines (for tort law stating
that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers of
bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.)
?Institute vt 1.建立，设立；组织（学会等）；制定（规则等）
2.着手；开始；实行
3.任命，使就职
n. 学会，协会；学院,研究所
?Academic n.专业学者,学者
?Substantial n. 本质；重要材料
adj. 大量的；实质的；内容充实的
?Issue n. 问题；流出；期号；发行物
vt. 发行，发布；发给；放出，排出
vi. 发行；流出；造成…结果；传下
?Bombard with 连续提出；用…轰击
?Lengthy adj. 漫长的，冗长的；啰唆的
?Tort n. 【法律】(民事)侵犯行为
翻译：与此同时，美国法律研究所——由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成，他们的建议分量极重——发布了新的民事侵权法令指导方针，宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险，也不必连篇累牍的一再请他们注意潜在的危险。
●Some companies are limiting the risk (by conducting online
transactions only with established business partners )who are given access to the company’s private intranet.
?Conduct vi. 导电；带领
vt. 管理；引导；表现
n. 进行；行为；实施
?Transaction n. 交易；事务；办理；会报，学报
?Intranet n. [计]内联网；企业内部网
?Establish vt. 1.建立；创办；2.确定；确立；证实3. 使开业、营业；使立足于；使安身，使任职，派，委任。 4.安置，安顿，安排
?Established adj. 确定的；已制定的，已建立的
翻译：一些公司通过只和有权进入公司内部网的已经建立的（固定的）生意伙伴进行交易来降低风险。
●And the cost of computing power continues to free fall,which is a
good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon,
?Free fall 自由下落，自由下滑，自由落体
?Set up 1.建立，开办2.提出(意见等)；创造(新纪录) 3.引起，导致
?Silicon n.硅，此处指代互联网与计算机.
翻译：计算成本的持续自由下降对于任何一个建立了网上销售的企业来说都是一个好兆头。
●An education (that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job) is a
technical education,justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.
?Technical education n.技术教育；工业教育
?Justify vi. 证明合法；整理版面
vt. 证明…是正当的；替…辩护
?Radically adv. 根本上；彻底地；以激进的方式
翻译：旨在为学生谋得一份工作的教育是一种技术性教育，其存在的合理性与（教育之所以为法律普遍规定）是迥然不同的。
●The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women
into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers( who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.)
?Baby boom 生育高峰，育婴高峰，婴儿潮
?Involve vt.1. 牵涉，牵连，使卷入；使陷入2. 使参与；使参加3. 包含，含有，包括 4. 需要；必需 5. 与…有关联；影响6. 使专心于；使忙于；使从事于
?Question beyond all question 毫无疑问call in(into) question 提出疑问
In question 正在谈论的out of the question 毫无可能
Out of question 没有问题，能办到的
翻译：战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经在不停的质疑为了爬上日本那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人牺牲。
?Instead,we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles,which now more than ever seem in ample supply:the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books
who takes his meals in tree-star restaurants;the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life,whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
?Be treated to 被用什么招待
?Hypocritical adj. 虚伪的；伪善的
?Spectacle n. 1. 景色，景象；奇观，壮观2 [复数]观点，看法3.眼镜?Materialism n. 唯物主义；唯物论；物质主义
?Participatory adj. 供人分享的；吸引参与的
?Enroll in 选课；注册入学；参加；报名参加
?Phrase n. 1.阶段，时期；2.面，方面；3.相位
Phrase in 逐步引用phrase out 逐步停止使用
翻译：相反，我们被款待看到这样一些虚伪的壮观景象，它们似乎比以前任何时候都要多：美式物质主义的批判者却拥有南安普顿的避暑山庄；激进书籍的出版商在却在三星级酒店里享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段的参与民主制的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。
●Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings
(about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes),
(that应该是指代findings）combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
?Turn out to be 结果是；原来是；被证明是
?Factual adj. 事实的；真实的；实际的
?Puzzlement n.迷惑；费解
?In the world 在世界上；到底；究竟
?Head-scratching 让人挠头的难题,令人头痛的
?From scratch 从头开始
?Up to scratch 合格，处于良好的状态
翻译：非常遗憾的说，这次项目结果只获得了一些低层次的发现，比如新闻报道中的事实性错误以及拼写或语法错误，同时也提出了大量的关于读者到底需要什么的疑惑。
●There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and
their readers,which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.
?Template n. 模板，样板
?Newsroom n. 新闻编辑部；报刊阅览室
?Disconnection n. 断开；分离，切断
翻译：在编辑与读者之间有着社会和文化（方面）的差异(隔阂)，这种差异（隔阂）解释了为什么报刊阅览室（新闻编播室）里的“标准模板”对于读者来说非常陌生（与众多读者的意趣相去甚远）。
●International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of
production in economies( that open up and welcome foreign
investment.)
?Affiliates n.附属公司，子公司
?Account for 对…负有责任；解释；说明原因；共计达；(在数量、比例上) 占；导致，引起
?On account of 因为，由于
?Of no account 不重要的
?Segment n.段，节，部分
?Economies 此处指经济领域的国家概念，故用复数
翻译：国际附属机构迅速占据了在开放并欢迎外资的经济中产量的一部分。（跨国公司在世界各地建立分公司正是各国对外开放、引进外资后生产力能得以迅猛发展的原因。）
●I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A
wave are the same that underlie the globalization process:falling
transportation and communication costs,lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’s demands.
?Massive a.大量的，大规模的
?Enlarge v. 扩大，扩展，扩充；放大
?Operation n.操作，运转，经营；手术；（军事）行动，活动；运算
?Bring(put) into operation 实施，使生效，运行
?Come into operation 施行，实行，生效
?In operation 工作中，运转着；起作用，生效，实施
翻译:我相信巨大的M&A潮流最重要的幕后推动力和全球化过程中的一样：运输和通信成本的降低，交易和投资障碍的减少，逐渐扩大的需要扩宽的管理来满足消费者要求的市场。（我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后最重要的推动力同时也就是促成全球化进程的基石：即降低的交通运输成本，逐渐减少的贸易投资壁垒，以及大幅度拓展市场，这些都要求更大规模的经营管理以满足消费者的需求。）
●And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending
competition” on issues that affect many other nations,as in the US vs.
Microsoft case?
?Take upon 从事；呈现；承担；接纳
翻译：一个国家应该承担就像在美国与微软的案例中影响到众多国家的“反对竞争”的责任吗？（还有，当所处理的国家牵涉到许多其他国家时，例如在美国政府诉微软一案中，一个国家应不应该扮演“自由竞争保卫者”的角色？）
●Include a few casual and apparently off-the -cut remarks which you
can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.
?Casual a.随便的，非正式的；临时的，偶然的；漠不关心，冷淡的；
翻译：包括一些你能够以一种轻松自由（放松自然）的方式表达的临时的，明显是现场（随意的和似乎是脱口而出的）的评论。
●As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent
gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal
existence has removed much human labor.
?Gizmo n.小发明
?Populate 1. 居住于…中；在…中占一定地位
This side of the island is populated mainly by fishermen
2. 使人口聚居于…中；移民于；殖民于
The new land was quickly populated by settlers from Europe
3.占据；(事物等)在…中占有位置
Her paintings were populated by strange creatures
4.填充
翻译：因此，当今世界充满着越来越多的聪明的小玩意儿，这些小玩意儿很少被人们所留意，但是它们的普遍存在却代替了许多的人类的劳动。
●There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain
and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
?Submillimeter n. 亚毫米
?Physician n.内科医生
?Surgeon n. 外科医生
翻译：现已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米级以下的脑部和骨骼手术——这要比极具技巧的医生单凭双手要精确得多。
●The winner, by a large margin,was a tiny Virginia company called
Open Source Solution,whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
?Mastery n. 掌握；精通；优势；征服；统治权
?Electronic world 电子世界
翻译：获胜者（赢得比赛的）是一个弗吉尼亚的叫做“公开渠道咨询公司”的小公司，它取胜的明显优势就是它对电子世界的全面掌握。
●Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights
advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby
threating advances in health knowledge.
?Forcefully adv. 强有力地；激烈地；有说服力地
翻译：科学家们应该给予动物权利倡导者们强有力的回击，因为他们的观点蛊惑人心因而也威胁到健康医疗知识方面的进步。
●For example,a grandmotherly woman (staffing an animal rights booth
at a recent street fair) was distributing a brochure that (encouraged
readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals)—no meat, no fur, no medicines.
?Booth n. 货摊；公用电话亭
?street faif n.街头集市,街头市集
翻译：比如说，在最近街头集市上一位为动物权利摊位工作的祖母样的妇女正在分发鼓励人们不使用任何来自动物或者是由动物实验而来的物品的宣传册——不要吃肉，不要毛皮制品，不要吃药。
●Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health
research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,(who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research),but all who receive medical treatment.
?Stakeholders n. 利益相关者；资金，赌款保存人
?Cause n. 原因；事业；目标vt. 引起；使遭受
?Actively adv. 积极地；活跃地
?Courageous a.有胆量的，勇敢的
?Community n. 1. 社区；社会；乡镇；公社
2. 社团；团体；界
3. 共有，共享；共同的责任
4.共同性；一致(性)
5. (国家之间经济、政治)共同体
6. (生物)群落
翻译：最后，因为投下赌注的最终还是病人，所以医学研究界不但要努力邀请像SC这样已经勇敢做出了动物研究价值的有关声明的名人来支持自己的事业，还应力图得到所有接受医疗的人的支持。
英语长难句翻译技巧及方法 英汉两种语言句子的不同特点是：英语书面语长句较多；汉语一般短句较多。英语句子结构较紧，多用主人结构，英语可有各种后置修饰语（介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语以及从句），这些成分都是造成英语长句的原因；汉语句子结构较松，多用并列结构。有翻译经验的人们对这些特点作过形象的比喻，把英语句子结构比作“葡萄”，把汉语句子结构比作“竹节”。翻译长句时，可将英语的葡萄结构拆成汉语的竹节结构，即把成串的拆成成条的。 英汉两种语言的语序差异是：英语时间顺序灵活（表示时间的从句可以在主句之前或之后）；汉语一般是从先到后。英语逻辑顺序也比较灵活（表示原因、条件的从句可以在主句之前或之后）；汉语一般是前因后果，先进条年，后谈结果。英语中的句词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）与汉语句子主谓宾的语序基本一致，因此，一般都可按汉语的表达方式处理。 顺序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序以及名词性从句与汉语句子的语序基本相似，一般可按原文顺序译：如： 本句时间状语从句在前，用顺序法译。 （1）As it was a fine day and I was in no hurry, I was taking my time, looking in shop windows, strolling in the park, and sometimes just stopping and looking around me. 由于天气晴朗，当时又无急事，我便慢悠悠看看橱窗，逛逛公园。有时干脆停下脚步，四处张望。 逆序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序与汉语句子的语序相反，一般可逆原文顺序译。如： （2）“Neither believe nor reject anything,” he wrote to his nephew, “because any other person has rejected or believed it ……”他在给侄子的信中写道：“不要因为别的人相信或拒绝了什么东西，你也就去相信它或拒绝它。……” 分译法 由于的英语可有各种后置修饰语，所以有些英语句子很长。为了符合汉语表达习惯，我们常可将长句中的一连患后置修饰语与其修饰成分分开来译，即把短语或从句拆译为短句，有时还需将后置修饰语另作适当安排并适当增加词语。如： （1）A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to pro duce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月份怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，他必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。
(01) (10-R-1) We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. (49 words) (02) (10-R-1) “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applie d by writers who are not read to writers who are’.” (43 words) (03) (10-R-3) For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. (48 words) (04) (09-R-3) Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. (46 words) (05) (09-R-4) Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope —all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical
Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature. 【分析】原文是一个典型的英语复杂长句，由42个单词组成，全靠一个逗号和几个连词结合成一个多层次的、内容丰富的句子。主句的主干是：Plastics is made from water, coal and lime; water, coal和lime之后各有一个定语从句，其中的后两个定语从句还是被动语态。所以，按照汉语的表达习惯，翻译时要化整为零，可以把主句和各个定语从句分开译成短句，其中的一些状语比如at less cost也可以单独处理成短句。 【译文】塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是到处可以获得的、取之不尽的一种自然资源;煤可以通过自动化和机械化来开采，成本较低;石灰可由煅烧自然界广泛存在的石灰石而得到。 Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs. 【要点】此句为一个多层次的并列结构，”by” 以前的部分为句子的主体部分，由“and”连接的两个并列的分句组成。第二个分句的主语和一部分谓语省略了以避免重复。In doing so可以理解为in the process of distinguished themselves from other animals。第二个分局的完整句子应为and in doing so (they have) ensured their survival。By 所引导的短语里ability带了多个动词不定式做修饰，这些不定式又存在着一个并列的结构，to observe and (to) understand与either……or引导的to adapt to……，to control and (to) adapt it……得并列，and连接。 【译文】人类已把自己和其他动物区别开了。人类具有观察和了解周围环境的能力，能适应环境，控制环境和根据自己的需要改造环境。人类就是这样生存了下来。 The medical waste that has fouled beaches in the New York region at the peak of the summer season has taken its toll on business all along the shore, driving vacationers away both from beaches that have been closed and from those that have remained open. 【要点】本句主要结构是the medical waste...has taken its toll...。that...season引导定语从句，修饰medical waste。at the peak of the summer season作状语，表时间。driving...是现在分词作状语，表结果。that have been closed和that have remained open是定语从句，分别修饰beaches和those。those代替beaches。
1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同） 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。难句类型：倒装、省略 a.本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 b.在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individual will have中，an individual will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略; 这是一种照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 A、句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，而A be given way to B，则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desire, what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是to record the structure and texture of a flower
【精心整理】从句长难句翻译【例句&讲解】 英语从句的翻译定语从句状语从句 名词从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句） >>定语从句的翻译 无论是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，翻译成汉语时是处理为前置定语还是后置定语，要视具体情况而定；有些定语从句和主句存在着状语关系，翻译时更要灵活对待。 It was what sentimentalists,who deal in very big words,call a yearning after the ideal,and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may center affections,which are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small changes. It was what sentimentalists call a yearning after the ideal,and means that women they are not satisfied until they have
husbands and children. 【大意】这就是情感主义者称之为对于理想爱情的渴望，简单说来，就是女人必须在有了丈夫和孩子之后才能感到满足。 who引导的定语从句who deal in very big words用来修饰sentimentalists(情感主义者)whom引导的定语从句on whom they may center affections用来修饰husbands and children which引导的定语从句which are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small changes用来修饰affections 一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼,称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。 >>前置法： 如果定语从句较短，限制能力较强，一般我们将此类定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰的先行词的前面。 Those who sacrifice themselves for the people's cause are the real heroes of history. We found a restaurant where the food was excellent.
1.And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindedness as he sees it-of citizens, social workers, doctors law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. [语法难点]：句子的主语是separation，谓语是is deepened。the detective feels是修饰separation的定语从句，介词短语between himself and…也是修饰separation的定语，这两个定语造成了主谓分隔。as引导的句子是方式状语从句;介词短语 of citizens, social workers…是mindedness的定语;who引导的定语从句修饰前面的五个名词;that引导的定语从句修饰hope。 [句子翻译]：警察认为由于人们(市民、社会工作者、医生、立法人员以及法官)头脑简单——比如，法官不是重罚以消除犯罪而是量刑从轻以期促使罪犯改过自新——使得他们(警察)与社会之间的隔阂更深一层。 2. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. 3. There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end. 4.Captured document which we have obtained from individuals who had been infiltrated through this corridor plus prisoner--of—war reports that we have obtained in recent months led us to believe that the volume of infiltration has expanded substantially. 5.A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research。
考研英语长难句翻译技巧总结 词类转译： 在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然；对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。 1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。 The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way. 植物没有专门的排泄系统，可用同样的方式加以说明。（名词转译） As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。 2、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词，翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。 The earth on which we live is shaped a ball. 我们居住的地球，形状像一个大球。（动词转译） The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded. 医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。（形容词转换） 3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。 It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water. 使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。（作表语的名词转译） The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man. 太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。（副词转译） 4、转译成副词。英语中的某些名词、形容词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。 When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor .只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。（名词转译） 词义选择和引申： 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。（形容词） He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词） Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals.小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词）
高考英语-经典长难句解析及翻译 7. 2018年全国Ⅰ卷，阅读理解D篇 The team' s data only went up to2007，but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. 生词： function n. 功能 tablet n. 平板电脑 第一步：有并列结构（but） 第二部：分析主干和定状 The team' s data（主语）only（小状）went（谓语）up to 2007（小状）， the researchers（主语）also explored（谓语）what would happen（宾语）if consumers replaced old products with new electronics（状语，从句）that serve more than one function （定语）, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing（同位语）. 第三步： 根据状语倒序前置，定语倒序前置的翻译方法，我们可也把这句话翻译为： “这个团队的数据截止到2007年”
“如果消费者用不止一个功能的新电器，比如可以处理文字并且看电视的平板，来取代老的产品，研究者们也弄清楚了将会发生什么事情。” 第四步：合并并列结构并翻译： “这个团队的数据截止到2007年。但是，如果消费者用不止一个功能的新电器，比如可以处理文字并且看电视的平板，来取代老的产品，研究者们也弄清楚了将会发生什么事情。” Get busy living or get busy dying 6. 2018年全国Ⅰ卷，阅读理解D篇 According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. 生词： analysis n. 分析 cathode ray tubes 阴极射线管 consumption n. 消耗 第一步：没有并列结构 第二部：分析主干和定状 According to the analysis（状1，分词短语）of Babbitt's team（状2，介词短语）, old desktop monitors and box TVs（主语）with cathode ray tubes（定语）are（系）the worst devices
英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法 集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]
英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法；英语长句也就是复杂句，里面可能会有多个从句，从句；那么，有些同学可能会问，究竟该怎样来分析长难句呢；1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构；2、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语；3、分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句、；4、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等；依照上面四个结构分析步骤， 英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法英语长句也就是复杂句，里面可能会有多个从句，从句与从句之间的关系可可能为并列，包含与被包含、镶嵌等形式。因此分析长难句或者翻译长难句，首要解决的应该是弄清楚从句以及清楚从句之间的关系。英语经常出现的复合句包括：名词性从句，它又包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；形容词性从句，即定语从句；另外还有一种叫做状语从句。 那么，有些同学可能会问，究竟该怎样来分析长难句呢？有以下几点最为基础的步骤需要考生们记住： 1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构； 2、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词； 3、分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等；以及词，短语和从句之间的关系； 4、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。
依照上面四个结构分析步骤，我们对下面的句子进行了分解与解析，希望同学们能够在看完例子后，有进一步的理解。 例句：，whowascryingasifhisheartwouldbreakandsaid，whenI例句分析： 第一，拆分句子。 这个长句可以拆分为四段：①“InAfricaImetaboy”②“whowascryinga sifhisheartwouldb reak”、③“whenIspoketohim，thathewashungrybecau se”、④“hehadhadnofoodfortwodays”. 第二，句子的结构分析。 (1)主干结构是主语+过去式+宾语——“Imetaboy”； (2)“crying”后面是壮语从句“asifhisheartwouldbreak”； (3)“whenIspoketohim”是介于“said”和“thathewashungrybecaus e”之间的插入语。第三，难点部分的处理。 “cryingasifhisheartwouldbreak”应译为哭得伤心极了。 参考译文： 在非洲，我遇到一个小孩，他哭得伤心极了，我问他时，他说他饿了，两天没有吃饭了。以上是对于一般长难句的结构较为基础的解析方法。长难句的解析方法具体来讲可以分为分译法、顺序法、综合法、逆序法等。
2020考研英语:长难句翻译题型解析 考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面为你精心准备了“2020考研英语:长难句翻译题型解析”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取的考试资讯! 2020考研英语:长难句翻译题型解析 【2003年翻译63题】The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 【例句解析】本句主干为The emphasis makes this study a science。On data gathered first-hand 为后置定语，修饰the emphasis。combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present做后置定语，也修饰the emphasis。在第二个后置定语中，brought to the analysis与perspective构成被动关系，因此修饰perspective，of cultural做定语修饰the analysis，past and present做定语修饰cultures。Makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science中 a unique and distinctly important social science做this study的补语，而unique and distinctly important social则为前置定语修饰science。 【难点点拨】： cross-cultural ：跨文化的;distinctly：确实地
英语长难句翻译技巧 总汇
1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同） 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。难句类型：倒装、省略 a.本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 b.在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individual will have中，an individual will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略; 这是一种照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 A、句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light 的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，
解析2015考翻译硕士中的长难句 翻译硕士考试中的长句一般存在于阅读理解和相关阅读题当中，长难句一般是考翻译硕士的拦路虎，下面就结合考试真题解析考翻译硕士中的长难句该怎样应对。 从结构来说，英语句子中，除了谓语之外，其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。从句本身是一个完整的句子，因此，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列、平行。从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即:①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外)，也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分，构成一个非谓语动词结构。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点，使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。 英语长句的分析方法：去枝叶，留主干。 1)划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句; 2)划出所有介词短语(位于be动词后的除外); 3)名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词; 4)非谓语动词结构看作一个整体; 5)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干; 6)分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。 长难句分析的步骤举例 经典例题(2001年考研完型填空第二段) In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins. 分析: 第一，划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will
英语经典长难句翻译 2006-6-14 16:28周固【大中小】 这些句子摘自大学英语课本，都是很好的写作操练材料，对考生的作文词句规范化很有帮助。反复分析句子结构和词汇词语，然后通过汉译英的反复的回译操练，直至以后英语写作中想到相关汉语就能出现对应英语表达的程度。 1.Do you often go online chatting with strangers?Everyday,millions of people,especially the young,are online chatting with friends or with strangers. 你经常上网闲聊吗？每天有数百万人，尤其年轻人，在网上与网友或陌生人聊天。 2.The successful launch and return of the manned spacecraft Shenzhou IV is deemed both a symbol of national prestige and a sign of advanced science and technology,which will definitely contribute to the economic growth of our country. 载人航天飞机神州五号的成功发射及返回既是国家荣誉的一个象征，也是先进的科技能力的标志，这对我国的经济发展无疑会产生促进作用。 3.We all know that China is still a developing country and its education still lags behind that of developed countries.Many young Chinese are denied chances of receiving higher education because of insufficient educational facilities. 我们都知道，中国还是一个发展中的国家，其教育水平仍然落后于发达国家。不少中国年青人由于教育设施的匮乏而得不到接受高等教育的机会。 4.They say that pride comes before a fall.In the case of both Napoleon and Hitler,they won many victories,which led them to believe that anything was possible and that nothing could stand in their way.But Russia's icy defender proved them wrong. 人道是骄兵必败。就拿拿破仑和希特勒（Napoleon and Hitler）来说吧，他们所想披靡，便以为自己战无不胜，不可阻挡。但俄罗斯的冰雪战士证明他们错了。 5.Well begun is half done,as the saying goes.It is extremely important for a job applicant to make sufficient preparations while seeking employment.From my standpoint,whether or not one has prepared adequately clearly makes a difference in （affects）his chance of success.I have a friend who is earning around 100 thousand dollars a year in a computer software company.He told me that,from his own experience,those who can decide whether an applicant could be employed prefer people who are well prepared. 常言道，好的开端是成功的一半。在求职时，求职者事先做好充分的准备是非常重要的。我认为，事先做不做准备常常会影响求职者的成功机会。我有一个朋友在一家计算机软件公司供职，年薪十万美元左右。他根据自己的经历告诉我说，那些对未来雇员具有录用决定权的人喜欢有充分准备的人。 6.I consider it worthwhile trying to summarize our experience in learning English. Here I would like to make three relevant points. First,extensive reading should be taken as a priority in the learning process,because it is